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Etiology of Crohn's disease and camel milk treatment
Abstract
The etiology of Crohn's disease is presented with increasing evidence that a microbial infection is the basic cause of the disease. There is a striking resemblance between Crohn's disease in humans, assumed to be an autoimmune disease, and Johne's disease in cattle, the latter caused by an infection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Camel milk has powerful bactericidal properties and can rehabilitate the immune system. It was observed that drinking non-pasteurised camel milk is beneficial to people with ail the variety of symptoms associated with an infection of the alimentary canal.
... A technology of stage vacuum drying of camel milk and Shubat without their freezing has been developed. Mode of camel milk vacuum drying consists of four stages and is carried out at vacuum level (3-6) kPa and heating temperature (18)(19)(20) 0 С. Mode of Shubat vacuum drying is more complex because of presence of carbonic gas in it and consists of six stages, vacuum level (3-10) kPa and heating temperature is the same. ...
... Camel milk possesses medicinal properties to treat different ailments such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, lupus, allergies-asthma (Wernery, 2006). Camel milk drinking has shown a good effect for treating crohn's disease (Shabo et al. 2008). Shubat promotes curing of tuberculosis and gastric ulcer, normalizes the activity of sweetbread, stomach, liver and enhances organism resistance to infectious diseases (Sharmanov, 1991). ...
... Mode of camel milk vacuum drying consists of four stages and is carried out at vacuum level (3-6) kPa and heating temperature (18)(19)(20) ...
... A persistent inflammation of the intestines is caused by Crohn's disease, which is an autoimmune illness. Studies have revealed that camel milk, when coupled with phytoresveratrol (PGRP), has significant bactericidal capabilities, even though MAP infections may promote autoimmune illnesses such as Crohn's disease 55 . When this is done, healing takes place more quickly and effectively. ...
... Camel milk has no casomorphine-producing caseins, and so does not cause symptoms 55 . Camel milk contains immunoglobulins necessary for immune system development, as well as nutritional benefits for brain development. ...
Camel milk has been demonstrated to be effective in treating a broad range of illnesses. Camel’s milk is regarded to have therapeutic properties because of its unique composition. Some people consider camel milk to be a precious commodity. White camel milk is made by combining fat and water. Several clinical studies have shown that camel’s milk is effective in treating a broad variety of diseases, including chronic ones. Most of the medicinal advantages of camel milk are included in this study. Camel Milk ingredients and qualities are similar to those found in mother’s milk, making it superior than cow’s milk. Insulin-like and protective proteins are found in abundance, along with lactose, which is the primary carbohydrate. It has anti-tumor qualities, and the robust immune system components assist combat disorders, including diabetes, autism, and diarrhea. It has been used by Nomads and Bedouins (Arabian tribals) for millennia because of these properties. The main objective of this review article is to demonstrate its various pharmacological roles. Camel’s milk is regarded as a vast medicinal property, as it contains a unique composition of bioactive moieties like lactose, proteins (Lactoferrin, Lactoperoxidase, Insulin, Casein), vitamins (A, B1, B2, C, D, E), minerals (Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper) carbohydrates etc. Most of the medicinal advantages of camel milk are covered in this paper, like its role in the management of autism, Crohn’s disease, allergic conditions, Hepatitis B and C, as antiviral and antibacterial agent. Hence, this study was planned to collect the updated latest information regarding use of camel’s milk, which will be very beneficial in the field of medicines and managing various ailments for the benefit of mankind.
... Camel milk has powerful antibacterial and antiviral properties that could remodulate the immune system (Shabo et al., 2008).Therapeutically camel milk has been shown that it has slimming, antibacterial and antiviral properties. The inhibition of pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigelladysenterial by camel milk has been reported and this inhibition is related to the whey protein lysozyme and the stage of lactation. ...
... It is therefore theorized that Crohn"s disease is primarily a bacterial infection and secondarily an autoimmune disease. As the bacteria belongs to the family of tuberculosis and as camel milk has been used to treat tuberculosis, it becomes apparent that the powerful bactericidal properties of camel milk combined with PGRP have a quick and positive effect on the treatment of crohn"s diseases (Shabo et al.,2008). ...
The camels are the most dominant and widely distributed animal in
tropical and subtropical continents of Africa and Asia. They make an important
contribution to human survival and utilization of these dry and arid lands. The
objective of this review is to describe the general compositions of camel milk and
its nutritive and medicinal values. Camels are an important source of milk, meat,
hides, wool and serve as a source of prestige for their owners. Camel‟s products
like milk, meat and urine has nutritional value as well as therapeutic for different
human diseases especially in the pastoral communities. Milk is the lacteal
secretion of mammary gland of mammals. As it is well known, milk is the first
natural food of young mammals during the period immediately after birth. Camel
milk is one of the most valuable food resources in the nomadic society and has
high nutritive and therapeutic values, due to its essential elements like minerals,
vitamins, fatty acids, carbohydrates and protective proteins such as, lactoferrin,
lacto peroxidase, lysozme, peptidoglycan recognition protein and
immunoglobulins. Camel milk contains disease-fighting immunoglobulins, which
are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness
of the immune system. Camel milk has a medicinal properties suggesting that, this
milk contains protective proteins, which may have a possible role for enhancing
immune defense mechanism. Due to its protective proteins and other
components, camel‟s milk is important for the treatment of diseases like, dropsy,
jaundice, spleen ailment, tuberculosis, asthma, anemia, autoimmune diseases
(autism), constipation, crohn‟s diseases, and liver cirrhosis also serve as beauty
products. Pastoralists have indigenous knowledge in treating their animals and
themselves using milk. Because they are living at periphery and remote area
where social services are in scarce or even absence and therefore, they depends on
traditional medicines. Camel milk is among the items used as traditional
medicine in pastoral communities. Generally, Camel milk is extremely nutritious
and safe for consumption and has a high therapeutic value, so experimental
researches should be conducted specially on the medicinal value of camel milk.
Keywords: Camel milk, Composition, Nutrition, Medicinal value
... This medication may produce symptoms that resemble those exhibited by individuals with autism. According to Shabo et al. (2008), camel milk does not include caseins that produce casomorphine, so it does not cause any symptoms. Camel milk is rich in immunoglobulins, which are essential for the immune system's development and provide nutritional benefits for brain development. ...
Camel's milk is a widely consumed staple meal, especially in areas with dry and somewhat dry climates. Camel milk is rich in valuable ingredients, including lactoferrin and zinc, lactoactive peptides, and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which support optimal health. These compounds have the potential to effectively treat various prominent human illnesses, such as tuberculosis (TB), asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and jaundice. The composition of camel's milk is more varied than that of cow's milk. The composition of camel milk is primarily influenced by nutrition, breed, age, and lactation stage. The composition of camel's milk exhibits significant variation based on the geographical region and season. These whey proteins possess distinct physical, chemical, physiological, functional, and technological attributes that provide benefits in culinary uses and have high nutritional worth. Hydrolysis breaks down the proteins in camel's milk into bioactive peptides, which have physiological effects on the body's major organ systems. Camel milk, rich in essential fats, proteins, lactose, and minerals, positively impacts the treatment of diabetes, hepatitis C, and allergies and improves antioxidant enzyme levels in autistic children and tuberculosis patients. The review explores camel milk's therapeutic properties, nutritional composition, and implications for treating specific diseases and improving human healthcare.
... Lactoferrin is Iron-saturated and from the second week of lactation, it prevents microbial growth in the gut and participates in the primary immune system, based on targeting structures common to invading pathogens. Camel milk apparently contains much more lactoferrin than ruminants (bovine, sheep, and goat) milk [70]. ...
Camel milk has been used for many years by pastoralists in Africa, Mild East and Asia as a source of food and as a remedy for common ailments. There is increased demand for its use in Europe, the USA, Africa and Asia, as more people become aware of its nutritional and medicinal values. The nutritional medicinal properties of camel milk seem to be due to its rich composition of unique bio-active therapeutic molecules such as lysozymes, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase enzyme, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAGase). Camel milk contains sugars, microelements, and vitamins especially, vitamin B complex and C, iron and Zinc. Lactoferrin in camel milk has considerable antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Camel IgG2 and IgG3 immunoglobulin subclasses have unique diseasefighting properties as nano-antibodies because of their small size due to the absence of light chains, which allows their easy penetration of tissues and antigens, thus enhancing their effectiveness in immune defense. Camel milk is a rich source of insulin (approximately 52 units of insulin in each liter of milk, which is 3 times that found in bovine milk). The insulin in camel milk is encapsulated in nano-particles (lipid vesicles) that make it possible to bypass the acidic gastric environment without being damaged by the enzymes and the acid therein. It is thus, a promising option for the treatment of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes in humans, as well as gestational diabetes. Camel milk is a natural source of Alpha-Hydroxide acids which are known to chubby and smoothen the skin. It can also be used as a precautionary for gastric ulcers and its regular intake can help to control blood sugar levels, coronary heart disease, viral, bacterial and some protozoal infections, gastroenteritis, some cancers, dropsy, jaundice, asthma, food allergies and the rehabilitation of the immune system in children. It has also been reported to have aphrodisiac properties. The nutritional and medicinal properties of camel milk and the public health challenges of taking it in raw form are reviewed in the respective sections below.
... In cases where remission is achievable, medicines, lifestyle and nutritional adjustments, changes in eating patterns (eating smaller quantities more often), stress reduction, moderate activity, and exercise can be used to avoid relapse and manage symptoms (Ibrahim et al. 2018;Benmeziane-Derradji 2021;Muthukumaran et al. 2022). According to Shabo et al. (2008), camel milk is an excellent treatment for Crohn's disease. Camel milk's potent bactericide properties combined with peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) have a rapid and beneficial effect on the healing process because this bacterium is in the family that causes tuberculosis. ...
For over five thousand years, people in Asia and Africa have known about the health benefits of camel milk. Thus, it is used not only as a food source, but also as a medicine. The similarities between camel milk and human milk have been scientifically proven. Camel milk is unique among ruminant milk in that it is high in vitamins C and E, and low in sugar and cholesterol but contains a wide variety of beneficial minerals (including sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium), apart from being rich in several nutrients, including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, serum albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme and the hormone insulin. Because of these components, many medical professionals now recommend camel milk as a treatment for various human ailments. It has been demonstrated to be effective in treating gastrointestinal issues, Type 1 diabetes, and food allergies. As an added bonus, camel milk has been utilized to cure autism, as well as lower cholesterol, prevent psoriasis, heal inflammation, aid tuberculosis patients, strengthen the human immune system, and impede the spread of cancer cells. Those who have problems digesting lactose may still be able to tolerate it. On the other side, camel milk can also help bring down an excessively high count of bilirubin, globulin, and granulocytes. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin concentration, and leukocyte count were not affected by drinking camel milk. The proteins in camel milk have an adequate ratio of critical amino acids. Immunoglobulins, which fight disease, are contained inside, and their small size allows antigens to penetrate and boosts the immune system's efficacy. This article examined the therapeutic benefits of camel milk, which are more applicable to the creation of a value-added product.
... Camel's milk was reported to provide various potential health benefits to the consumer including anti-carcinogenic hypocholesterolaemic, anti-diabetic, anti-autism and hypoallergenicity effects due to the due to the bioactive substances that are present there naturally (vitamins, and lactoferrin) (Hailu et al., 2016;Ho, Zou, & Bansal, 2021;Izadi et al., 2019). Camel's milk is beneficial for immune problems such as sclerosis and Crohn's infections as it boosts the immune system (Conesa et al., 2008;Shabo, Barzel, & Yagil, 2008;Sumaira, Solangi, Anwar, & Kalwar, 2020;Yadav et al., 2015a). Other studies have found that camel's milk also ameliorates alcoholic liver injury through its anti-apoptotic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant substances (Badawy, El-Magd, & AlSadrah, 2018;Darwish, Raboh, & Mahdy, 2012;Uversky, El-Fakharany, Abu-Serie, Almehdar, & Redwan, 2017). ...
Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is considered as the most common food allergy in early life and may cause anaphylaxis reactions in severe cases. This review summarises recent findings in CMPA studies, especially regarding the main relevant cow's milk substitutes such as hydrolysed and plant-based (soy and rice) formulas in addition to other mammalian milk types (goat, sheep, donkey, mare and camel) to reduce allergy risks for children. Extensively hydrolysed cow's milk formulas are mainly used as an
alternative for children with CMPA, despite their poor palatability. Goat's and sheep's milk and soy-based formulas are not recommended because of their high cross-reactivity with cow's milk proteins. On the contrary, equine's and camel's milk proteins are suggested as suitable alternative solutions due to their
low sequence identity levels with cow's milk proteins. Nonetheless, further research needs to confirm the usefulness of these milk types as a solution in paediatric CMPA
... On the other hand, the infection of the digestive system with the bacteria Mycobacterium avium subspecies: paratuberculosis (MAP) cause secondary Crohn's disease. Knowing the fact that camel milk has many antibacterial properties and might restore the immune function, Shabo, Barzel, & Yagil, (2008) found that pasteurized camel milk treated the symptoms of the alimentary tract including Crohn's disease. ...
This chapter highlights the potential health benefits of camel milk including antioxidant, anti-cancer activity, antihypertensive properties, antidiabetic activity, antimicrobial activity, hypoallergenicity activity , and anti-Crohn's disease. In addition to the most recent identified functional properties of camel milk. The bioactivity of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), D and L amino acid, as well as oligosaccharide in camel milk will be also discussed. The proposed mechanisms behind these properties and potential health benefits are explained. This chapter also describes composition and nutritive value of camel milk and their association to functional properties. The current available information in the literature on camel milk is covered too.
... According to different theory, Crohn's sickness is primarily a bacterial contamination and secondarily an autoimmune disease. As camel milk has been used to treat tuberculosis, it shows that the great bactericidal properties of camel milk collective with PGRP have a quick and positive effect on the healing of crohn's diseases that caused by bacteria belongs to the family of tuberculosis (Shabo et al., 2008). ...
- The camel milk is the most important and
commonly used food in the tropical and subtropical
regions of Asia and Africa. Camel is a significant animal
that contributes to social persistence of arid and dry agro-
ecologies. Camel’s products like milk, meat and urine has
therapeutic value for different human diseases especially
in the pastoral societies. Mammals produce milk in the
mammary gland lacteal secretion. As it is obvious, milk is
natural food young mammals. Among all lactating
animal in the nomadic people, camel is one of the most
appreciated mammal by producing highly nutritive and
therapeutic milk. Camel milk has essential elements such
as minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, carbohydrates and
protective proteins like immunoglobulins,
lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and lysozme. Moreover,
camel milk comprises small sized protective proteins or
immunoglobulins which can fight diseases, through
penetration of antigen body and increasing the efficiency
of the resistance of diseases like, dropsy, jaundice, spleen
ailments, tuberculosis, asthma, anemia, autoimmune
diseases (autism), constipation, crohn’s diseases, liver
cirrhosis and also serve as beauty goods. Since, camel is
native and well known among the pastoral society; they
have indigenous information in treating themselves and
their domestic animals using camel milk, as they are
existing at distant zone where community services are in
scarce or even absence and hence, they depends on
traditional medicines. Camel milk is among the items
used as traditional medicine in pastoral communities. The
objective of this paper is to review the medicinal value of
camel milk.
... Camel milk showed antibacterial activity towards both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Clostridium perfringens (Benkerroum et al., 2004;El Agamy & Ruppanneb, 1992;Othman, 2016). The antibacterial activity of CM offers help for diseases that are caused by bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis (TB) and Crohn's disease (Mal et al., 2000;Shabo et al., 2008). Besides eliminating pathogenic bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis for TB and Mycobacterium avium -subspecies paratuberculosis for Crohn's disease, respectively), bioactive proteins in CM, such as immunoglobulins, are believed to help boost immunity, which also benefits the healing process (Mal et al., 2006). ...
Camel milk is superior to bovine milk and quite close to human milk in terms of its nutritional value. It contains high concentrations of many bioactive compounds that are essential for human health. Despite its profound nutritional and health benefits, food products produced from camel milk are still very limited compared to bovine milk. Differences in the composition of bovine and camel milk make the production processes for bovine milk products unsuitable for camel milk products. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding regarding the composition, bioactive compounds, and the heat stability of camel milk is essential to preserve the inherent nutritional value of camel milk while achieving desirable attributes in the final products. In this review, the properties and functionalities of macro-nutrients in camel milk, especially heat stability of camel milk and its proteins are described. In addition, technical aspects of the production of various camel milk products, including difficulties in their production and directions for further research to enhance their quality, are comprehensively discussed.
... Camel milk has powerful bactericidal properties and can rehabilitate the immune system. It was observed that drinking non-pasteurised camel milk is beneficial to people with all the variety of symptoms associated with an infection of the alimentary canal (Shabo et al., 2008) Shabo and coworkers reported that camel milk has shown good effect for treating Crohn's diseases. As the bacteria belong to the family of tuberculosis and as camel milk has been used to treat tuberculosis it becomes apparent that the powerful bactericide properties of camel milk combined with PGRP have a quick and positive effect on the healing process. ...
Camel milk called as white gold of the desert has valuable nutritional properties as
it contains a high proportion of antibacterial substances and a higher concentration
of vitamin C in comparison with cow milk. Milk has been a symbol of purity and
was often used in religious ceremonies. Healing properties of camel milk were
first mentioned in the “Words of The Prophet Mohamed” in the Surah, a section of
the Koran. The global camel population, spread across 47 countries, is estimated
to be around 26.99 million. About 83 percent of the camel population inhabits
mainly the Eastern and Northern Africa and the rest are present in the Indian
subcontinent and the Middle East. Camel milk has been acknowledged for a long
time in different parts of the world to provide a medicinal use for a series of
diseases such as dropsy, jaundice, tuberculosis, asthma, and leishmaniasis or kalaazar.
... Thus, it may be useful in alleviating these inflammatory diseases affecting the human colon. It was observed that drinking non-pasteurized CM is beneficial to people with all the variety of symptoms associated with an infection of the alimentary tract (Shabo, Barzel, & Yagil, 2008). ...
Camel milk has been used as part of the human diet since ancient times. This chapter tries to elaborate
the different aspects of nutraceutical functional properties of camel milk, focusing on the nutritional
composition, presence of bioactive zoochemicals and peptides, antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C), and
health rendering properties of this unique milk. Recent research has identified camel milk as a prophylactic
and therapeutic functional food due to its noticeable content of essential macronutrients, namely
bioactive functional proteins and peptides, along with its considerable content of essential micronutrients.
Indeed, the presence of this unique mixture has shown to be promising contributors to the management
and prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney, metabolic syndrome,
inflammatory bowel diseases in adults, and autism. In vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological and experimental
studies were reviewed, and molecular mechanisms were highlighted for better understanding of
the health-promoting, disease-preventing potential of camel milk.
... Deve sütünden yoğurt jeli oluşturabilmek için yapılan çalışmada yoğurt üretiminde sık kullanılan karboksimetilsellüloz ve inek sütünden elde edilmiş serum proteini içermeyen kazein tozunun farklı konsantrasyonlarda kullanımının viskozite, pH ve SH üzerine etkileri incelenmiş ve her 2 maddenin pH ve SH üzerine etkisi olduğu saptanırken relatif viskozite üzerine hiçbir etkide bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. Barzel, R.;Margoulis, M.;Yagil, R. (2005). Camel Milk for Food Allergies in Children. ...
... Camel milk possesses medicinal properties to treat different ailments such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, lupus, allergies-asthma (Wernery, 2006). Camel milk drinking has shown a good effect for treating crohn's disease (Shabo et al. 2008). Shubat promotes curing of tuberculosis and gastric ulcer, normalizes the activity of sweetbread, stomach, liver and enhances organism resistance to infectious diseases (Sharmanov, 1991). ...
Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) occurs as an intermediate product by breaking down sugars in acidic media or during the Maillard reaction. The formation of HMF is used as a chemical index to determine the storage time of food products and to determine if the heat treatment is performed properly to the food products such as fruit juices, milk, honey, cereal products and jams. Fruit juices are conducive to the formation of HMF due to its high sugar content. In fruit juice production, heat treatments are applied for inactivation of
enzymes, prevent harmful microorganism growth and concentration process. Since high temperature and pH value above 7 accelerates the formation of HMF, the main parameters (temperature and time) in heat treatments should be controlled to limit the formation of HMF. In this study, it was investigated the formation of hydroxymethyl furfural due to heating process in whitegrape, red grape juice and pomegranate juices. The fruit juices were heated at 200 °C and HMF occurrence was analyzed over period for different raw materials. Temperature, pH value and Brix˚ values of the samples
were also measured. Heating was continued until the Brix˚ of the grape juices reached at 68 and pomegranate was 37.5. The initial HMF content of white grapes, red grapes and pomegranate, juices which are sold in the market were found as 21.44, 26.46 and 27.32 mg/kg, respectively. As a result of heating treatment at 200 °C, the Brix˚ value was reached to 68 and the HMF content of white and red grape juices were increased to
3292.01 in 190 min and 2741.61 mg/kg in 220 minutes, respectively. For the same target Brix˚ value of pomegranate juice was reached to 37.5 at 360. min and the HMF value were found 2867.79 mg/kg. Consequently, the HMF content of white grape, red grape and pomegranate juices was increased 153, 103 and 104 times higher than their initial content by long term heating process under atmospheric conditions. The raw materials composition and time effects were determined.
... It has been stated that since this bacterium is from tuberculosis family and camel milk can be utilized to treat this bacterium. It is obvious it can be treating with camel milk due to having bactericidal properties if camel milk with peptidoglycon recognition protein can combine to heal the disease [61]. Study conducted on the effect of camel milk on multiple drug resistance patients with tuberculosis concluded that camel milk can act as an adjuvant nutritional supplement in multiple drug resistance patients [8]. ...
Camel has been mentioned in Quran in different places and described a miracle of almighty God. Also, prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has recommend camel in his speech (hadith). The prophet (PBUH) has recommended camel milk for some diseases such as skin disease as remedy. Camel plays in important livestock which produced milk longer than any other ruminant under harsh condition of desert ecosystem. Camel milk is different from other ruminant milk different ways. Camel milk is rich in vitamin C and protective proteins such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and lysozyme. Camel milk lacks β-lactoglobulin and used as an option for the individuals intolerant to lactose of cow's milk. Camel milk is extraordinary in terms of antioxidative agents, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti-arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventing aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and cosmetics. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus could act as antiulcer. Therefore, this review focuses on the composition of camel milk and miraculous and medicinal aspect of camel milk in treating some diseases.
... Crohn's Disease [23]: Scientific evidence indicates that it is NOT primarily an autoimmune disease but Tumors: There are a number of tumors which can be cured with camel milk, the action is due to the fact that the very active antibodies bind onto the tumors, killing the tumor calls without damaging healthy tissue. Human antibodies are too big to do this [13]. ...
... (ب نياسيف 3 )اـ (ميمجر ) Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2001 ;Hamd et al. 2011 ;Ahmedi and Najafi , et al. 2010) , الحيكية العمميات مف العديد د الرؤية مثؿ الجسـ اخؿ ', التكاث النمك ك المناعة , ر ( Debier and Larondelle, 2005) , الخصكبة ك التمايز ك التشكيؿ عمميات في كتؤثر ( Chew and Park, 2004 ;Stahl and Sies, 2005) االيض كعمميات , اليضمية القناة التياب ك الذاتية المناعة اض امر ك ( Alhashem, 2009) الغذائي التحسس ك ( ) ككذلؾ المزمنة اض االمر مف العديد ك بك الر معالجة في ( Wernery, 2006) كركف كمرض , ( (Crohn's ( Shabo et al. , 2008) التكحد كمرض , ...
هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى دراسة مكونات حليب الابل العراقية وعزل وتنقية بروتيناته وتقييم كفائتها في تنشيط انواع من الخلايا السرطانية خارج الجسم الحي , تم جمع عينات الحليب من 50 ناقة متواجدة في قضاء الرطبة غرب العراق , ثم تم تقدير المحتوى الكيميائي كالدهن , الرماد , اللاكتوز , البروتين , الاجسام الصلبة الكلية , الاجسام الصلبة اللادهنية , الحموضة , درجة الاس الهيدروجيني , الوزن النوعي , درجة الانجماد للحليب والرطوبة . وتم تحضير بروتينات حليب الابل (الكازائين والشرش) ثم دراسة المحتوى الكلي للبروتين فيها . كما تم تقدير نسبة الاملاح في حليب الابل ودراسة نوعية الاحماض الدهنية وتراكيز المركبات الفعالة وتراكيز الفيتامينات والتركيب الكيميائي للاحماض الدهنية في حليب الابل العراقية . كما وتضمنت الدراسة عزل بروتين الكازائين في وسط حامضي (pH:4.6) وبروتين الشرش والتنقية بعمود التبادل الايوني DEAE- Cellulose . ومن اجل التاكد من نقاوة البروتينات المعزولة اجريت عملية الترحيل الكهربائي على هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد و بجهاز ( HPLC) كروماتوغرافيا السائل عالية الاداء , ولمعرفة تاثير بروتينات الحليب على المحتوى الدقيق للخلايا السرطانية تم اجراء اختبار (HSC)High Screening Content باعتماد بروتينات الكازائين والشرش كمادة مثبطة لخلايا السرطان البشري (A549) Human Lung Adenocarcinoma , ومن اجل تقييم الكفاءة التثبيطية لبروتين الكازائين والشرش ضد انواع مختلفة فقد استعملت اربعة انواع من الخلايا السرطانية A549, MCF7, PC3, HepG2 وتم تحديد نسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية بطريقة اختبار MTT .
اظهر نتائج الدراسة ما يأتي :
- ان حليب الابل يحتوي على تراكيز من الدهن , الرماد , اللاكتوز , البروتين , الاجسام الصلبة الكلية , الاجسام الصلبة اللادهنية , وان درجة الحموضة والاس الهيدروجيني , الوزن النوعي , درجة الانجماد للحليب والرطوبة ضمن الحدود الطبيعية لحليب الابل .
- ان حليب الابل يحتوي على تراكيز عالية من الاملاح المعدنية (الكالسيوم والكلورايد والفسفور والصوديوم والبوتاسيوم ) وبتراكيز اقل (المنغنيز والمغنسيوم والنحاس والحديد والزنك) .
- اظهر تحليل الاحماض الامينية لحليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي على تراكيز عالية من (الثايرونين والجلوماتيك والسيرين وتربتوفان ) وبتراكيز اقل من ايزوليوسين والتيروسين والثيرونين .
- اظهرت النتائج من تحليل حليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي على نسب من المركبات الفعالة (اللايسوزايم واللاكتوفرين واللاكتوبيروكسيد وامينوكلوبيولين IgG وامينوكلوبيولين IgA ) .
- واظهرت نتائج تحليل حليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي تراكيز من الفيتامينات (فيتامينC ونياسين وريبوفلافين وفيتامينB6 وفيتامين B12 والثايمين وان تركيز فيتامين C كان الاعلى.
- بينت نتائج تحليل حليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي على الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة (كابرليك وكوريك ولوريك وميرستيك وبالمتيك) والاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة (اللينوليك والاوليك والينولنيك والبيوتريك).
- اظهرت نتائج الفصل لحليب الابل العراقية بعمود التبادل الايوني DEAE-Cellulose ثلاث قمم بروتينية لكل من بروتين الكازائين وبروتين الشرش .
- اشارت نتائج الفصل بجهاز HPLC الى ظهور عدد من القمم التي تشير الى بروتينات مفصولة من حليب الابل العراقيه.
- بينت نتائج الدراسة الحالية ظهور حزم بروتينية مشابهة لبروتين الكازائين القياسي على هلام متعدد الاكريلاميد . وظهور حزم اخرى لبروتين الشرش .
- اشارت نتائج هذه الدراسه الى ظهور حزمتان لبروتين الكازائين وثلاث حزم لبروتين الشرش المعزوله بواسطة عمود المبادل الايوني على هلام الاكريلاميد وتم تعين الاوزان الجزيئيه لهذه البروتينات والمحصوره بين (90000-20000)المتمثله بهذه الحزم.
- عند اجراء التجربة البايولوجية اوضحت نتائج هذه الدراسة امتلاك حليب الابل لفعالية تثبيطية متباينة تجاه محتوى الخلايا السرطانية الاربعة MCF-7, PC3, A549, HepG2 .
- وعند دراسة التركيز المثبط لنصف الخلايا المدروسة IC50 تجاه هذه الخلايا وجد انه كان اكثر فعالية تجاه الخلايا (A549) ثم (MCF-7) ثم (HepG2) ثم (PC3) لبروتينات الشرش . والتركيز المثبط لنصف الخلايا المدروسة لبروتين الكازائين كان اكثر فعالية عند الخلايا (HepG2) ثم (PC3) ثم (MCF-7) ثم (A549) . اظهر تنتائج اختبار المحتوى الخلوي الدقيق (HSC) الذي اظهرته بروتينات حليب الابل ضد الاجزاء الخلوية باستعمال مجهر الفلورسنت Flourescence microscope حدوث انخفاض في عدد الخلايا السرطانية المستخدمة من نوع Human Lung Adenocarcinoma(A549) مع حدوث تغيرات مظهرية في شكل وحجم الميتوكوندريا والانوية مع حدوث تنشيط ملحوظ في Cytochrome C بفعل المعاملة ببروتين الكازائين والشرش في حليب الابل العراقية وهذا ما يشير السمية الموجودة في هذه البروتينات تجاه الخلايا السرطانية عند مقارنتها مع الخلايا غير المعاملة وخلايا السيطرة الموجبة .
- اظهرت نتائج معاملة خلايا (A549) بتراكيز من بروتين الكازائين فعالية تباينت حسب التركيز المستخدم وتبعاً للجزء الذي تاثر بهذه الفعالية فنجد ان تركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل من بروتين الكازائين قد اعطى فعالية تجاه المادة النووية الكلية Total Nuclear Intensity ويليها التركيز 25 مايكروغرام/مل ثم التركيز 12.5 مايكروغرام/مل ثم التركيز 50 مايكروغرام/مل ثم التركيز 100 مايكروغرام/مل . في حين ان التركيز 100 مايكروغرام/مل من الكازائين اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه نفاذية غشاء الخليةCell Membrane Permeability ثم التركيز(25, 12.5, 6.25, 50) مايكروغرام/مل . في حين ان التركيز 100 مايكروغرام/مل من الكازائين اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه Cytochrom C ثم التراكيز (150, 25, 12.5, 6.25) مايكروغرام/مل , والتركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل من الكازائين اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه غشاء الميتوكوندريا Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ثم التراكيز (12.5, 25, 50, 100) مايكروغرام/مل .
- واظهرت نتائج معاملة الخلايا (A459) بتراكيز من بروتين الشرش فعالية تباينت تبعا للتركيز والجزء الذي تثار بهذه الفعالية فنجد ان تركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل من بروتين الكازائين قد اعطى فعالية تجاه المادة النووية الكليةTotal Nuclear Intensity ثم التراكيز (12.5, 25, 100, 50) مايكروغرام/مل . والتركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه نفاذية الغشاء الخلوي Cell Membrane Permeability ثم التركيز(12.5, 25, 100, 50) مايكروغرام/مل . والتركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه Cytochrom C ثم التراكيز (12.5, 50, 100, 25) مايكروغرام/مل , والتركيز 25 مايكروغرام/مل اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه غشاء الميتوكوندريا Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ثم التراكيز (100, 50, 12.5, 6.25) مايكروغرام/مل .
- تم تحديد نسبة بقاء الخلايا حية بطريقة اختبار MTT اذ تم استخدام اربعة انواع من الخلايا السرطانية المدروسة لاظهار التاثير السام لبروتينات الكازائين والشرش اتجاهها . كان التاثير متبايناً تبعاً لنوع الخلايا السرطانية المستخدمة والتراكيز المستخدمة , اظهرت النتائج ان التركيز (2.0) مايكروغرام/مل امتلك اعلى فعالية تجاه الخلايا السرطانية الاربعة بينما اعطى التركيز (0.5) مايكروغرام/مل اقل فعالية تجاه الخلايا السرطانية وكانت نسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية الاعلى عنده . وكانت العلاقة عكسية ما بين التراكيز ونسبة بقاء الخلايا المستخدمة .
- اظهرت الدراسة الحالية ان السمية الخلوية لبروتينات الشرش المعزول من حليب الابل العراقية تجاه الخلايا الاربعة المدروسة وجود تاثير قاتل للخلايا السرطانية المستخدمة وكذلك اعتماداً على التراكيز المستخدمة حيث نلاحظ ان نسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية كانت الاعلى عند التركيز (0.5) مايكروغرام/مل وكانت الفعالية الاعلى تجاه هذه الخلايا الحية عند التركيز (2.0) مايكروغرام/مل أي ان العلاقة كانت عكسية ما بين التركيز ونسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية .
... It is used to treat diabetes: treat Type 1 diabetes mellitus (52,53), increases insulin level in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (54), Type 1 diabetes (55,56), treat diarrhea (57), and epidemic diseases (58), and Crohn's disease (59). It has anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties (60,61). ...
... According to ethnoecological research, type 2 diabetes mellitus at the early stages can be cured completely with the help of phytotherapeutic drugs (Ashcroft F (Johnson L. et al., 2006). One of the reasons for the complexity of managing patients with diabetes mellitus is the unsatisfactory correction of high glucose in the blood with exogenous insulin and other antidiabetic drugs, which requires finding additional ways to optimize the level of glycemia ( In sour-milk products, many of the nutrients of milk become more accessible: so proteolytic enzymes of milk microflora, partially break down proteins, which increases the completeness and speed of their assimilation (Mal G. et al., 2007, Shabo Y. et al., 2008, Abbas S, et al., 2013. Induction of diabetes in the animals studied was caused by intraperitoneal injection of a 5% solution of alloxan monohydrate (AL) at a rate of 100 mg / kg of the animal's weight in a 0.9% solution of NaCl (Methodical recommendations, 1986). ...
... Apparently, MAP enters the mucosa as saprophytes and only becomes active when the persons are in severe stress, leading to a secondary autoimmune response (Urazakov and Bainazarov 1991). Shabo et al. (2008) reported that camel milk drinking has shown good effect for treating Crohn's diseases. As the bacteria belong to the family of tuberculosis and as camel milk has been used to treat tuberculosis, it becomes apparent that the powerful bactericide properties of camel milk combined with PGRP have a quick and positive effect on the healing process. ...
Camel milk and meat are good source of nutrients for the peoples living especially in the arid and urban areas. Camel milk and meat are unique from other ruminant’s milk and meat in terms of composition as well as claimed health effects. Camel milk has low cholesterol, high minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium) and high vitamin C when compared with other ruminant milk. Camel milk contains various fatty acids, enzymes and protective proteins. Camel milk has potential therapeutic effects, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-ageing and anticarcinogenic. The medicinal properties of camel milk can be attributed to the presence of protective proteins, which may possibly play a pivotal role for the enhancement of immune defence mechanism. Not only camel milk, but also camel meat in general, is considered a functional food for cures and remedy for many ailments such as seasonal fever, sciatica, shoulder pain, asthma, removing freckles and for improved performance, in many cultures around the world. Therefore, it is important to illustrate the overview of compositions and medicinal values of camel milk and meat.
... Camel milk has powerful bactericidal properties and can rehabilitate the immune system. It was observed that drinking non-pasteurised camel milk is beneficial to people with all the variety of symptoms associated with an infection of the alimentary canal (Shabo et al. ,2008) Shabo and coworkers reported that camel milk has shown good effect for treating Crohn"s diseases. As the bacteria belongs to the family of tuberculosis and as camel milk has been used to treat tuberculosis it becomes apparent that the powerful bactericide properties of camel milk combined with PGRP have a quick and positive effect on the healing process. ...
Out of 25.89 million camel populations on the world 89% are one-humped camels and the remaining 11% are the two-humped. More than 60% of the dromedary camel population is concentrated in the arid areas of North East African countries. Ethiopia ranks third by the number of camel population and second by camel milk production from the globe. Camel milk, white gold of the desert is more similar to human milk. It differs from other mammals milk as its chemical composition is low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals, high vitamin C and higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and lysozyme, lacks B-lactoglobulin. β-lactoglobulin camel milk is unique in terms of antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventies aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and it has cosmetic values. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus endowed antiulcer properties. Camel milk has high α-hydroxyl acids which are known to plump and smoothies the skin and also used to treat skin disorders such as dermatitis, Acne, Psoriasis and Eczema. Although camel milk has such values, it’s less appreciated thus its consumption is restricted to pastoral area so further studies should be conducted on the chemical composition and medicinal value of camel milk.
... Camel milk has powerful bactericidal properties and can rehabilitate the immune system. It was observed that drinking nonpasteurized camel milk is beneficial to people with all the variety of symptoms associated with an infection of the alimentary canal [57]. Shabo and co-workers reported that camel milk has shown good effect for treating Crohn's diseases. ...
Camel milk differs from other ruminant milk as it contains low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals,
high vitamin C and higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, Immunoglobulins and
lysozyme. Camel milk lacks of β-lactoglobulin and used as an option for the individuals intolerant to
lactose of cow’s milk Camel’s milk is unique in terms of antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral,
antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti-arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventies aging, remedy for
autoimmune diseases and cosmetics. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving longterm
glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin
has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus
endowed antiulcer properties. Camel milk has high α-hydroxyl acids which are known to plump and
smoothies the skin and also used to treat skin disorders such as dermatitis, Acne, Psoriasis and
Eczema. Although camel milk has such values, it’s less appreciated thus its consumption is restricted
to pastoral area. Further studies should be conducted on the chemical composition and medicinal
value of camel milk.
There is a continuously increasing pressure associated with the appearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium ( S. typhimurium ) and Shigella sonnei ( S. sonnei ) that have developed pathogenic multiple antibiotic resistance and the cost of cure and control of these enterobacteriaceae infections increases annually. The current report for first time demonstrated the distinguished antimicrobial action of camel lactoferrin (cLf) obtained from the milk of different clans of camel in Saudi Arabia against S. typhimurium and S. sonnei. These cLf subtypes showed comparable antimicrobial potential when tested against the two bacterial strains but were superior to either bovine (bLf) or human lactoferrin (hLf). The synergism between lactoferrins and antibiotics concerning their antibacterial efficacies against the two bacterial strains was evident. Exploring mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei revealed that cLf affects bacterial protein profile. Besides, it interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and numerous membrane proteins of S. typhimurium and S. sonnei , with each bacterial strain possessing distinctive binding membrane proteins for lactoferrin. Furthermore, as evidenced by electron microscopy analysis, cLf induces extracellular and intracellular morphological changes in the test bacterial strains when used alone or in combination treatment with antibiotics. Lactoferrin and antibiotics combination strongly disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes. Therefore, cLf can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei by four different mechanisms, such as iron chelation, affecting some bacterial proteins, binding to bacterial LPS and membrane proteins, and impairing the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes.
Mammalian milk has numerous components that exhibit chemical and functional activities. They support human homeostasis. Immunoglobulins, peptides with antibacterial and antimicrobial activities, carbohydrates, lipids, and minor molecules have positive effects on health. Beyond the nutritional values of milk, milk-borne biologically active compounds such as proteins and other minor constituents exhibit essential physiological and biochemical functions. Human milk guarantees a healthy development and improves immunity. It is hypoallergenic. Sometimes, it is necessary to substitute this food with other milk for different reasons. Cow, sheep, goat, camel and donkey milk are natural alternatives. We evaluated the different compounds within donkey and camel milk analysing their biomolecular characteristics and potential benefits for human health. Camel and donkey milk bioactive products could be good candidates for controlling several diseases and excellent substitutes in the case of milk protein allergies in infants. However, more research should be conducted to further evaluate their nutraceutical potential.
This investigation was conducted to evaluate the utilization of compost production using finely grinded date palm wastes and residues (particle size 0.5 cm), to examine its performance a substitute of potting media in comparison with commercial peat moss. Factors influence the rate of composting efficiency such as moisture content; aeration and temperature were treatments (culture substrates) with four replications were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments were commercial peat moss used as control; un-composted date palm residues (DP-0); composted date palm residues for 15 weeks (DP-15) and composted date palm residues for 30 weeks (DP-30). The physicochemical properties of substrates were measured before plant cultivation. During the duration of plant growth irrigation rate, temperature, humidity and pest control for all treatments were similar. Some growth and fruit quality parameters for strawberry plants were measured at the end of growth period. The results revealed that bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and essential mineral nutrients (N, P and K) were increased, while organic matter (OM), organic carbon (Oc) and C/N ratio were decreased gradually by the end of composting time. DP-30 showed the most appropriate physicochemical properties compared with the other treatments, including peat moss. This could be attributed to improve the physicochemical properties of this substrate due to satisfactory enhanced compost maturity which would have been achieved by the end of 30 weeks’ incubation time, since the source, particle size (0.5cm) and composting process were the same for all date palm substrates. Therefore, the average rate of increase in plant growth characteristics and the improvement of fruit quality parameters were differed significantly depending on composting duration and connected to preference of suitable physicochemical properties enhanced in DP-30. The general trend observed in this investigation strongly suggestes the importance of potential benefits of the economically appropriate uses of the composted date palm materials (DP-30) for full substitution for peat moss in horticulture.
Camel is avital support to daily life is the areas described as natural homeland; as a food force and away of transportation. Camel milk has been known as nutrition's meal and as medicine for different diseases long time ago such as dropsy, iron, deficiency anemia because it has high concentration of iron, anti-diarrhea, anti-bacterial anti-cancer, anti-tumor and ulcer and prevent of arthritis. Camel milk is used for autism treatment, for allergies treatment. Camel milk is the most milk like human milk than in other milk. Camel milk enriched with insulin or insulin like protein camel milk cures and treated food allergies, hepatitis and skin disease.
Camel serve as multipurpose animal and one of the features is milk production. Camel milk has more similar chemical composition with human milk as compare to any other ruminant's milk. Camel milk is different from other animal milk. It is low in cholesterol and sugar while high in minerals, vitamin C, higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and lyso-zyme. Camel's milk has exceptional medicinal properties like antioxidative agent, antimicrobial, healing in joint inflammation, treatment of paratuberculosis, antiaging, immune system booster and cosmetic agent. Insulin concentration in camel milk is high that's why it is important for diabetic human patients. Camel milk is high in magnesium and zinc minerals that provide antiulcer property. Regardless of the fact that camel milk has such characteristics; it's less refreshing in this manner its utilization is limited to pastoral areas. Further research work is needed to a certain medicinal value and chemical composition of camel milk.
Aim: Study was designed and implemented at university of Khartoum to investigate
the effect of camel milk mixed with camel urine and camel urine alone on
hematological parameters of albino rats. Materials and Methods: 30 Wister
Albino rats of both sexes weighing 85-105 g were brought and divided into 3
groups. Group 1 (control group) received normal saline, group 2 rats received fresh
urine from young female camel (Bekra) (6 month up to 2 years old) at 1ml/100gm
body weight, group 3 administered with an early morning fresh milk collected from
different female camels mixed with the fresh camel urine which collected as
mentioned in group 2 by a percentage of (1:1) at the rate of 2ml/100g. All treatments
given by an oral intubation, experiment lasts for 29 days then rats were euthanized,
clinical signs and post-mortem findings were recorded, Blood samples were
obtained from the orbital plexus of rats on day zero, day 15 and on day 29 of the
experiment, we put it into dry clean bottles with anticoagulant for analyzing
activities of hematological parameters which include haemoglobin (Hb)
concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), and red blood cells (RBCs) counts,
beside red blood cell indices which include, mean corpuscular volume (MCV),
mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin
concentration (MCHC). Data were entered and analyzed using SAS statistical
package. Numerical data were expressed as means and standard errors. Results:
The mean values of PCV fluctuate within normal range in all groups and showed
no significant difference between the test and control groups in all days of the
experiment, while the mean values of Hb showed significant decrease in group 2
(urine group), also the mean values of RBC showed significant decrease in group 2
(urine group) while there's no significant change in all other groups. The mean
values of MCV showed significant increase in group 2 (urine group) and group
3(milk and urine), While values of MCH showed fluctuating differences in all
groups. We found that MCHC values showed significant decrease in all groups
specially in group 3 (milk and urine) in which the decrease was more significantly
throughout the experimental period compared to other groups. Conclusion:
Hematological effects of camel's milk and urine mixture were recorded, and this
could be attributed to its nutrient activity because our trial approved that camel's
milk could be useful in supporting and enhancing blood parameters but in the other
hand camels urine could have a negative impact by decrease it.
This chapter discusses camel adaptations, camel populations and distribution, milk yield and lactation, milk composition, milk protein antigenicity and immune system in camel milk. It also focuses on one-humped Dromedary camel, medicinal properties of camel milk, lipids, effects of heat on camel milk proteins, enzymatic coagulation of camel milk, milk enzymes and camel milk products. The ability of camelids, especially Dromedary, to adapt to arid conditions is unique among large herbivores. The most significant feature of this adaptation is the economic use of water in their metabolism. Frequency of milking has a considerable effect on camel milk production. The lactation curve of camels is different from that of other lactating mammals, because, in cattle, the milk yield is low at the beginning of lactation and gradually increases until a plateau is reached before declining. Camel colostrum contains high levels of total solids including total proteins, which are particularly high in whey proteins that transfer immunity.
The emission of ammonia is an important environmental drawback of animal husbandry in most European countries. Emission factors form the basis for emission inventories, e.g. in the framework of the National Emission Ceiling Directive. The emission factor for ammonia emission from commercial camel keeping is unknown. Because of the many health promoting properties of camel milk, several European farmers consider to start milking camels. In the Netherlands, until now this is not possible as municipal (local) environmental permit to keep camels commercially cannot be obtained, because of ammonia emission from camel husbandry. Based on the way dairy dromedary camels are kept in the first commercial camel husbandry in the Netherlands, Europe, we calculated their ammonia emission using literature data, and an assessment of the impact of the housing system, including manure management. Literature was assessed for ammonia emission data from camel husbandry in general and camel housing in particular. Literature data were compared with dairy cows and horses, which are typically based on measurements. Generally, ammonia emission of a barn for adult camels is estimated to be typically 5-6 kg ammonia/head/year, corresponding with about 50% of ammonia emission of dairy cow barns. However, when urine and faeces are directly separated and removed, as occurs in the Dutch camel barn, camel ammonia emission factor is assessed to be 1.5-2.0 kg/head year, corresponding with 10-20% of cows ammonia emission.
This study was conducted to analyse the possible antidiabetic effects of camel milk in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by assaying liver and kidney clinical function parameters. Administration of streptozotocin (55 mg kg -1 b.wt.) to the experimental groups of rats resulted in marked detectable changes. The rats were fed daily with fresh camel milk by feeding bottles for 30 days. The effects of camel milk on blood glucose, serum proteins, urea, uric acid, creatinine, lipid profile and the activities of diagnostic marker enzymes of liver function and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were examined in the plasma/serum of control and experimental groups of rats. Camel milk feeding to diabetic rats significantly reduces the levels of blood glucose, urea, uric acid and creatinine and increases the activities of albumin, albumin/globulin ratio and restores all liver function marker enzymes and lipid profile to near control levels. The present study shows that feeding of camel milk to diabetic rats has antihyperglycemic effects and consequently may alleviate liver and renal damage associated with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Dates and camel milk have been reported to be used for prevention and treatment of various diseases in Arab countries. This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of dates and camel milk, alone or as a mixture and their effect in lead acetate-poisoned rats. Lead was administered to rats in drinking water at a concentration of 0.6% to generate lipid peroxidation. Three cultivars of date fruits grown locally (Nabtat Ali, Sukkari and Rashudia) were tried when mixed individually with camel milk against lipid peroxidation generated by lead. Chemical composition of dates, camel milk and their mixture was determined. The organoleptic evaluation of palatability of date-camel milk mixtures was performed. Serum glucose, triglycerides and urea concentrations and activities of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/GOT), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) enzymes were determined. Drinking water containing 0.6% lead acetate resulted in significant increase in serum glucose, triglycerides and urea concentrations, as well as increased activity of serum enzymes were investigated. It also reduced the serum activity of the antioxidant enzyme Glutathione-S-transferase. Mixing camel milk with date varieties of Rashudia, Nabtat Ali or Sukkari in ratio of 2:1 (v/w) increased milk antioxidant capacity by 49.2, 62.8 and 81.3%, respectively. It also reduced the elevated activities of serum enzymes, the concentration of urea and increased the activity of Glutathione-S-Transferase enzyme in poisoned rats. Mixtures of camel milk with the different cultivars of dates produced different beneficial effects. In conclusion, feeding a mixture of camel milk with dates seems to enhance the body defense against free radicals generated by the lead acetate poisoning mainly due to the high contents of phenolics and flavonoids in the mixture.
Twenty (10%) of 200 milk samples collected from different individual camels inhibited growth of one or more of six pathogenic test organisms in a filter-paper disk assay. The milk samples with inhibitory properties scored zero in the California Mastitis Test. The percentages of milk samples which inhibited Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhimurium were 7.5, 4.0, 2.0 and 1%, respectively. None of the 200 samples inhibited Bacillus cereus or Escherichia coli. Five milk samples inhibited growth of two test organisms and two samples inhibited growth of three organisms. Inhibition zone diameters ranged from 13.5 mm to 22.0 mm (average of 15 mm) using a disk of 12.5 mm in diameter. The average amount of lysozyme in the whey of 58 samples of camel's milk was 288 μg/100 ml. The average lysozyme content of the 20 samples showing growth inhibition of one or more test organisms was 648 μg/100 ml, significantly higher (P<0.01) than the average in the 38 samples (6...
The frequency of gastric Crohn's disease has been considered low. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with Crohn's disease. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed on 62 consecutive patients suffering from ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Biopsy specimens from the antrum and corpus were processed for both histological and bacteriological examinations. H pylori antibodies of IgG and IgA classes were measured in serum samples by enzyme immunoassay. Six patients (9.7%) were infected with H pylori, as shown by histology, and in five of them the infection was also verified by serology. Twenty one patients (32%) had chronic H pylori negative gastritis (negative by both histology and serology) and one of them also had atrophy in the antrum and corpus. Granulomas were found in four patients. The characteristic appearance of H pylori negative gastritis was focal and mostly mild inflammation resembling the inflammatory changes seen in the gut in Crohn's disease. Patients with H pylori negative chronic gastritis had a significantly more active disease in their gut than those with normal gastric mucosa (p < 0.01). It is concluded that H pylori positive gastritis is rare, while H pylori negative gastritis is relatively common in patients with Crohn's disease. H pylori negative 'Crohn's gastritis' seems to be associated with active Crohn's disease.
Cloning of the mouse tag7 gene encoding a novel cytokine is described. The Tag7 protein consists of 182 amino acids. Genomic organization of the tag7 gene and its promoter region remind those of the genes of the tumor necrosis factor locus, although the tag7 gene is not linked to this locus. The gene is located on chromosome 7 at the area that corresponds to band 7A3, which has
genetic linkage with lupus-like disease in mouse models. tag7 transcription is essential for lymphoid organs. It is also detected in certain areas of lungs, brain, and intestine and in
some tumors. Tag7 protein is detectable in both cell-associated and soluble forms. The soluble form of Tag7 triggers apoptosis
in mouse L929 cells in vitro and does not involve NF-κB activation. The relationship between Tag7 and tumor necrosis factor family of ligands is discussed.
Since Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) was isolated from intestinal tissue of a human patient suffering Crohn's disease, a controversial discussion exists whether MAP have a role in the etiology of Crohn's disease or not. Raw milk may be a potential vehicle for the transmission of MAP to human population. In a previous paper, we have demonstrated that MAP are found in raw milk samples obtained from a defined region in Switzerland. The aim of this work is to collect data about the prevalence of MAP specific IS900 insertion sequence in bulk-tank milk samples in different regions of Switzerland. Furthermore, we examined eventual correlation between the presence of MAP and the somatic cell counts, the total colony counts and the presence of Enterobacteriaceae.
273 (19.7%) of the 1384 examined bulk-tank milk samples tested IS900 PCR-positive. The prevalence, however, in the different regions of Switzerland shows significant differences and ranged from 1.7% to 49.2%. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences between the somatic cell counts and the total colony counts of PCR-positive and PCR-negative milk samples. Enterobacteriaceae occur as often in IS900 PCR-positive as in PCR-negative milk samples.
This is the first study, which investigates the prevalence of MAP in bulk-tank milk samples all over Switzerland and infers the herd-level prevalence of MAP infection in dairy herds. The prevalence of 19.7% IS900 PCR-positive bulk-milk samples shows a wide distribution of subclinical MAP-infections in dairy stock in Switzerland. MAP can therefore often be transmitted to humans by raw milk consumption.
Mastitis tests based on milk changes have been developed for dairy animals. These include somatic cell count (SCC), the marker most frequently used in the dairy industry for determining the milk quality and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), an enzyme released from damaged cells in the mammary gland, that is a good indicator of mastitis in bovine and ovine milk. The bacteriological examination results showed that 35% of the milk quarters yielded pathogenic bacteria while Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci represented 83% of the isolates. Mean values of SCC for the infected quarters were significantly higher from which no bacteria was isolated. There were no significant differences in NAGase activities between infected and noninfected quarters. It is concluded that somatic cell count can be used as an inflammation marker and as an udder infection indicator in the dromedary camel and according to our results, NAGase activity cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for mastitis in camels.
Differences between husbandry of traditionally kept camels and those maintained under experimental conditions, fed hay and supplementary concentrate, are reflected in the composition of their milk. Milk of camels from an experimental farm contained significantly less fat, less proteins and caseins, and more ash than the milk from the traditionally kept camels. Differences between the water content and the whey proteins of the 2 milks were not significant. It seems that the differences between the achievements of milking camels under "natural" and under experimental conditions can be quite substantial. These differences should be taken into account in any applied extension of camel husbandry from the field to experimental conditions.
The etiology of many autistic cases is based on a primary autoimmune disease, affecting an intestinal enzyme responsible for the formation of amino acids from the milk protein casein. Instead, the breakdown of the caseins, primarily beta-casein and beta-lactoglobulin, is to a powerful opioid, casomorphin. The opioid leads to typical cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Eventually the casomorphin causes brain damage. Animal experimentation has shown that casomorphin causes autistic-like symptoms. It is therefore, advisable to restrict milk and milk products that can lead to the formation of casomorphin. As camel milk does not contain beta-casein and beta-lactoglobulin, camel milk does not lead to autism symptoms. In addition, camel milk contains protective proteins, including the immunoglobulins necessary for maintaining the immune system and nutritional advantages for brain development. A few observations of the effect of drinking camel milk are presented and a discussion on the effect that camel milk had on various age groups.
Increased rearing of llamas in the USA has been associated with a need to supplement milk to orphaned or undernourished llama neonates. Ruminant milks and milk replacers are used, but there are few data comparing the nutrient composition and protective factors of llama milk to those of ruminant milks. We compared proteins in llama milk with those in cow, sheep, and human milks. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by Coomassie blue. Caseins were the predominant proteins in llama milk, as in cow and sheep milks. A considerably lower proportion of casein was identified in human milk. α-Lactalbumin was present in similar amounts in llama, sheep, and cow milks, with proportionately more α-lactalbumin in human milk. β-Lactoglobulin, the major whey protein of cows and sheep, was not detectable by this method in either llama or human milk. Gel profiles of llama milk contained a relatively higher proportion of a protein band co-migrating with lactoferrin compared with cow or sheep milk, but not as much as in human milk. We also compared the activities of peroxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase in milks of the four species. Peroxidase activity in llama milk was more than ten times less than in cow or sheep milk. Activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase was more than 20-fold higher in llama milk than in milks of the ruminants. Activities of both enzymes in llama milk more closely resembled activities in human milk. Results of this study suggest that llama milk differs from cow and sheep milk in protein composition, and that the relative importance of protective factors, such as lactoferrin, peroxidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, in milk may be different for llamas compared with ruminants.
In the present study fresh camel milk (Camelus dromadarius) were collected from camel farms in the region of Al-Kalaa Sraghna (Morocco). All samples were transported to the laboratory at 4°C and analysed on the same day for their microbiological characteristics which included: standard plate count (SPC), total and faecal coliforms, enterococci, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Results showed that the microbial profiles were relatively low for all the microorganisms studied. The average SPC was 5 × 104 cfu/ml, staphylococci numbers ranged from less than 1 cfu/ml to 5 × 10 3 cfu/ml. Enterococci reached an average of 20 cfu/ml. Coliforms were the most abundant microorganisms in camel milk and ranged from less than 1 cfu/ml to 8 × 104 cfu/ml. 33.33 % of staphylococci isolated were coagulase positive and among the isolates collected from all samples no E.coli was detected. Lactic acid bacteria counts in the samples showed an average of 104 cfu/ml while yeasts ranged from less than 1 cfu/ml to 9 × 104 cfu/ml.
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is an oxidoreductase secreted into milk, and plays an important role in protecting the lactating mammary gland and the intestinal tract of the newborn infants against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the human LPO chromosomal gene was molecularly cloned, and its gene organization was determined. The human LPO gene was found to be arranged with the myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene in a tail-to-tail manner. Similar to the human MPO and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) genes, the human LPO gene is split by 11 introns and spans 28 kb. Unlike most introns in mammalian gene, the 5′ splice donor sequence of intron 11 starts with GC instead of GT. When the minigene comprised of exon 11, intron 11 and exon 12 of the human LPO gene was introduced into COS cells, the correct splicing of the intron was found, suggesting the intron 11 of the human LPO gene is functional. The coding sequence of human LPO consists of 2136bp, and codes for a protein of 712 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of human LPO has 51% similarity with those of both human MPO and EPO, suggesting that these peroxidase genes have evolved from a common ancestral gene. On the other hand, the nucleotide sequences of the 5′ promoter regions of these peroxidase genes exhibit no similarity among them, which agrees with their tissue-specific expression.
A camel milk whey protein has been isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The protein is, like caseins, rich in proline (25% of the whole protein). The N-terminal amino acid sequence shows that the protein is homologous with a C-terminal region of beta-caseins analyzed from other species. The protein is concluded to be a fragment of beta-casein, derived from a non-tryptic type of cleavage of the parent molecule, and increasing the multiplicity of known casein products.
It is still controversial whether or not a mycobacterial infection may be a cause of Crohn's disease. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis may be very difficult to detect using routine culture techniques. To clarify this, we detected mycobacterial DNA in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
IS900 sequences highly specific to M. paratuberculosis and the groEL gene encoding a conserved mycobacterial antigen were studied in colonic mucosa using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization.
IS900 sequences were detected in all (100%) of 10 patients with Crohn's disease, in 11 (61.1%) of 18 patients with ulcerative colitis, and in 14 (87.5%) of 16 control patients with noninflammatory bowel disease. All IS900 positive samples had groEL PCR products.
Our results, on the basis of the prevalence, do not support the hypothesis that M. paratuberculosis is involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
The etiology of Crohn's disease remains unknown, but current research has concentrated on autoimmunity and/or mycobacterial infection. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enables the detection of genetic material even when very few microorganisms are present.
A nested primer PCR for detection of a multi-copy insertional element (IS900) specific for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was applied to DNA extracted from fresh and from paraffin-embedded intestinal tissue obtained from patients undergoing surgery.
In fresh intestinal tissue from 11 of 24 patients with Crohn's disease, from 2 of 10 patients with ulcerative colitis, and from 3 of 28 patients with other colonic disorders, specific M. paratuberculosis DNA was found. In paraffin-embedded Crohn's disease tissue the presence of specific M. paratuberculosis DNA was also increased.
Whether the presence of M. paratuberculosis is connected to the inflammatory bowel disease or is a mere coincidence cannot be stated. We find this presence interesting and encouraging for further investigations.
This article has no abstract; the first 100 words appear below.
Fifteen years ago, after the National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (NCCDS)¹ had found that patients in remission who were given placebo fared better than those given corticosteroids, azathioprine, or a 5-aminosalicylate–sulfonamide compound, the approach to preventing relapse in patients with Crohn's disease was nihilistic. Now, the view among physicians is very different. New 5-aminosalicylates delivering larger amounts of the drug to the bowel can delay relapse,² as can low-dose corticosteroids,³ and new, poorly absorbed corticosteroids, which have minimal side effects, are becoming available. Immunosuppressant drugs, at least in combination with a corticosteroid, have been proved to prolong corticosteroid-induced remissions.⁴ These . . .
Humphrey J. Hodgson, D.M.
Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
Gene expression was compared in a metastatic (VMR-Liv) neoplastic cell line and a related nonmetastatic (VMR-O) neoplastic cell line by means of the differential display method. A fragment of cDNA corresponding to the tag7 gene, differentially expressed in the metastatic cell line, was isolated. The full-length tag7 cDNA was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. No homology between the tag7 gene and known sequences was revealed. tag7 gene transcription was studied in some tumors, cell lines, and normal mouse organs.
NAGase activity (NAGase) and serum albumin concentrations were determined in milk from 101 traditionally managed camels in the Sudan. NAGase, a lysosomal enzyme released from damaged epithelial cells as well as other somatic cells in milk, was recorded for quarter milk samples from camels (n = 353) using the fluoroscan method. NAGase activity in major pathogen-infected quarters was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in minor pathogen-infected and non-infected quarters. Means for minor pathogen-infected quarters were also significantly higher than non-infected quarters. Concentrations of serum albumin, resulting from increased vascular permeability, in quarter milk samples (n = 320) were measured by the radial immunodiffusion test. Serum albumin content in milk was not affected by infection status of the quarter. There were, however, large variations in serum albumin levels and, to a lesser extent, NAGase values between samples in both infected and non-infected quarters. NAGase was more effective in predicting bacteriological status of the quarter than serum albumin.
Available literature on the controversial role of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as an etiologic agent in human Crohn's disease is reviewed. Despite almost 15 years of investigation, the question of causal or consequential association between Johne's disease and Crohn's disease continues to linger.
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is an oxidoreductase secreted into milk, and plays an important role in protecting the lactating mammary gland and the intestinal tract of the newborn infants against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the human LPO chromosomal gene was molecularly cloned, and its gene organization was determined. The human LPO gene was found to be arranged with the myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene in a tail-to-tail manner. Similar to the human MPO and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) genes, the human LPO gene is split by 11 introns and spans 28 kb. Unlike most introns in mammalian gene, the 5' splice donor sequence of intron 11 starts with GC instead of GT. When the minigene comprised of exon 11, intron 11 and exon 12 of the human LPO gene was introduced into COS cells, the correct splicing of the intron was found, suggesting the intron 11 of the human LPO gene is functional. The coding sequence of human LPO consists of 2136 bp, and codes for a protein of 712 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of human LPO has 51% similarity with those of both human MPO and EPO, suggesting that these peroxidase genes have evolved from a common ancestral gene. On the other hand, the nucleotide sequences of the 5' promoter regions of these peroxidase genes exhibit no similarity among them, which agrees with their tissue-specific expression.
The American Journal of Gastroenterology is published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG) on behalf of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). Ranked the #1 clinical journal covering gastroenterology and hepatology*, The American Journal of Gastroenterology (AJG) provides practical and professional support for clinicians dealing with the gastroenterological disorders seen most often in patients. Published with practicing clinicians in mind, the journal aims to be easily accessible, organizing its content by topic, both online and in print. www.amjgastro.com, *2007 Journal Citation Report (Thomson Reuters, 2008)
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (basonym M. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of a severe gastroenteritis in ruminants known as Johne's disease. Economic losses to the cattle industry in the United States are staggering, reaching $1.5 billion annually. A potential pathogenic role in humans in the etiology of Crohn's disease is under investigation. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and disease control measures of this important veterinary pathogen. We emphasize molecular genetic aspects including the description of markers used for strain identification, diagnostics, and phylogenetic analysis. Recent important advances in the development of animal models and genetic systems to study M. paratuberculosis virulence determinants are also discussed. We conclude with proposals for the applications of these models and recombinant technology to the development of diagnostic, control, and therapeutic measures.
The camel's contribution to desert life dwindles as modern transport offers alternatives for crossing the desert. Yet recent insights into the camel's immune system have shown that this animal may still play an important role in the future of mankind. The camel has unique antibodies that could be very important in biotechnological applications and medicine.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) causes Johne's disease in ruminants (including cattle, sheep and goats) and other animals, and may contribute to Crohn's disease in humans. This possibility, and the fact that M. paratuberculosis may be present in raw milk, make it important to ensure that the heat treatment specified for pasteurization of milk will give acceptable inactivation of this bacterium, with an adequate margin of safety. Published studies of the heat resistance of this bacterium in milk have given widely differing results. Possible reasons for these differences, and the technical problems involved in the work, are reviewed. It is concluded that there is a need (i) for the adoption of an agreed Performance Criterion for pasteurization of milk in relation to this bacterium, (ii) a need for definitive laboratory experiments to understand and determine the heat resistance of M. paratuberculosis, and (iii) a need for an assessment of whether the minimum heat treatments specified at present for pasteurization of milk (Process Criteria) will meet the Performance Criterion for M. paratuberculosis. Measures are also required to ensure that commercial processes deliver continually the specified heat treatment, and to ensure that post-pasteurization contamination is avoided.