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Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
Vol. 14(3), July 2015, pp. 359-364
Dry cupping therapy decreases cellulite in women: A pilot study
Muzeyyen Arslan*1, Nalan Kutlu2, Merve Tepe2, Nisa Selin Yilmaz2, Leyla Ozdemir3 & Senol Dane4
1TurgutOzal University School of Nursing, Ankara; 2TurgutOzal University Hospital;
3Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing; 4TurgutOzal University Faculty of Medicine
E-mail: marslan@turgutozal.edu.tr
Received 24 September 2014, revised 22 December 2014
Some recent studies showed that lymphatic system stimulation is efficacious in the treatment of cellulite. Lymph
drainage and micro circulation can be stimulated with cupping therapy. We aimed to investigate the effect of dry moving
cupping therapy on the grade of cellulite on thighs. We aimed to investigate the effect of dry moving cupping therapy on the
grade of cellulite on thighs. A pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study. The dry moving
cupping therapy was applied on right and left thighs of forty healthy female subjects. The grade of cellulite was assessed
before and three days following dry moving cupping therapy. In the present study, the mean grade of cellulite was decreased
following dry moving cupping therapy comparing with before. Also, the age and weight were positively correlated with the
mean grade of cellulite both before and after dry moving cupping therapy. These results indicate for the first time in humans
that dry moving cupping therapy might be effective on cellulite. Dry moving cupping therapy may cause the drainage of
interstitial fluid and its elements into blood and lymphatic capillaries, especially lipids in cellulite.
Keywords: Dry cupping, Cellulite, Women
IPC Int. Cl.8: A47G 33/00, B22D 41/00, F16C 33/58, A01K 9/00, A01D 6/00, A61K 36/00, B21D 22/00, B32B 3/00,
B32B 5/00
Cellulite (gynoidlipodystrophy) is an alteration of the
topography of the skin that influences particularly
post pubertal women with the ratio of 80-90%1.The
presentation of the condition includes irregular skin
dimpling frequently on the thigh and appearance of
cottage cheese or orange peels2. Enlarged adipocytes,
localized hypertrophy of adipocytes, weakened
connective tissue, and reduced microcirculation due to
compression of capillary vasculature by fat lobules
are underlying pathological changes associated with
cellulite2,3. However, being obese aggravates the
presence of cellulite. The predisposing factors for the
condition are genetic tendency, hormonal imbalance,
drugs causing water retention, a sedentary life style,
immobility, tight clothes, smoking, alcohol intake,
non-balanced diet with excessive intake of fats, salt
and carbohydrates, stress, anxiety, emotional
disturbances, and being white1.
Body dissatisfaction resulting from cellulite can
impact women’s physical and emotional health. In
this era, the culture attributes strong value to the
appearance of women and being attractive. The
powerful and unconscious impact of media on
women’s body image shapes self-confidence and
causes self-criticism. This fact can turn out in women
as eating disorders, low self-esteem and low self-
confidence. Stigmatizing experiences were
significantly associated with poorer body image and
psychosocial functioning4, 5. These women can seek
medical solution for attaining the ideal appearance6.
Among physical and mechanical methods used to
cure cellulite, iontophresis, ultrasound,
thermotherapy, pressotherapy, lymphatic drainage,
electrolipophoresis, radiofrequency, long-wave
infrared radiation, laser, pharmacological agents
including metylxanthines, isoproterenol and adrenalin
can be counted1,7-9. Besides, there are cosmetic
ingredients with well documented anti-cellulite
activity such as caffeine, retinol, forskolin, sacred
lotus, carnitine, and escin10, 11. Moreover, a novel
treatment method suggested that cellulite develops as
a result of alterations in the lymphatic system, and
lymphatic system and microcirculation should be
stimulated for treating the problem. The stimulation
was created with lymph drainage massage in this
novel method12-14.
Lymph drainage and micro circulation can be also
stimulated with cupping therapy. Cupping therapy
applies a vacuum and a negative pressure to a
localized area of the skin. The suctioning effect
*Corresponding author
INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 14, NO. 3, JULY 2015
360
produced by the cup creates negative pressure and
draws the skin upward15. This negative pressure
enables to drain accumulated fluids, toxins and other
chemical compounds such as lipids from interstitial
fluid to blood and lymphatic capillaries1, 15.
Potential benefits of cupping were shown for pain,
herpes zoster, facial paralysis, cough and dyspnea,
common cold, urticaria, acne, neuritis, lumbar disc
herniation, periarthritis, mastitis, facial paralysis, and
cervical spondylosis16, 17.
Cupping therapy can be applied with a variety of
types including moving cupping, retained cupping,
flash cupping, wet cupping, medicinal cupping,
needle cupping, and pulsating cupping17,18. Wet
cupping therapies have two distinct methodologies.
First method is puncturing and cupping method that
includes five steps: skin demarcation, sterilization,
puncturing, cupping and sterilization. Second method,
as also known hijamah, is cupping, puncturing and
cupping (CPC) method that includes six steps: skin
demarcation, sterilization, first cupping, puncturing,
second cupping and sterilization. Hijamah has a better
analgesic effect and benefits to classic wet cupping
therapy19.
Dry moving cupping method is prominent due to
combining negative pressure resulting from dry
cupping therapy and massage effect from moving.
The advantages of dry moving cupping therapy are
being noninvasive, painless, and practical16.
Dry moving cupping therapy can hypothetically
enhance micro circulation and lymph drainage, and
consequently cure cellulite. However, there is a lack
of study regarding the effect of dry moving cupping
therapy on cellulite in the literature. This quasi-
experimental study was conducted to investigate the
effect of dry moving cupping therapy on the grade of
cellulite on thighs.
Materials and methods
Study design
A one group, pretest and posttest quasi-
experimental design was utilized to measure change
on the grade of cellulite before and after dry moving
cupping therapy intervention.
Subjects (Participants)
According to power analysis performed using an
alpha error level of 0.05, effect size of 0.40, testing
power of 0.85, minimum study subject revealed as
minimum 40 subjects. All healthy women working in
one university were invited to participate in the study
by an announcement. 46 women volunteered for the
study. Among them, 4 excluded owing not to have
cellulite, one for being obese and one for a
dermatological problem. Consequently, the study was
completed with 40 healthy women subjects. Inclusion
criterion of the study was clinically diagnosed
minimum one grade cellulite in thigh. Exclusion
criteria were pregnancy and health problems such as
edema, obesity (BMI:30 and above) or psychiatric,
respiratory, metabolic, cardiac, dermatological, or
autonomic nervous system diseases.
Settings
This study was conducted at one university hospital
and its school of nursing. Healthy subjects, working
in the university, recruited from different departments
such as secretariat, nursing, physician. Total number
of nurses was 13, physician was 1 and secretariat was
26 in this university. Data collection process, cellulite
evaluation and pinch test were applied in a closed,
private and suitable place in the university.
Procedures
In the beginning of the study, women’s grades of
cellulite on right and left thighs were evaluated with
pinch test. Details about pinch test were given under
the measurement heading. Moving dry cupping device
was used to implement cupping therapy in this study.
Women underwent moving dry cupping therapy twice
a week, Wednesday and Saturday. As total duration of
therapy was five weeks, cupping therapy was applied
10 times to each leg per a subject. Subjects’ grades of
cellulite were evaluated at third day following
completion of cupping therapy.
Dry cupping device contains sterile disposable cups
of 5 cm in diameter. The device creates negative
pressure with manual hand-pump (Fig. 1). After
creating negative pressure, the pump of the device
removed and the remaining cup were applied for the
therapy. Subjects were positioned supine on a mattress.
Before the application of cupping therapy, thighs of the
subjects were oiled with olive oil. Olive oil was used to
ease the movement of the cup as a lubricant.
Cupping device was placed anterior part of low
right thigh and pumped two times to enable bulging of
the skin 1.5 cm in diameter15.. Later, the device moved
to the upper side of thigh. This massage with
longitudinal direction was repeated 6 times for
anterior part of thigh. For the next application side,
cupping device was moved to external thigh. Massage
on this part was initiated on low external thigh, and
ARSLAN et al.: DRY CUPPING THERAPY DECREASES CELLULITE IN WOMEN
361
included movements from external to inner thigh, and
vice versa with a transverse direction. So, the second
phase of the massage included external and anterior
parts of the thigh. Following completion of massage
for anterior thigh, subjects turned to prone position.
The same procedure was applied for the posterior
thigh. Following the completion of right thigh, the
same steps were implemented on left thigh. Duration
of cupping application for each thigh was 15 minutes
and a total of 30 minutes for both legs. All cupping
procedures were applied by physicians certificated by
the British Cupping Society and Natural Health
Institute20.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using the Statistical
Package for Social Sciences 16.0 (SPSS). The
Pearson correlation test was used to determine
correlation among age, BMI and grade of cellulite.
The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the
difference between categorical variables (smoking,
drinking alcohol and exercising) and grade of
cellulite.
Data collection (measurement)
The data were collected using a questionnaire
developed by the researchers3,7,11 and pinch test21,22.
The questionnaire included the following sections:
first, descriptive characteristics of participants such as
age, BMI, marital status, having a child, smoking and
alcohol habits, water and coffee consumption; second,
medical traits such as constipation, using oral
contraceptive, having hepatic or other chronic
disorders. The questionnaire was applied to the subjects
at the beginning of the study by researchers.
Various tests are used in cellulite analysis. Baseline
and post treatment analyses included standardized high-
resolution photography, skin elasticity measurements,
ultrasound scanning for dermal thickness, histology,
investigator global assessment scores23. In addition, it
was observed that in the literature using the pinch test.
The grade of cellulite was evaluated with pinch test
developed by Nurnberger & Muller22. Pinch test was
applied when subjects were standing and lying on supine
and prone positions. Skin surface of thigh was observed
at both positions. Afterward, skin and deeper tissue of
thigh grasped and tightened with two hands. Pinch test
was applied before and three days after the study
intervention by researchers. Researchers were trained
regarding evaluation of cellulite and using Pinch test
prior to the study. The grades of changes on skin
following examination were classified according to the
test as follows:
Grade 1: The skin of the affected area is smooth
while the subject is standing or lying, but
the alterations to the skin surface can be
seen by pinching the skin or with muscle
contraction.
Grade 2: The orange skin or mattress appearance is
evident when standing, without the use of
any manipulation (skin pinching or muscle
contraction).
Grade 3: The alterations described in stage II are
present together with raised areas and
nodules.
Ethical consideration
The Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine
of the University of Fatih approved this study.
Consent forms were signed before the start of sessions
in line with the principle of volunteerism.
Results
The mean age of the subjects was 32 yrs
(min.19-max.56), their mean weight was 65 kg
(min.48- max.84 kg), and the mean height was 166 cm
(min.152- max. 173 cm). Other descriptive variables
distributed as 55% were married, 45% had at least one
child, 83% were smoking, 15% were drinking alcohol
rarely, 38% were using oral contraceptives, and 40%
were exercising regularly. Half of them drank water
more than 2 L per a day. The subjects had chronic
constipation with a ratio of 23%, and no other chronic
disorder was detected.
Fig. 1A view of vacuum application by dry cupping
INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 14, NO. 3, JULY 2015
362
Patients’ mean grade of cellulite on thigh was 2.4
(SD:0.81) for pre-test and 1.68 (SD:0.57) for post-test.
The decrease of grade of cellulite between pre- and
post-test was statistically significant (t=10.14, p=0.00).
According to the Pearson correlation test, the age and
weight were positively correlated with mean grade of
cellulite for both pre- and post-tests (pre-test: r=0.33,
p=0.03, post-test: r=0.42, p=0.007 for age; pre-test:
r=0.43, p=0.006; post-test: r=0.56, p<0.001 for
weight). As seen from r values, power of the
correlation between grade of cellulite, and both age and
weight was higher in post-test comparing with pre-test
(Figs. 2 & 3).
The difference between grade of cellulite and the
variables including smoking, drinking alcohol and
exercising did not reach statistical significance level
before (respectively z= 0.000, p=1.000; z=-0.691,
p=0.489, z=-0.252, p=0.801) and after dry moving
cupping intervention (respectively z=-0.470, p=0.638;
z=-0.044, p=0.965; z=-0.317, p=0.751).
Discussion
Cupping is a popular alternative therapy for a
variety of ailments. It is mainly prescribed as a
treatment for chronic pain, but is also indicated for a
whole array of respiratory, gastroenterological, and
gynecological disorders24, 25. In the present study, the
mean grade of cellulite was decreased after cupping
therapy compare to pre-test. Also, the age and weight
were positively correlated with the mean grade of
cellulite both before and after dry moving cupping
therapy. These correlations had higher power after
therapy. Although not measured in this study, the
result implies that dry moving cupping therapy
improved microcirculation and treat cellulite.
The literature also indicates the healing effects of
cupping therapy resulting from stimulating
microcirculation and lymphatic drainage12-14. Taibah
mechanism (Taibah theory) for scientific bases of Al-
hijamah and cupping therapy explained on medical
bases the detailed mechanisms of action of Al-hijamah
and differentiated it from other types of cupping
therapy19. In Taibah theory, cupping therapy induces
plasma clearance effect through capillary filtration to
remove causative pathological substances causing
various diseases. These may include neuropeptides
causing headache, excess fluids with metabolic wastes,
inflammatory mediators, prostaglandins and vasoactive
substances. In addition to that, cupping therapy
decreases interstitial fluid pressure and corrects
predisposing factors26, 27.
A recent animal study28 investigated the effects of
cupping on hemodynamic parameters, cardiac
arrhythmias and infarct size after myocardial ischemic
reperfusion injury in male rats. Ischemic reperfusion
injury caused an infarct size of 50 ± 5%, whereas
cupping significantly reduced infarct size of area at
risk. The rate of ischemic induced arrhythmias was
significantly modified by cupping therapy. Also, in
another recent human study29, the possible useful
effects of wet cupping therapy on cardiac rhythm in
terms of heart rate variability (HRV) was investigated.
Almost all HRV parameters increased after cupping
therapy compared to before cupping therapy in healthy
persons. The results of this study suggested that
cupping might be cardio protective indicate in humans
and cupping therapy restored sympathovagal imbalances
by stimulating the peripheral nervous system.
In some recent studies, the patients were assigned to a
treatment regimen consisting of manual and mechanical
lymph drainage and cervical stimulation using the
Godoy and Godoy technique12,13. They suggested that
this technique involving lymphatic system stimulation is
Fig. 2
A relation between age and the degree of cellulite before
and after cupping therapy
Fig. 3
A relation between weight and the degree of cellulite
before and after cupping therapy
ARSLAN et al.: DRY CUPPING THERAPY DECREASES CELLULITE IN WOMEN
363
efficacious in the treatment of cellulite12. Dry cupping is
a method of treatment that involves the application of a
vacuum to a localized area of the ski. Cupping (both dry
and wet) has been asserted to drain accumulated fluids,
toxins and other chemical compounds such as lipids30.
Probably, dry cupping may cause the drainage of
interstitial fluid and its normal and abnormal elements
into blood and lymphatic capillaries, especially lipids in
cellulite. Dry moving cupping therapy can be suggested
to patients and health care professionals for reducing
grade of cellulite.
Conclusion
This quasi-experimental study employing a
quantitative four-point grading scale indicated that dry
moving cupping therapy applied 10 times for 5 weeks
on each leg was efficient and safe for decreasing grade
of cellulite. The treatment technique that used in this
study was feasible, noninvasive, and effective.
Patients’ grade of cellulite on thighs decreased
significantly following dry moving cupping in this
study (mean at pretest:2.4, post-test:1.68 ; p<0.05).
Age and weight were moderately and positively
correlated with grade of cellulite at pre-test. While age
remained moderately and positively correlated with
grade of cellulite, weight strongly and positively
correlated with grade of cellulite at post-test. Patients’
grade of cellulite did not change with smoking,
drinking alcohol and exercising before and after study
intervention (p>0.05).
Limitations
Our research is a pilot study aimed to determine the
effectiveness of moving dry cup therapy. Therefore,
more successful methods of measurement and patient
follow-up will be scheduled in the planning of future
studies.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of
interests about this research.
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