No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The New Industrial State
American Journal of Agricultural Economics
Abstract
With searing wit and incisive commentary, John Kenneth Galbraith redefined America's perception of itself in The New Industrial State, one of his landmark works. The United States is no longer a free-enterprise society, Galbraith argues, but a structured state controlled by the largest companies. Advertising is the means by which these companies manage demand and create consumer "need" where none previously existed. Multinational corporations are the continuation of this power system on an international level. The goal of these companies is not the betterment of society, but immortality through an uninterrupted stream of earnings.
... На сьогодні, перш за все, необхідно формування нової концепції розвитку країни, адже, саме людина та її добробут є наріжним каменем у вирішенні соціально-економічних викликів глобального світу. 10 підвищив рівень конкуренції. Для споживачів це означає більший вибір товарів та послуг. ...
... Takéto dodanie sa považuje za plnenie vadné [9]. Plnenie aliud sa v zmysle zákona chápe ako vada plnenia a nie ako nesplnenie zmluvy [10]. Ak kupujúcemu predávajúci oznámi, že mu dodá iný tovar, ako ten na ktorom sa dohodli v zmluve, uvedená notifikácia bude napĺňať znaky oferty na zmenu obsahu záväzku. ...
... Для вирішення протирічь між плановою і ринковою економіками Дж.К. Гелбрейт пропонує загальну теорію реформ [10]. ...
Інтенсифікація розвитку зовнішньоторговельних операцій як суттєвої
складової функціонування глобального економічного простору супроводжується
їх трансформацією у напрямі підвищення ступеня екологізації. Це спричинено,
передусім, загальними тенденціями екологічного розвитку світової спільноти,
необхідністю переходу до екологічних засад виробництва та господарювання в
цілому як закономірного наслідку реалізації концепції сталого планетарного
розвитку.
... Je remercie les rapporteurs de la revue pour leurs remarques stimulantes ainsi que Pierre Dockès, Jean-Pierre Potier et Quentin Solé. Je reste seul responsable de l'interprétation proposée dans cet article. 2 Concernant les théories managériales de la firme, voir Veblen (1904Veblen ( , 1921Veblen ( , 1923, Berle et Means (1932), Berle (1959), Williamson (1964), Marris (1964), Galbraith (1967). Concernant les théories socioéconomiques de la RM et de la société industrielle, voir Aron (1962Aron ( , 1964Aron ( , 1965, Bell (1973), Berle (1965), Burnham (1941), Darhendorf (1958Darhendorf ( , 1959, Giddens (1975), Galbraith (1967). ...
... Je reste seul responsable de l'interprétation proposée dans cet article. 2 Concernant les théories managériales de la firme, voir Veblen (1904Veblen ( , 1921Veblen ( , 1923, Berle et Means (1932), Berle (1959), Williamson (1964), Marris (1964), Galbraith (1967). Concernant les théories socioéconomiques de la RM et de la société industrielle, voir Aron (1962Aron ( , 1964Aron ( , 1965, Bell (1973), Berle (1965), Burnham (1941), Darhendorf (1958Darhendorf ( , 1959, Giddens (1975), Galbraith (1967). entreprises au cours du XXème siècle dans leurs schémas analytiques marxistes. ...
La réception marxiste de la littérature managériale fut largement critique alors même qu'un grand nombre de constats sont partagés par les auteurs appartenant à ces deux corpus. Cette réception s'explique par certaines équivoques présentes dans les écrits de Marx. Il existe en effet dans son oeuvre, lorsqu'il s'efforce de prendre en compte l'émergence des grandes entreprises, une tension forte entre sa volonté réaliste et son cadre analytique. Le but de cet article est de présenter sa tentative d'intégration, au sein de son schéma d'analyse de la dynamique du capitalisme, des transformations caractéristiques de l'ère dite de « la Grande Industrie », en particulier l'émergence des sociétés par actions. Pour ce faire, nous discutons des distinctions conceptuelles opérées par Marx entre le capitaliste financier, le capitaliste industriel, le directeur et le manager. Celles-ci peuvent conduire à réinterroger sa théorie de la détermination des classes sociales, comme le firent les auteurs de la « révolution managériale » ou, plus récemment, Duménil et Lévy (2011, 2018).
Abstract: Even if they share numerous findings, Marxists were highly critical of the managerial literature. This critical reception can be explained by the ambiguities in Marx's works. In fact, there is, when he dealt with corporations, a tension between his realistic effort to address the issue and his analytical framework. The aim of the paper is to show how he tried to integrate in his framework the changes of the "Great Industry" era, especially the emergence of corporations. To that end, I discuss the conceptual distinctions made by Marx between the financial capitalist, the industrial capitalist, the director and the manager. I demonstrate that these categories led to reappraise his theory of social classes, as it has been done by the authors dealing with the "managerial revolution" or more recently Duménil and Lévy (2011, 2018).
... Since the second half of the 20th century emerge the theory of "postindustrial society" is [1]. J.K. Galbraith connects transformation of economy with growth of large corporations as carriers of scientific progress which combination, according to him, is the basic platform of the industrial planning system [2]. In postindustrial (D. ...
... In 2015 in the world 254 thousand industrial robots were sold and the market continues to grow. Experts [18] offer such structure of modern technologies which already mother considerable influence on development of humanity: (1) new materials, (2) new power sources, (3) interaction of groups of robots and people, (4) alternative ways of navigation for extreme conditions, (5) machine learning and technologies of artificial intelligence for robots, (6) man-machine interaction, (7) handling robotics, (8) sensory and bodies of perception of surrounding reality, (9) robot simulator with use of ML/RL, (10) technologies the new principles of driving mechanisms, (11) ways of production of robots and technologies of through design of robotic systems. ...
The aim of the article is to study high-tech production as determinants of the country's economy. The article proves that one of the important factors in the development of the Ukrainian economy is highlighting the development of high-tech production as a priority of the state policy, which will provide opportunities for entering new markets with highly competitive products. A historical analysis of economic phenomena in the global aspect, the possibility of applying experience in the economy of Ukraine. For Ukraine, the experience of the economic miracle of South Korea, which also survived the experience of war, may be interesting. Now the country is among the 12 strongest countries in terms of GDP in the world, at 5th place in the world in the export of high-tech products. The country was called an example of successful government intervention in the economy. The experience of the economic miracle of Singapore is also considered. For 50 years, Singapore has turned from a poor country into a world leader in high-tech industries, such as electronics and pharmaceuticals, and has become the largest financial and oil refining center. Singapore’s modernization was ensured by efforts in four key areas: economic reforms, which determined the vector of investment and innovation development, social modernization, an effective fight against corruption and political stability. The government has relied on attracting foreign investors, developing the financial market and high-tech industries. Simple and transparent business registration and regulation procedures have been adopted in Singapore. It is believed that Singapore owes its success to competent public policy. The article considers the possibilities for the transition of the Ukrainian economy to a new level of development. One of the important competitive advantages for Ukraine is a strong and internationally recognized IT industry, human capital. According to statistics, the main industries that fill the country's budget are metallurgy, the agricultural sector, food and IT. You can also add woodworking and chemical industries, whose share in the state budget is also large. In recent years, these industries have begun to use high technology more and more because of the need to compete in the global market with more developed companies. At the same time, there are no programs at the state level for the introduction of high technologies in the real sector of the economy. Now enterprises independently invest in their innovations. It is possible to launch a revolution in industrial production only by introducing advanced production technologies, which are called “breakthrough”, emphasizing their revolutionary influence on the structure of production. Today in Ukraine there is a fragmented approach to innovative development. Therefore, the task for the public administration system should be the allocation of priority areas for industrial development, the development of effective mechanisms for the development of production of high value-added products. High-tech production deserves special attention.
... Since the 1960s, studies have attempted to define the concept of technology (Galbraith, 1967;Skolimowski, 1966). The concept of technology is associated with what is being transferred in a process of technology transfer (Bassi et al., 2014). ...
... The concept of technology is associated with what is being transferred in a process of technology transfer (Bassi et al., 2014). It can be scientific knowledge or another kind of knowledge, as long as it is organized and has practical applications (Galbraith, 1967). For Skolimowski (1966), technology is associated with a process of creating new realities. ...
Purpose
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), owned by the Brazilian Government, is one of the most efficient agencies for promoting sustainable tropical agriculture in the world. However, although information is available, farmers do not always put the technologies and knowledge into practice. There is a large difference between the average productivity of farmers and crop or herd potential. Thus, this paper aims to describe and analyze the process of technology transfer of the Embrapa Agrobiology Unit.
Design/methodology/approach
The study reviewed the classical and diffusionist models of technology transfer (TT) in Brazilian agriculture and the role of the government in innovation. This was based on documentary research and structured interviews with four employees, supported by a structured roadmap composed of four categories for analysis: the role of TT; the organizational structure of the area; the TT strategies; and the ways of delivery, methods and tools of TT. By a qualitative approach, the results were treated through content analysis.
Findings
The results indicated that the area of TT at Embrapa went through a recent restructuring, which included the interchange and collective construction of knowledge (ICC) in its TT process, to turn entrepreneurship into reality. The company is dedicated to bringing knowledge to the most important people: farmers. This has been done through a participatory TT model, which has involved multiplier agents from the research stage to the transfer stage.
Research limitations/implications
Some limitations were found, among them, the fact that only internal members of Embrapa were interviewed, limiting the view of the TTICC staff and without knowing the multiplier agents’ opinion and other actors involved in the process. In addition, it is a qualitative research that is subject to the interpretation of the researcher.
Practical implications
This study contributed to reflections about the TT process and how it can be used by different actors, along with the role of the State in innovation.
Social implications
In addition to contributing to the development of products, processes and technologies for the economic, social and environmental development of Brazil, Embrapa has been outstanding in generating knowledge for the advancement of science. Its results have had impacts not only nationally but also worldwide. Embrapa has played a key role in Brazilian agriculture as well as in livestock, mainly, in supporting governmental projects and in the implementation of public policies.
Originality/value
The aim of this study was achieved, as there was a possibility of describing and analyzing the technology transfer process at Embrapa Agrobiology Unit, located in the city of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro. It is concluded that Embrapa has been committed to involving the farmer in the process of interchange, collective construction of knowledge and technology transfer. The farmer has become the focus of this process, reducing the development of “shelf” researches and increasing the participation of the farmer or of the multiplier agent. The importance of studying and knowing the process of technology and knowledge transfer to the public of interest should be highlighted, and especially the reasons why this technology or knowledge are often not adopted by the public. It was possible to identify that Embrapa has noticed the difficulties of farmers and realized that the best way the best way of transforming technological solutions and knowledge into innovation is by involving the farmer in the process of construction and of transfer. Thus, the farmer gives greater credibility to the technology or generated knowledge because this is something that he himself helped build. In the sphere of contemporary institutional knowledge management, Embrapa has had as its main point of departure the demand and the needs of society. For this, it has created means to ensure the participation of different actors because they signal the construction of technological solutions and of innovation and they are the ones who know the real situation. However, this is a recent progress within Embrapa that has evolved and generated results. Thus, research, science and technology institutions must go beyond technology transfer and must ensure the involvement, participation and interaction of the public of interest to promote significant change, social, economic and environmental development and transformation. Embrapa observed this from the referential framework that included technology transfer, interchange and the collective construction of knowledge.
... Aplikasi atau perisian tertentu sama ada secara atas talian (online) atau tanpa talian (offline) merupakan salah satu bentuk teknologi atau boleh juga dikatakan sebagai satu produk yang dihasilkan oleh teknologi sebagaimana diterangkan oleh Finn (1960), Galbraith (1967), dan telah dijelaskan sebelum ini. ...
Excellent academic achievement is the target of student learning efforts at every level of study. Unfortunately, dealing with financial problems during the study session is often one of the causes of academic dropout among students nowadays. Aware of this, UiTM Perak in particular has offered zakat assistance as a financial solution to selected students to ease the financial burden through the establishment of the Zakat, Sedekah and Waqf Unit. However, the existing distribution method which is done based on the average cost of study for asnaf students, is relatively often somewhat misguided from the objective of fair aid distribution considering that the background of asnaf students is from various studies and bear different learning costs. Therefore, in order to succeed in an alternative method of fair distribution of zakat aid and achieve its goals, this study was conducted with the objective; identify the financial needs of UiTM Perak Branch students according to the department and semester of study, explain the differences in the cost of learning needs between faculties and further re-evaluate the more relevant zakat distribution method according to the current situation. This study was carried out quantitatively through the distribution of online questionnaires to the students of the Faculty of Architecture and Material Planning (FSPU), Faculty of Painting & Design (FSSR), Faculty of Accounting (FP), Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics (FSKM) ) and the Faculty of Applied Science (FSG). Findings show that the need for learning costs for FSSR students is greater than other faculties. The hope is that this finding will fuel academic excellence among asnaf students through a more transparent and effective method of distributing zakat aid.
... Definisi intellectual capital (CI) pertama kali di kemukakan oleh J. K. Galbraith (1967); J. Galbraith (2015) yang menyebutkan bahwa intellectual capital (CI) sebagai seperangkat kemampuan yang berpotensi mempengaruhi tindakan organisasi di masa depan. Youndt, Subramaniam, & Snell (2004) menyatakan bahwa intellectual capital (CI) adalah jumlah total pengetahuan yang dapat digunakan organisasi dalam proses melakukan bisnis untuk mendapatkan keunggulan kompetitif. ...
SMEs are essential in national economic growth, so it concerns various groups. Intangible resources such as knowledge and skills are the basis of SMEs' competitive advantage. Integrating these two things will provide a rapid growth acceleration for SMEs. Intellectual capital (CI) is a core concept of the company's strategic resources to create a competitive advantage. SMEs have a more straightforward organizational structure and solid internal social relations than large companies. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the impact of intellectual capital (CI) on SMEs' financial performance (FP). The design of this research is causal research with a survey method. In taking the sample, non-probability sampling was used with the convenience sampling technique on SME owners along the coast of West Aceh. The hypothesis was tested using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The findings in this study prove that the three components of intellectual capital, namely human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), and relational capital (RC), affect the financial performance (FP) of SMEs. This study concludes that intellectual capital is significant for the financial performance of SMEs.
... In the case of the former, Baran and Sweezy (1966) developed a theory of macroeconomic stagnation on the basis of the monopolistic market structures they observed. For the latter, theories of managerialismi.e., the dominance of management rather than shareholdersarose as in Galbraith ([1967]2007) and Chandler (1977). ...
Founded in 1913, Teck is a diversified miner with coal, copper, zinc, and oil sands operations in Canada, the United States, Chile, and Peru. The Vancouver-based firm has over 10,000 employees and ranks as the world’s second-largest exporter of seaborne metallurgical coal and top-three zinc miner. Teck owns or has interests in about 10 operating mines, a metallurgical complex, and several development projects in the Americas, including the construction of a major copper mine in northern Chile. Its dividends have generally trended upward in the past 20 years, having fallen more sharply at three points: the 2008 crisis, the commodities crash of 2015, and the outbreak of the pandemic in 2020. From 2021, though, Teck’s shares were already going up again. In this paper, we attempt to assess whether Teck has undergone a process of financialization or not, by analyzing Teck’s board and ownership structures, and the evolution of its corporate strategy.
... This concept has gained popularity quite recently, although the first studies started even earlier than the post-industrialization research. In 1967, John Kenneth Galbraith put forward the idea of a new industrial society, the main feature of which was change in the structure of the working class by increasing the share of those employed in high-skilled labor [40]. Unlike the concept of post-industrialization, which is also based on shifting the structure of employment in the economy towards the service sector, the main task of neo-industrialization is to maintain high rates of production in the high-tech and medium-high tech sectors. ...
Introduction. The development of an innovation-based competitive and highly structured model of the Ukrainian economy is impossible without modern advanced industry.
Problem Statement. To launch structural and technological transformations, Ukraine needs to implement a systematic, consistent innovative industrial policy aiming at neo-industrialization as a basis for developing the domestic market, increasing exports of goods with a high added value, improving the quality of life, reducing poverty, and forming the middle class of society.
Purpose. To determine the current trends in the innovative processes in Ukraine’s industry by technology-intensive sectors from the standpoint of opportunities and threats for the neo-industrial development of Ukraine.
Materials and Methods. The research is based on the Neo-Schumpeterian school and institutional theory and on the theoretical achievements of Ukrainian and foreign researchers on innovation and the implementation of structural and technological shifts in the economy. The methods of analysis and synthesis, logical generalization, system approach, and statistical analysis have been used.
Results. The institutional foundations for the modernization and development of Ukrainian industry in accordance with the modern world trends has been found underdeveloped. The innovative activities of industries in terms of costs and benefits, which are systematized according to the levels of manufacturability based on the Eurostat methodology have been analyzed. Unstable dynamics and a significant difference between technologyintensive
sectors, a decrease in the knowledge intensity of innovation products, a low efficiency of investment in innovation in most industries, and a tendency towards simplifying the innovative activities in the industry have been revealed.
Conclusion. The proposed directions and measures of innovation-based industrial policy are to facilitate neoindustrialization of Ukraine and to overcome its innovative and technological decline.
Keywords: innovation, innovative activity, industry, technology-intensive sector, innovation-based industrial policy, and neo-industrialization.
... Según esta escuela la función del Estado es integrar intereses opuestos, hacer política pública en base al juego de poder que grupos de presión, lobbies, partidos y organizaciones promueven (Janos, 1979). Esta abierta expresión y forcejeo público de intereses se considera no sólo legítimo sino además deseable: así debe operar el sistema, siempre y cuando haya escrutinio público y un sistema de balanza y contrapeso en el poder (Galbraith, 1952(Galbraith, , 1967. C. ...
Ogliastri, Enrique. Los polivados: sector público y sector privado en la clase dirigente colombiana al final del Frente Nacional (1972-1978), Monografías de Administración, 43, Fac. Administración, U. de los Andes, Bogotá, 1995. Igualmente es un capítulo en G. González y E. Ogliastri (Compiladores) La gerencia pública: ¿Asunto Privado? Gerencia privada, asunto público, Tm Editores, Ed. Uniandes, Bogotá, 1995 (páginas 35-96)
... Therefore, the path ahead is very challenging. However, theoretically, institutionalization is an active process and many scholars have shown the intuitional changes and process of changes (Lawrence, and Lorsch, 1967;Galbraith, 1967;Williamson, 1975;Hannanand, and Freeman 1977;Zucker, 1977 Singh, et.el. 2009). ...
This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of sustainable development with reference to discourses, creativeness, boundaries and institutional architecture. The main purpose of the research is to understand current global challenges – environmental, geographic, socioeconomic – poverty, hunger, health and inequality. Sustainability is a complex issue which interchangeably in use with sustainable development. The term sustainability discourse stands to maintain the equilibrium between nature and society and fulfill the societal demands (which could be environmental, economic and social. The boundaries of sustainable development can also be seen and evaluated in terms of institutionalization process and organizational process. More importantly, United Nation has been vigorously working to overcome with these challenges through various initiatives. In this regard, United Nation has been pioneering to minimize global challenges throughout its history. United Nation declared four decades (1960-1990) as development decade with the objective of total development primarily in the developing world. In 1990, UN presented Human Development Report 1990, and in 2000 UN declared millennium development goals (2000-2015). However, Goals were only partially achieved. With this experience, UN declared “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which declared 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets. The investigation of the topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: 1) what is the epistemological stand of sustainable development; 2) how discourses are developed, what is the limitation; 3) boundaries, how creativeness is incorporated in the sustainability domain and are SDGs are achievable; 4) are governments are ready to cope with the domestic and international challenges. The results of the research can be useful for many scholars, international organizations, governments, civil societies. Keywords: United Nations, Human Development, Millennium Development Goals, Discourses, Boundaries, Creativeness, Institution, Sustainable Development, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, South Asia, Environmental Problems, Over Population, Poverty, Hunger, UNESCO, WHO, Epistemology.
... The technostructure according to Galbraith(Galbraith, 1967). 5 The X-efficiency according toLiebenstein (Liebenstein, 1987). ...
INTRODUCTION
We are experiencing a phase of profound restructuring of globalization nowadays, manifested through a wide variety of crisis symptoms, articulated at the same time upon the economic, political, social, and environmental spheres. Everything shows that the movements of the world’s “tectonic plates” are re-shaping the existing geo-economic and geopolitical balances on the planet drastically, causing new challenges to emerge, as well as new opportunities and threats for all stakeholders and participants in the global socioeconomic system. ...
This volume—which is a collection of published articles by the “Stra.Tech.Man Lab” research team—studies some of the fundamental aspects that concern the structuring/restructuring of the current phase of globalization: in what we call “new globalization.”
... Notwithstanding one sees the "individual" arise, one separate from a citizen, a subject, or some other member of a group. Even the Marxist author Meiksins-Wood states that Ockham was one of the first philosophers promoting the concept of an individual 106 . Ockham rejected the Aristotelian constructs of Universals and perforce of the thought therein came to see man as a collection of individuals, separate and distinct human beings. ...
(DRAFT) Natural Rights and Natural Law have a long but at times confusing history. We take a brief examination of this area herein and provide a conjecture that Natural or Nature has a fundamental basis in the genomic structure of the limbic system in Homo sapiens and in fact in all species. We compare this conjecture to the philosophic interpretations over time and then contrast this with the Social Justice movement which is in stark contradistinction.
... Again, clarification to avoid possible misreading, accumulated knowledge, here, serves as a basis for contemporary analysis, but it should not become its endogenous constraint in itself. Further, yet not to oversimplify, the concern is evident in the constrained optimization approach in much of economic modeling in turn likened to "divination, incantation and elements of witchcraft" in J.K. Galbraith's The New Industrial State (Galbraith, 1967). ...
The Great Recession, global economic deterioration amplified through disruptions across markets and persistent uncertainty, seems to have caught the world by surprise. The forceful tackle has unveiled the unity of the social and economic dynamic. An attempt for qualitative contribution to ongoing economics methodological discourse this paper advances a fresh cognitive effort founded in dialectics merged with insights from the Kondratieff waves analytical models. The random, or accidental, is contrasted with the necessary as the unity of the diverse tendencies within a bigger social totality. As such, the post-crisis macroeconomic tectonic shifts are logical, historical, and, hence, dialectical. Finance is not the sole villain but a transitional link, a single determination, within a greater diverse whole. In addition, this paper introduces critical contributions from scholarship largely unknown in the English-language literature. The study takes a conceptual leap beyond static equilibrium, tapping into forward dialectical interpretation of the dynamic contradiction of many determinations in the economic-social totality.
https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=wcp23&id=wcp23_2018_0049_0017_0022
... E. CHAMBERLAIN (1899( -1967( ) & J. ROBINSON (1903 Chamberlain and Robinson concluded that between the general case of perfect competition as described in the neoclassical system, in which no producer could affect or control the price of his products, and the specific case of monopoly, in which only the producerseller can set the price of his product in order to maximize its performance, there was a se It brought to light plenty of theoretical hardships; 1.The assumptions of product differentiation and individual behavior did not seem to be compatible 2. The diversification of the product, acting as a barrier to entry, is incompatible with the assumption of free entry into the industry. 3. The diversification of the product tends to make the concept of the industrial sector unnecessary. ...
History of economic thought and the dynamics of globalization
... Such a process can generate other important outcomes, such as new understandings, insights, procedures, models, methods, and strategies in which qualitative research has a foundational role. Lapointe's emphasis on the intellectual process necessary for the creation and development of technological products and processes led Galbraith (1979) to associate educational technology with a mechanism for solving practical educational problems through the systematic application of scientific knowledge. According to this perspective, the researcher in the field of edu cation technology serves as a link between the theoretical world and the practical world, identifying and analyzing problems and proposing solutions based on theoretical knowl edge. ...
Important changes have taken place in the field of educational technology over the last few decades due to leaps in informatics, the explosive growth of the use of computers in schools, and the popularization of the Internet as a tool for teaching and learning. This scenario demands a broader understanding of the educational potential of new resources and didactic materials available to schools and innovative modes of individual and collective action in an increasingly digital society. Such changes have been faster since the start of the 21st century, which saw increased interest in educational technologies and many researchers orienting their studies to the modus operandi of the process of teaching and learning mediated by various types of digital technologies, be they presential, non-presential, hybrid, mobile, collaborative, cooperative, interactive, individualized, assistive, active, ubiquitous, and so on. With this, research in the field of educational technology has been consolidated and has begun to adopt methods of qualitative research that take account of this diversity of objects. This article seeks to point out the contributions of qualitative research methodologies in the formatting of this field of knowledge in Latin America. This is based on an examination of the most widely used scientific journals in the region, drawing on almost 100 articles published between 2016 and 2017. The analysis indicates that educational technology is evolving in Latin America, mainly due to the continuous and accelerated advance of digital information, communication, and expression technologies (DICETs). At the same time, there remains a great lack of scientific journals in the area, an issue that must be addressed given the strategic importance of this field of knowledge for the universalization of education in Latin America. Peer-reviewed journals have prioritized studies based on research and development (R&D) methods that emphasize media engineering for education and have a predominance of case studies. But they also present research problems related to qualitative issues that arise from the use of DICETs in specific teaching and learning situations. The scenario under analysis shows that research in this area has gradually evolved from a strongly technical perspective to a humanist one through qualitative analyses focusing on the limits and possibilities of DICETs. Thus, they raise important clues for future research, such as the challenges of adopting collaborative and interdisciplinary research approaches aimed at better understanding the processes and educational relations mediated by technologies; the new possibilities of hybrid education that can be addressed in different school contexts; and the question of teacher training for this new scenario. Such developments are crucial for advancing knowledge about educational technology in Latin America.
... In finance, the literature on ownership structure focuses above all on the analysis of relationships between the manager and the shareholders, postulating that ownership structures are dispersed (Berle and Means, 1932;Baumol, 1959;Marris, 1964;Penrose, 1959;Williamson, 1964;Galbraith, 1967;Jensen and Meckling, 1976;Grossman and Hart, 1980). Other authors have then shown that this view is not necessarily appropriate and that in many countries, ownership is concentrated (Eisenberg, 1976;Demsetz, 1983;Demsetz and Lehn, 1985;Shleifer and Vishny, 1986;Morck et al., 1988;Holderness and Sheehan, 1988;La Porta et al., 1998). ...
This article presents the first results of a statistical analysis of the ownership links between the major European and American defense contractors. This approach, centered on the shareholders and subsidiaries of these companies, enables us to explore the depth of the national links (company and country of origin) and the density of the ownership cooperation that exists within Europe, as well as with the rest of the world, particularly the United States. Information about defense contractors' ownership links is difficult to obtain and precautions must be taken in the interpretation of the results. In terms of defense contractor shareholders, it would appear first that the national link is strong for Sweden, Spain and France, less so for Germany and Italy, and particularly weak for the United Kingdom. Next, in European terms the links are concentrated on Airbus, MBDA and KNDS and are little developed in other companies. Finally, we observe asymmetrical links with the USA and a significant presence of American investment funds.
This article analyses prerequisites for the emergence of J. Baudrillard’s consumer society theory. First of all, it describes the formation of a sociological approach to consuption analysis as well as studies its differences from economic and psychological approaches. Next, we outline the historical context in which J. Baudrillard’s ideas originated and saw their further development, namely the steady increase in household incomes and improvement in the quality of life in the 1960–1980s, that stimulated an increase in demand for consumer goods and, accordingly, expansion of mass production, considering consumer tastes and preferences. Along with this, the article contains the names of scientists whose views largely determined the main postulates of the sociological approach, including K. Marx’s concept of commodity fetishism and law of increasing requirements, and T. Veblen’s concept of prestigious (ostentatious) consumption. We show that accourding to the abovementioned theoretical and historical prerequisites, the sociological approach considers behaviour of a human as a consumer in a social context for the first time. Thus, the latter turns into a tool for studying the life of an individual, social groups and society as a whole. At the same time, J. Baudrillard poses the process of consumption beyond satisfaction of material needs and designates it as a form of simulation where the iconic value of goods is more important than functional utility.
La migración se ha convertido en una cuestión política decisiva para la mayoría de los países, y es, sin duda, una de las problemáticas más estudiadas en los últimos años. Este artículo se propone ampliar este horizonte de trabajo mediante una aproximación al mismo a través del también clásico problema de la soberanía; tanto como el énfasis puesto en las dimensiones conflictivas propias de ésta. Su originalidad al respecto surge de su enfoque: la adopción de una concepción relacional de la soberanía (en vez de una substancialista). El objetivo es mostrar que la soberanía es efectivamente una idea, un discurso y un término, pero que ella es, ante todo, un punto axial en torno al cual las relaciones políticas son puestas en juego. Para ello, examinaremos las figuras que la pretenden o la reclaman, la diversidad de maneras en las cuales los agentes aspiran a afirmarla y los múltiples juegos habilitados mediante su reivindicación. En este sentido, el fenómeno migratorio actual se aparece como el ámbito ideal para la expresión de plurales y heterogéneas reclamaciones de soberanía, que lo conciben de un modo fragmentado y diversificado presto a servir a los juegos políticos, dando lugar a conflictos de soberanía cuya violencia, sin embargo, puede ser letal.
Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the diversity of modern society and the complexity of conceptualising its management strategies. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is a philosophical analysis of non-linear concepts and strategies for managing the society's development in the context of cultural and religious diversity. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical principle of cognition, system-synergetic, historical, cultural, and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the management laws of society development. Results. The essence of non-linear theory and strategy as an alternative expression of the universal pattern of society development is revealed. The article analyses the genesis of non-linear conceptions of society development in the pre-industrial period. Non-linear strategies of social development in the era of industrialism are considered. Non-linear strategies of social development at the stage of late industrialism are highlighted. The meaning of the socio-cultural identity strategies of societies is clarified. The strategies of the original development of society in the cultures of Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism are substantiated. The peculiarities of the original development strategy of society in the culture of Japanese Shinto Buddhism are revealed. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in deepening the theoretical foundations of non-linear strategic management of the development of societies of the Eastern and Middle Worlds, and their significance lies in supplementing science with new knowledge about non-linear strategies of development management in these societies.
American and French political studies have excluded the question of unelected governmental elites from the field of policies and states studies. However, it is essential to know, what “makes” the elites (who are they?) with what the elites “do” (How do they act?). In the Programmatic Elites Framework, these governmental elites are (i) unelected individuals, (ii) politically appointed at the apex of the state apparatus (iii) where they develop their career path over the long term by circulating vertically (occupational advancement) and horizontally (between governmental institutions), (iv) working collectively out of sight, and (v) influencing decisively policy decision-making process. The aim is to highlight the role of unelected governmental elites in decisively influencing transformation of the French welfare state over the long term.
The theoretical ideal of a competitive market is generally assumed to separate organizing from trading, in an implicit dualism. Traders sell or buy within the market but do not organize it. This paper proposes an alternative, more realistic conceptual scheme based on duality, in which organizing and trading are distinct but intertwined. While the exchange of property rights is overseen centrally, many details of market trade are decided locally by traders. Producers and retailers may arrange the trading venue, specify the items traded, set and publish prices, provide information, and transport goods. They cultivate relationships with customers, recasting the pattern of trade and the social structures that underlie the market. Such dualistic, semi-decentralized organizing generates other dualities, including stability-change and continuity–creativity. A duality perspective can encompass the complexity of markets, as well as illustrate the numerous ways they may evolve.
The implementation of information technology systems for democratic government in several countries opens new possibilities for the interaction between the people and the public administration. The “fourth republican power” (the press and, today, other types of mass media) has been progressively replaced by privately managed social networks, in the task of forming public opinion. However, the interaction between the people and the state should not be based on private companies, because of commercial interests, vulnerability to private control, and manipulation of public opinion, while the democratic state should have different strategic goals, according to the directions of sustainable human development. We propose the creation of a digital public network, the “Popular Online Forum” (already named “FOPO” in previous publications), which can be integrated, with other useful functions for the citizens, in a smartphone application we call “All In a Nutshell” (AIN). This initiative has the purpose of inserting a participatory system to improve representative democracy, in the sense of providing a two-way communication channel between the government and the people. In Brazil, the FOPO can indeed be carried out using the capacity of the government to promote technological development, combining the people’s “collective wisdom” – collected by means of a pool survey computational software, implemented in a public network of computers – with an artificial intelligence software – used to access public databases, checking the veracity and consistency of informational contents. For the end users, this public service can be offered in the AIN application, which would unite the will and needs of the population with the mechanisms for promoting and generating wealth. We’re talking about a collective effort as big as building the Great Wall of China or the Apollo Program that took man to the moon. This type of initiative can inspire and push several generations to take advantage of all the cognitive, working, and dreaming potential to catalyze the development of a country like Brazil.
Before discussing in the next Sect. 7.2 (amongst others, in light of the newly proposed NMWO that has been discussed in Chap. 6 ), possible alternative models of conducting an enterprise than those that prevail under capitalism, it is useful to first undertake a deeper analysis of the basic principles that govern capitalist business conduct.
Over the past half-century, the word “andragogy” has migrated from the fringe vocabulary to the standard lexicon of adult education. It has identified common psychological traits in “non-traditional” students and distinguished its methods from “pedagogy,” the teaching of children. This chapter will explore andragogy's apparent strengths and arguable weaknesses in terms of its socio-economic assumptions and the social class interests it may wittingly or unwittingly serve. It will conclude with a critique.
Are public sector workers more supportive of technocracy than people not employed in the public sector? Public sector workers play an important role in the functioning and safeguarding of democracy. However, because of their training as neutral and competent policy workers and implementers, it is often claimed that they hold relatively strong technocratic attitudes. In this study, we compare the support for technocracy of 35,395 public sector and non‐public sector workers across 25 European countries. The results show that on average, public sector workers are not more supportive of technocracy than non‐public sector workers, and that the effect of public sector employment on support for technocracy differs across countries. Furthermore, we find that trust in representative institutions and satisfaction with government can reduce support for technocracy.
The origins and evolution of instructional technology and instructional design are treated in this chapter as separate concepts, although having intertwined histories. As with other technologies, their origins can be traced to the scientific discoveries on which they are based. Early in the twentieth century, new discoveries in optics and electricity stimulated educators to the adoption of technological innovations such as projected still pictures, motion pictures, and audio recording. Individuals and, later, groups of affiliated professionals promoted enriching learning by adding visual and, later, audiovisual resources where verbal presentations previously dominated. As radio broadcasting grew in the 1930s and then television in the 1950s, these mass media were perceived as ways to reach audiences, in and out of school, with educative audiovisual programs. In the 1960s, the wave of interest in teaching machines incorporating behaviorist psychological technology engendered a shift in identity from audiovisual technologies to all technologies, including psychological ones. As computers became ubiquitous in the 1990s, they became the dominant delivery system, due to their interactive capabilities. With the global spread of the World Wide Web after 1995, networked computers took on communication functions as well as storage and processing functions, giving new momentum to distance education. Meanwhile, research during and after World War II prompted a technology of planning – systems analysis. In the 1960s, educators adapted the systems approach to instructional planning, starting the development of instructional systems design (ISD). Since the 1980s, ISD has been the reigning paradigm for instructional design, while instructional design has become the central activity of instructional technology professionals.
This chapter establishes the political negotiation of the public good or common benefit as an indispensable practice of statecraft. We argue that the field of Political Economy must support the advance of political knowledge essential to the public negotiation of collective ends and aspirations. We leverage the work of John Kenneth Galbraith to argue that reviving statecraft requires both a theory of power and a facility with ideas often absent in contemporary analyses of national and global economies. Contemporary statecraft must attend to predicaments of power as they impact ordinary people, and political economists must therefore be attuned to politically destabilizing and socially disruptive forms of power that threaten to fragment and disintegrate what remains of the public purpose.
Stakeholder theorists have traditionally objected to the neoclassical conception of the firm as a vehicle for maximizing profit or shareholder wealth, thus opening up space for controversial engagement with neoclassical economics. The present paper fills some of this space by elaborating the parallels between stakeholder theory and classical institutional economics, a heterodox school of economic thought that has long been critical of a broad range of neoclassical ideas. Rooted in the writings of Veblen and Commons, classical institutional economics explores how the social provisioning process is coordinated or hindered by real-world business institutions. From this standpoint, stakeholder theory highlights the possibility of overcoming the institutionally ingrained conflicts and trade-offs for the sake of realizing common human interests in organizing the social provisioning process in an orderly and reasonable way. This argument not only illuminates the relationship of stakeholder theory to the wider societal context of modern capitalist economies but also elaborates novel aspects of the moral nature of stakeholder management.
The first outline of Chapter 5, entitled “General Healthcare” of the book titled “Covid-19 and Capitalism - Success and Failure of the Legal Methods for Dealing with a Pandemic”, is to examine, on the one hand, what the outlook of the medical care sector was in early 2020, after decades of sustained neoliberal policies, and to what extent this sector was, or could be, still deemed sufficiently resilient to the outbreak of a pandemic. The second purpose of this chapter is to examine how the sector itself withstood the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodologically, it has again been necessary to rely on research evidence and factual research provided by an amalgam of policy institutions, academic researchers, and specialized investigative journalists. The importance of this factual research cannot be overemphasized, as it demonstrates how years of sustained neoliberal, austerity policies had weakened the medical sector’s ability to respond adequately to a pandemic. In this chapter, therefore, the findings of said institutions and authors have each been meticulously synthesized, with explicit acknowledgment that the institutions and authors cited have, in many cases, been the original authors of the relevant, thus-quoted positions and opinions. This chapter paints a rather bleak picture of the impact of neoliberal reorganization and cost-cutting on a sector that is vital to global public health. In recent times, employees of the medical sectors have often been applauded for their heroic efforts in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic. The question arises, however, whether the sectors would not be better served by scaling back neoliberal policy, so that they once again become sufficiently resilient to fulfil their task of guarding public health and would at least be provided with the necessary means, people and materials to be able to do so. This immediately implies a plea to bring this sector back into public hands, an issue that is itself related to the issue of public funding of countries and their governments. Referring to previous research, the author concludes by raising the question whether the development of new models of public financing, based on an allocation model rather than on the levying of taxes and on public debt, has not become even more pressing as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Вступ. Розбудова інноваційно-конкурентоспроможної та високоукладної моделі економіки країни неможлива безсучасної розвинутої промисловості.Проблематика. Для запуску структурно-технологічних перетворень Україні потрібно здійснювати системну, послідовну інноваційну промислову політику, спрямовану на неоіндустріалізацію як основу розвитку внутрішнього ринку, нарощення експорту товарів з високою доданою вартістю, підвищення якості життя населення, зниження рівня бідності, формування середнього прошарку суспільства.Мета. Визначення сучасних тенденцій перебігу інноваційних процесів у промисловості у розрізі технологічних секторів з позиції можливостей і загроз для неоіндустріального розвитку України.Матеріали й методи. Дослідження базується на положеннях неошумпетерівської школи та інституціональної теорії, спирається на теоретичні напрацювання українських і зарубіжних учених з проблем інновацій та реалізації структурно-технологічних змін в економіці. Використано методи аналізу й синтезу, логічного узагальнення, системногопідходу, статистичного аналізу.Результати. Визначено несформованість інституційних засад модернізації та розвитку промисловості України відповідно до сучасних світових трендів. Здійснено аналіз інноваційної діяльності галузей національної промисловості у розрізі витрат і результатів, які систематизовано за рівнями технологічності на основі методики Євростату. Виявлено нестабільну динаміку та суттєву розбіжність між технологічними секторами, зниження наукомісткості інноваційної продукції, низьку ефективність інвестицій в інновації у більшості галузей, тенденцію до примітивізаціїінноваційної діяльності у промисловості.Висновки. Запропоновано напрями й заходи інноваційної промислової політики, спрямовані на неоіндустріалізацію України та виведення її з інноваційно-технологічного занепаду.
This paper looks at ‘Japan’s secular stagnation and beyond’ from the perspective of institutional and ideational change and coherence (or complementarity). The coherence of Japan’s postwar productionist model began to fray in the 1980s, and was lost at both macro and micro levels in the 1990s, contributing to secular stagnation. The paper steers a nuanced path between the view that this stemmed from Japan doggedly maintaining its postwar model, and conversely, from abandoning it. Since the mid 2010s, Japan has embarked on digital and green transformations under the banners of Society 5.0, DX, ESG/SDGs, green growth and sustainable capitalism. These are bringing about institutional and ideational change, but if a new coherence is to be attained, an internal contradiction must be acknowledged and addressed.
The article is concerned with studying of the history of corporations and the evolution of scientific and theoretical justification of the activities in corporate sector, the effective corporations’ structure and their importance for society and economy. The author emphasizes the importance of corporations in the economy in the context of interaction between state and market. The purpose of the article is to study the evolution of theoretical approaches to determining the place of the corporate sector in the liberal model of market economy. The methods of comparative studies and the problem-personified approach to the study of the history of economic ideas are used. Based on the historical and economic generalization of corporate sector’s activities in the twentieth century, the main stages of evolution of the importance of corporations in the economy are determined. The results of the study give a description of the main stages of formation of corporations during which their role in the economy evolved in response to changes in the economic environment. The dual nature of the influence of corporations on economy and society in a free market is determined, which consists in ensuring economic growth and accelerating technological progress as opposed to the negative effects of monopoly. It is established that the need to minimize the impact of destructive factors and strengthen the driving factors of the corporate sector contributed to changes in the relationship between state and market with the strengthening of state regulation of the economy. The results of research are important for understanding the need to create such conditions for the functioning of the corporate sector, which would ensure the most efficient use of corporate opportunities for society.
This publication reflects the co-authors' assessments and perspectives on the global trends transforming society in the modern era, on strategic priorities and public development goals driven by these trends, and the strategic paths achieving national interests.
Сучасна економічна думка не повною мірою пропонує те, на що чекають від неї: вона незадовільно пояснює явища та процеси, не надає ефективних методів боротьби з виниклими проблемами, особливо на макроекономічному рівні –– стосовно національної економіки й на мегаекономічному рівні –– стосовно світової економіка в умовах невідворотної глобалізації.Новий прагматизм –– це нарис гетеродоксальної теоретичної концепції в межах постулативної економічної тенденції, що базується на прагненні до хорошої економіки, яка має відповідати викликам сучасності. Новий прагматизм –– це чесна економіка, яка шукає правди у сфері постановки завдань, а також ефективності та справедливості у сфері активного управління. Він адресований як передовим країнам, так і державам з економікою, що розвивається.Боротьба з епохальними викликами вимагає зміни способу життя, який повинен бути, з одного боку, відмінним, а з іншого –– співвіднесеним з тим способом функціонування економіки, що був у минулому. Ключовими елементами зміни економічної парадигми є відхід від диктату максимізації прибутку та кількісного зростання виробництва як мети економіки та її нове формулювання з урахуванням імперативу підпорядкування короткострокових інтересів приватного капіталу довгостроковим суспільним інтересам.
The monograph describes the organic basis, the phenomena of lexical reflection and the logistics of the formation of new entities in business on the general theoretical positions of the development of activities in transition economies. Using the principles of the market economy and on the tools of political economy, the monograph clarifies the interaction functions, the genesis and the structural-analytical model communication of movement, which arises in business and approximates the reproduction complex to the post-industrial economy. Based on the logistics of stratification and structuration, the monograph develops classification signs and situational provisions of filling business with quality, a conceptual principle of accelerating the transition of relations into business, and a method of forming the sphere of service business.
The monograph is intended for researchers, teachers and professionals who are engaged in the processes of the formation of the organic structure of activity, in the development of the entrepreneurial function of a human and in the management of business processes in a non-equilibrium changing economic space.
Saienko V. Relationship processes in business : monograph / V. Saienko. – Opole : Publishing house of the Academy of management and administration in Opole, 2019. – 160 p. ISBN 978-83-62683-55-0
Saienko, V. (2019). Relationship processes in business : monograph. Publishing house of the Academy of management and administration in Opole, Opole. ISBN 978-83-62683-55-0
Saienko V.: Relationship processes in business: monograph. Publishing house of the Academy of management and administration in Opole, Opole 2019, 160 p. ISBN 978-83-62683-55-0
Economic transition is not a one-dimensional process but implies ownership, structural and management transformation. We can call the current circumstances of the economy of the Republic of Serbia post-transitional, for which the ownership transformation is largely due. The aforementioned process is the basis for the formation of a corporate sector in which all the most important determinants of professional management are expressed, since the capital market represents the greatest distance between ownership and management. The structure of corporate ownership determines the nature of the relationship between managers and shareholders, which in the final instance manifests in the form of principal - principal or principal - agent of the situation. The paper will analyse the nature of the ownership structure of corporations, according to one of the usual three dimensions (concentration of ownership), in relation to the corporate performance. The corporate performance will be expressed using the Tobin's Q indicators. The structure of ownership of the corporation will be presented using two sets of indicators. The first group consists of indicators of percentage participation of a number of major shareholders in the form of Top_1, Top_2, Top_3 and Top_5. Another approach to property ownership analysis includes G1 (widely held) indicators that represent dispersed -owned corporations, G2 corporations with large shareholders, and G3 (ultimate owner) majority-owned corporations. In the random sample will be selected corporations that have a listing on the Belgrade Stock Exchange, while at the level of parametric statistical procedures, methods will be used for analysing the correlation between the listed variables and identifying the differences between the groups formed on the basis of the above mentioned criterion. The main objective of the paper is to define the ownership structure of a corporation that has direct implications for the management and performance of corporations. Corporate performance expressed through market capitalization determines the future of operations through the scope of future investments.
The changes that have affected academic institutions and scientific work in the past 20 years can be explained by the evolution of the firm’s organization and strategy. The current network firm represents the fourth stage in the organization of production, characterized by the importance of networks, linking salaried people from the firm and from many other institutions like universities and research centers, with the aim to increase the innovation capacity. The constitution of the enterprise knowledge capital largely involves academics institutions and scholars themselves who are urged to commercialize their research and develop narrow partnerships with companies. We analyze the impacts of this privatization of knowledge with respect to its orientation and private appropriation. The rules of the markets are now dominating the production of knowledge which may explain the increasing flexibility and agility asked to academic institutions and work.
Few will disagree that ITER is a huge multifaceted project management challenge, one that is technological, industrial, organizational, and logistical and concerns people. How can decentralized manufacturing be managed across 35 countries? How can any timetable be respected when industry itself generates many risks and unforeseen events because it is dealing with a unique and unprecedented program? How can budget increases be kept at least to a minimum if not completely avoided? How can such a complex endeavor that involves several thousand people all over the world be kept under control? How can staff be motivated when high pressure and heavy workload are part of daily life? Moreover, most important of all, how can a unique and unprecedented program that has no reference point be managed when it comes to its organization and management? This chapter explains the management and governance that have been put in place by the ITER Organization and the seven Domestic Agencies under the supervision of the ITER Council. Many changes were brought in after publication of a management assessment report in 2013 that was highly critical. Although the full report has never been made public, the summary was crystal clear: “There has been a lack of strong project management culture inside the ITER Organization. The ITER Organization’s culture appears to be more academic and research oriented, which has often led to protracted debates and impeded rapid progress. […] As a result, many of the best ideas were never heard nor expressed and key decisions lacked ownership.” ITER can be described as a political project in that it is managed by politicians. However, despite featuring what Robert Bell calls political technology (technology developed and showcased for political reasons) ITER is a driving force behind research and industry in fusion. ITER governance reflects the importance of the “technostructure.” As argued by John Kenneth Galbraith the stockholders are without real power and decisions are effectively taken by groups of experts. ITER also bears out the theses of French sociologist Jacques Ellul who came to the conclusion that humankind today can play only a secondary role in the development of technology.
This book reconstructs the foundations of developmental and educational psychology and fills an important gap in the field by arguing for a specific spatial turn so that human growth, experience and development focus not only on time but space. This regards space not simply as place. Highlighting concrete cross-cultural relational spaces of concentric and diametric spatial systems, the book argues that transition between these systems offers a new paradigm for understanding agency and inclusion in developmental and educational psychology, and for relating experiential dimensions to causal explanations. The chapters examine key themes for developing concentric spatial systemic responses in education, including school climate, bullying, violence, early school leaving prevention and students’ voices. Moreover, the book proposes an innovative framework of agency as movement between concentric and diametric spatial relations for a reconstruction of resilience. This model addresses the vital neglected issue of resistance to sheer cultural conditioning and goes beyond the foundational ideas of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, as well as Vygotsky, Skinner, Freud, Massey, Bruner, Gestalt and postmodern psychology to reinterpret them in dynamic spatial systemic terms. Written by an internationally renowned expert, this book is a valuable resource for academics, researchers and postgraduate students in the areas of educational and developmental psychology, as well as related areas such as personality theory, health psychology, social work, teacher education and anthropology.
Natural Rights and Natural Law have a long but at times confusing history. We take a brief examination of this area herein and provide a conjecture that Natural or Nature has a fundamental basis in the genomic structure of the limbic system in Homo sapiens and in fact in all species. We compare this conjecture to the philosophic interpretations over time and then contrast this with the Social Justice movement which is in stark contradistinction.
Peterson's three major propositions, 41. — Margins between revenues and costs and discretion of management to depart from
goal of profit maximization, 42. — Imperfect product, labor, and capital markets and management choices, 44. — Decisions of
management on the distribution of corporate income, 46. — Importance of the nature of the decision mechanism, 48.
Introduction, 435. — Firm selection and data, 436. — Statistical methodology, 439. — Interpretation of data, 440. — Conclusion,
442. — Appendix A, 442. — Appendix B, 447. — Appendix C, 448.
We examine whether the spread of an exporting strategy can be characterized as a diffusion process using a general framework that accounts for attrition and changes in the pool of potential adopters and allows the diffusion rate to vary according to firm and market characteristics. Our findings indicate that the diffusion of exporting is described well by the internal model of diffusion. Thus, this framework may be useful in modeling the spread of other strategies. The diffusion rate is found to be strongly related both to firm characteristics and to past adopter performance. Copyright 2009 The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.