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The American Encounter with Buddhism, 1844-1912: Victorian Culture and the Limits of Dissent.

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... The jcipr members took on the burden of explaining their compatriots' actions to the international community. Biennial ipr meetings became the battleground for heated debates between Japan's proponents and the Chinese 71 See, for instance, Frances Jones, Japan's New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall, 1937-1945(London: Oxford University Press, 1954; Warner letter, 19 March 1933, Warner Papers, hlhu. 72 For further discussions on the Manchurian Incident, see Sandra Wilson, The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society, 1931(New York: Routledge, 2002; Sara Rector Smith, The Manchurian Crisis, 1931: A Tragedy in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948 Council of the ipr (ccipr). ...
... Tomoko Akami has reconstituted the history of the Institute of Pacific Relations (ipr) and its role in the creation of a new Asian political order. Tomoko Akami, Internationalizing the Pacific: The United States, Japan, and the Institute of PacificRelations, 1919-1945 ...
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During the interwar years, Americans redefined the meaning of Asianness amid new geopolitical conditions and shifts in global axes of power, thereby relocating the role that Asia played in the U.S. grand strategy to recalibrate the nation-state’s position within the international community. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, a consortium of international non-governmental organizations such as the Institute of Pacific Relations and the American Council of Learned Societies collaborated with universities in the production of knowledge. Historians and international relations specialists have touted the creation of area studies at institutions of higher learning at the end of World War ii as one of the principal responses for stemming the proliferation of communism. Instead of focusing on the 1950s and 1960s as the formative era of the academic discipline as many scholars have done, this article illuminates the earlier interconnections between the nascent intellectual fascination with Asia and the reinscription of otherness. Ultimately, anxiety over growing Japanese aggression in the Pacific aided the development of U.S. hegemony as the academic system became part of an inter-imperialist amalgamation of a multitude of economic, intellectual, and political processes and mechanisms that worked together to engineer American influence within and over Asia.
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