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Therapeutic uses of peppermint –A review
Abstract
Peppermint (Menthe pipefitter, also known as M. balsa mea Wild), is a hybrid mint, a cross between water mint and spearmint. The plant, indigenous to Europe and the Middle East, is now widespread in cultivation in many regions of the world. It is found wild occasionally with its parent species. The concentrated oil of peppermint has high menthol content. The oil also contains methane and methyl esters, particularly methyl acetate. Dried peppermint typically has volatile oil containing menthol, methane, methyl acetate, menthofuran and 1,8-cineol. Peppermint oil also contains small amounts of many additional compounds including limonene, polygon, caryophyllene and pinned. According to the German Commission E monographs, peppermint oil (as well as peppermint leaf) has been used internally as an antispasmodic (upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts) and to treat irritable bowel syndrome, catarrh of the respiratory tract, and inflammation of the oral mucosa. Externally, peppermint oil has been used for malign and neuralgia. According to Commission E, peppermint oil may also act as a carminative, cholagogue, antibacterial, and secretolytic, and it has a cooling action. Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules (Cooperman) have been used as an orally administered antispasmodic premedication in colonoscopy.
... Peppermint has astringent, antiseptic, antipruritic, antispasmodic, antiemetic, analgesic, anticatarrhal, antimicrobial, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, rubefacient and stimulant properties. 13,14 Peppermint oil vapours are inhaled for respiratory congestion. Peppermint oil is a remedy to alleviate allergic rashes, anorexia, bacterial infections, bronchitis, chicken pox, colitis, coughs, dandruff, diarrhea, inflammation of the oral mucosa and throat, colic in infants, Crohn's disease, flatulence, headaches, indigestion, nausea, neuralgia, morning sickness, irritable bowel syndrome, biliary tract disorders, liver complaints, migraines, menstrual cramps, muscular pains, myalgia, toothaches and vomiting. ...
... Peppermint oil is a remedy to alleviate allergic rashes, anorexia, bacterial infections, bronchitis, chicken pox, colitis, coughs, dandruff, diarrhea, inflammation of the oral mucosa and throat, colic in infants, Crohn's disease, flatulence, headaches, indigestion, nausea, neuralgia, morning sickness, irritable bowel syndrome, biliary tract disorders, liver complaints, migraines, menstrual cramps, muscular pains, myalgia, toothaches and vomiting. 14,15 It has insect repellent activity. [13][14][15] The major constituents of peppermint oil are limonene, cineole, menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone, menthyl acetate, menthol, pulegone and carvone. ...
... 14,15 It has insect repellent activity. [13][14][15] The major constituents of peppermint oil are limonene, cineole, menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone, menthyl acetate, menthol, pulegone and carvone. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Other bioactive components of the plant include caffeic acid, flavonoids, polymerized polyphenols, carotenes, tocopherols, betaine, choline and tannins. ...
The therapeutic efficacy of bioactives from Anogessius leiocarpus, a medicinal plant widely used in folkloric medicine in Nigeria in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), can be improved using novel drug delivery systems. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials of Anogessius leiocarpus root bark extracts and lipospheres delivery system loaded with A. leiocarpus root-bark methanol extract compared with glibenclamide, a standard antidiabetic. The root bark was powdered and then extracted using methanol, 95% ethanol, and a combination of 95% ethanol and trona using a Soxhlet extractor. Preliminary antidiabetic properties of A. leiocarpus root-bark extracts were determined in alloxanized rats, and thereafter the optimized methanol extract was formulated into lipospheres containing 1, 2 and 3%w/w of the extract by high-shear homogenization using 10%w/w lipid matrix composed of 30% Phospholipon® 90H in 70% beeswax. Physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH=7.4) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH=1.2) and anti-diabetic properties were determined. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, reducing sugars, flavonoids and tannins. Spherical particles with particle size range 135±1.58 - 195±2.24µm, which were stable over four weeks were obtained. Higher drug release in SIF (up to 100%) than SGF (<50%) and a mixed order release mechanism were obtained. The formulations caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose level which was comparable with that obtained with glibenclamide. Lipospheres are a potentially safer and cheaper alternative therapeutics for DM given the numerous side effects associated with conventional glibenclamide.
... Peppermint oil stimulates the skin's cold receptor, which causes blood vessels to dilate and produce cooling and analgesic effects (20). ...
... The oils' chemical constituents were examined using GC and GC/MS. The antibacterial action of these oils was determined to be attributed to menthol by the use of the bioautography assay (13,20). ...
... At 4 ml/m2 in 72 h, 100% mortality for An. stephensi was noted (20). ...
This review’s primary focus is on the pharmacological and medicinal properties of Mentha piperita, which may also lessen the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and digestive symptoms like nausea and dyspepsia, but more research is required. It is applied topically as an analgesic and to relieve pain and headaches. The most popular oil is peppermint oil, and formulations that use leaf extract are believed to benefit from the usage of this oil. This herbal preparation is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal hygiene products for its flavoring and aroma qualities. A sensation of cooling follows the taste of peppermint oil and the aroma of fresh, strong menthol. Additionally, mouthwashes, toothpastes, aromatherapy, and bath products use it.
... L.) has perhaps the best-established efficacy against IBS symptoms. Its main components, i.e., menthol and menthone, have well-documented antispasmodic and muscle-relaxing activity [33]. Menthol, in particular, was shown to block Ca 2+ channels in rats and guinea pig [34]; for this reason, both menthol and peppermint EOs are effective in decreasing motor activity in GI smooth muscle and in providing relief for colon spasms, with proven beneficial activity during colonoscopic examination [33]. ...
... Its main components, i.e., menthol and menthone, have well-documented antispasmodic and muscle-relaxing activity [33]. Menthol, in particular, was shown to block Ca 2+ channels in rats and guinea pig [34]; for this reason, both menthol and peppermint EOs are effective in decreasing motor activity in GI smooth muscle and in providing relief for colon spasms, with proven beneficial activity during colonoscopic examination [33]. In addition, peppermint EO contains 1,8-cineol with proven anti-inflammatory activity [33]. ...
... Menthol, in particular, was shown to block Ca 2+ channels in rats and guinea pig [34]; for this reason, both menthol and peppermint EOs are effective in decreasing motor activity in GI smooth muscle and in providing relief for colon spasms, with proven beneficial activity during colonoscopic examination [33]. In addition, peppermint EO contains 1,8-cineol with proven anti-inflammatory activity [33]. In several randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies, peppermint EO showed significant efficacy in alleviating the severity of abdominal pain and in reducing abdominal distension, stool frequency, and flatulence. ...
Essential oils (EOs) are mixtures of volatile molecules endowed with health-promoting biological activities that go beyond their role as aromas and natural preservatives and can be exploited to develop functional foods and diet supplements. Their composition is briefly addressed along with regulatory aspects. The potential health benefit of human diet supplementation with EOs is outlined through a review of the recent literature on available clinical trials and preclinical research concerning EOs activity towards: (1) irritable bowel syndrome; (2) inflammatory bowel disease; (3) regulation of microbiota; (4) gastroprotection; (5) hepatoprotection; (6) protection of the urinary tract and diuresis; (7) management of metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia; (8) anti-inflammatory and pain control; (9) immunomodulation and protection from influenza; and (10) neuroprotection and modulation of mood and cognitive performance. The emerging potential in such activities of selected EOs is given focus, particularly green and black cumin, bergamot, orange, myrtle, peppermint, sage, eucalyptus, lavender, thyme, lemon balm, ginger, and garlic.
... Treating various bacterial infection is growing difficult due to the development and spread of microbial resistance and the deficiency of the expansion of new antibacterial principles (Aishwarya, 2015). The natural product is one of the main sources that have provided the pharmaceutical, agricultural and cosmetics industry with some of its natural sources of principal products in the search for new antibacterial drugs (Basheer & Abdullah, 2019). ...
... The natural product is one of the main sources that have provided the pharmaceutical, agricultural and cosmetics industry with some of its natural sources of principal products in the search for new antibacterial drugs (Basheer & Abdullah, 2019). A huge number of local medicinal plants with a significant activity can represent a source of new antibacterial agents for the treatment of various infectious diseases (Aishwarya, 2015;Basheer & Abdullah, 2019). An active plant oils and extracts are used for food preservation, in finished pharmaceuticals products, and in therapies of alternative and complementary medicine systems (Bupesh et al., 2007). ...
... It is very interesting that the negative and positive controls also did not inhibit the growth of the tested bacterial strains. Previous results of other authors showed that most of the polarities extracts give significant activities against the Gram (+ and -) bacterial strains (Hills et al., 2005;Bupesh et al., 2007;Tabari et al., 2012;Sujana et al., 2013;Sun et al., 2014;Aishwarya, 2015;Basheer & Abdullah, 2019). Our experimental results are different from the reported values may be due to the chemical composition, concentration of ingredients, plant maturity, geographical region and processing conditions (Zainab & Hossain, 2016;Doha et al., 2020). ...
Globally, the main target of scientists is to examine new medicinally beneficial plants for the preparation of herbal drugs as well as to explore possible uses in the food industry. In this regard, the target of our current study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity and biochemical analyses of the leaf extracts of Omani Mentha piperita L (M. piperita). The selected plant leaves coarse powder samples were extracted by using the Soxhlet extraction process with methanol at 65oC for a period of 72 hours. The evaporation of methanol was done by a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and temperature. The hydro alcoholic extract was fractionated with the various polarities of solvents with an increasing pattern. The biochemical evaluation and pharmacological activity of the prepared local plant extracts were completed by using established methods. The different polarities of leaves extracts showed positive biochemical tests of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids. The microbial activity of the fractioned plant extracts was tested with improved agar gel method. The different polarity extracts at different concentrations did not display any activity against the tested Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram (-) Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonus aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains. Based on the biochemical and pharmacological evaluation results, the selected whole plant and its potential extracts might be used traditionally as natural antibiotics to treat infectious diseases.
... It has been used to ensure fresh breath by maintaining oral hygiene. Research is being conducted as it contributes to inhibiting plaque and caries, and studies have shown that it doesn't provide any favorable atmosphere for germs (Balakrishnan, 2015). Besides, one of the mints, namely, peppermint is useful for relieving pain and makes teeth clear, when applied on teeth (Peixoto et al., 2009). ...
... The oil can be used externally against muscle pain and neuralgia. Other problem such as dysmenorrhea, headache, and chicken pox (Balakrishnan, 2015). ...
... Abdominal pain or discomfort is considered to be Irritable bowel syndrome. A study was conducted to use Essential oil from mint and other components has been used globally to enhance flavor in foods, used in medicines, and in perfumes (Balakrishnan, 2015). There is a long history of usage of essential oils from the mint plant in confectionaries like chewing gum and sweets and various types of drinks. ...
Mint (Mentha) is a medicinal herb, which possesses a lot of bioactive components. Globally, it has been used as a flavor enhancer in foods. Due to the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, it is considered to have a greater number of antioxidants. Mint has been linked to physiological benefits to humans that include protection against microbes; anticancer and antiallergenic properties; positive effects in reducing blood sugar; analgesic property; cures loose motion, indigestion, gas, and irritation bowel syndrome; gives relief from respiratory problems; has wound healing activity; and is good for breastfeeding. The present paper reviews the evidence-based research regarding the bioactive components and health benefits of the mint plant.
... Research is being done because it helps prevent plaque and tooth decay, and tests have shown that it doesn't provide a conducive environment for germs. Additionally, when applied to the teeth, one of the mints, peppermint, is effective at reducing pain and cleaning teeth [21,[63][64] . Universally, essential oils from plants like mint and others are utilized in medications, fragrances, and food flavouring. ...
... One of the most popular flavours is that of mint plants, especially Mentha spicata, Mentha piperita, and Mentha arvensis. For the purpose of producing leaves, it is therefore grown all over the world [35,[64][65] . ...
DOI: 10.22271/plants.2023.v11.i5a.1580.
... Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is a plant species belonging to the family Lamiaceae and native to Europe (Balakrishnan 2015). Peppermint essential oil is rich in compounds widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries (Balakrishnan 2015). ...
... Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is a plant species belonging to the family Lamiaceae and native to Europe (Balakrishnan 2015). Peppermint essential oil is rich in compounds widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries (Balakrishnan 2015). Recent research has demonstrated its pesticidal and biocidal action, suggesting its great potential for use in agriculture as an alternative to chemical pesticides (Jamiołkowska 2020). ...
Peppermint is a medicinal plant with great economic importance for its protective effects against biotic and abiotic factors. This study aimed to assess the vegetative growth, biochemistry and volatile production of peppermint plants under elicitation. Nodal segments were inoculated in flasks containing Murashige and Skoog medium with one of four treatments (50 µM salicylic acid, 200 mg L − 1 chitosan, 25 µM copper sulphate, and control) and maintained for 90 days in a controlled environment. Copper treatment increased shoot growth by 43% and 68% compared with salicylic acid and chitosan, respectively. Furthermore, copper elicitation reduced the oxidation rate to only 13% and produced plants with better architecture. Salicylic acid and chitosan treatments increased the total phenolic content by 38% and 40%, respectively, compared with the control. The ferric reducing assay showed that salicylic acid and chitosan treatments increased the plant’s antioxidant activity by 82% and 96%, respectively, compared with the control. However, β-carotene, flavonoids and anthocyanins decreased with these treatments. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity increased by 63% and 54% in shoots elicited with salicylic acid and chitosan, respectively. Elicitor treatment increased the number of volatile compounds detected (control = 29, salicylic acid = 32, copper = 37, chitosan = 38). Elicitation promoted significant changes in plant metabolism and chemical composition, evidenced mainly by differences in the levels of 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-cyclopenten-1-one, d-limonene, eucalyptol, caryophyllene and l-alanine ethylamide. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the major class in control shoots, whereas oxygenated monoterpenes were the major compounds in elicited shoots.
... Mentha is a much desired and demanded herb due to its medicinal and therapeutic use. The use of Mentha species has been reported in China since the rule of Ming [69]. Mentha became an official item of Materia medical in London Pharmacopeia [70]. ...
... The direct application of Mentha on the skin shows excellent analgesic activity, producing a cooling effect on the skin. Mint oil stimulates blood receptors on the skin and expands blood vessels, resulting in a cold sensation and relaxation [69]. Mentha sp. ...
A poor diet, resulting in malnutrition, is a critical challenge that leads to a variety of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mentha species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as herbal medicine. Recently, the demand for its products, such as herbal drugs, medicines, and natural herbal formulations, has increased significantly. However, the available literature lacks a thorough overview of Mentha phytochemicals' effects for reducing malnutritional risks against cardiovascular diseases. In this context, we aimed to review the recent advances of Mentha phytochemicals and future challenges for reducing malnutri-tional risks in cardiovascular patients. Current studies indicated that Mentha species phytochemicals possess unique antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant potential, which can be used as herbal medicine directly or indirectly (such as food ingredients) and are effective in controlling and curing cardiovascular diseases. The presence of aromatic and flavor compounds of Mentha species greatly enhance the nutritional values of the food. Further interdisciplinary investigations are pivotal to explore main volatile compounds, synergistic actions of phytochemicals, organoleptic effects , and stability of Mentha sp. phytochemicals.
... Menthol and methyl salicylate, the main components in peppermint, have antispasmodic effects, with calming effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Several studies support the use of peppermint for indigestion and irritable bowel syndrome [40]. ...
... Peppermint essential oils (PEO) of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha arvensis leaves from Labiatae family, is esteemed for its therapeutic attributes Worldwide, Mentha arvensisis well known as field mint, wild mint or corn mint (Balakrishnan, 2015). ...
... Mint infusions help relieve pain and reduce swelling. Mint extracts provide anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant properties (Balakrishnan, 2015). Alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and eugenol are the main ingredients of M. arvensis (Malik et al., 2012). ...
Zoology: Advancements and Research Trends is a comprehensive compilation of cutting-edge research and insights in the field of Zoology. This book has been meticulously curated to serve as an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and professionals who are keen to explore the latest advancements and emerging trends in various sub-disciplines of Zoology, including toxicology, pharmacology, and general zoology. As an Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology, Wildlife, and Fisheries at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, I, Dr. Muhammad Umar Ijaz, have dedicated over a decade to advancing our understanding of animal physiology, cell biology, toxicology and pharmacology. My extensive experience in these fields, coupled with my broader expertise in general zoology, has provided me with a profound appreciation for the complex interplay between living organisms and their environments. This book reflects my commitment to bringing together a diverse array of topics that highlight the breadth and depth of contemporary zoological research. Zoology: Advancements and Research Trends is not just a collection of research topics but a reflection of the collaborative spirit that drives scientific progress. The diverse expertise of the contributing authors ensures that this book offers a well-rounded perspective on the current trends and future directions in Zoology. I hope that this book will serve as a valuable reference for those in academia and industry, providing insights that will inspire future research and contribute to the ongoing dialogue in the field. It is my sincere belief that the knowledge shared within these pages will help shape the future of Zoology, ultimately contributing to the betterment of our understanding and stewardship of the natural world. I would like to express my gratitude to all the contributors, reviewers, and colleagues whose efforts have made this book possible. I also extend my thanks to the students and researchers who continue to push the boundaries of what we know and what we can achieve in this dynamic field.
... Peppermint essential oils (PEO) of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha arvensis leaves from Labiatae family, is esteemed for its therapeutic attributes Worldwide, Mentha arvensisis well known as field mint, wild mint or corn mint (Balakrishnan, 2015). ...
Essential oils in aromatherapy form a powerful synergy with the body and mind, facilitating to alleviate stress, enhance
mood, and support overall health and vitality. Various essential oils had history of use in aromatherapy such as
eucalyptus, lavender, nutmeg, peppermint, clove, and tea tree oils. Eucalyptus oil, sourced primarily from E. citriodora, is
globally recognized for its economic extraction and diverse therapeutic applications, owing to its high 1,8-cineole
content. Lavender oil, known for its antibacterial properties dating back to World War I, offers sedative and antiinflammatory benefits. Nutmeg oil, extracted from Myristica fragrans, displays antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and
hepatoprotective properties, utilized traditionally for various ailments. Peppermint oil, rich in menthol and menthone,
serves multiple purposes including gastrointestinal relief and mental alertness enhancement. Clove oil, containing
eugenol, demonstrates strong antimicrobial and antioxidant effects with notable anticancer properties. Tea tree oil is
important for its antimicrobial prowess, addressing skin infections and respiratory issues. This chapter highlight the
multiple roles of essential oils, detailing their chemical compositions, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic
applications.
... It has been hypothesized in the Mentha section that eleven naturally occurring and named hybrids have been derived from the five fundamental species, Mentha arvensis L., Mentha aquatica L., Mentha spicata L., Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., and Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. All species in this group, however, may have seen some expansion of reticulate gene flow during their development, as suggested by the hybrid origins of M. spicata and perhaps M. longifolia, as well as the incongruence of nuclear and plastid DNA-based phylogenies (Saric-Kundalic et al., 2009) (Akdogan et al., 2007;Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2010;Kapp, 2013 andBalakrishnan, 2015). ...
... Selain itu, dapat digunakan sebagai stimulant, antiemetik, karminatif dan astringensia. Minyak peppermint juga sangat aman untuk pengobatan perut kembung, diare, kram menstruasi, sakit kepala, serta meredakan mual dan muntah (Balakrishnan, 2015). Minyak jeruk nipis memiliki aroma khas yang banyak digunakan dalam industri kosmetik, parfum, farmasi dan aromaterapi. ...
Lilin aromaterapi kombinasi minyak peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) dan minyak jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle.) diharapkan memberikan efek menyegarkan dan efek relaksan kepada penggunannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah formula dengan kombinasi minyak peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) dan minyak jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle.) dapat digunakan sebagai zat aktif sediaan lilin aromaterapi dan memiliki efek terapi yang disukai oleh responden. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental meliputi formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi uji organoleptik, uji waktu bakar, uji titik leleh dan uji kesukaan. Hasil yang didapatkan dari titik leleh ketiga formula memenuhi standar yaitu 50oC-58oC. Hasil uji waktu bakar paling lama 74 menit pada formula I. Hasil uji kesukaan lilin aromaterapi yang paling disukai dan memiliki efek terapi yaitu formula III dapat dibuktikan dengan jumlah presentasenya mencapai 58%. Formulasi kombinasi minyak peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) dan minyak jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle.) dapat digunakan sebagai zat aktif yang memberikan efek terapi yang disukai responden.
... Menthol and menthone, two of the most widely produced and marketed EOs globally, are the main components shared by MP and MA. Menthol (20-60%), menthone (5-35%), menthyl acetate (1-20%), and menthofuran (0.1-15%) are the primary ingredients of MPEO, whereas menthol (greater than 60%) and menthone (4-18%) are the primary ingredients of MAEO, as illustrated in Figure 1 [4]. Mentha piperita, commonly referred to as peppermint, has been used to treat several illnesses, including irritable bowel syndrome, migraines, and heartburn. ...
The oxidation reaction stands as a fundamental process in organic synthesis, holding significant importance in generating various value-added chemical products. Oxidative processes are pivotal realms for both industrial and academic exploration. Present-day scientific and research pursuits emphasize the imperative need for chemistry to evolve towards absolute sustainability, prioritizing safety, intelligence, and environmental friendliness—thus aligning with the principles of green chemistry. This work aims to report a green oxidation procedure of menthol to menthone in multigram scale, using calcium hypochlorite as reagent, that can be use in academy research or practical class.
... Mentha herb is also used for oral dentifrice as it can provide freshness in the breath and also removes foul breath due to menthol component and also create an un-favorable environment for bacteria (Balakrishnan, 2015). ...
... Peppermint is considered important for treatment of non-obstructive dyspepsia without any known side effects. Mint is considered as a good analgesic to be applied topically and is also utilized as coolant for the skin (Balakrishnan, 2015). ...
Nectar is a refreshing beverage consisting of 15°B TSS, at least 20% juice and not more than 1.5% acidity. Nectar is a ready-to-drink type of product which is prepared via pulp or juice of fruits, vegetables or both along with water and sugar. Present study was undertaken to evaluate various nutritive and organoleptic qualities of bottle gourd based herbal nectar, during 90 days of storage under ambient condition. Nine treatments were prepared by blending different percent of bottle gourd (100-75%), mint (5-20%), basil (5-20%) and lemon juice (5%). Nutritional value of nectar mostly showed positive inclination with the incorporation of mint and basil, at preparation day. Among treatments, T 7 (85:10:5:: Bottle gourd: Basil: Lemon juice) was adjudged as superior on the basis of flavour, taste and consistency. Thus, organoleptic evaluation revealed that nectar blended with 10% basil: 5% lemon juice along with 85% bottle gourd was most acceptable. ABSTRACT Introduction
... Mentha piperita (peppermint) is a perennial aromatic herb which belongs to the Lamiaceae family otherwise known as the mint family. It is widely distributed across Asia, Australia, Europe Africa and North America (Balakrishnan, 2015). It is a natural hybrid of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and water mint (Mentha aquatica L.) (Uribe et al., 2016), and is cultivated worldwide for culinary purposes as well as for applications in fragrance, medicine and pharmaceuticals. ...
Pulverised fresh Mentha piperita leaves was subjected to hydrodistillation for three hours in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil obtained was characterised using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and also evaluated for insecticidal activity on Callosobruchus maculatus (bean weevils) and Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevils). The oil afforded a yield of 0.78% (w/w). A total of 39 compounds were identified from their mass spectra representing 98.9% of the oil. The classes of compounds identified revealed predominance of oxygenated monoterpenoids (72.4%), hydrogenated monoterpenoids accounted for 6.0%, hydrogenated sesquiterpenoids and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids constituted 12.2 and 4.0% respectively. Other non-terpenic compounds detected in the oil accounted for 4.3% of the total oil. The most abundant compound was menthol (40.4%), other major compounds identified were menthone (12.3%), menthofuran (9.2%), 1, 8-cineole (5.6%) and limonene (5.5%). The percentage mortality of between 68-94.5% and 65-90.2% were recorded for bean weevils and maize weevils respectively after exposure to 10µl essential oil vapour in fumigation chambers for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. The insecticidal activity of the oil compared favourably with that of standard insecticide and so can be used to formulate an alternative insecticide from botanical source.
... Spearmint oil has also been used medicinally since ancient times, especially for headaches, colds, and neuralgia. It also relieves skin irritation and digestive problems and has antispasmodic properties (Balakrishnan, 2015). Despite contradictory findings about the chemical composition of M.spicata essential oil, many studies have confirmed carvon and limonene as the main constituents (Mahboubi, 2021). ...
Given the significance spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), there is an increased demand for dry medicines and high-quality aromatic mint. In this study, a non-destructive technique based on electronic nose was used in combination with a GC/MS method and chemometrics to determine the quality of spearmint essential oil under eight drying methods. It was found that hot air drying (HAD) method yielded the highest amount of essential oil and its compounds. So that its highest amount was obtained in HAD1a method and equal to 1.380%. However, the amount decreased with increasing drying temperature and air velocity. In addition, sun drying performed worst its value was equal to 0.663%. The highest percentage of the obtained essential oil compounds was related to the three main components of carvone (64.30-7.45%), limonene (24.21-6.59%), and carveol (18.34-1.92%). Furthermore, the Nu-SVM classification algorithm with the sigmoid function provided an accuracy of 0.975 for classifying eight essential oil groups. In light of the limited knowledge about the effects of drying on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of medicinal plants, a new method for essential oil evaluation was proposed in this study. The results could provide a theoretical reference to choose the best drying method and quickly determine the quality of mint essential oils.
... Mentha piperita, a medicinally important plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is commonly known as Peppermint. [31] It was cultivated by the ancient Egyptians and documented in the Icelandic pharmacopoeia of the thirteenth century. [32] India is world's largest producer and exporter of mint oil. ...
Introduction: F. Benghalensis is known to have medicinal effects and is beneficial in treating mouth ulcers. A. Indica is rich in antioxidants and helps boost the immune response in gum and tissues of the mouth. Neem offers a good remedy for curing mouth ulcers, tooth decay and acts as a pain reliever. M. Piperita possesses anti-inflammatory properties that promote oral hygiene. Aim: To prepare a mouth wash formulation containing F. Benghalensis, A. Indica, M.Piperita and to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of mouthwash formulations containing F.Bbenghalensis, A. Indica, M. Piperita. Materials and methods: In the present study, preparation of herbal mouthwash formulation was carried out and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the mouthwash was assessed by the DPPH Assay method and Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay method. The anti-inflamnatory activity of the mouthwash was assessed using albumin denaturation assay method and egg albumin denaturation assay method.Results: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was higher at low concentrations while, at concentrations of 10-30 μl, the antioxidant activity of the prepared mouthwash was similar to that of the standard mouthwash. The anti-inflammatory activity was the highest at 20 μl concentration. Discussion: Ficus benghalensis, Azadirachta indica and Mentha piperita extracts have many medicinal properties. Our study has evaluated the combination of these three extracts in a mouthwash formulation and has found positive results.Conclusions: The mouthwash formulation had better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity at lower concentrations.
... Although, other plant organs such as stems and flowers are rich sources of EOs [5]. MEO has several health promoting effects and is used as an active ingredient in many medications for treating oral mucosa inflammation, respiratory tract disorders, enteritis, and gastritis [6]. It is also valued for its cooling and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and chewing gums. ...
Mint essential oil (MEO) is an outstanding antibacterial and antioxidant agent, that can be considered as a promising natural preservative, flavor, insecticide, coolant, and herbal medicine. However, the low solubility and volatility of MEO limits its extensive applications. In order to utilize MEO in different products, it is essential to develop treatments that can overcome these limitations. More recently, encapsulation technology has been developed as a promising method to overcome the shortcomings of MEO. In which, sensitive compounds such as essential oils (EOs) are entrapped in a carrier to produce micro or nanoparticles with increased stability against environmental conditions. Additionally, encapsulation of EOs makes transportation and handling easier, reduces their volatility, controls their release and consequently improves the efficiency of these bioactive compounds and extends their industrial applications. Several encapsulation techniques, such as emulsification, coacervation, ionic gelation, inclusion complexation, spray drying, electrospinning, melt dispersion, melt homogenization, and so on, have been emerged to improve the stability of MEO. These encapsulated MEOs can be also used in a variety of food, bioagricultural, pharmaceutical, and health care products with excellent performance. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the physicochemical and functional properties of MEO, recent advances in encapsulation techniques for MEO, and the application of micro/nanocapsulated MEO in different products.
... aquatica and M. spicata L.]. Although native to the Mediterranean region, peppermint has spread worldwide as a fragrance, flavoring, and for cosmetic, medicinal, and pharmaceutical uses (McKay DLandBlumberg, 2006;Balakrishnan, 2015). Dried peppermint leaves Fig. 1. ...
... It is soothing and numbing in treating nausea, itchiness on the skin, headaches, digestive issues, menstruation cramps, flatulence, and stress related to depression. The primary ingredients menthol and methyl salicylate in peppermint has relaxing, antispasmodic, and anticonvulsant properties on the stomach and intestines [14]. ...
India has the largest population of cattle in the world and also ranks first in consumption considering it as having a huge demand for dairy and value-added dairy products. A wide range of dairy products is already available in the market like butter, cheese, labneh, ice cream, buttermilk, custard, etc. Yogurt is one of the oldest consumed dairy products with several benefits as it contains various microorganisms such as Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. which ferment the product and it helps in improving the nutritional value of the product. Yogurt contains a rich source of B vitamins, lactose, proteins, and minerals. To enhance its nutritional value herbs and fruits can be added to it. Herbs are a type of plant whose leaves and seeds have a wide range of use in medicines, adding flavor, cooking, etc. Herbs are anti-inflammatory, have antioxidants, boost the immune system, and have several other health benefits. Different types of herbs and their health benefits were studied such as Ashwagandha, Arjuna, Cinnamon, Sage, Aloe vera, Tulsi, and Peppermint. Fruits are added to dairy products to enhance their flavor and nutritional value. Fruits are a good source of vitamins and minerals. In this review paper, we discuss the nutritional prospects of yogurt supplemented with herbs.
... The decoctions of mint aids in reduction of swelling, pain reliver, and is often used for the treatment of headache and eye redness, arthralgia, rubella, measles, chest, and hypochasm distension [10,11]. Numerous studies have evidenced that mint extracts can improve the digestive system, central nervous system, and respiratory system of the human body, and have anti-inflammatory antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidation and other effects [12][13][14]. The abovementioned curing effects of mints are because of the occurrence of pharmaceutically valuable bioactive compounds. ...
Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha × piperita L. are herbal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family and are widely cultivated for their essential oils and culinary uses. These herbs are commercially valuable mints used in the preparation of herbal formulations, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and in food industries. Due to the presence of potential secondary metabolites, mints were employed to treat various disorders since ancient times in traditional medicines. The extracts of M. arvensis and M. × piperita can improve the function of digestive system, central nervous system and respiratory system of the human body. Majority of the health benefits of these herbs are attributed by the essential oil components. In addition, the administration of M. arvensis and M. × piperita under various pathological conditions studied in vitro and in vivo facilitated the recovery of detrimental ailments. Due to the increasing demand for natural product-based medicines, research is focused on the utilization of phytochemicals to treat various ailments. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of health benefits of M. arvensis and M. × piperita, the present endeavor deals with the antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory property, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities of both species. However, a deeper knowledge on the specific metabolites of M. arvensis and M. × piperita and their mode of action against different disease targets will accelerate the discovery of novel natural drugs with less side effects and higher efficiency.
... 22 Studi in vitro tertentu yang menilai efek antispasmodik dari minyak daun mint mengemukakan bahwa minyak daun mint merelaksasi spasme otot polos gastrointestinal dengan mengurangi masuknya kalsium pada usus besar guinea pig dan jejunum kelinci. 23 Papathanasopoulos et al juga menemukan bahwa minyak daun mint mengurangi tekanan intragastrik. 16 Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan terkait dispepsia fungsional, gabungan dari minyak daun mint dengan minyak jintan memiliki aktivitas sinergis karena minyak daun mint memiliki sifat spasmolitik dan minyak jintan berperan dalam peningkatan tonus otot polos. ...
Dispepsia fungsional mempengaruhi >20% populasi umum. Gejala-gejala dispepsia fungsional sering dikaitkan dengan gangguan kualitas hidup pasien. Sampai sekarang, pengobatan dispepsia fungsional masih kontrovesial. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya review mengenai terapi alternatif lain yang salah satunya dapat berasal dari tanaman herbal. Hasil literature review menunjukkan terapi kombinasi minyak peppermint dan minyak jintan memiliki aktivitas sinergis karena minyak peppermint memiliki sifat spasmolitik dan minyak jintan berperan dalam peningkatan tonus otot polos sehingga efektif untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit dan rasa tidak nyaman pada pasien dengan dispepsia fungsional. Pengembangan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan skala yang lebih besar dan berjangka panjang diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas dari terapi herbal ini.
... Externally, peppermint oil is used for myalgia and neuralgia. The oil may also act as a carminative, cholagogue, antibacterial and secretolytic, and has a cooling action (Balakrishnan 2015). When exposed to salt stress, it markedly inhibits total chlorophyll and menthol contents and enhances the plant MDA, proline and essential oil contents. ...
The growing of medicinal plants has proven to be financially beneficial to the pharmaceutical and medical industries. These plants are rich in active ingredients that can be turned into a wide range of medicines, many of which are life-saving. However, since most cultivable lands are primarily used to produce essential food crops, it is hard to start massive cultivation of these plants. However, non-cultivable lands are often subjected to various abiotic stresses, the most common of which is salinity. Salinity affects a large portion of land worldwide; over 45 million hectares (M ha) of irrigated area, or 20% of total land area, have been degraded by salt, and 1.5 million ha are pulled out of cultivation yearly due to increased salt accumulation in the soil. The highly productive use of saline agriculture in developing countries is an extensive scientific issue for local governments and agriculturists. Salinity is significant stress that reduces the growth and yield production potential of medicinal plants worldwide. The osmotic effects of Na+ and Cl-, alongside oxidative stress, are responsible for the harmful effects of salinity on plant growth. Plant metabolic activities are negatively impacted by salinity stress, which is caused by DNA damage and membrane lipid peroxidation as a consequence of reactive oxygen formation. Elevated salt levels trigger various adverse effects on agricultural output, including plant growth and development delays, impairment of metabolic processes, and a fall in photosynthetic efficiency.KeywordsPhytochemicalsAntioxidant defensePolyphenolsFlavonesFlavonoidsNutrient acquisitionGrowthArtichoke
... The beneficial activities of mint, especially its antimicrobial effect, are due to its major compounds, such as menthol (33.8%), menthone (15.8%) and pulegone (8.3%) [119,120]. Used in perfumery and aromatherapy, pulegone and menthol are potentially toxic compounds when administered in large amount, causing liver damage in rats [121]. On the contrary, menthone has a digestive favoring effect and is non-toxic [120]. ...
The growing demand for high-quality food has induced a rapid expansion of the aquaculture sector. On the other hand, this sector has to overcome numerous challenges and problems triggered by the adoption of intensive farming systems, such as stress and high susceptibility to diseases. The improper use of chemicals and antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in fish, with consequent health risks for consumers. Natural additives are increasingly used in aquaculture and, among these, medicinal plants are constantly under investigation as safe and environmentally friendly alternatives to chemicals. Great attention has been paid to Lamiaceae plants as feed additives capable of enhancing the growth performance, immune system, and antioxidant status of farmed fish. The aim of this review is to provide an updated picture of the employment of the Lamiaceae species (oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, and mint) to enhance farmed fish health. The benefits of oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, and mint feed supplementation on growth performance, immune system, antioxidant status, hemato-biochemical parameters, and resistance to stress, parasites, and bacteria have been described, highlighting weaknesses and drawbacks and proposing possible implementations.
... Pulegone and menthofuran, which may have hepatotoxic effects, are found not only in M. pulegium but also in smaller amounts in other taxa of the genus Mentha [19]. The European Medicines Agency, in a public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing pulegone and menthofuran, described the toxicity of this compounds and recommended limit values for herbal medicinal products that contain them [20]. ...
Various mint taxa are widely cultivated and are used not only for medicinal purposes but also in cosmetic and industrial applications. The development of new varieties or cultivars of mint generates difficulties in their correct identification and safe use. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the leaves of seven different taxa of the genus Mentha obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. Comparative GC-MS analysis of the obtained extracts showed similarity in the major compounds. PCA data allowed the separation of two groups of chemotypes among the analyzed mints, characterized by the abundance of piperitenone oxide and carvone. Two out of seven analyzed taxa were not previously examined for VOC profile, one was examined only for patent application purposes, and six out of seven were investigated for the first time using the HS-SPME technique. The presented analysis provides new data on the abundance and qualitative characterization of VOCs in the studied mint plants and on the safety of their use, related to the possibility of the presence of potentially toxic components. HS-SPME is a valuable method to extend the characterization of the VOC profile obtained by hydrodistillation.
... 22 Studi in vitro tertentu yang menilai efek antispasmodik dari minyak daun mint mengemukakan bahwa minyak daun mint merelaksasi spasme otot polos gastrointestinal dengan mengurangi masuknya kalsium pada usus besar guinea pig dan jejunum kelinci. 23 Papathanasopoulos et al juga menemukan bahwa minyak daun mint mengurangi tekanan intragastrik. 16 Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan terkait dispepsia fungsional, gabungan dari minyak daun mint dengan minyak jintan memiliki aktivitas sinergis karena minyak daun mint memiliki sifat spasmolitik dan minyak jintan berperan dalam peningkatan tonus otot polos. ...
ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Dispepsia fungsional mempengaruhi lebih dari 20% populasi umum. Gejala-gejala dispepsia fungsional sering dikaitkan dengan gangguan kualitas hidup pasien. Hingga saat ini, pengobatan dispepsia fungsional masih kontroversial. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya review mengenai terapi alternatif lain yang salah satunya dapat berasal dari tanaman herbal. Pembahasan: Hasil literature review menunjukkan terapi kombinasi minyak peppermint dan minyak jintan memiliki aktivitas sinergis karena minyak peppermint memiliki sifat spasmolitik dan minyak jintan berperan dalam peningkatan tonus otot polos sehingga efektif untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit dan rasa tidak nyaman pada pasien dengan dispepsia fungsional. Simpulan: Pengembangan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan skala yang lebih besar dan berjangka panjang diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas dari terapi herbal ini. Kata Kunci: dispepsia fungsional, minyak daun mint, minyak jintan, pengobatan herbal Tinjauan Pustaka ABSTRACT Background: Functional dyspepsia affects> 20% of the general population. The symptoms of functional dyspepsia are often associated with impaired quality of life of the patient. Until now, the treatment of functional dyspepsia is still controversial. Therefore, there needs to be a review of other alternative therapies, such as traditional medicine. Methods: This paper uses a literature review method. The journals used in literature reviews are obtained through search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The journals used are in Indonesian and English. Discussion: The literature review shows that combination therapy of peppermint oil and caraway oil has synergistic activity because peppermint oil has spasmolytic properties and caraway oil plays a role in increasing smooth muscle tone so that it is effective in relieving pain and discomfort in patients with functional dyspepsia. Conclusion: Further research development with a larger scale and long term is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this herbal therapy.
... In the lion study, peppermint also stimulated more species-specific behavior (back rolling). All types of mints, including peppermint, are among the oldest herbs used for medical purposes (Balakrishnan, 2015) and is botanically related to catnip (Ellis and Wells, 2010). Catnip is known to both encourage play behavior in cats, but can also increase sleep and hence reduce activity (Ellis and Wells, 2010). ...
In spite of a highly developed olfactory apparatus of horses, implying a high adaptive value, research on equine olfaction is sparse. Our limited knowledge on equine olfaction poses a risk that horse behavior does not match human expectations, as horses might react fearful when exposed to certain odors, which humans do not consider as frightening. The benefit of acquiring more knowledge of equine olfaction is therefore twofold; (1) it can aid the understanding of horse behavior and hence reduce the risk of dangerous situations, and (2) there may be unexplored potential of using odors in several practical situations where humans interact with horses. This study investigated behavior and olfactory sensitivity of 35 Icelandic horses who were presented with four odors: peppermint, orange, lavender and cedar wood in a Habituation/Dishabituation paradigm. The response variables were sniffing duration per presentation and behavioral reaction (licking, biting, snorting, and backing), and data were analyzed for potential effects of age, sex and pregnancy. Results showed that habituation occurred between successive odor presentations (1st vs. 2nd and 2nd vs. 3rd presentations: P < 0.001), and dishabituation occurred when a new odor was presented (1st vs. 3rd presentations: P < 0.001). Horses were thus able to detect and distinguish between all four odors, but expressed significantly longer sniffing duration when exposed to peppermint (peppermint vs. orange, lavender and cedar wood: P < 0.001). More horses expressed licking when presented to peppermint compared to cedar wood and lavender ( P = 0.0068). Pregnant mares sniffed odors less than non-pregnant mares ( P = 0.030), young horses (age 0-5 years) sniffed cedar wood for longer than old horses ( P = 0.030), whereas sex had no effect ( P > 0.050). The results show that horses’ odor exploration behavior and interest in odors varies with age and pregnancy and that horses naïve to the taste of a substrate, may be able to link smell with taste, which has not been described before. These results can aid our understanding of horses’ behavioral reactions to odors, and in the future, it may be possible to relate these to the physiology and health of horses.
... Mentha piperita L. Used to treat nausea, stomach disorders and indigestion, cough, cold in India [215] Can deprive the human body iron and cause anemia when consumed excessively in combination with spearmint [216] COVID-19 The LD 50 of hydroethanol leaf extract was > 3000 mg/kg [217]. ...
Introduction: For decades, viral diseases have been treated using medicinal plants and herbal practices in the northern part of Nigeria. Though scarcely investigated, these medicinal plants could serve as potential sources for novel antiviral drugs against emerging and remerging viral diseases. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the medicinal practices and plants used to treat emerging and re-emerging viral diseases including hepatitis, poliomyelitis, monkeypox, smallpox, yellow fever, Lassa fever, meningitis, and COVID-19 in some northern states; Katsina, Kebbi, Kwara and Sokoto states. Method: Administered questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information on medicinal plants, method of preparation of herbal formulations, diagnosis, and treatment of viral diseases. Medicinal plants were collected, botanically identified, and assigned voucher numbers. The plant names were verified using www. theplantlist.org, www.worldfloraonline.org and the international plant names index. Result: A total of 280 participating herbal medicine practitioners (HMPs) mentioned 131 plants belonging to 65 families. Plant parts such as roots, bark, leaf, seed, and fruit were prepared as a decoction, concoction, infusion, or ointment for oral and topical treatment of viral diseases. Moringa oleifera (75.3%), Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (80%), and Acacia nilotica (70%) were the most frequently mentioned plants in Kebbi, Kwara and Sokoto states, respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed scarcely investigated and uninvestigated medicinal plants used to treat hepatitis, poliomyelitis, monkeypox, smallpox, yellow fever, Lassa fever, meningitis, and COVID-19. Future studies should be conducted to determine the antiviral potency and isolate novel bioactive agents from these plants against viral diseases.
Acute sun exposure could lead to erythema and inflammation. This Investigation aims to determine the efficacy of the complexation of peppermint oil (PO) with cyclodextrin in enhancing its physicochemical properties. Nano-organogels were prepared by direct hot melting method. Cyclodextrin (CD) PO was prepared by co-lyophilized method and included in F6. The particle size values were all below 150 nm. F6 polymeric showed high antioxidant activity, in vitro SPF, and stability. CD nano-organogel showed the least release and the highest skin deposition values. This high skin deposition is assured by confocal microscopy. Histology revealed its anti-inflammatory effect against acute UV irradiation. PO CD nano-organogel demonstrates a promising modality for anti-inflammatory therapy against UV irradiation.
Extraction is the first and most important step in obtaining the effective ingredients of medicinal plants. Mentha longifolia (L.) L. is of considerable economic importance as a natural raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Since the effect of different extraction methods (traditional and modern methods) on the quantity, quality and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of this plant has not been done simultaneously; the present study was designed for the first time with the aim of identifying the best extraction method in terms of these features. For this purpose, extracting the essential oil of M. longifolia with the methods of hydrodistillation with Clevenger device (HDC), steam distillation with Kaiser device (SDK), simultaneous distillation with a solvent (SDE), hydrodistillation with microwave device (HDM), pretreatment of ultrasonic waves and Clevenger (U+HDC) and supercritical fluid (SF) were performed. Chemical compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against various clinical microbial strains was evaluated by agar diffusion method and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). The results showed that the highest and lowest yields of M. longifolia leaf essential oil belonged to HDC (1.6083%) and HDM (0.3416%). The highest number of compounds belonged to SDK essential oil and was equal to 72 compounds (with a relative percentage of 87.13%) and the lowest number of compounds was related to the SF essential oil sample (7 compounds with a relative percentage of 100%). Piperitenone (25.2–41.38%), piperitenone oxide (22.02–0%), pulegone (10.81–0%) and 1,8-cineole (5–35.0%) are the dominant and main components of M. longifolia essential oil were subjected to different extraction methods. Antimicrobial activity results showed that the lowest MIC value belonged to essential oils extracted by HDM, SDK, SDE and U+HDC methods with a value of 1000 μg/mL was observed against Gram-negative bacteria Shigella dysenteriae, which was 5 times weaker than rifampin and 7 times weaker than gentamicin. Therefore, it can be concluded that in terms of efficiency of the HDC method, in terms of the percentage of compounds of the HDM method, and in terms of microbial activity, the SDK, HDM and U+HDC methods performed better.
In this manuscript, we conducted a comprehensive review of the diverse effects of peppermint on human health and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. Peppermint contains three main groups of phytochemical constituents, including essential oils (mainly menthol), flavonoids (such as hesperidin, eriodictyol, naringenin, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), and nonflavonoid phenolcarboxylic acids. Peppermint exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and analgesic properties and may be effective in treating various disorders, including gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, constipation, functional gastrointestinal disorders, nausea/vomiting, and gallbladder stones). In addition, peppermint has therapeutic benefits for psychological and cognitive health, dental health, urinary retention, skin and wound healing, as well as anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects, and it may improve memory. However, peppermint has paradoxical effects on sleep quality and alertness, as it has been shown to improve sleep quality in patients with fatigue and anxiety, while also increasing alertness under conditions of monotonous work and relaxation. We also discuss its protective effects against toxic agents at recommended doses, as well as its safety and potential toxicity. Overall, this review provides the latest findings and insights into the properties and clinical effects of peppermint/menthol and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for various health conditions.
Background: Family-centered empowerment model (FCEM) greatly values the motivational, psychological, and functional roles of children and their family members in health promotion. Its main goal is to strengthen the family system to promote children and family health. Aim: To investigate the effect of FCEM on knowledge and stress level among mothers of children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency(G6PD). Study design: A quasi-experimental design was performed. Setting: The study was conducted in hematology outpatient clinic at Mansoura University Children’s Hospital. Subjects: a purposive sample composed of 60 mothers and their children who are suffering from G6PD deficiency. Tools: Two tools were used for data collection: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Deficiency Knowledge Questionnaire and Arabic version of Perceived Stress Scale. Results: There were an improvement in the mean score of mothers' total knowledge with statistically significant difference (P<0.001) in the post intervention phase compared to pre intervention phase. Mean score of mothers' stress level was 26.90 ± 6.26 pre the FCEM implementation and decrease to17.36 ± 2.73 post FCEM with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Applying FCEM on mothers of children with G6PD deficiency leading to improvement of their knowledge regarding G6PD and reduce their level of stress Recommendations: researchers recommended implementing FCEM for all mothers and their children with chronic diseases as a strategy for education and management.
The objective of the work was to obtain materials with aromatherapeutic and antibacterial properties by applying emulsions based on peppermint essential oil (PEO) onto cotton fabric. For this purpose, some emulsions based on PEO incorporated in various matrices (chitosan + gelatin + beeswax; chitosan + beeswax; gelatin + beeswax and gelatin + chitosan) were prepared. Tween 80 was used as a synthetic emulsifier. The influence of the nature of matrices and of the concentration of Tween 80 on the stability of the emulsions was evaluated by the creaming indices. The materials treated with the stable emulsions were analyzed in terms of sensory activity, of the comfort characteristics, and of the gradual release of the PEO in the artificial perspiration solution. The sum of volatile components retained by samples after exposure to air was determined by GC-MS. The results regarding antibacterial activity showed that materials treated with emulsions have a good inhibitory effect on S. aureus (diameters of the inhibition zones between 53.6 and 64.0 mm) and on E. coli (diameters of the inhibition zones between 38.3 and 64.0 mm). Our data suggest that by applying peppermint-oil-based emulsions on a cotton support, aromatherapeutic patches, bandages and dressings with antibacterial properties can be obtained.
An operating system is an interface between the computer user,
applications and computer hardware. An operating system provides the
necessary platform to users for using different application programs,
executable programs, system software and utilizing computer hardware
efficiently. Operating systems change the way to use application software,
networking, file sharing, user control, authorization and many more. (Liu &
Liu, 2017) An operating system in a computer manages all the software
installed, applications, processes, memory and hardware. The main purpose of
an operating system is to provide a milieu where the user can interact and
execute the programs in a very easy yet efficient manner. (Liu & Liu, 2017)
Due to the rapid advancement and applications of computational biology and
bioinformatics in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, there has been a
need for the creation of an operating system that suits the requirements of
computational biologists and medical scientists.
The objective of this study was to obtain cellulosic fabric with mosquito-repellent properties and/or fragrance finish by using essential oils from natural plants (cinnamon oil, peppermint oil. Lavender oil, and fragrance oil combination of a variety of plants from woods, flowers, etc.). Oil was encapsulated in silica mesoporous microcapsules, by using the solvent evaporation method. Different solutions were prepared to treat the fabric by them as follows: Natural pecten polymer with each kind of oil in different concentrations (10, 15, 20%) with or without a crosslinker. Natural pectin polymer with encapsulated oil in silica mesoporous for each kind, different concentration was used (10, 15, 20%) with or without crosslinker. Natural chitosan polymer with each kind of oil with or without crosslinker. Natural chitosan polymer with encapsulated oil in silica mesoporous for each kind. The fabric was treated by the pad-dry-cure method. The formed silica mesoporous micro capsuled and the treated fabric were investigated by using different techniques.
Herbs have multifarious role such as food flavorings, preservative and as medicinal ingredient. Various herbs are documented for their therapeutic properties viz., anti-oxidative, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, etc. Some of the important herbs dealt in this review include Ashwagandha, Arjuna, Turmeric, Sage, Cinnamon, Cumin, Garlic, Fenugreek, Peppermint, Basil and Aloe vera. The examples of some spice and herbs containing antioxidants include basil, cinnamon, clove, dill, ginger, mint, oregano, rosemary, saffron, sage, thyme, etc., while herbs showing hypertensive properties include garlic, celery, tea, ajwain, ginger, lavender, basil, radish, sesame, etc. Terminalia Arjuna based sito sterol is considered as one of the best heart tonic for healthy cardiovascular system. Few herbs can help in extending the shelf life of dairy products (especially fermented dairy products) especially through their suppressing effect on fungi and bacteria. Hence, judicious use of herb application in dairy products may result in raising their nutritional and medicinal values and enable development of value-added dairy products. Fortification of herbs in dairy products could help in providing value-added, functional dairy foods at the same time boost the sale of important herbs.
Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs, and its distinct aroma and flavour have attracted the attention of the food and pharmaceutical industries. Mentha piperita is one of the most widely used herbs in the world, with a long history of safe use in medicinal formulations. Its leaf is used to treat anti-carcinogenic, Antispasmodic, Hepato-protective, Anti- edema, Anti-allergy, Antioxidant, Neuropsychiatric, Anti-inflammation, Analgesic as well as a cooling agent, Anti-TB, Antibacterial, anti-tumorigenic, anti-diabetic, Cutaneous Wound Healing, antiurolithic. Polyphenols, which are highly effective antioxidants and less toxic than synthetic ones, are found in this plant. The goal of this review is to show that a variety of chemical compounds and their pharmacological effects have been discovered in Mentha piperita in several studies. This plant has been found to contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, indicating that it is a rich source of phytochemicals that could be used to treat a variety of diseases. This plant shows a promising activity in several field of studies.
The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested for antibacterial activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the disc diffusion method. Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria; patchouli and ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were inhibited by seven oils (aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil was inhibitory to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to > 20 microliters ml-1 for eighteen bacteria and from 0.25 to 10 microliters ml-1 for twelve fungi.
Five aromatic constituents of essential oils (cineole, citral, geraniol, linalool and menthol) were tested for antimicrobial activity against eighteen bacteria (including Gram-positive cocci and rods, and Gram-negative rods) and twelve fungi (three yeast-like and nine filamentous). In terms of antibacterial activity linalool was the most effective and inhibited seventeen bacteria, followed by cineole, geraniol (each of which inhibited sixteen bacteria), menthol and citral aromatic compounds, which inhibited fifteen and fourteen bacteria, respectively. Against fungi the citral and geraniol oils were the most effective (inhibiting all twelve fungi), followed by linalool (inhibiting ten fungi), cineole and menthol (each of which inhibited seven fungi) compounds.
Studies were conducted on the direct actions of counterirritants on the peripheral circulation and the reflex actions on muscular circulation that would refer to skin nerve excitation activated with counterirritants. Blood pressure falling tendencies were observed with menthol, thymol, and methyl salicylate (MS) without any effects on respiration, heart rates, and blood flow in femoral artery and gastrocnemius muscle. Vasodilatation was caused by the direct application of menthol, camphor, and MS in the isolated ear vessels of rabbits, but none of the counterirritants had effects when they were externally applied on the skin of the ear in plaster form. An increase (circa 40%) in gastrocnemius muscle blood flow was induced by the external application of plasters which contained menthol, camphor, or nonylic vanillyl amide (NVA) on the skin of rabbit's hind limb. A slight augmentation was also observed after the application of plasters with MS and without drugs, but these effects disappeared after the hemisection of the dorsal root from Th 13 to S 2. A rise of blood flow in the gastrocnemius muscle elicited by electrical stimulation on the sural nerve of rabbits disappeared almost completely after pretreatment with propranolol (40 μg/kg, i.v.), but atropine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) had no effect. A rise of blood flow in the deep radial muscle elicited by electrical stimulation on the superficial radial nerve remained after the spinal transection at the C 3 level, and at this time, the Aβ and Aδ components were involved in the superficial radial nerve. These results suggest that when plasters containing counterirritants were externally applied on the skin, direct actions of percutaneously absorbed drugs on peripheral circulation are not expected, but a rise of muscle blood flow is thought to be induced by the spinal somato sympathetic reflex that will cause a suppression of tonic activity in the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve or a stimulation of β-adrenoceptors referred to adrenaline released from the adrenal gland.
The use of alternative therapies for the treatment of headaches is on the rise. Reasons for this interest include perceived lack of side effects, as opposed to known and potentially serious side effects of medications, and a more caring attitude of alternative practitioners. Some of these treatments, such as biofeedback and magnesium, already have a sound scientific basis and are in wide use. Others, such as acupuncture, riboflavin, some herbal remedies, and some physical approaches, deserve to be rigorously tested.
Upper airway cooling depresses ventilation in the newborn dog. Since airway cooling stimulates laryngeal cold receptors and inhibits laryngeal mechanoreceptors, the type of afferent ending responsible for this reflex cannot be easily identified. l-menthol, a specific stimulant of cold receptors in the absence of any cooling, has been used to ascertain the discrete role of upper airway cold receptors in this ventilatory depression. Experiments were carried out in 8 anesthetized 7-14-day-old dogs breathing through a tracheostomy with the upper airway functionally isolated. Constant flows of warm air (37 degrees C), with and without addition of l-menthol, and cold air (25 degrees C) were delivered through the upper airway in the expiratory direction. As compared to warm air trials, cold air and warm air + l-menthol trials greatly reduced ventilation (57.5 +/- 10.7% and 52.8 +/- 11.7% of control, respectively; P less than 0.01) mostly due to a prolongation of Te (291.2 +/- 106.4% and 339.2 +/- 90.0%, respectively, P less than 0.01). Section of the superior laryngeal nerve abolished the response to cold air. However, a residual depressive effect of l-menthol was still present in 3 of 5 animals and was abolished by nasal anesthesia, suggesting the involvement of nasal cold receptors. The results suggest that in the newborn dog stimulation of laryngeal cold receptors, without any concurrent inhibition of laryngeal mechanoreceptors, is a sufficient stimulus to cause respiratory depression.
Antibacterial activity of fifteen essential oil components towards food borne Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Enterobacter sp. was studied by an agar plate technique. Cinnamic aldehyde was the most active compound followed by citral, geraniol, eugenol and menthol. At 500 micrograms/ml, cinnamic aldehyde completely inhibited the bacterial growth for more than 30 days at 30 degrees C that was comparable to 200 micrograms/ml of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). At lower temperatures, 25 and 20 degrees C, antibacterial activity of the five essential oil components increased. Addition of sodium chloride at 4% level (w/v) in the medium had no effect on the inhibitory activity of cinnamic aldehyde. In mixtures of cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol or BHA an additive effect was observed.
Cooling of the upper airway, which stimulates specific cold receptors and inhibits laryngeal mechanoreceptors, reduces respiratory activity in unanesthetized humans and anesthetized animals. This study shows that laryngeal cooling affects the pattern of breathing in the guinea pig and assesses the potential role of cold receptors in this response by using a specific stimulant of cold receptors (l-menthol). The response to airflows (30 ml/s, 10-s duration) through the isolated upper airway was studied in 23 anesthetized (urethan, 1 g/kg ip) guinea pigs breathing through a tracheostomy. Respiratory airflow, tidal volume, laryngeal temperature, and esophageal pressure were recorded before the challenges (control), during cold airflows (25 degrees C, 55% relative humidity), and during warm airflows (37 degrees C, saturated) with or without the addition of l-menthol. Whereas warm air trials had no effect, cold air trials, which lowered laryngeal but not nasal temperature, reduced ventilation (VE) to 85% of control, mainly by prolonging expiratory time (TE, 145% of control), an effect abolished by laryngeal anesthesia. Addition of l-menthol to the warm airflow caused a greater reduction in VE (41% of control) by prolonging TE (1,028% of control). Nasal anesthesia markedly reduced the apneogenic effect of l-menthol but did not affect the response to cold air trials. In conclusion, both cooling of the larynx and l-menthol in the laryngeal lumen reduce ventilation. Exposure of the nasal cavity to l-menthol markedly enhances this ventilatory inhibition; considering the stimulatory effect of l-menthol on cold receptors, these results suggest a predominant role of nasal cold receptors in this response.
The activities of menthol and peppermint oil were determined in guinea-pig ileal smooth muscle, in rat and guinea-pig atrial and papillary muscle, in rat brain synaptosomes and in chick retinal neurones by pharmacological 45Ca2+ uptake and radioligand binding assays. Menthol is a major constituent of peppermint oil and is approximately twice as potent as peppermint oil as an inhibitor of K+ depolarization-induced and electrically stimulated responses in ileum and electrically stimulated atrial and papillary muscles. IC50 values in the ileal preparation ranged from 7.7 to 28.1 micrograms ml-1 and in the cardiac preparations from 10.1 to 68.5 micrograms ml-1. Similar potencies were demonstrated against K+ depolarization-induced 45Ca2+ uptake in synaptosomes and against K+ depolarization and Bay K 8644-induced uptake in chick retinal neurons. IC50 values for menthol inhibition of K+ and Bay K 8644 responses in the retinal neurons were 1.1 x 10(-4) M (17.2 micrograms ml-1) and 1.75 x 10(-4) M (26.6 micrograms ml-1), respectively, and for peppermint oil were 20.3 and 41.7 micrograms ml-1 respectively. Both menthol and peppermint oil inhibited specific [3H]nitrendipine and [3H]PN 200-110 binding to smooth and cardiac muscle and neuronal preparations with potencies comparable to, but slightly lower than, those measured in the pharmacological and 45Ca2+ uptake experiments. Binding of menthol and peppermint oil, studied at 78 micrograms ml-1, was competitive against [3H]nitrendipine in both smooth muscle and synaptosome preparations. The data indicate that both menthol and peppermint oil exert Ca2+ channel blocking properties which may underlie their use in irritable bowel syndrome. Ca2+ channel antagonism may not be the only pharmacological effect of menthol and peppermint oil contributing to intestinal smooth muscle relaxation.
Fifty-three essential oils were tested against five micro-organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans) using the agar overlay technique. The essential oils were randomly selected and not on the basis of a supposed activity. It was found that all oils showed an activity against at least one micro-organism, and that substantial activities against P. aeruginosa were scarce. Combined activities against C. albicans, the Gram-positive bacteria and E. coli, and an activity against C. albicans were most often observed. Secondly a combined activity against C. albicans, B. subtilis and S. aureus was found. The differences between the inhibition zones were too small for a differentiation of the antimicrobial activities of the essential oils. A correlation matrix shows the relationships of the micro-organisms as to the activity patterns of the essential oils. High correlations were found for all the micro-organisms, except for P. aeruginosa.
The incidence of respiratory reactions to stimulation of the nasal and propharyngeal mucose was studied in 44 newborn premature infants. The inhalation of menthol fumes or the administration of drops of Mukoseptonex to the nasal mucosa caused transient respiratory arrest or a drop in the respiration rate. The heart rate rose during chemical stimulation of the nasal mucosa, possibly in association with a general arousal reaction. Mechanical stimulation of the nasal mucosal with a nylon fibre elicited an expulsive reaction in 95% of the cases. As distinct from experimental animals, sneezing was not preceded by a deep initial inspiration. Stimulation of the oropharyngeal region produced transient apnoea in 24.5% of the cases, in 18% expiratory reactions reminiscent of the expiration reflex, in 33% independent, intensive inspiratory reactions and in 24.5% cough. Cough from both the oropharyngeal and the laryngeal region had a pronounced inspiratory component. Independent inspiratory reactions may to some extent be co-responsible for the high incidence of aspirations in the neonatal period.
Menthol and related cooling compounds such as 'coolant agent 10', are widely used in products ranging from common cold medications to toothpastes, confectionery, cosmetics and pesticides. The review brings together a range of information on production and chemistry of menthol, and its metabolism, mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology and toxicology. In particular, the coolant action and carminative actions of menthol are discussed in terms of actions on calcium conductance in sensory nerves and smooth muscle. The actions of menthol on the nose, respiratory reflexes, oral cavity, skin and gastrointestinal tract are reviewed.