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ISSN 03621197, Human Physiology,
2015
, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 532–538. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc.,
2015
.
Original Russian Text © M.S. Golovin, N.V. Balioz, R.I. Aizman, S.G. Krivoshchekov, 2015, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2015, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 90–97.
532
The goal of all athletes in training for competitions
is to prolong their optimal psychophysiological condi
tion. The systems functioning in the body of athletes
endure significant strains by the end of competition
seasons [1]; therefore, there is a variety of stimulation
and rehabilitation methods to improve athletic perfor
mance, including the method of audiovisual stimula
tion (AVS) [2–5]. The rhythmic audiovisual stimula
tion is the exposure to the stimuli of different modali
ties (visual and auditory) at the frequencies of brain
biorhythms, which makes it possible to influence the
biological activity of the brain and the functional state
of some systems of the body. AVS is known to affect the
level of cortical activation through the brain modula
tion systems and to shape the induced cortical bioelec
trical activity that determines a human psychophysio
logical state [6–10]. The higher psychic processes are
believed to remain undisturbed by the application of
the AVS method that only creates the conditions to
facilitate the voluntary regulation of psychic functions
and autonomic responses, due to the formation of a
certain level in the brain activity and the optimization
of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex [4]. This
allows the coordination of the regulatory mechanisms
of visceral functions under psychoemotional and
physical loads, as well as to optimize the adaptive and
rehabilitation responses to extreme exposures. There
are data that AVS also acts on the emotional sphere
and is a pathogenic method for the correction of psy
chosomatic disorders [11].
Despite a great number of studies on the effects of
audiovisual stimulation on the human body, there are
not as many studies as necessary on the AVS effects on
the psychophysiological state and the autonomic reg
ulation mechanisms in the field of sports in order to
develop some generally accepted stimulation technol
ogies applicable at different training stages.
In light of the above considerations, the goal of this
research was to study the effects of the audiovisual
stimulation training course on the cognitive, psychoe
motional, and neurodynamic indicators, the power of
the main brain EEG rhythms, and the heart rate vari
ability in athletes engaged in cyclic sports.
METHODS
The participants of the threestage study were
65 trackandfield athletes (of the first and second
sports qualification categories and candidates for the
Effect of Audiovisual Stimulation
on the Psychophysiological Functions in TrackandField Athletes
M. S. Golovin
a
, N. V. Balioz
b
, R. I. Aizman
a
, and S. G. Krivoshchekov
b
,
c
a
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
b
Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
c
National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
email: golovin593@mail.ru
Received March 12, 2015
Abstract
—In 18 to 23yearold athletes specialized in fieldandtrack athletics, the psychophysiological sta
tus (cognitive, psychoemotional, and neurodynamic indicators) and the spectral power of the main EEG
rhythms, and the heart rate variability prior to and after the course of audiovisual stimulation (AVS) training
(the experimental group) were studied as compared with athletes not receiving AVS (the control group). It has
been shown that the AVS training sessions in the experimental group caused improvements to the psychoe
motional (the levels of anxiety and neuroticism decreased, while the motivation to achieve success and the
hardiness level increased), cognitive, and neurodynamic indicators (the volume of mechanical memory and
the speeds of attention switching and simple visualmotor responses increased, while the variation of antici
patory and delayed responses to a moving object became reduced). Increases have also been recorded in the
highfrequency EEG
α
2
subrange rhythm power and the parasympathetic nervous system activity, while the
autonomic regulation contour activity was enhanced, and more efficient heart activity at rest was formed after
the AVS training course in the experimental group compared to the control. This leads to the conclusion
about a positive effect of the AVS training course received by athletes engaged in trackandfield athletics on
their psychophysiological parameters and autonomic regulation mechanisms.
Keywords
: audiovisual stimulation, trackandfield athletes, cognitive and neurodynamic indicators, bioelec
tric activity of the brain, heart rate variability
DOI:
10.1134/S0362119715050047
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Vol. 41
No. 5
2015
EFFECT OF AUDIOVISUAL STIMULATION 533
masters of sports) aged 18–23 years, assigned to the
first health group, engaged in trackandfield athletics
and specialized in middledistance running. The
training sessions were scheduled six times a week. The
running load in different intensity zones was 185 to
225 km per month. The athletes were divided into the
control (
n
= 40) and the experimental (exposed to
AVS ,
n
= 25) groups. The groups were matched with
respect to age and the sports skill level. The study
lasted from January to March of 2014 in both groups.
The audiovisual stimulation was realized using a por
tative NOVA PRO audiovisual stimulator (United
States). The AVS method is based on the delivery of
binaural beats and light flashes at a specified frequency
of the signal. It has been shown that the AVS method
that stimulates the auditory and visual analyzers
affects the frequency of bioelectrical rhythms of the
brain [12, 13]. The training stimulation sessions were
performed with eyesclosed at the 24h intersession
interval. The “moderate relaxation” program was used
at a predominant stimulation frequency of 3–13 Hz
with the duration of 25 min when red light flashes and
double binaural beats were generated, respectively,
through diode eyeglasses and headphones. The
applied AVS program used the following frequencies
during brain stimulation: 13 Hz for the first 2 min with
a subsequent fall to 8 Hz and a slow 7min decrease to
4 Hz, then a gradual shift towards 3 Hz with a subse
quent rising up to 8 Hz. In the end of the session, the
frequency of signals gradually returned to 13 Hz.
At the first stage
(background), the psychophysio
logical state was diagnosed in athletes under the fol
lowing tests [14]: sociopsychological adaptation
according to Osnitsky; assessment of psychic states
according to Eysenck; state and trait anxiety accord
ing to Spielberger–Khanin; the state of aggression
according to Bass–Darky; motivation for success
according to Ehlers and Mehrabian; and stresstoler
ance level; and personality type according to Eysenck.
The following psychophysiological parameters
were assessed, using the integrated athlete health
assessment software (Informregistr certificate
no. 16366) [15]: the capacity of mechanical and imag
inary memory, the speed of simple visualmotor
response (SVMR), the speed of attention switching, as
well as the level of hardiness and life satisfaction. We
used the NSPsychoTest hardware–software complex
(NeuroSoft, Ivanovo, Russia) to perform psychophys
iological and psychological tests and record auto
nomic and emotional responses. The obtained test
results were distributed according to the following
blocks: psychoadaptive, psychoemotional, cognitive,
neurodynamic (Table 1).
EEGs were recorded using a multimodal com
puteraided BOSLAB complex (Novosibirsk, Russia),
using the monopolar
Pz
lead. The earlobe electrode
was used as a reference electrode. The
Pz
site was used
due to the
α
activity characteristics in the parieto
occipital region, which were the most stable and least
variable when repeatedly measured [16–18]. EEGs
were recorded at rest with the eyes closed (2 min) and
in the eyeopening tests (30 s). The electromyogram
was recorded at the occipitofrontalis muscle to control
eye movements. The analysis of electroencephalo
graphic data selected artifactfree EEG epochs, which
were fractioned into 4s segments and subjected to the
fast Fourier transform (
FFT
) in the band of 3–20 Hz,
using the Hann window. The output data were ana
lyzed using the specialized WinEEG software (Mitsar,
St. Petersburg, Russia) developed according to the
accepted signal processing standards and represented
as a table of EEG spectral power with a step of 1 Hz.
We isolated and analyzed the
θ
rhythm (4–7 Hz),
α
rhythm (8–13 Hz),
α
1
rhythm (8–10 Hz),
α
2
rhythm
(11–13 Hz), and
β
rhythm (14–30 Hz) ranges. The
boundaries of the
α
rhythm ranges were established
individually, depending on the frequency of the maxi
mum
α
peak and a decrease in the wave power in
response to eyeopening on the left and right of the
α
peak.
The heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of the
autonomic regulation mechanism, was studied
according to the methodical recommendations devel
oped by a group of European and American experts
[19]. The electrocardiographic signal was recorded in
a supine position (for 5 min) in standard lead II with a
VNSMicro hardwaresoftware complex for investi
gating the autonomic nervous system (NeuroSoft,
Russia). The stress index (SI), 30–90 arbitrary units
(arb. units), was taken as the main criterion for the
express assessment of the predominant type of auto
nomic regulation [20].
At the second stage
, the audiovisual stimulation
(AVS) training course was conducted in the experi
mental group; it included 20–22 sessions performed at
24h intervals.
At the third stage
(after the completion of the AVS
training course), we assessed the AVS effects on the
psychoemotional and neurodynamic parameters, as
well as the personal adaptive potential characteristics
and specific changes of the EEG and HRV parameters
in the experimental group against the control (without
AVS training).
The results were treated by the generally accepted
mathematical statistical methods, using Student’s test
for the case of parametric samples and the Wilcoxon–
Mann–Whitney nonparametric criterion for variables
that were not normally distributed, and considered
statistically significant at
p
≤
0.05
. This program of
studies was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (NSPU) as
part of planned studies of the Physiology of Ontogen
esis ScientificEducational Center (SEC) and by the
Ethics Committee of the Research Institute of Physi
ology and Fundamental Medicine (RIPFM). All sub
jects gave their informed consent to participate in the
investigations performed in conformity with the Dec
laration of Helsinki (1964).
534
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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No. 5
2015
GOLOVIN et al.
RESULTS
Psychoadaptive block.
The athletes of the studied
groups did not differ in psychoemotional indicators at
the start of the experiment. The dynamics of the inves
tigations (January–March) in the control group dem
onstrated a decrease in the indicators, such as the
external control, the motivation to achieve success,
and the level of hardiness, along with a simultaneous
increase in the indicator for internal control. We
believe that these changes in the control group were
caused by a growing pressure of training and competi
tive loads on the psychic and physiological reserves in
athletes from the beginning of the winter season to its
end (Table 1).
The results of the sociopsychological adaptation
assessment after the completion of the AVS training
course in the experimental group showed a weaken
ing in the internal control against its baseline level
(Table 1), whereas some personal adaptive parame
ters, such as hardiness and the motivation to achieve
success, did not change significantly.
Comparison of psychoadaptive intergroup parame
ters showed that the group taking the AVS training
course had considerably higher indicators of hardiness
(
р
< 0.05) and motivation to achieve success (
р
< 0.05),
which indicated more successful resistance to stress, a
decrease in the internal tension, and a higher adaptive
potential compared to the control (Table 1).
Psychoemotional block.
No significant differences
have been observed in the interseasonal indicators in
the dynamics of the investigations (January–March)
in the control group. The selfassessment of psychic
states (the Eysenck test) after the AVS training course
Table 1.
Changes in the psychophysiological status of athletes control and experimental (AVS) groups (
M
±
m
)
Block Indicator
Control group AVS group
January March before
training after
training
Psychoadaptive
block, points
Adaptation 75 ± 1.6 75.1 ± 2.1 71.5 ± 3.1 71.1 ± 3.1
Internal control 57.6 ± 1.0 60.1 ± 0.8* 58.6 ± 1.6 55.2 ± 1.6*
#
External control 14 ± 1.4 10.7 ± 1.6* 12.6 ± 2.2 12.6 ± 2.2
Motivation to achieve success 142 ± 2.7 135 ± 2.5 * 152 ± 4.6 149 ± 4.6
#
Hardiness 132 ± 4.7 120 ± 6.1* 127 ± 6.1 133 ± 6.0
#
Psychoemotional
block, points
State anxiety 19.2 ± 1.6 19.8 ± 1.8 23.5 ± 1.8 18.3 ± 1.8*
Trait anxiety 32.2 ± 1.5 33.2 ± 1.6 34.1 ± 1.4 35 ± 1.3
Frustration 5.7 ± 0.5 5.5 ± 8.0 5.1 ± 0.7 3.4 ± 0.7*
#
Stressresistance 34.2 ± 1.0 34.3 ± 1.6 33.4 ± 1.5 34.8 ± 1.6
Neuroticism 11 ± 0.9 12 ± 1.2 9.5 ± 0.8 9.6 ± 0.9
#
Physical aggression 4.2 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 0.4 4 ± 0.5
Indirect aggression 3.9 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.4 4 ± 0.4 4.4 ± 0.4
Irritation 3.1 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.4 3.7 ± 0.5
Negativism 1.7 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3
Verbal aggression 6.1 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 0.4 6.1 ± 0.3 7.1 ± 0.3*
#
Cognitive block,
points
Volume of mechanical memory, points 5.8 ± 0.3 6.7 ± 0.2* 5.9 ± 0.4 7.5 ± 0.4**
#
Volume of imaginative memory, points 8.5 ± 0.2 8.2 ± 0.3 8.6 ± 0.2 8.5 ± 0.2
Speed of attention switching, s 48.5 ± 1.9 46.1 ± 3.2 49.3 ± 3.9 38.7 ± 3.9**
#
Neurodynamic block,
points
Simple visual motor response (SVMR), ms 182 ± 4.4 178 ± 3.4 183 ± 3.5 163 ± 3.5*
#
Reaction to a moving object (RMO)
of coincidence, points 1.3 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.2**
#
Range of variability in the time
of anticipation and delay (RMO) 353 ± 22 352 ± 20 322 ± 18 173 ± 18*
Significance of differences between the January and March indicators in individual groups: *
p
< 0.05, **
p
< 0.01. Significance of differences
between groups in March:
#
p
< 0.05.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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EFFECT OF AUDIOVISUAL STIMULATION 535
(hereinafter, the AVS group) in the experimental group
has revealed a decrease in the level of state anxiety (
р
<
0.05) and frustration (
p
< 0.05). We specially mention
that the level of verbal aggression grows in the AVS
group (
р
< 0.05) (other forms of aggression manifesta
tion did not change significantly). The possible causes
of this effect will be discussed below. Thus, after the
completion of the experiment we found a certain
number of intergroup differences in some psychoemo
tional indicators, which play an important role in the
athletic practice during the precompetition training,
competition, and subsequent rehabilitation periods.
Cognitive block.
The analysis of cognitive parame
ters in the AVS group revealed positive effects of this
training course, such as an increased volume of
mechanical memory (
р
< 0.01) and faster attention
switching (
р
< 0.01). In contrast, there were no
changes in the volume of imaginative memory and the
speed of attention switching in the control group of
athletes (Table 1), although an increased volume of
mechanical memory was also observed by the end of
the experiment. Thus, the conducted study has shown
more expressed improvements in the cognitive func
tions in the AVS group, compared to the control.
Neurodynamic block.
As a result of training ses
sions, according to the tests of SVMR and a reaction
to a moving object (RMO) in the AVS group, changes
have been found in the balance between the excitation
and inhibition processes in the cerebral hemispheres,
which was expressed in an increased number of coin
cidences in the RMO (
р
< 0.05), as well as in a signifi
cant reduction in the range of fluctuations between the
time of anticipatory and delayed responses and the
SVMR time (
р
< 0.05). No significant differences have
been found in the interseasonal indicators in the con
trol group.
Analysis of the brain bioelectrical activity
(Table 2)
has shown significant changes in the individual
α
rhythm subranges: increases in the power of the
highfrequency
α
2
rhythm in the AVS group (
р
<
0.05). No changes have been found in the control
group. No significant changes relative to the back
ground measurements took place in the characteristics
of the
β
rhythm and
θ
rhythm powers by the end of
the experiment in either group. Thus, we can conclude
that the AVS training course changed some EEG
pa rameters of the brain and this manifested itself in the
increase in the power of
α
waves corresponded to the
frequencies used in the AVS sessions.
Heart rate variability.
It has been established that,
after the AVS sessions, the sympathetic regulation
effects and the contribution of the central levels of con
trol to the regulation of HR decreased in athletes (mode
amplitude, AMo%; and stress index, SI) (Table 3). We
observed the effect of parasympathetic regulation and
the enhancement of the autonomous regulatory con
tour (standard deviation of NN intervals, SDNN; root
mean square of successive differences, RMSSD; and
variation range). AVS also contributed to greater effect
of respiratory waves on the heart rate, forming a more
economical work of the heart. No such changes have
been observed in the control group.
DISCUSSION
The results of the study have shown that the AVS
effect creates marked changes in the cognitive, psycho
emotional and neurodynamic spheres of athletes,
which help optimize the activity of the functional sys
tems participating in the formation of an athlete’s peak
condition [21–23].
First of all, one of the positive effects is that the
application of AVS reduces the state of tension and
anxiety, thus improving a general psychoemotional
condition of athletes. This is confirmed by the ques
tionnaire data that reflect the found differences
between the indicators of anxiety, frustration, and
neuroticism in the experimental and control groups.
In general, the obtained differences indicate an
increase in the level of emotional stability, better feel
ing of quietness and balance after the AVS training ses
sions. The AVS sessions also helped to extend the per
sonal adaptive potential, which was expressed in
increased values of the indicators characterizing har
diness and motivation to achieve success. At the same
time, the balance between the excitation and inhibi
tion processes was disturbed by the end of the winter
training season in the athletes of the control group, the
motivation to achieve success and the level of hardi
ness were falling, which can be explained by a growing
tiredness and exhaustion as a result of study and train
ing loads by the end of the winter season. The fact that
training and competitive loads cause substantial psy
choemotional changes in athletes has been mentioned
by some authors [24, 25]. Our results also agree with
Table 2.
Dynamics of the EEG
α
rhythm power indicators in athletes of the control and experimental (AVS) groups (
M
±
m
)
Power indicators
for main rhythms
Control group AVS group
January March before training (January) after training (March)
α
1
,
μ
V
2
17.8 ± 1.5 20.9 ± 2.5 14.8 ± 1.4 16.4 ± 1.7
α
2
,
μ
V
2
25.4 ± 3.8 22.9 ± 3.2 26.7 ± 3.3 34.0 ± 3.5*
Significance of differences between the January and March indicators in individual groups: *
p
< 0.05.
536
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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GOLOVIN et al.
the data that the AVS training sessions can alter the
parameters of actual selfassessment and lower the
level of trait anxiety [9, 11, 12]. We should also add
that, according to the literature data, an improvement
in the psychoemotional condition after the AVS train
ing course is correlated closely with the strengthening
of the immune status [26].
The observed growth of the values of the “verbal
aggression” indicator in the experimental group
causes interest, and this can be considered from two
viewpoints. On the one hand, verbal aggression is
treated in psychology as a negative sign that reflects a
general growth of aggression in the contemporary
society, especially, among the youth, but on the other
hand, as Il’in notes [1], the sportrelated aggression is
an aggressive behavior regulated by sports rules, which
is a necessary precondition for success in a competitive
activity. We believe that the increased indicator of ver
bal aggression in the experimental group in our case
reflects a general precondition for more successful
performance of athletes and can be regarded in this
context as an adaptive sign.
Of interest are the results on the AVS effect on
changes in individual bioelectrical activity parame
ters, in particular, the
α
rhythm power. It is known
that the
α
rhythm is given an important functional
significance in the processes of attention, memory,
emotions and motivation [23, 27–31], successfulness
in cognitive performance [30, 32–34] and optimal
functioning [35–39], i.e., the parameters whose
improvement took place after the AVS course. An
increased
α
2
rhythm power is observed in the AVS
group in the eyeopening test in March, compared to
January, whereas this parameter tended to decrease in
the control group. It is not excluded that, on the one
hand, the obtained intergroup differences could be
explained by the impossibility to show an increase in
the
α
activity with eyesclosed by the control group’s
subjects, due to tiredness and increased psychoemo
tional tension by the end of the winter training season.
On the contrary, the enhanced power of waves in the
individual highfrequency
α
2
range after AVS can be
an indicator of decreased general tension and
improved functional state of the central nervous sys
tem, which is accompanied by a growth of the regula
tion efficiency of cognitive processes, increasing the
volume of mechanical memory and the speed of atten
tion switching and improving the simple visuomotor
response indicators in the AVS group of athletes.
The changes in the HRV indicators observed after
the AVS training course, which reflected the enhanced
parasympathetic effects and the increased activity of
the autonomic regulatory contour over the central
mechanisms, corresponded to the general hypothesis
of an AVSgenerated relaxing effect. This effect can be
used in training courses for recovery after hard training
and precompetition sessions. In contrast to the data
obtained in the AVS group, the cumulative activity of
neurohumoral influences and the contribution of res
piratory waves to the variability formation significantly
decreased in the control group, which can be
explained by the exhaustion of the parasympathetic
regulation reserves during training sessions in the end
of the training season. The values of the vagosympa
thetic balance and centralization index indicators can
point in the control group at an increased tension in
the regulatory systems.
On the basis of our studies, we can suggest that both
an excessive activation of brain structures due to stress,
anxiety, and aggression and an insufficient activation
Table 3.
Heart rate variability in the athletes of the control and experimental (AVS) group (
M
±
m
)
Methods Indicator
Control group AVS group
January March before training
(January) after training
(March)
Temporal analysis SDNN, ms 62.9 ± 3.1 52 ± 3.2* 62.4 ± 3.8 71 ± 5.2
RMSSD, ms 54.1 ± 4.4 40.8 ± 3.1* 53 ± 4.7 73 ± 7.4*
Spectral analysis Total power (TP), ms
2
4169 ± 350 2993 ± 315* 3620 ± 311 5919 ± 653*
Very low
frequency
(VLF), ms
2
1377 ± 165 1142 ± 202 1601 ± 289 1774 ± 308
LF, ms
2
1215 ± 145 1310 ± 232 1272 ± 219 1428 ± 270*
HF, ms
2
1516 ± 223 967 ± 182* 1329 ± 213 2297 ± 340*
Va r i a t io n
pulsometry Mo, s 1.00 ± 0.02 0.99 ± 0.03 0.96 ± 0.04 1.00 ± 0.03
AMo, % 32.8 ± 1.62 40.3 ± 2.2* 32.7 ± 1.8 26.2 ± 1.2*
RT, s 0.33 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.02* 0.32 ± 0.02 0.41 ± 0.02*
SI, arb. units 54.6 ± 4.7 75.1 ± 11.8 53.7 ± 8.8 39.4 ± 5.8
Mo, mode; AMo, mode amplitude; RT, response time; SI, stress index. Significance of differences between the January and March in
dicators in individual groups: *
p
< 0.05, **
p
< 0.01. Significance of differences between groups in March:
#
p
< 0.05.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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EFFECT OF AUDIOVISUAL STIMULATION 537
due to the development of tiredness and the absence of
motivation to acquire new skills and mobilize the
maximum of adaptation reserves in the body of ath
letes reflect their nonoptimal functional condition
[40]. The level of psychoemotional condition has a sig
nificant effect on the functional level of the systems
ensuring the autonomic supply under psychophysical
loads, primarily, the mechanisms of cardiovascular
regulation. The audiovisual stimulation helps to
ensure the psychophysiological adequacy of the
response to the total set of specific factors met in sports
activity, upgrade the effectiveness of professional
activity, and eliminate with extra loads on the systems
of autonomic supply.
CONCLUSIONS
A significant number of intergroup differences in
the psychoadaptive and psychoemotional indicators
(anxiety, internal control, the level of psychopathiza
tion or frustration, neuroticism, the motivation to
achieve success, and hardiness) have been observed
after an AVS training course. The experimental AVS
group demonstrated improvements in cognitive and
neurodynamic indicators (the volume of mechanical
memory, the speed of attention focus switching, and
the balance between nervous processes and the speed
of a simple visuomotor response) compared to the
control. The AVS training course increased the power
of EEG
α
2
highfrequency subrange, which did not
occur in the control group. The AVS increased the
parasympathetic activity in the autonomic regulation
of the heart, enhanced the effect of the autonomous
regulatory contour, increased the effect of respiratory
waves on the heart rate, and shaped more efficient
work of the heart. Thus, the AVS training sessions can
be considered in the practice of sports as a way of pro
ducing a psychophysiological effect on athletes for
their more successful rehabilitation after loads, better
adaptation to quickly changing conditions during
sports sessions and precompetition training.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was performed under a state contract for
provision of services (project code 3111).
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Translated by N. Tarasyuk
