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Distribución de tensiones en fachadas de azulejos sujetas a dilataciones térmicas

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Tiles have been widely used in building facades due to important qualities such as little maintenance needed and high performance under aggressive environmental conditions, but tiles also present some limitations. One among them is that tile glaze brakes after collocation, usually due to the high temperature range facades undergo. The present work studies the stresses that take place in a tile facade when is submitted to high temperature variation. Special emphasis in the analysis is taken on the outer system elements. The problem is represented by means of a numerical solution using the Finite Element Analysis. Two different geometrical shapes commonly found have been modeled, a square tile with straight border and square tiles with a beveled edge. Los azulejos son ampliamente utilizados como revestimiento de fachadas en las edificaciones ya que poseen cualidades importantes como pueden ser su reducida necesidad de mantenimiento periódico y su alta resistencia a condiciones ambientales agresivas, pero también presentan diversas limitaciones. La patología más común y que más problemas genera en una fachada de azulejos es la rotura del vidriado. En muchos casos el problema tiene su origen en las fuertes variaciones de la temperatura exterior a las que se ven sometidas las fachadas. En el presente trabajo se estudian las tensiones en los elementos más exteriores de una fachada, revestida con piezas cerámicas vidriadas sometidas a una dilatación térmica, mediante un modelo de elementos finitos que permite calcular y representar la distribución de tensiones que se generan, a la vez que se identifican las zonas que alcanzan los niveles de esfuerzo más altos. Se han modelado dos geometrías encontradas en la cerámica moderna y tradicional para comprobar como estas últimas abordan el problema de concentración de tensiones mediante soluciones sencillas que pueden ser fácilmente reproducibles en la actualidad.
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