Article

Marché du travail et législation sociale dans la pensée de Léon Walras

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Abstract

"Les questions du marché du travail, des conflits sociaux, de la législation sociale ont profondément préoccupé Léon Walras durant toute sa carrière. Il a mené à ce sujet des controverses nourries avec les économistes et avec les socialistes de son temps et il a fait évoluer notablement son point de vue au fil du temps. Cet article examine le point de vue de Walras sur le fonctionnement du marché du travail, le rôle souhaitable de l'État pour mieux l'organiser et ses idées relatives à la législation ouvrière et aux assurances sociales."

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This innovative history of welfare economics challenges the view that welfare economics can be discussed without taking ethical values into account. Whatever their theoretical commitments, when economists have considered practical problems relating to public policy, they have adopted a wider range of ethical values, whether equality, justice, freedom, or democracy. Even canonical authors in the history of welfare economics are shown to have adopted ethical positions different from those with which they are commonly associated. Welfare Theory, Public Action, and Ethical Values explores the reasons and implications of this, drawing on concepts of welfarism and non-welfarism developed in modern welfare economics. The authors exemplify how economic theory, public affairs and political philosophy interact, challenging the status quo in order to push economists and historians to reconsider the nature and meaning of welfare economics.
Article
What is the purpose of economic science? Is it about discovering general laws of economic behaviour? Is it about policy-making? And how do those objectives tie in with political views and normative preferences? In 1882–1883 a debate about the existence of economic laws arose between the French Liberal School and Émile de Laveleye, who had just published his Éléments d’économie politique. The debate concerned the form and meaning of economic science and it was bound up with the political views of both sides. A third party to this debate, Léon Walras, was having great difficulty in finding institutional and political support. Although he was closer to the French Liberals in terms of method, he was more inclined to Laveleye’s views concerning the purpose of political economy and in his political outlook. Based on unpublished letters, we will trace the imbroglio between method and purpose of political economy in the triangle formed by Émile de Laveleye, Léon Walras and the “orthodox” French Liberal School.
Article
This article aims at clarifying how Léon Walras (1834-1910) tackled the labor problem (or “la question sociale”, i.e., the social issue), by focusing on his concept of labor market in his pure, applied and social economics. According to theoretical interpretations, Walras, who founded the general equilibrium theory, laid the groundwork for the neoclassical wage theory. Indeed, Walras was opposed to workers’ strikes for higher pay and to the minimum wage system. However, this does not mean he was optimistic about workers’ conditions in his day or believed only market mechanisms might improve them. In fact, he remained strongly determined to solve worker poverty based on his concept of pure economics (general equilibrium theory) all his life. In this paper, emphasis is placed on his idea of the entrepreneur not only in his Pure, Social, and Applied Economics but also in his other writings. It offers a key to clarify Walras’ special understanding of the capital-labor relationship, which is completely different from that of Karl Marx. In conclusion, this paper evaluates the validity of the economic system that Walras imagined based on his thinking about the labor market, where he believed fairness and efficiency might coexist.
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