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Eco-Friendly Production of Paper Products
Abstract and Figures
As we know that paper is more than an industrial and commercial commodity. This
production of the handmade paper can be categorized into an cost effective, eco- friendly, profitable,
energy and resource saving technique. This process of making paper involves the operations of
pulping, web formation, sheet pressing and the moisture removal which finally undergoes finishing
with coloring agents and calendaring. The chemicals in this process are very few namely Sodium
Hydroxide, Starch, Rosin alum. So, it causes very little amounts of pollution. Thus it leads us to an
eco-friendly society. This was the most required thing for us now. As these handmade paper industries
are the small scale industries it includes less investment with a good amounts of profits. Some of the
problems faced by the large scale paper mills are overcome by methods like: Raw materials- Here in
these processes of making paper the raw materials used are mostly the textile waste, Gunnies, Banana
stem which are abundantly available to us; Chemical requirement- very few chemicals are used in the
small scale handmade paper mills as already discussed above. So, high capital investment to buy these
chemicals is not needed; Plant and Equipment- The machinery required in these paper mills are very
less except for Beating and compressing. So, the capital investment on the machinery is also less. It
does occupy very less space and also saves plant area.
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... To produce high-grade paper cups, the lignin content, which is an undesirable polymer in paper making, should be as low as possible [23]. Its removal during pulping requires high amounts of chemicals and energy [24]. ...
... This is because the hemp fibers were grinded, thereby shortening the length. Since short fibers are weaker than long fibers [23,[28][29][30], the hemp fibers in the mix ratio 80:20 could not bind properly. There were also more voids in between the fibers since less finer pineapple fibers were present to interlock with the hemp fibers. ...
While past studies have been carried out to form eco-friendly disposable tableware using non-wood biomass, there is no present groundwork so far where fruit peels waste composited with Mauritian hemp (Furcraea foetida) has been used for such purpose, which is novel to this research work. This study therefore assesses whether the production of 100% biodegradable disposable paper cups with acceptable strength properties using pineapple (Ananas comosus) peels, orange (Citrus sinensis) peels and Mauritian hemp as feedstock is feasible. Soda pulping followed by vacuum molding was done to produce hemp:pineapple peels and hemp:orange peels composite paper cups in different ratios. The cups were tested using relevant standards in terms of appearance and structure, burst strength, tensile strength, weight load, water leakage and biodegradability to find the optimum cup composition by comparing with a suitable control. All cups were visually conformant in terms of color and base stability. The 40:60 hemp–pineapple peels composite cup had characteristics closest to the control, with no cracks and variation rate of weight load, average thickness of 1.42 mm and burst and tensile indexes of 0.25 kPa m2/g and 3.30 Nm/g, respectively. Beeswax coating thickness of 0.70 mm on the optimum cup was adequate to retain cold water for 30 min (minimum) without any leakage. The cup also biodegraded completely in both active soil and damp sand environments within 5 and 6 weeks, respectively. Results therefore reveal that fiber extraction from fruit peel wastes and hemp leaves to produce eco-friendly, biodegradable disposable paper cups is viable.
Conventional papermaking through paper mills is one of the most polluting industries of the world, and it also contributes toward deforestation and global warming concerns, but handmade papermaking is the tree-free and ecofriendly option. Handmade papermaking neither utilizes the forest-based raw materials nor does it use the toxic, harmful chemicals. Rather, the handmade paper industry utilizes the waste of textile industry/tailor cuttings as the principal raw material and the waste lignocellulosic materials (viz., straws/leaf fiber/bast fibers, etc.) as alternative raw materials besides recycling the waste papers. Handmade paper is therefore a green and clean option in the truest sense of its meaning. Handmade paper is actually the sheet of paper produced by hand in contrast to the mechanically produced paper in conventional paper mills. The process of making handmade paper uses minimum machinery and equipment, and it is very simple to understand, learn, and adopt. It is a drive towards mass employment and an important tool of women empowerment. Thus, handmade paper industry is a green and sustainable enterprise.Although handmade papermaking is very relevant and significant in today’s context, yet the industry faces numerous challenges in actually realizing the huge potentials involved. The present chapter investigates various aspects of ecofriendly handmade paper production with coverage of the challenges faced by the industry and the various measures that can be adopted to address those challenges. The huge potential involved with the various biotechnological applications for handmade paper industry has also been explained with special mention.KeywordsBiotechnological applicationsChallengesCleaner production techniquesCotton ragsMachine made and handmade paperNatural fiber and sustainable enterprise
The aim of this work was to evaluate if the addition of cellulose microfibers (CmF) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) would improve the mechanical properties of a commercial dental glass ionomer cement (GIC). Different amounts of CmF and CNC were previously prepared and then added to reinforce the GIC matrix while it was being manipulated. Test specimens with various concentrations of CmF or CNC in their total masses were fabricated and submitted to mechanical tests (to evaluate their compressive and diametral tensile strength, modulus, surface microhardness and wear resistance) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The incorporation of CmF in the GIC matrix did not greatly improve the mechanical properties of GIC. However, the addition of a small amount of CNC in the GIC led to significant improvements in all of the mechanical properties evaluated: compressive strength (increased up to 110% compared with the control group), elastic modulus increased by 161%, diametral tensile strength increased by 53%, and the mass loss decreased from 10.95 to 3.87%. Because the composites presented a considerable increase in mechanical properties, the modification of the conventional GIC with CNC can represent a new and promising dental restorative material.
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