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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013-2014
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION
GALAPAGOS VERDE 2050: AN OPPORTUNITY TO RESTORE
DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE IN THE ARCHIPELAGO
PATRICIA JARAMILLO, SWEN LORENZ, GABRIELA ORTIZ, PABLO CUEVA, ESTALIN
JIMÉNEZ, JAIME ORTIZ, DANNY RUEDA, MAX FREIRE, JAMES GIBBS AND
WASHINGTON TAPIA
How to cite this article:
Jaramillo P, S Lorenz, G Ortiz, P Cueva, E Jiménez, J Ortiz, D Rueda, M Freire, J Gibbs and W
Tapia. 2015. Galapagos Verde 2050: An opportunity to restore degraded ecosystems and promote
sustainable agriculture in the Archipelago. Pp. 133-143. In: Galapagos Report 2013-2014. GNPD,
GCREG, CDF and GC. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador.
Sources must be cited in all cases. Sections of the publication may be translated and reproduced
without permission as long as the source is cited.
The authors of each article are responsible for the contents and opinions expressed.
The Galapagos National Park Directorate has its headquarters in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island,
Galapagos and is the Ecuadorian governmental institution responsible for the administration and
management of the protected areas of Galapagos.
The Governing Council of Galapagos has its headquarters in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San
Cristóbal Island, and is the Ecuadorian governmental institution responsible for planning and the
administration of the province.
The Charles Darwin Foundation, an international non-profit organization registered in Belgium,
operates the Charles Darwin Research Station in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos.
Galapagos Conservancy, based in Fairfax, Virginia USA, is the only US non-profit organization
focused exclusively on the long-term protection of the Galapagos Archipelago.
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Galapagos Verde 2050:
An opportunity to restore degraded
ecosystems and promote sustainable
agriculture in the Archipelago
Patricia Jaramillo1, Swen Lorenz1, Gabriela Ortiz1, Pablo Cueva1,
Estalin Jiménez1, Jaime Ortiz1, Danny Rueda2, Max Freire3,
James Gibbs4 and Washington Tapia5
1Charles Darwin Foundation, 2Galapagos National Park Directorate, 3Decentralized
Autonomous Government of Floreana, 4State University of New York College of
Environmental Science and Forestry, 5Galapagos Conservancy
Photo: © Galápagos Verde 2050
Invasive species constitute the greatest threat to terrestrial biodiversity in
Galapagos (Gardener et al., 2010a, 2010b). Currently, there are about 900 species
of introduced plants of which at least 131 are already invading natural areas of the
Archipelago (Guezou & Trueman, 2009; Jaramillo et al., 2013). The humid zones of
inhabited islands have the most degraded ecosystems, largely due to invasive
species and agriculture (Gardener et al., 2010a; Renteria & Buddenhagen, 2006).
Conservation and/or restoration of the integrity and resilience of ecosystems
represent the most eective strategies for ensuring that Galapagos ecosystems
continue to generate environmental services for society (DPNG, 2014). The
Galapagos Verde 2050 project, a model of applied science on a regional scale,
was designed with these conceptual principles in mind. It seeks to transform an
altered socioecological system into a healthy and functional system.
Galapagos Verde 2050 is a multi-institutional, interdisciplinary initiative that
seeks to contribute to the sustainability of the Archipelago through ecological
restoration and sustainable agriculture, while providing an example of eective
sustainable development for the rest of the world (Jaramillo et al., 2014). The
objectives of the project are:
1. Contribute to the restoration of degraded ecosystems in order to restore
and/or maintain their capacity to generate services for humans;
2. Control and/or eradicate invasive introduced species in areas of high
ecological value;
3. Accelerate the recovery process for native and endemic plant species that
have slow natural growth;
4. Reduce the risk of introduction of exotic species through sustainable
agriculture, which would also contribute to local self-suciency;
5. Contribute to economic growth through year-round sustainable agriculture.
All project objectives contribute to the well-being of the human population
of Galapagos and their natural environment and are thus aligned with the
Management Plan of the Protected Areas of Galapagos (DPNG, 2014) and the
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
National Plan of Good Living (SENPLADES, 2013); as well as
with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
A new technology for water conservation and to
enhance plant growth
The Groasis Technology (GT) waterboxx, invented by Mr.
Pieter Ho of the Netherlands and designed by Groasis, is
an innovative tool to optimize water use in propagating
and cultivating plants (Figure 1). It reduces normal
water consumption by 90%, a much greater reduction
that seen in other techniques such as drip irrigation. It
has been used successfully in more than 30 countries
around the world, primarily in arid and desert areas,
such as the Sahara Desert (Ho, 2013). GT has proven
eective in increasing survival of seedlings in a variety of
environments, including highly eroded land.
The GT waterboxx is designed to provide a permanent
supply of water to plant roots through a wick, allowing the
roots to grow deeper and more vertically, which ensures
the vitality of the plants even after the box is removed. Its
use in Galapagos can contribute to restoring ecosystems
through the recovery of emblematic native and endemic
plant species and to establishing year-round sustainable
agriculture.
This article describes the results of a pilot project to test
the functionality of GT in Galapagos. These ndings
were used to develop Galapagos Verde 2050, which
from 2014 to 2050 will contribute to the conservation
of vulnerable ecosystems, primarily in the humid zones
(DPNG, 2014; Jager et al., 2007; Renteria et al., 2006; Trusty
et al., 2012; Tye et al., 2001; Jaramillo et al., 2014) and to
the development of sustainable agriculture. Sustainable
agriculture in Galapagos can help to reduce imports of
plant products from mainland Ecuador, thus reducing
the threat of introduction of invasive species (FEIG, 2007;
Martinez & Causton, 2007; Trueman et al., 2010; Trueman
& d’Ozouville, 2010). Sustainable agriculture also
contributes to food security for the human population,
which is a stated goal of the National Plan for Good Living
(SENPLADES, 2013).
Methods
The pilot project was based on an agreement between
the Fundación Fuente de Vida (FFV) of Ecuador,
representing Groasis (a Dutch company), and the Charles
Darwin Foundation (CDF), and close collaboration with
the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD). The
project also involved the Decentralized Autonomous
Government of Floreana, the Provincial Directorate of
the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture, and
Fisheries (MAGAP – Spanish acronym), the Galapagos
Ecological Airport (ECOGAL – Spanish acronym), and the
port captaincy of Puerto Ayora.
Ecological restoration
GT was used for restoration work on Floreana, Baltra,
and Santa Cruz. In Floreana 300 waterboxxes were used
at a model farm located in the humid zone. In Baltra
19 waterboxxes were located in a highly degraded
area located in the abandoned garbage dump to grow
six native and endemic species. In Santa Cruz, ve
waterboxxes were used with three endemic species in a
small area at Los Gemelos, a visitor site in the highlands. In
addition, invasive introduced plants were eliminated from
the facilities of the Puerto Ayora port captaincy and were
replaced with endemic species using GT to promote the
use of native and endemic plants in urban areas. Several
waterboxxes with endemic plants were also located
within the premises of the GNPD and CDF to showcase
the technology.
Figure 1. Structure and model of the Groasis Technology, from a vertical cut (taken from www.groasis.com/es).
A wick on the inside of the tank provides 50 cm3
of water to the soil daily.
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Sustainable agriculture
Experiments in sustainable agriculture were carried out
on Floreana and Santa Cruz, with community support.
Waterboxxes were used in 21 family vegetable gardens
(18 on Floreana and three on Santa Cruz) in both the
humid and the arid zones. At the Safari Camp resort
in Santa Cruz, this technology was tested with cacao,
tomato, and cucumber plants.
Plant species used
The pilot project involved 52 species (native, endemic,
introduced, and cultivated plants) of which 60% were
intended for ecological restoration and 40% for sustainable
agriculture in vegetable gardens and farms (Table 1). The
selection of species for ecological restoration was based
on the IUCN Red List (Jaramillo et al., 2013), focusing
primarily on emblematic and threatened species from
each island. In the case of sustainable agriculture, most
species were fruit trees. Several ornamental and endemic
species were also tested at the request of community
members in Floreana.
The species selected for both ecological restoration and
sustainable agriculture were distributed in eight dierent
substrate types and four vegetation zones (Table 2). For
each species, two controls (no GT) were established. Due
to the extreme shortage of water in Floreana and Baltra,
the amount of water used for the operation of the boxes
was decreased to 70% and 50% of the normal volume of
water required.
Table 1. Classication of the species used in the pilot project on the three islands.
Island Objective Family Species Common name Origin*
Baltra Ecological
restoration
Mimosaceae Acacia macracantha Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd. Acacia N
Burseraceae Bursera malacophylla B.L. Rob. Incense tree E
Simaroubaceae Castela galapageia Hook. f. Castela E
Cactaceae Opuntia echios var. echios Howell Prickly pear cactus E
Caesalpinaceae Parkinsonia aculeata L. Jerusalem thorn N
Asteraceae Scalesia crockeri Howell Crocker’s scalesia E
Santa Cruz
Ecological
restoration
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera echinocephala
(Hook. f.) Christoph.
Spiny-headed
cha ower N
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera lifolia
(Hook. f.) Howell
Thread-leafed
cha ower N
Verbenaceae Clerodendrum molle Kunth Glorybower N
Combretaceae Conocarpus erectus L. Button mangrove N
Malvaceae Gossypium darwinii G. Watt Darwin’s cotton E
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Beach
morning-glory N
Celastraceae Maytenus octogona (L'Hér.) DC. Maytenus N
Melastomata-
ceae Miconia robinsoniana Cogn. Galapagos miconia E
Cactaceae Opuntia echios var. gigantea
Howell Prickly pear cactus E
Fabaceae Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. Piscidia N
Rubiaceae Psychotria rupes Hook. f. White wild coee N
Asteraceae Scalesia anis Hook. f. Radiate-headed
scalesia E
Asteraceae Scalesia helleri ssp. santacruziana
Harling Heller’s scalesia E
Asteraceae Scalesia pedunculata Hook. f. Tree scalesia E
Sustainable
agriculture
Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L. Cucumber C
Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum L. Tomato C
Sterculiaceae Theobroma cacao L. Cacao C
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Floreana
Ecological
restoration
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera lifolia
(Hook. f.) Howell
Thread-leafed cha
ower N
Burseraceae Bursera graveolens (Kunth)
Triana & Planch. Incense tree E
Verbenaceae Clerodendrum molle Kunth Glorybower N
Boraginaceae Cordia lutea Lam. Yellow cordia N
Asteraceae Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius
(Hook. f.) Harling
Lance-leafed
Darwin’s shrub E
Asteraceae Lecocarpus pinnatidus Decne Wing-fruited
lecocarpus E
Verbenaceae Lippia salicifolia Andersson Narrow-leafed lippia E
Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. Ceylon leadwort N
Rubiaceae Psychotria angustata Andersson Pink wild coee N
Asteraceae Scalesia anis Hook. f. Radiate-headed
scalesia E
Asteraceae Scalesia pedunculata Hook. f. Tree scalesia E
Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Sea purslane N
Solanaceae Solanum quitoense Lam. Purple solanum I
Sterculiaceae Waltheria ovata Cav. Waltheria N
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. Cat’s claw E
Sustainable
agriculture
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Mango
Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. Oleander
Lamiaceae Ocimum campechianum Mill. Wild sweet basil
Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. Avocado
Alliaceae Allium stulosum L. Welsh onion
Annonaceae Annona cherimola Mill. Cherimoya
Cannaceae Canna indica L. Indian shot
Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. Cayenne pepper
Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Papaya
Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsun. & Nakai Watermelon
Rutaceae Citrus reticulata Blanco Mandarin orange C
Rutaceae Citrus x limetta Risso Sweet lemon C
Rutaceae Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck Lemon C
Rutaceae Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck Orange C
Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum L. Tomato C
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas L. Barbados nut C
Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. Coconut C
Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo L. Muskmelon C
Fabaceae Phaseolus lunatus L. Lima bean C
* N = native; E = endemic; I = introduced; C = cultivated.
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Results
Ecological restoration
Preliminary results for the arid zone in Baltra indicated
that the growth rate of seedlings planted using GT was
signicantly greater than those without GT, and that the
growth rate of certain species, especially Opuntia echios
var. echios, was particularly rapid. The same results were
seen in Floreana and Santa Cruz (Figure 2). Opuntia species
normally grow an average of 2 cm per year (Colonel, 2002;
Hicks & Mauchamp, 2000; Estupiñan & Mauchamp, 1995),
in contrast with the registered monthly growth of 1.5 cm
with this new technology, which could result in an annual
growth of more than 10 cm (Figure 3).
However, the growth and survival of seedlings in Baltra
were aected by the physical characteristics of the soil
(high levels of clay), evidenced by the stress of the control
seedlings, and soil compaction caused by anthropological
activities (airport, transport of heavy equipment, etc.).
Signs of herbivory by land iguanas were also noted,
as some species included in the project are part of the
iguanas’ natural diet. This observation demonstrates the
importance of the project to restore the natural dynamics
of degraded ecosystems in order to ensure food sources
for native fauna.
In Floreana as in Baltra, positive results were obtained in
three vegetation zones (literal, arid, and humid), using
14 native and endemic species. The greatest success was
observed in the humid zone.
Sustained growth was also observed for the majority of
the 14 native and endemic species used in Santa Cruz.
Island Project Zone Substrate N E C Total Species
Baltra Ecological
restoration
Arid Clay 2 4 0 6
Littoral Clay 0 1 0 1
Floreana
Sustainable
agriculture
Arid
Clay 0 0 13 13
Humus 0 0 6 6
Humus-clay 0 0 15 15
Humus-rocky 0 0 8 8
Rocky 0 0 3 3
Rocky-clay 0 0 6 6
Humid Clay 0 0 1 1
Humus 0 0 6 6
Ecological
restoration
Arid Clay 5 4 0 9
Humid
Humus 0 1 0 1
Humus-clay 1 1 0 2
Humus-rocky 2 4 0 6
Rocky-clay 0 1 0 1
Humus 3 5 0 8
Humus-rocky 2 4 0 6
Littoral Clay 2 1 0 3
Rocky-clay 2 2 0 4
Santa Cruz
Sustainable
agriculture Transition
Clay 0 0 2 2
Humus 0 0 1 1
Humus-rocky 0 0 1 1
Ecological
restoration
Humid Humus 0 4 0 4
Littoral
Clay 3 0 0 3
Sandy 3 4 0 7
Humus 2 1 0 3
Rocky 2 1 0 3
Rocky-sandy 2 1 0 3
Species origin
Table 2. Vegetation zones, soil types, and the origin of the plant species used in the pilot project on Baltra, Santa Cruz, and Floreana (N = native, E =
endemic, C = cultivated).
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
An exceptional case was the high growth rate of Scalesia
pedunculata, in both Floreana and Santa Cruz (at Los
Gemelos), much like Opuntia echios var. echios in Baltra
(Figure 4).
Sustainable agriculture
Preliminary results in sustainable agriculture in both
Floreana and Santa Cruz were positive for the 22 cultivated
species included in the experiment. However, in the case
of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and watermelon
(Citrulus lanatus), growth rates were more rapid than was
observed for the other species (Figure 5).
Galapagos Verde 2050: Steps towards the future
Results of the pilot project in both restoration and
sustainable agriculture indicate that GT works in
Galapagos under dierent climatic and ecological
conditions. Based on these results, Galapagos Verde 2050
was launched. This three-phase project began in January
2014 and will end in 2050.
Figure 2. Average growth rate of the 30 species used in the pilot project for ecological restoration (using GT and control without GT) on Baltra,
Floreana, and Santa Cruz Islands.
Figure 3. a) Opuntia echios var. echios near the Baltra airport, July 29, 2013; b) the same plant, November 17, 2013, after almost four months of
monitoring, and c) the same plant without the box after 6 months, January 27, 2014.
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Control
Groasis Technology
Acacia macracantha
Alternanthera echinocephala
Alternanthera lifolia
Bursera graveolens
Bursera malacophylla
Castela galapageia
Clerodendrum molle
Conocarpus eretus
Cordia lutea
Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius
Gossypium darwinii
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Lecocarpus pinnatidus
Lippia salicifolia
Maytenus octogona
Miconia robinsoniana
Opuntia echios var. echios
Opuntia echios var. gigantea
Parkinsonia aculeata
Piscidia carthagenensis
Plumbago zeylanica
Psychotria angustata
Psychotria rupes
Scalesia anis
Scalesia crockeri
Scalesia helleri ssp. santacruziana
Scalesia pedunculata
Sesuvium portalacastrum
Waltheria ovata
Zanthoxylum fagara
( a ) ( c )
( b )
139
GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Figure 5. Average growth rate of 22 species used for sustainable agriculture (with GT and control without GT) in Floreana and Santa Cruz Islands.
Allium stulosum
Annona cherimola
Canna indica
Capsicum annuum
Carica papaya
Citrullus lanatus
Citrus reticulata
Citrus x limetta
Citrus x limon
Citrus x sinensis
Cocos nucifera
Cucumis melo
Cucumis sativus
Jatropha curcas
Mangifera indica
Nerium oleander
Ocimum campechianum
Persea americana
Phaseolus lunatus
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum quitoense
Theobrama cacao
Control
Groasis Technology
200
180
160
140
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure 4. Scalesia pedunculata in Floreana Island ready to grow naturally; Aníbal Altamirano, GNPD ranger, and Adrián Cueva, CDF eld assistant,
demonstrate how the box is extracted without causing damage to the plant.
Phase 1 (January 2014 to December 2016). Phase I
includes ecological restoration on Baltra, Santa Cruz,
South Plaza, and Floreana Islands. On Baltra the project
focuses on land iguana nesting areas. On Santa Cruz, two
small populations (1 ha) of Scalesia anis, an endangered
species, will be restored in the areas of El Mirador and
Garrapatero (Figure 7). On South Plaza the work will
focus on the restoration of the Opuntia echios var. echios
population throughout the island (13 ha). On Floreana
the eorts will focus on the restoration of a degraded area
in the Black Gravel mine and supporting MAGAP’s eorts
to achieve adoption of sustainable agricultural practices
on 25% of the farms. It is expected that some agricultural
areas on Floreana will be designated for agro-ecological
production according to MAGAP’s Bioagriculture Plan
for Galapagos, which promotes integrated production
systems (Elisens, 1992).
Phase 2 (January 2017 to December 2018). During
Phase 2, ecological restoration will occur in degraded
ecosystems on Floreana that have been dened as priority
areas by the GNPD. Work will be conducted on Española
Island to achieve the repopulation of at least 20% of the
area where Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis existed
historically. In terms of sustainable agriculture, according
to plans established by MAGAP, this phase of the project
will strive to involve 100% of farms on Floreana in agro-
ecological production.
140
GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Phase 3 (January 2019 to December 2050). During this
extended period the use of GT will be expanded to restore
priority ecosystems and species identied in the GNPD’s
Management Plan for the Protected Areas of Galapagos.
This work will take place on populated islands as well
as on Santiago, where invasive plant and animal species
have caused degradation, and on Española Island, where
the goal is complete recovery of the cactus population
(O. megasperma var. orientalis), based on available
information regarding its historical distribution. In terms
of sustainable agriculture, GT will be used to help achieve
the goals of MAGAP regarding the implementation of the
new model of agricultural production in the Islands.
Each phase of the project will involve establishing a
timeline for completing specic goals for each island or
species, as in the example of Scalesia anis on Santa Cruz
Island (Figure 7).
Conclusions and recommendations
The Groasis Technology (GT) pilot project in Galapagos
resulted in the following conclusions:
• The use of GT is viable in Galapagos for both
large-scale ecological restoration and sustainable
agriculture.
• Sometransplantedcontrolplants(cultivatedwithout
GT) did not survive the stress from transplanting,
while those that used GT not only survived but
demonstrated accelerated growth. This indicates that
GT oers protection for endemic Galapagos plants
and minimizes the stress of transplanting, ensuring
and increasing their survival rate.
• Despite certain externalities, such as herbivory and
damage caused by domestic animals and humans, it
is clear that GT stimulates growth and is eective with
agricultural species.
• Growthaccelerationoccurredinrestorationactivities
and sustainable agriculture, even in very arid zones
where it was necessary to signicantly reduce the
normal amount of water required by the Groasis
waterboxx. This result indicates that GT is an eective
technology, even in extreme drought conditions.
The following recommendations are based on the
conclusions of the pilot study:
• Expandthe use of GTfor ecological restoration on
additional islands.
• Expand the use of GT in agriculture to increase
production in Galapagos.
Figure 6. Fenced areas in El Mirador and Garrapatero to protect the last remnants of Scalesia anis, a critically endangered species on Santa Cruz
Island.
141
GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Figure 7. Example of work with Scalesia anis to restore 1 ha in two areas on Santa Cruz Island during Phase I of the project.
• Expandinter-institutionalcoordinationofrestoration
and agriculture projects to ensure project success
and to incorporate new eco-friendly technologies,
such as GT.
The ability of GT to overcome water constraints makes it
an important tool for restoring threatened ecosystems
and species and improving agricultural production.
By 2050, it is expected that this project, implemented
through coordinated and cooperative eorts of Galapagos
stakeholders, will result in signicant contributions to
ecosystem restoration, sustainable agriculture, and a more
sustainable archipelago.
Information about the Galápagos Verde 2050 Project is
available at: www.darwinfoundation.org/es/ciencia-e-
investigacion/galapagos-verde-2050/.
Acknowledgements
This pilot project was made possible thanks to generous
nancial contributions from the COmON Foundation,
Groasis Technology Holland, Fundación Fuente de Vida,
and BESS Forest Club, and to excellent coordination and
cooperation from the CDF, GNPD, the Decentralized
Autonomous Government of Floreana, the Provincial
Directorate of MAGAP in Galapagos, ECOGAL, and the port
captaincy of Puerto Ayora.
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GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014
Foto: © Galápagos Verde 2050, FCD
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