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"JADI MELAYU": TELEVISYEN DAN PEMBENTUKAN IDENTITI WANITA KETURUNAN JAWA DI MALAYSIA
Abstract
Artikel ini membincangkan penontonan televisyen dalam kalangan wanita keturunan Jawa di Sabak Bernam dan hubungannya dengan pembentukan identiti seharian. Masyarakat keturunan Jawa di Malaysia diiktiraf sebagai bangsa Melayu dan terdedah dengan budaya arus perdana negara ini melalui pelbagai saluran seperti televisyen. Pada masa yang sama, mereka masih mengekalkan identiti dan budaya Jawa mereka. Dengan perkataan lain, pembentukan identiti budaya mereka dipengaruhi oleh “agensi manusia dan struktur sosial.” Bagaimanapun, artikel ini berhujah bahawa pembentukan identiti dan imej kendiri masyarakat keturunan Jawa di Malaysia perlu difahami dalam konteks yang lebih luas dengan mengambil kira peranan kandungan televisyen yang turut mempengaruhi proses tersebut. Berdasarkan dapatan awal kajian etnografi di Sabak Bernam, artikel ini mendapati bahawa wanita keturunan Jawa di Malaysia mengamalkan penontonan keagamaan dan demokratik untuk mengukuhkan identiti budaya dan politik mereka dalam usaha untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada masyarakat Melayu.
This article discusses the consumption of television and the
construction of everyday identities among the Malay women
of Javanese descent in Sabak Bernam. Malaysian Javanese
communities that constitute Malay society are exposed to the
Malay identity discourses through various channels including
television. At the same time, they maintain Javanese identity and
customs in their everyday lives. In this way, their construction
of cultural identity is influenced by the existence of “human
agency and social structures.” However, this article argues that
the construction of identity and self-images experienced by the
Javanese communities in Malaysia needs to be understood in a
broader context by considering the role and influences of television.
Based on the preliminary findings from the audience ethnography
in Sabak Bernam, this article reveals that the female Javanese
descendants in Malaysia practice Islamic and democratic viewing
to reinforce their cultural and political identities in order to become
the constituent part of the Malay society.
... However, the purchase of media products does not always involve this process in some cases. Television mediates the idea of different identities and plays a role in lifestyle (Rofil, Syed, & Hamzah, 2015b), which can be arranged simply by watching it or taking other media examples. These lifestyle choices are due to free time at home, where people regularly watch television. ...
This study aimed to analyse the abundance of Malaysian television broadcasts’ impact on building Indonesian society’s national identity on Sebatik Island. The residents of this island have been watching Malaysian television for a long time as the primary source of communication in their daily lives. In this context, the interaction between the community and television is manifested through interpreting images and meanings. Furthermore, it becomes the basis for the building process of the community’s national identity. This was a case study with observation and focus group discussion as the method of data collection. The results showed that Malaysian television conveys the meaning and values of its nationality to the Indonesian people. This manifests a high tendency among the Sebatik residents towards Malaysia, which is considered an ideal reference of life.
Artikel ini membincangkan konsep representasi belia dalam media massa. Representasi disebarkan melalui budaya yang diamalkan dan menyumbang kepada cara pandang serta pemahaman seseorang individu terhadap diri sendiri dan orang lain. Dalam kertas kerja ini, belia didefinisikan dalam bentuk beberapa fasa, iaitu fasa perantaraan kehidupan antara kanak-kanak dan dewasa, fasa sebagai rakyat dan kesedaran hak individu, fasa rasmi yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang, fasa kedewasaan-biologi, psikologi, emosi dan kematangan, fasa transisi kehidupan sosial dan pembentukan kendiri melalui persekitaran sosial (Cole, 2004). Media massa pula dikaitkan dengan belia dalam kertas kerja ini kerana dianggap sebagai pedagogi budaya yang mencerminkan media sebagai petunjuk arah kehidupan seseorang manusia yang mempunyai peradaban (Robson, 2008). Terdapat beberapa konsep representasi terhadap belia yang dibincangkan dalam kertas kerja ini. Antaranya ialah representasi keganasan, masalah sosial dan stereotaip imej negatif. Oleh itu, kajian seumpama ini perlu dilakukan untuk melihat signifikan representasi belia dalam media massa pada masa kini, sama ada ia menggambarkan situasi sebenar kehidupan belia atau sebaliknya. Hal ini demikian kerana belia pada masa kini lebih tertarik dengan representasi mereka dalam media sosial yang seterusnya dijadikan sebagai kayu ukur dalam menjalani kehidupan harian mereka (Hanckel, 2016). This article discusses the concept of youth representation in the mass media. Dissemination of representation through a culture that practiced in everyday life contributes to views and understanding of oneself and others. Definition of youths in this paper explained in the form of phases, which are the intermediate stage of life between children and adults, period where they know their rights and as a citizen, the official phase determined by law, the adulthood-biology phase, psychology, emotion and maturity, the social life transition phase and the self-development through the social environment (Cole, 2004). As a cultural pedagogical to a civilize human which used as the guide of a way of life as human, mass media plays an essential role in youth life (Robson, 2008). There are several youth representation concepts discussed in this paper: violent representation, social problems and negative image stereotypes. Therefore, this study is crucial to see a significant description of youth in the mass media, whether it is showing the reality of how youth live or vice versa. Moreover, youth nowadays are more interested in their representation in social media and makes it as a guide to living their everyday life (Hanckel, 2016).
This study aims to analyse the media management strategy of Indonesian television stations during the Covid-19 pandemic. In March 2020, an outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia affected the operations of broadcasting offices, which forced people to work from home. This situation affects the operations, strategy, and content of the television industry. The object of research is Kompas TV, one of the largest media companies in Indonesia, which was the first to implement a digital concept for its customers. The concepts of planning, organising, actuating, and controlling are used to analyse the strategies media utilised. The methodology employed for the current research takes the form of a case study by adopting the qualitative approach through an in-depth interview and observation. The results showed that Kompas TV, through its digital platform in the form of websites, YouTube channels, and social media, achieved an increase in the number of viewers, users, and engagement during the pandemic. In particular, the digital aspect does not only appear in communication, but also in the implementation of the Kompas TV strategy. The results of the study also revealed that strategies carried out on Kompas TV can be used as a model for other television in Indonesia to emulate, in order to sustain its business in times of crisis. Keywords: Strategy, broadcast management, Indonesia television station, pandemic Covid-19, qualitative research.
Television has a strategic position in constructing national identity. As part of the everyday life of the community, television provides a community-driven medium to construct its identity. In relation to the existence of mass media in the community and the issue of forming a national identity, there are unique problems that exist in the Sebatik Island of the Indonesian and Malaysian frontiers. These Indonesian people have no access to the broadcasting media, especially television, from Indonesia. This situation has persisted for several years, so the citizens of Sebatik Island use television broadcasts from Malaysia as their primary source of media communication. This study aims to examine how the people of Sebatik Island construct their national identity through the Malaysian television programs they watch daily. The methodology used in this study is ethnography with data collection techniques through observation and interviews of eight informants in September 2017. The result shows that the “mixed national identity” of Sebatik society is influenced by various factors and one of them is Malaysian television. Malaysian television programs also play a role as a socialization agent, among with other agents such as the presence of the community, the country, the organization, the culture, and the ideology.
This paper aims to delve into the history of broadcasting in Malaysia since the 1980s. We will go down memory lane and see the inception of the first private television station in the country - Sistem Television Malaysia Berhad (STMB) or better known as TV3 which received its licensed in 1983. This paper also looks at the question of ownership as there are strong political and economic ties between the government and the media. While privatization is a goal in the business sector, a free press without government restrictions is not. The government controls the presses and the publishing enterprises throughout Malaysia. Privatization of this television station was one of the initial efforts to transfer media ownership from the government to the private sector. That was in the initial stages of development. Now TV3 sits under Media Prima Berhad, a company listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia and is Malaysia's leading integrated media investment group. It currently owns 100 per cent equity interest in TV3, 8TV, NTV7 and TV9. In addition, Media Prima now owns more than 96.85 per cent equity interest in The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) (NSTP) Berhad, one of Malaysia's largest publisher which publishes three national newspapers; the New Straits Times, BeritaHarian and Harian Metro. It also owns three radio networks, Fly FM, Hot FM and One FM. This paper also looks at Malaysia's first cable network popularly known as ASTRO. ASTRO is the brand name of the Malaysian direct broadcast satellite pay television service. It transmits digital satellite television and radio to households in Malaysia and Brunei. Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator. Astro is owned and operated by MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks. The other entity under study is Radio Televisyen Malaysia or better known as RTM, a government owned television network.
'Imagined Communities' examines the creation & function of the 'imagined communities' of nationality & the way these communities were in part created by the growth of the nation-state, the interaction between capitalism & printing & the birth of vernacular languages in early modern Europe.
