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Analysis of phytochemicals and antibacterial potential of Lonicera japonica thunb
Abstract
Lonicera japonica (Honeysuckle) is one of the oldest medicinal herbs in known history. Lonicera japonica is an ingredient of herbal tea and has been known thousands of years for its cooling and detoxification effects. According to the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, Lonicera japonica is taken orally for digestive disorders, enteritis, dysentery, urinary disorders, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, malignant tumours etc. In the present study ethanolic extract was obtained from leaves and flowers of Lonicera japonica and phytochemical analysis was done to screen alkaloids, phenols terpenoids and flavonoids. Antibacterial activity was carried out by using bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 736, Vibrio cholerae MTCC 3906, and Salmonella typhi MTCC 3220.Extracts of leaf and flower in various dilutions were found to have antibacterial activity against tested organisms. Chloroform and Ethanol leaf extracts of Lonicera japonica has shown high degree of inhibition (DIZ-22mm and 22 mm) against test organisms. It is found that there was no antibacterial activity exhibited by some concentration. Ethanol and Methanol flower extracts of Lonicera japonica has shown high degree of inhibition (DIZ 21mm-23mm) against the test organisms and our results supported the usage of Lonicera japonica in traditional medicine.
... Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae) is one of the oldest Chinese medicine herbs, which is also a common drink in our daily life [12,13]. Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ) are the flower buds of L. japonica possessing wide pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antiendotoxin, antipyretic, and other activities [14,15]. ...
Swertiamarin (SW), a representative component in Flos Lonicerae Japonicae, has been reported to exert significant activity in preventing infections. In this research, we aim to clarify the details of SW and its target to explore SW's underlying anti‐inflammatory mechanisms. An azide labeled SW probe was synthesized for protein target fishing, and the results demonstrated that AKT could be captured specifically. Immunofluorescence colocalization with AKT was implemented by a click reaction of the SW probe and alkynyl CY5. The result showed that AKT was one of the targets of SW. Then, a competitive combination experiment using a set of AKT inhibitors and a membrane translocation experiment confirmed that SW might target the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT. This specific binding directly deactivated the phosphorylation of AKT on both Ser473 and Thr308, which induced the dephosphorylation of IKK and NF‐κB. Finally, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐8) were suppressed both in cells and in acute lung injury animal model by targeting AKT‐PH domain. This study demonstrated that SW functions as a natural AKT inhibitor and presents significant anti‐inflammatory activity by directly regulating the AKT‐PH domain and inhibiting downstream inflammatory molecules.
... Stock solution for each plant was made of 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg/ml [10] . Phytochemical screening Qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites in plant leaves was carried out according [11,12] . ...
... However, the enhanced antioxidant activity in flower buds was not a positive protection response to salinity stress, because the increase in the concentrations of chlorogenic acids was passive. Notably, in consistence with the finding of more phenolic concentration in flower buds than leaves in honeysuckle (Sandigawad, 2015), a greater concentration of chlorogenic acids was observed in flower buds than leaves in this study (Tables 2 and 3), implying the superior medicinal value of flower buds. ...
Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is a traditional medicinal plant in China that is particularly rich in chlorogenic acids, which are phenolic compounds with various medicinal properties. This study aimed to examine the effects of salinity stress on accumulation of chlorogenic acids in honeysuckle, through hydroponic experiments and field trials, and to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects. NaCl stress stimulated the transcription of genes encoding key enzymes in the synthesis of chlorogenic acids in leaves; accordingly, the concentrations of chlorogenic acids in leaves were significantly increased under NaCl stress, as was antioxidant activity. Specifically, the total concentration of leaf chlorogenic acids was increased by 145.74 and 50.34% after 30 days of 150 and 300 mM NaCl stress, respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of chlorogenic acids were higher in the leaves of plants in saline, compared with non-saline, plots, with increases in total concentrations of chlorogenic acids of 56.05 and 105.29% in October 2014 and 2015, respectively. Despite leaf biomass reduction, absolute amounts of chlorogenic acids per plant and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were significantly increased by soil salinity, confirming that the accumulation of chlorogenic acids in leaves was a result of stimulation of their synthesis under salinity stress. Soil salinity also led to elevated chlorogenic acid concentrations in honeysuckle flower buds, with significant increases in total chlorogenic acids concentration of 22.42 and 25.14% in May 2014 and 2015, respectively. Consistent with biomass reduction, the absolute amounts of chlorogenic acid per plant declined in flower buds of plants exposed to elevated soil salinity, with no significant change in PAL activity. Thus, salinity-induced chlorogenic acid accumulation in flower buds depended on an amplification effect of growth reduction. In conclusion, salinity stress improved the medicinal quality of honeysuckle by promoting accumulation of chlorogenic acids, however, the mechanisms underlying this process were not consistent in flower buds and leaves. Honeysuckle appears to be a promising plant for cultivation in saline land. Our study deepens knowledge of medicinal plant ecology and may provide a guide for developing saline agriculture.
The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Hypericum hyssopifolium subsp. elongatum var. elongatum and H. heterophyllum Vent. were analysed by means of GC and GC–MS, and 66 compounds were determined in total. The oils showed remarkable differences in chemical composition. The oil of H. hyssopifolium, which is rich in monoterpenes, consists primarily of -pinene (57.3%), β-pinene (9.0%), limonene (6.2%) and -phellandrene (4.4%). The oil of H. heterophyllum was a complex mixture consisting mainly of sesquiterpenes (72.9% of the total oil). In this oil, isocaryophyllene (17.1%), -pinene (11.6%), δ-cadinene (9.5%), -muurolene (8.2%), n-decane (5.8%), -cadinene (5.5%) and β-caryophyllene (4.5%) were found to be major constituents. The two essential oils were tested for antifungal activity using microbial growth inhibition assays in vitro against 10 agricultural pathogenic fungi, which consisted of five Fusarium species (F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum, F. solani and F. acuminatum) and five anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-3, AG-4, AG-5, AG-9 and AG-11). In general, the oils showed moderate activity against several fungal species, viz F. acuminatum, AG-5 and AG-11. The most significant results were obtained against AG-11 for H. heterophyllum oil. However, both oils increased the growth of some fungal species. In addition, the antifungal activity of 13 pure compounds identified as major components in the essential oils of the Hypericum species studied were determined using microbial growth inhibition assays against the 10 fungal species mentioned above. Among these compounds, both β-caryophyllene oxide and -terpineol were inhibitory to the growth of all fungi. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A total of 34 plant species belonging to 18 different families, selected on the basis of folklore medicinal reports practised by the tribal people of Western Ghats, India, were assayed for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aerogenes (gram-negative bacteria) at 1000-5000 ppm using the disc diffusion method. Of these 16 plants showed activity; among them Cassia fistula, Terminalia arjuna and Vitex negundo showed significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Our findings confirm the traditional therapeutic claims for these herbs.
Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia streptacantha are widely cultivated cacti that can tolerate temperatures no lower than -10[deg]C, whereas Opuntia humifusa, which is native to southern Canada and the eastern United States, can tolerate -24[deg]C. As day/night air temperatures were decreased from 30/20 to 10/0[deg]C, the osmotic pressure increased 0.10 MPa for O. ficus-indica and O. streptacantha but 0.38 MPa for O. humifusa. The increases in osmotic pressures were due mostly to the synthesis of fructose, glucose, and sucrose. In addition, O. humifusa produced a substantial amount of mannitol during exposure to low temperatures. Substantial accumulation of sugars and mannitol in cells of O. humifusa may help prevent intracellular freeze dehydration and ice formation as well as provide noncolligative protection to its membranes. Mucilage was slightly higher in all three species at the lower temperatures. Extracellular nucleation of ice occurred closer to the equilibrium freezing temperature for plants at 10/0[deg]C compared with 30/20[deg]C, which could make the cellular dehydration more gradual and, thus, less damaging. Results from nuclear magnetic resonance indicated a restricted mobility of intracellular water at the lower temperatures, especially for O. humifusa, which is consistent with its lower water content and higher levels of low molecular weight solutes.
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), chlorogenic acid (CA) and luteolin (LT) are plant phenols found in Chinese medicinal herbs such as Lonicera japonica. Cytotoxicity assays showed that PCA, CA and LT (at 100 micromol/L) effectively killed the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Among these three naturally occurring compounds, only PCA was capable of stimulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 subgroups of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Coincidently, PCA-induced cell death was rescued by specific inhibitors for JNK and p38, while the cytotoxicities of CA and LT were partially eliminated by the antioxidant effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Further investigation demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica also triggered HepG2 cell death in a JNK-dependent manner, but the amount of PCA alone in this herbal extract was insufficient to contribute the subsequent cytotoxic effect. Collectively, our results suggest that PCA is a naturally occurring compound capable of inducing JNK-dependent hepatocellular carcinoma cell death.
Cultivars of blue honeysuckle, Lonicera caerulea L., have been recently introduced into North America from Russia. In addition, wild material has been collected from Russia, Japan and China and is now preserved at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Blue honeysuckle has potential as a commercial berry crop for northern latitudes. Russian cultivars were released in the 1980's and 1990's and are now available in North America. These cultivars bloom and ripen early in the season, and can yield between 2 and 3 kg/plant. The berry shape is similar to an elongated or cylindrical blueberry and the fruit flavor ranges from tart sugar/acid to bland. The fruit varies from about 1 to 2 g/berry, has high Vitamin C levels, and high antioxidant content. This crop could provide an additional opportunity for small fruit growers in high latitudes and colder climates to diversify their production for high-end specialty crop markets.
For the first time blue honeysuckle was mentioned as a horticultural plant in 1894. By 1998 the number of commercial cultivars in Russia has reached 60. This crop spread widely in private and commercial gardens of Northern and Central Russia, in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. Major positive features of blue honeysuckle are extra-early ripening, high content of ascorbic acid and bioactive flavonoides in fruits, and outstanding frost resistance of plants and flowers. Collecting missions by the N.I.Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) have composed a unique collection numbering over 500 accessions. By morphological, anatomical, biochemical and DNA analyses, as well as ploidy studies and geographical mapping of blue honeysuckle genetic resources, it has been found that in Eurasia genetic diversity of the crop is represented by four species, that are the diploid endemic ones L. edulis Turcz. ex Freyn, L. boczkarnikowae Plekh., L. iliensis Pojark and the tetraploid L. caerulea L. Only L. caerulea has been domesticated. A long-term program for honeysuckle breeding and corresponding methods have been developed. Priorities of the program are as follows: high productivity, deep dormancy, fruit quality, high content of ascorbic acid and bioactive flavonoides. As a result of investigations, genetical control of ripening, non-shattering and fruit size have been elucidated. The VIR's collection has been successfully screened for the sources of 18 valuable breeding characters. By now, 15 cultivars have been bred at VIR.
The irradiation of natural resources such as green tea leaf, persimmon leaf, licorice root and stolon or Lonicera japonica improved the color of the extract, resulting in a higher applicability without any adverse change to the beneficial functions such as the inhibitory effects of oxidation, melanin hyperpigmentation on the skin, and others. To investigate the application of irradiated natural resources for a real cosmetic composition, the physiological activities of irradiated green tea leaf extract powder dissolved in butylene glycol and ethanol were compared to a commercial green tea extract product. Furthermore, a cream lotion was manufactured using the powder and the physiological activities were compared. Results showed that the irradiation of the green tea leaf extract and the freeze-dried powder from the extract had the same physiological activities as the commercial product in a cosmetic composition.
Seasonal changes were examined in the freezing tolerance, water content and soluble sugar composition of shoot apices of Lonicera caerulea L. var. emphyllocaryx Nakai. Shoot apices were prepared from field-grown plants between April 1993 and August 1994. The LT50, the temperature at which 50% of frozen shoot tips survived, decreased from −18 to −40°C between October and December, it remained below −40°C throughout the winter and increased again from March to May. The composition of soluble sugars changed conspicuously throughout the year. Raffinose and stachyose accumulated rapidly from September to November, while the levels of total soluble sugars and sucrose gradually increased from June to September, prior to the substantial decrease in LT50. The levels of glucose and fructose were lower than the levels of the others and were independent of seasonal changes in temperature. These results suggest that raffinose and stachyose might be involved in the increase in freezing tolerance of the shoot apices of L. caerulea.
An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique has been developed to recover chlorogenic acid from flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. The yield of chlorogenic acid rapidly reached 6.14% within 5 min under the optimal MAE conditions, i.e. 50% ethanol as extraction solvent, 1:10 (w/v) of the solid/liquid ratio and 60 °C of extraction temperature. The MAE showed obvious advantages in terms of short duration and high efficiency to recover chlorogenic acid from raw plant materials in comparison with conventional heat-reflux extraction. The mechanism of the enhanced extraction by microwave assistance was discussed by observing cell destruction of plant material after MAE treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the plant materials were significantly destroyed due to the cell rupture after MAE treatment.
Two lignans, phyllamycin B and retrojusticidin B isolated from Phyllanthus myrtifolius Moon have been demonstrated to have a strong inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase activity (HIV-1 RT), but much less inhibitory effect on human DNA polymerase-α (HDNAP-α) activity. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations of phyllamycin B and retrojusticidin B were determined to be 3.5 and 5.5 μM for HIV-1 RT, and 289 and 989 μM for HDNAP-α, respectively. The mode of inhibition was found to be non-competitive inhibition with respect to template-primer and triphosphate substrate. Several tannins such as caffeoylquinates (CQs) isolated from Lonicera japonica Thunb, galloylquinates (GQs) and galloylshikimates (GSs) purified from Castanopsis hystrix were shown to have a much less selective inhibitory effect on HIV-1 RT.
Specific lipids play crucial roles in signal transmission across membranes and in the modulation, regulation and membrane-association of proteins. Several proteins, previously described as soluble cytoplasmic proteins, appear to interact both specifically with lipids and directly with the hydrophobic part of membranes, indicating a reversible association of these proteins with membranes under appropriate conditions. Here it is proposed that such proteins belong to a new class of membrane proteins defined as the ‘amphitropic’ proteins. From this new concept emerge important implications for studies of cytoskeleton-membrane interactions, transmembrane signaling, and the organization of the cytoskeleton.
A total of 82 Indian medicinal plants traditionally used in medicines were subjected to preliminary antibacterial screening against several pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. Aqueous, hexane and alcoholic extracts of each plant were tested for their antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method at sample concentration of 200 mg/ml. The results indicated that out of 82 plants, 56 exhibited antibacterial activity against one or more test pathogens. Interestingly, extracts of five plants showed strong and broad spectrum activity as compared to rest of 51 plant extracts which demonstrated moderate activity. On the whole the alcoholic extracts showed greater activity than their corresponding aqueous and hexane extracts. Among various extracts, only alcoholic extracts of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Plumbago zeylanica and Holarrhena antidysenterica were found to show potentially interesting activity against test bacteria. These active crude alcoholic extracts were also assayed for cellular toxicity to fresh sheep erythrocytes and found to have no cellular toxicity.
Preliminary antimicrobial screening against Candida albicans and selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of methanol extracts prepared from eight Mexican medicinal plants, noted for their antiseptic properties, was conducted. The significant activity exhibited for extracts of Ratibida latipalearis, Teloxys graveolens, Dodonaea viscosa, Hyptis albida, H. pectinata, H. Suaveolens and H. verticillata tends to support their traditional use as anti-infective agents. Only the extract of Hintonia latiflora was inactive. The antimicrobial activities of 44 pure natural compounds and two derivatives were determined. Of these, only 23 compounds were effective in inhibiting the growth of the tested organisms (MIC less than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml).
No doubt can remain that the flavonoids have profound effects on the function of immune and inflammatory cells as determined by a large number and variety of in vitro and some in vivo observations. That these ubiquitous dietary chemicals may have significant in vivo effects on homeostasis within the immune system and on the behavior of secondary cell systems comprising the inflammatory response seems highly likely but more work is required to strengthen this hypothesis. Ample evidence indicates that selected flavonoids, depending on structure, can affect (usually inhibit) secretory processes, mitogenesis, and cell-cell interactions including possible effects on adhesion molecule expression and function. The possible action of flavonoids on the function of cytoskeletal elements is suggested by their effects on secretory processes. Moreover, evidence indicates that certain flavonoids may affect gene expression and the elaboration and effects of cytokines and cytokine receptors. How all of these effects are mediated is not yet clear but one important mechanism may be the capacity of flavonoids to stimulate or inhibit protein phosphorylation and thereby regulate cell function. Perhaps the counterbalancing effect of cellular protein tyrosine phosphatases will also be found to be affected by flavonoids. Some flavonoid effects can certainly be attributed to their recognized antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. A potential mechanism of action that requires scrutiny, particularly in relation to enzyme inhibition, is the redox activity of appropriately configured flavonoids. Finally, in a number of cell systems it seems that resting cells are not affected significantly by flavonoids but once a cell becomes activated by a physiological stimulus a flavonoid-sensitive substance is generated and interaction of flavonoids with that substance dramatically alters the outcome of the activation process.
For thousands of years, traditional medicine and remedies have been practiced and used in the fight against disease in China. They have proved to be valuable and the distillate of vast historical experience based on field-tested human experiments, long-term observations and clinical trials. The Chinese people believe that traditional medicine is consistent with their own culture. Endowed with a unique theoretical system and provided outstanding clinical results, traditional Chinese medicine continues to play an important role in helping the Chinese nation flourish.
The cause of human colo-rectal cancer is unknown, although international and racial comparisons suggest that diet may be important. Within populations, risk of cancer is also affected by genetic factors which remain to be elucidated. Dietary fibre and NSP consumption is not always high in populations at low risk of colo-rectal cancer, but rates are fast increasing with westernization (and meat and fat consumption) in Japan. The suggestion that dietary fibre is protective in colo-rectal cancer is based on the fact that cereal fibre from bran increases faecal weight, dilutes large intestinal contents, and speeds up transit time. In animal models, bran reduces the number of tumours induced by chemical carcinogens, and cellulose may have a similar effect. The faeces of some individuals contain mutagens, some of which have been identified as fecapentaenes and heterocyclic amines. Bran reduces faecal mutagenicity, although the mutagen concerned is unknown. Most dietary fibre is fermented in the large gut by anaerobic bacteria and little remains in faecal matter. Recent observations have shown that substantial amounts of starch survive digestion in the small bowel and are available also for fermentation in the large gut. The metabolic consequences of fermentation may be important in carcinogenesis via altered N metabolism, SCFA production, and pH reduction. Methane is also produced in some individuals, but, contrary to previous findings, is not a risk factor for large bowel cancer. Starch appears to be beneficial as a substrate for fermentation because yields of the SCFA butyrate are increased both in vitro and in vivo. Butyrate is an energy substrate for the colonic mucosa and an anti-proliferative and differentiating agent in cell culture lines. Possible mechanisms whereby starch and NSP may protect against colo-rectal cancer, therefore, exist. The majority of individual case-control epidemiological studies suggest that fibre-containing foods are protective in colo-rectal cancer, although this effect is largely due to vegetable, rather than cereal, consumption. Case-control studies of diet and large bowel cancer may, however, reflect the effect rather than the cause of the disease, so that confirmation of the possible protective effects of starch and NSP is needed from accurate prospective studies both of diet and associated risk factors.
Isolation of the fruit CH3OH extract of Terminalia citrina yielded five known tannins identified as corilagin (1) (3), punicalagin (2) (4), 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (3) (5), chebulagic acid (4) (6), and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (5) (7) by comparison of their physical and spectral data with those of authentic samples. These tannins were tested for antimicrobial action.
Ninety-three different commercial essential oils were screened for activity against 20 Listeria monocytogenes strains in vitro and the results correlated against the actual chemical composition of each oil. There was a substantial difference in the activity between different essential oils as expected, but there was also a difference in activity between different samples of the same essential oil. Strong anti-Listeria activity was often correlated with essential oils containing a high percentage of monoterpenes, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and sometimes with citronellol, limonene and geraniol. However, as there was often no correlation between the anti-Listeria activity and the main chemical components, it is possible that either there is a more complex relationship with the chemical composition (which includes the minor components) or that substantial adulteration had occurred in some essential oil samples.
Five caffeoylquinic acids and esters (1-5), including a new compound, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid butyl ester (5), were isolated from the flowers and buds of Lonicera japonica and their structures were determined by NMR spectral analysis.
Eighteen crude extracts, including six hexanic, six chloroformic and six methanolic from six different plant species used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory infections, were evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined for each extract using a two-fold dilution assay. The results showed that 16 crude extracts (89%) exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one of the microorganisms tested at concentrations of 5 mg/ml or below. The extracts from Gnaphalium oxyphyllum, Gnaphalium americanum, and Crescentia alata possessed strong antimicrobial activity against the pathogens tested.
The water and methanolic extracts of Syzygium jambolanum seeds were examined for antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration. Activity against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum) is discussed.
Two biflavonoids, 3'-O-methyl loniflavone [5,5'',7,7''-tetrahydroxy 3'-methoxy 4',4'''-biflavonyl ether (1)] and loniflavone [5,5'',7,7'',3'-pentahydroxy 4',4'''-biflavonyl ether (2)] along with luteolin (3) and chrysin (4) were isolated from the leaves of Lonicera japonica. The structures were established on the basis of UV/vis, 1D, 2D NMR (HMQC and HMBC) and ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopic methods and chemical evidences.
The in vitro antibacterial activities of a total of 46 extracts from dietary spices and medicinal herbs were investigated by agar-well diffusion method against five foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella anatum). Their total phenolic contents were also evaluated. Many herb and spice extracts contained high levels of phenolics and exhibited antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria were generally more sensitive to the tested extracts than Gram-negative ones. S. aureus was the most sensitive, while E. coli was the most resistant. There were highly positive relationships (R(2)=0.73-0.93) between antibacterial activities and phenolic content of the tested extracts against each bacterium. This suggested that the antibacterial activity of the tested extracts was closely associated with their phenolic constituents.
The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Nandina domestica Thunb. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various organic extracts against a panel of food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19166, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1916, S. aureus ATCC6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC2004, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC2515, Salmonella enteridis KCCM12021, Escherichia coli 0157-Human, E. coli ATCC8739, E. coli 057:H7 ATCC43888 and Enterobacter aerognes KCTC2190. The chemical composition of essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. It was determined that 79 compounds, which represented 87.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contained mainly 1-indolizino carbazole (19.65%), 2-pentanone (16.4%), mono phenol (12.1%), aziridine (9.01%), methylcarbinol (4.6%), ethanone (3.3%), furfural (2.96%), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (1.29%) and 2(5H)-furanone (1.32%). The oil (1000 ppm/disc), and various organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (1500 ppm/disc) exhibited promising antibacterial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (9-18 and 7-13 mm) and MIC values (62.5 to 1000 and 250 to 2000 microg/ml), respectively against the tested bacteria. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. These results indicate the potential efficacy of plant-based natural products such as essential oil and organic extracts of N. domestica to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.