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Energy Efficient Adaptive Cooperative Routing Protocol for Underwater WSNs
... The scheme proposed in [14] is another cooperative fashion routing for underwater WSNs. Due to the division of the entire network into four equal regions, the scheme decreases the energy consumption and improves the network reliability. ...
... Technique Used Accomplishment Deficiency Year [14] Cooperative region region-based routing algorithm, destination, and and relay node are selected by taking the lowest depth and maximum residual energy information, use maximal ratio combination (MRC) technique for diversity. ...
Symmetry in nodes operation in underwater wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is crucial sothat nodes consume their energy in a balanced fashion. This prevents rapid death of nodes close towater surface and enhances network life span. Symmetry can be achieved by minimizing delay andensuring reliable packets delivery to sea surface. It is because delay minimization and reliability arevery important in underwaterWSNs. Particularly, in dense underworks, packets reliability is of seriousconcernwhen a large number of nodes advance packets. The packets collide and are lost. This inefficientlyconsumes energy and introduces extra delay as the lost packets are usually retransmitted. This is furtherworsened by adaptation of long routes by packets as the network size grows, as this increases the collisionprobability of packets. To cope with these issues, two routing schemes are designed for dense underwaterWSNs in this paper: delay minimization routing (DMR) and cooperative delay minimization routing(CoDMR). In the DMR scheme, the entire network is divided into four equal regions. The minor sinknodes are placed at center of each region, one in each of the four regions. Unlike the conventionalapproach, the placement of minor sink nodes in the network involves timer based operation and isindependent of the geographical knowledge of the position of every minor sink. All nodes havingphysical distance from sink lower than the communication range are able to broadcast packets directlyto the minor sink nodes, otherwise multi-hopping is used. Placement of the minor sinks in the fourregions of the network avoids packets delivery to water surface through long distancemulti-hopping,which minimizes delay and balances energy utilization. However, DMR is vulnerable to informationreliability due to single path routing. For reliability, CoDMR scheme is designed that adds reliabilityto DMR using cooperative routing. In CoDMR, a node having physical distance from the sink greaterthan its communication range, sends the information packets by utilizing cooperation with a singlerelay node. The destination and the relay nodes are chosen by considering the lowest physical distancewith respect to the desired minor sink node. The received packets at the destination node are merged byfixed ratio combining as a diversity technique. The physical distance computation is independent of thegeographical knowledge of nodes, unlike the geographical routing protocols. This makes the proposedschemes computationally efficient. Simulation shows that DMR and CoDMR algorithms outperformthe counterpart algorithms in terms of total energy cost, energy balancing, packet delivery ratio (PDR),latency, energy left in the battery and nodes depleted of battery power.
... The scheme proposed in [14] is another cooperative fashion routing for underwater WSNs. Due to the division of the entire network into four equal regions, the scheme decreases the energy consumption and improves the network reliability. ...
... Technique Used Accomplishment Deficiency Year [14] Cooperative region region-based routing algorithm, destination, and and relay node are selected by taking the lowest depth and maximum residual energy information, use maximal ratio combination (MRC) technique for diversity. ...
... This section discusses related algorithms for UWSNs. A cooperative algorithm is proposed in [19]. The network is divided into four regions. ...
... As a result of cooperation, delay of the network increases and the nodes nearer the final destination nodes have higher death ratio. [19] IAIEEDBR The protocol selects the destination nodes based on depth, residual energy and number of hops. ...
Mitigation of channel unfavorable circumstances during data routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) has utmost significance. It guarantees saving packet corruption along unfavorable channels so that vital data is not lost or become meaningless. This paper proposes two routing protocols for UWSNs: localization free energy efficient routing (LFEER) and its improved version, localization free energy efficient cooperative routing (Co-LFEER). The LFEER makes decision of choosing a relay based on its maximum residual energy, number of hops and the bit error rate of the link over which packets are transmitted. These metrics are chosen to save packets from corruption to the maximum limit and maintain stable paths (where nodes do not die soon). Since a single link is used in the LFEER for packets forwarding, the link may become worse with changing circumstances of the channel. To deal with this issue, cooperative routing is added to the LFFER to construct the Co-LFEER protocol, in which some copies of packets are received by destination to decide about packets quality. Converse to some prevalent protocols, both LFEER and Co-LFEER are independent of knowing the sensor nodes’ positions, which increases computational complexity and wasteful utilization of resources. Based on extensive simulations, the proposed schemes are better than Co-DBR in reducing energy utilization and advancing packets to the desired destination.
... In [25], authors use that the two principle challenges are; radio waves can't function admirably in submerged condition and the second is that the acoustic correspondence is moderate. The proposed plot centers around area base collaboration. ...
... Where a and b refer to ingestion and dissipating separately, estimated in m-1, and λ is the wavelength of signals in nm. Utilizing the co-productive of weakening Beer, s Law decide the construction of an acoustic signals for a separation d is given by [25]: ...
... In [25], authors use that the two principle challenges are; radio waves can't function admirably in submerged condition and the second is that the acoustic correspondence is moderate. The proposed plot centers around area base collaboration. ...
... Where a and b refer to ingestion and dissipating separately, estimated in m-1, and λ is the wavelength of signals in nm. Utilizing the co-productive of weakening Beer, s Law decide the construction of an acoustic signals for a separation d is given by [25]: ...
One of the real issues in UWSN is congestion control. The need is to plan an optimized congestion control scheme which enhances the network life time and in addition limits the usage of energy in data transmission from source to destination. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol called Dist-Coop in UWSN. Dist-Coop is a distributed cooperation based routing scheme which uses mechanism for optimized congestion control in noisy links of underwater environment. It is compact, energy proficient and high throughput opportunistic routing scheme for UWSN. In this proposed protocol architecture, we present congestion control with cooperative transmission of data packets utilizing relay sensors. The final objective is to enhance the network life time and forward information utilizing cooperation procedure, limiting energy consumption amid transmission of information. At destination node, combining strategy utilized is based on Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNRC). Simulation results of Dist-Coop scheme indicate better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, throughput and network lifetime in contrast with Co-UWSN and EH-UWSN routing protocols. Dist-Coop has expended substantially less energy and better throughput when contrasted with these protocols.
... In the article [24], Scholars utilize the two main problems exist; radio wave cannot perform very well in underwater conditions, and the next one is the sound transmission is modest. The planned strategy centers across region-based cooperation. ...
The harsh testing environments of underwater scenarios make it extremely hard to plan a reasonable routing protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs). The main challenge in UWSNs is energy confinement. It is needed to plan an energy effective scheme which increases the life span of the network and also reduces the energy usage in data transfer from supplier to sink. In this research, we present the design of a routing protocol known as Energy Harvesting in UWSN (EH-UWSN). EH-UWSN is a compact, energy efficient, and high throughput routing protocol, in which we present utilization of energy gaining with coordinating transfer of data packets through relay nodes. Through Energy Harvesting, the nodes are capable to recharge their batteries from the outside surrounding with the ultimate objective to improve the time span of network and proceed data through cooperation, along with restricting energy usage. At the sink node, the mixing plan applied is centered on Signal-to-Noise Ratio Combination (SNRC). Outcomes of EH-UWSN procedure reveal good results in terms of usage of energy, throughput, and network life span in comparing with our previous Cooperative Routing Scheme for UWSNs (Co-UWSN). Simulation results show that EH-UWSN has consumed considerably lesser energy when compared with Co-UWSN along with extending network lifetime and higher throughput at the destination.
... The robustness of the network is less when the node reaches directly [17]. If the node at low depth to reach the sink, it requires more hops [20]. ...
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) is one of the emerging technologies. Nowadays, it is more useful to monitor the watery bodies and underwater environment. Energy is one of the main issues in Underwater Wireless Sensor Nodes. Depends on the energy of each node in the network, the transmission rate varies. The nodes in the underwater networks had limited energy so it had to monitor the nodes effectively. In this work, the E-GEDAR protocol is used to analyze the data transmission rates and energy consumption as well as the efficiently. Simulation results show the significant improvement in the above parameters when compared with GEDAR protocol.
... al. proposed a scheme that consists of a shortest cost pathway routing algorithm which improves energy efficiency and network lifetime [27]. The study in [28] presents "An Energy Efficient Adaptive cooperative Routing Protocol" which targets UWSNs. This protocol, enabled re-transmission of failed communications through cooperative nodes. ...
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) serve as a proficient source to monitor aquatic environment. However, data communications and information routing within these systems offer many challenges. To ensure sufficient network lifetime, energy efficiency in routing protocols serve as a major concern in UWSNs. This paper presents an energy competent cooperative routing scheme known as Region Based Courier-nodes Mobility with Incremental Cooperative (RBCMIC) routing. The proposed scheme uses broadcast nature of wireless nodes and performs an incremental cooperative routing. A rigorous evaluation and verification of the proposed scheme with current state-of-the-art yield improved energy efficiency, resulting in extended network lifetime. The results show that an overall improvement of 20% is witnessed in energy usage, whereas a notable 89% improvement is achieved in end-to-end delay in comparison to DEADS protocol.
... Duplicate transmissions are controlled. Authors in [18], proposed a scheme for cooperative communication. The energy consumption is balanced in this scheme with longer network lifetime by restricting cooperation to only immediate regions. ...
The acoustic environment suffers from a number of impairments which effect transmitted data reliability and integrity leads toward low-quality routing. Integral part of cooperative routing is reliable data delivery with trade-off energy consumption is high, because of multiple transmissions. In order to overcome this problem and getting advantage of cooperation routing, we proposed a scheme Sink Mobility with Incremental Cooperative Routing (SMIC) which involves Mobile Sinks to reduce energy consumption and achieve reliable data transfer. In this paper, selection parameter for relay and destination node is node's depth, residual energy and link quality (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) to achieve quality routing. Energy efficiency is achieved by optimized mobility pattern of Mobile Sinks (MSs) and using Amplify and Forward (AF) incremental cooperative routing which helps in efficient utilization of resources by using them, when needed. The proposed work is validated via simulations which show the relatively improved performance of our proposed protocol in terms of the selected performance metrics.
... Authors in [16] proposed efficient techniques for the determination of the minimum density and optimal location of relay nodes to ensure connectivity. EACE [17] proposed a region based cooperative communication protocol for UWSNs. In this, whole region is divided into vertical 4 regions. ...
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), reliability is one of the major concerns for large number of applications. The underwater environment is very harsh and noisy. Fading is common and unavoidable, therefore achieving reliable data transfer requires innovative routing solutions. This paper presents a energy efficient cooperative routing with varying Depth threshold (Dth) called Depth and Energy Aware Cooperative Routing Protocol for UWSNs (DEAC). DEAC utilizes the broadcast nature of sensor nodes by performing cooperative routing. Optimised value of Dth is selected for a source node and varied according to the number of alive neighbors of that source node.Potential destination node is selected from outside of Dth and a potential relay node is selected from inside. Destination and relay are selected on the basis of depth, residual energy and link quality between sensor nodes. Source node forwards a data packet to destination node from two ways, directly from source node to destination node and via relay to destination node. At destination, two data packets received from source node and relay node are combined using Maximum Ratio Combining Technique (MRC). Simulation results show that DEAC achieves better performance over some existing depth based routing protocols in terms of throughput, packet Acceptance ratio, packet drop and energy consumption.
Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) features many unique characteristics, including slow propagation speed, high end-to-end delay, low available bandwidth, variable link quality, and energy constraint. All these problems pose a big challenge to devise a transmission efficient, energy-saving, and low delay routing protocol for UWSNs. In this paper we devise a relative distance based forwarding (RDBF) routing protocol, which aims to provide transmission efficient, energy-saving, and low delay routing. We utilize a fitness factor to measure and judge the degree of appropriateness for a node to forward the packets. Under the limitations of the fitness factor, RDBF can confine the scope of the candidate forwarders and find the beneficial relays to forward packets. In this way, only a small fraction of nodes are involved in forwarding process, which can distinctly reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, using only the selected beneficial nodes as forwarders can both enhance the transmission efficiency and reduce the end-to-end delay. This is because the distances of these nodes to the sink are the shortest and the hop counts of routing paths consisted by these nodes are minimum. We use the ns-2 based simulator to conduct our experiment; the results show that RDBF performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency.
Unlike radio communication in terrestrial wireless sensor networks, acoustic channel in underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is challenged by long propagation delay and swarm mobility. The long propagation delay causes the deterioration of network throughput and unfairness. Moreover, the swarm mobility causes unreliable access and the failure of channel reservation. In this paper, we propose a novel delay tolerant MAC protocol (DTMAC) inspired by the coupon collector's problem. It proposes a distributed coupon collection algorithm in UWSNs. If a node needs to send a packet, the packet will be repeatedly transmitted m times, with a transmission probability to be p. Under the traditional protocol interference model, we first set up a probability model for throughput of DTMAC, and then give the throughput-optimal value for m and p with the successful transmission probability as tuning parameter. Because no any acknowledge or channel reservation is used, the throughput of DTMAC is not influenced by propagation delay. In addition, space unfairness problem also no longer exists since DTMAC is not concerned with transmission distance. The simulation results show that the throughput of DTMAC greatly outperforms that of MAC protocol with RTS/CTS scheme in most underwater scenarios.
In this paper, we propose a distributed data-gathering scheme using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) working as a mobile sink to gather data from a randomly distributed underwater sensor network where sensor nodes are clustered around several cluster headers. Unlike conventional data-gathering schemes where the AUV visits either every node or every cluster header, the proposed scheme allows the AUV to visit some selected nodes named path-nodes in a way that reduces the overall transmission power of the sensor nodes. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the performance of the proposed scheme compared with several preexisting techniques employing the AUV in terms of total amount of energy consumption, standard deviation of each node's energy consumption, latency to gather data at a sink, and controlling overhead. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only reduces the total energy consumption but also distributes the energy consumption more uniformly over the network, thereby increasing the lifetime of the network.
With the rapid development of underwater acoustic modem technology, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) have more applications in long-term monitoring of the deployment area. In the underwater environment, the sensors are costly with limited energy. And acoustic communication medium poses new challenges, including high path loss, low bandwidth, and high energy consumption. Therefore, designing transmission mechanism to decrease energy consumption and to optimize the lifetime of UWASN becomes a significant task. This paper proposes a balance transmission mechanism, and divides the data transmission process into two phases. In the routing set-up phase, an efficient routing algorithm based on the optimum transmission distance is present to optimize the energy consumption of the UWASN. And then, a data balance transmission algorithm is introduced in the stable data transmission phase. The algorithm determines one-hop or multihop data transmission of the node to underwater sink according to the current energy level of adjacent nodes. Furthermore, detailed theoretical analysis evaluates the optimum energy levels in the UWASNs with different scales. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the BTM.
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted significant research attention recently from both industry and academia. Due to the significantly differences from terrestrial wireless sensor networks, including slow propagation speed, high end-to-end delay, low available bandwidth, variable link quality and energy constraint, designing an efficient routing protocol for the underwater sensor networks is challenging. In this paper we devise a relative distance-based forwarding (RDBF) routing protocol, which always try to send the packets along an optimized path without constructing a communication path previously. To limit the scope of candidate forwarders and find the optimal relay, we utilize a fitness factor to measure and judge the degree of appropriateness for a node to forward the packets.
Energy efficiency and mobility robustness are two of the main performance metrics to be addressed when designing any rout-ing protocol for underwater sensor network (UWSN). Energy efficiency leads to a prolonged network life time, while mobility robustness ensures high and stable delivery ratio. Most of the routing strategies designed for UWSN require a full knowledge of the three dimensional location of nodes. In this paper, we introduce an energy efficient routing schema that does not require any location information, and achieves high packet delivery ratio for both static and mobile scenarios in sparse or dense networks. In our routing strategy, nodes assign themselves to concen-tric layers. A node to layer assignment is determined by signal power of a received interest packet broadcast by sink nodes. Routing paths are determined on the fly, and a forwarder is chosen based on its layer num-ber and residual energy. Nodes are assumed to be able to adjust their transmission power to a finite set of values. Low power level is most likely selected by nodes when the network is dense, whereas a higher power level is selected when the network is sparse or when nodes at lay-ers closer to the sink has more residual energy. Simulation results shows that our routing protocol achieves a high delivery ratio and a low energy consumption while reducing the delay when compared with other routing strategies for both sparse and dense networks.
The long propagation delay in an underwater acoustic channel makes designing an underwater media access control (MAC) protocol more challenging. In particular, handshaking-based MAC protocols widely used in terrestrial radio channels have been known to be inappropriate in underwater acoustic channels, because of the inordinately large latency involved in exchanging control packets. Furthermore, in the case of multi-hop relaying in a hop-by-hop handshaking manner, the end-to-end delay significantly increases. In this paper, we propose a new MAC protocol named cascading multi-hop reservation and transmission (CMRT). In CMRT, intermediate nodes between a source and a destination may start handshaking in advance for the next-hop relaying before handshaking for the previous node is completed. By this concurrent relaying, control packet exchange and data delivery cascade down to the destination. In addition, to improve channel utilization, CMRT adopts a packet-train method where multiple data packets are sent together by handshaking once. Thus, CMRT reduces the time taken for control packet exchange and accordingly increases the throughput. The performance of CMRT is evaluated and compared with that of two conventional MAC protocols (multiple-access collision avoidance for underwater (MACA-U) and MACA-U with packet trains (MACA-UPT)). The results show that CMRT outperforms other MAC protocols in terms of both throughput and end-to-end delay.
Cooperative communication has been studied extensively as a promising technique for improving the performance of terrestrial wireless networks. However, in underwater cooperative acoustic networks, long propagation delays and complex acoustic channels make the conventional relay selection schemes designed for terrestrial wireless networks inefficient. In this paper, we develop a new best relay selection criterion, called COoperative Best Relay Assessment (COBRA), for underwater cooperative acoustic networks to minimize the one-way packet transmission time. The new criterion takes into account both the spectral efficiency and the underwater long propagation delay to improve the overall throughput performance of the network with energy constraint. A best relay selection algorithm is also proposed based on COBRA criterion. This algorithm only requires the channel statistical information instead of the instantaneous channel state. Our simulation results show a significant decrease on one-way packet transmission time with COBRA. The throughput and delivery ratio performance improvement further verifies the advantages of our proposed criterion over the conventional channel state based algorithms.
The extensive usage of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has led to the development of many power- and energy-efficient routing protocols. Cooperative routing in WSNs can improve performance in these types of networks. In this paper we discuss the existing proposals and we propose a routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks called Power Efficient Location-based Cooperative Routing with Transmission Power-upper-limit (PELCR-TP). The algorithm is based on the principle of minimum link power and aims to take advantage of nodes cooperation to make the link work well in WSNs with a low transmission power. In the proposed scheme, with a determined transmission power upper limit, nodes find the most appropriate next nodes and single-relay nodes with the proposed algorithm. Moreover, this proposal subtly avoids non-working nodes, because we add a Bad nodes Avoidance Strategy (BAS). Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm with BAS can significantly improve the performance in reducing the overall link power, enhancing the transmission success rate and decreasing the retransmission rate.
We propose an efficient cooperative ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) scheme for underwater acoustic communications, in which cooperative nodes are used to provide more reliable alternative paths for a specific source-to-destination connection. Based on the knowledge of inter-node distances, a cooperative region is defined to include all possible candidates for cooperative nodes from a given pair of source-destination nodes. When the destination node receives an erroneous packet, it asks for retransmission from a cooperative node, which is selected in a closest-one-first manner from the nodes in the cooperative region. The selection procedure continues until the retransmission is successful. In this paper, we evaluate the proposed scheme by comparing it with a conventional S&W ARQ in terms of throughput efficiency. Computer simulation results show that the proposed cooperative retransmission scheme can significantly improve the throughput by increasing the probability of successful retransmission.
Recent studies have shown that in realistic wireless sensor network environments links are extremely unreliable. To recover from corrupted packets, most routing schemes with an assumption of ideal radio environments use a retransmission mechanism, which may cause unnecessary retransmissions. Therefore, guaranteeing energy-efficient reliable data transmission is a fundamental routing issue in wireless sensor networks. However, it is not encouraged to propose a new reliable routing scheme in the sense that every existing routing scheme cannot be replaced with the new one. This paper proposes a Distributed and Reliable Data Transmission (DRDT) scheme with a goal to efficiently guarantee reliable data transmission. In particular, this is based on a pluggable modular approach so that it can be extended to existing routing schemes. DRDT offers reliable data transmission using neighbor nodes, i.e., helper nodes. A helper node is selected among the neighbor nodes of the receiver node which overhear the data packet in a distributed manner. DRDT effectively reduces the number of retransmissions by delegating the retransmission task from the sender node to the helper node that has higher link quality to the receiver node when the data packet reception fails due to the low link quality between the sender and the receiver nodes. Comprehensive simulation results show that DRDT improves end-to-end transmission cost by up to about 45% and reduces its delay by about 40% compared to existing schemes.
The long propagation delay of underwater acoustic communications has made traditional handshaking-based medium access control (MAC) protocols inefficient for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). We envision that this unique feature, although often taken as negative, can be leveraged to improve the parallelism between multiple senders, i.e., transmitting data simultaneously so as to achieve higher channel utilization. In this paper, we propose a novel Delay-Aware Probability-based MAC protocol, DAP-MAC, which eliminates the handshaking process and utilizes concurrent transmissions to significantly improve the network throughput. Compatibility relation among senders based on their distances to the common receiver is derived at run-time. A utility-optimization framework uses this compatibility relation to determine the best transmission strategies for senders. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that DAP-MAC achieves better system throughput than the existing representative underwater MAC protocols.
A number of routing protocols have been proposed for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). However, most of their routing protocols do not take into account the environmental information like water depth since the shallow and deep water have different characteristics. In this article, we present an environment-aware routing protocol (named ERP) for UWSNs. ERP performs different routing operations according to the water depth in UWSNs. Using the NS-2 simulator, ERP is compared against a well-known routing protocol (i.e., DBR) and a localisation-free routing protocol (i.e., H2-DAB). Simulations results prove that ERP shows increased performance improvements over DBR and H2-DAB.
As an extension of wireless sensor network in underwater environment, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have caused widespread concern of academia. In UASNs, the efficiency and reliability of data transmission are very challenging due to the complex underwater environment in variety of ocean applications, such as monitoring abnormal submarine oil pipelines. Motivated by the importance of energy consumption in many deployments of UASNs, we therefore propose an energy-efficient data transmission scheme in this paper, called EGRC (Energy-efficiency Grid Routing based on 3D Cubes) in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks, taking complex properties of underwater medium into consideration, such as three dimensional changing topology, high propagation delay, node mobility and density, as well as rotation mechanism of cluster-head nodes. First, the whole network model is regarded as a 3D cube from the grid point of view, and this 3D cube is divided into many small cubes, where a cube is seen as a cluster. In the 3D cube, all the sensor nodes are duty-cycled in the MAC layer. Second, in order to make energy efficient and extend network lifetime, EGRC shapes an energy consumption model taking residual energy and location of sensor nodes into account to select the optimal cluster-heads. Moreover, EGRC utilizes residual energy, locations and end-to-end delay for searching for the next-hop node to maintain the reliability of data transmission. Simulation validations of the proposed algorithm are carried out to show the effectiveness of EGRC, which performs better than the representative algorithms in terms of energy efficiency, reliability and end-to-end delay.
The unique characteristics of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) attracted the research community to explore different aspects of these networks. Routing is one of the most important and challenging function in UWSNs, for efficient data communication and longevity of sensor node's battery timing. Sensor nodes have energy constraint because replacing the batteries of sensor nodes is an expensive and tough task in harsh aqueous environment. Also interference is a major performance influencing factor. Providing solutions for interference-free communication are also essential. In this paper, we propose three energy-efficient and interference-aware routing protocols named as Inverse Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing protocol (IEEDBR), Interference-Aware Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing protocol (IA-EEDBR) and Interference-Aware Inverse Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing protocol (IA-IEEDBR). Unlike EEDBR, IEEDBR protocol uses depth and minimum residual energy information for selecting data for-warder. While IA-EEDBR takes minimum number of neighbors for forwarder selection. IA-IEEDBR considers depth, minimum residual energy along with minimum number of neighbors for selection of forwarder. Our proposed schemes are validated through simulation and the results demonstrate better performance in terms of improved network lifetime, maximized throughput and reduced path loss.
Underwater environment suffers from a number of impairments which effect reliability and integrity of data being transmitted. Cooperative transmission is well known for reliable data transfer. Hence, cooperative routing can be implemented in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) in order to reduce the impact of existing link impairments on transmitted data. Cooperative routing involves data transmission via partner node (relay/destination node) towards sink. Selection of partner node for cooperative routing is to be performed on basis of a certain criterion so that effective results can be achieved. In this paper, two different partner node selection criteria are implemented and compared. We consider source node's depth threshold (d th ), potential relay/destination nodes's depth, residual energy and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the link connecting source node with potential relay/destination node as selection parameters. One criterion considers depth and residual energy while the other also takes link's SNR into account along with depth and residual energy. SNR based criterion is proved to outperform the one involving only depth and residual energy information. Simulation results show that the SNR based criterion achieves better results with respect to stability period and Packet Acceptance Ratio (PAR) along with reduced delay and packet drop.
Reliability is key factor for mission critical data applications. In poor underwater environment, where fading and noises are unavoidable, it is very difficult to have error free data transmission. This paper presents a novel cooperative routing protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) called Adaptive Cooperation in Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (ACE). ACE aims to reduce high error rate and enhance throughput via retransmission through cooperative relay nodes. Retransmission is performed only when destination receives er-roneous copy in direct transmission from the source node. Relay nodes are selected on the basis of depth and residual energy of sensor nodes. Simulation results show the superior performance of ACE over conventional non retransmission routing protocol in terms of throughput, packet drop and packet acceptance ratio.
Mission critical applications impose the require-ments of reliability and network efficiency on Underwater Wire-less Sensor Networks (UWSN). Innovative routing solutions are therefore required for efficient data forwarding. In this paper, we propose a cooperative routing scheme for UWSNs to enhance network performance. Many cooperative communication proto-cols are developed investigating physical and MAC layer aspects to improve link efficiency in harsh underwater environment, however, at network layer, it is still largely unexplored. In this paper, Cooperation is employed at network layer in existing non-cooperative routing protocol, Depth Based Routing (DBR), to increase its reliability and throughput. Potential relays are selected on the basis of depth information. Data from source node is cooperatively forwarded to the destination by relay nodes. The simulation results show that CoDBR gives 83% more throughput, 98% more packet acceptance ratio and 90 % less packet drop in the stable region as compared to non-cooperative scheme.
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks UASNs have received significant attention recently. The important characteristic of an underwater acoustic sensor network is that, most underwater acoustic sensor nodes have a certain beam width and a three-dimensional direction, which are ignored by the existing underwater routing protocols. This characteristic will lead to the sharp decline of the existing protocol performance. We develop a Distance-Based Probabilistic Routing DBPR protocol to tackle this problem in UASNs. DBPR uses forward probability to determine whether to forward the data packet. Forwarding probability is influenced by the distance and the beam width of the node. A key advantage of our protocol is that it can achieve relatively high packet delivery rate and ensure reasonable energy consumption when taken into account the above characteristic. The proposed protocol is compared with a representative routing protocol for UASNs. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed work.
A power-efficient location-based cooperative routing (PLCR) algorithm is proposed to reduce the overall power for routing in wireless networks. With theoretical analysis, by means of a cooperative relay, the probability of successful packet reception can be increased, and the overall power for routing can be reduced, given the outage probability of the link constrained at a certain target level. PLCR algorithm uses the location information of nodes to select the optimum next-hop node and cooperative node hop by hop with minimum power so that the cooperative route with minimum overall power from source to destination can be set up. Simulation results show that, compared with non-cooperative routing algorithm, PLCR routing algorithm can significantly reduce the overall power.
Recently, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have attracted much research attention from both academia and industry,
in order to explore the vast underwater environment. However, designing network protocols is challenging in UWSNs since UWSNs
have peculiar characteristics of large propagation delay, high error rate, low bandwidth and limited energy. In UWSNs, improving
the energy efficiency is one of the most important issues since the replacement of the batteries of such nodes is very expensive
due to harsh underwater environment. Hence, in this paper, we propose an energy efficient routing protocol, named EEDBR (Energy-Efficient
Depth Based Routing protocol) for UWSNs. Our proposed protocol utilizes the depth of the sensor nodes for forwarding the data
packets. Furthermore, the residual energy of the sensor nodes is also taken into account in order to improve the network life-time.
Based on the comprehensive simulation using NS2, we observe that our proposed routing protocol contributes to the performance
improvements in terms of the network lifetime, energy consumption and end-to-end delay.
KeywordsUnderwater wireless sensor networks–routing–network life-time–residual energy
Providing scalable and ecient routing services in underwater sensor net- works (UWSNs) is very challenging due to the unique characteristics of UWSNs. Firstly, UWSNs often employ acoustic channels for communications because radio signals do not work well in water. Compared with radio-frequency channels, acous- tic channels feature much lower bandwidths and several orders of magnitudes longer propagation delays. Secondly, UWSNs usually have very dynamic topology as sen- sors move passively with water currents. Some routing protocols have been proposed to address the challenging problem in UWSNs. However, most of them assume that the full-dimensional location information of all sensor nodes in a network is known in prior through a localization process, which is yet another challenging issue to be solved in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing (DBR) protocol. DBR does not require full-dimensional location information of sensor nodes. Instead, it needs only local depth information, which can be easily obtained with an inex- pensive depth sensor that can be equipped in every underwater sensor node. A key advantage of our protocol is that it can handle network dynamics eciently with- out the assistance of a localization service. Moreover, our routing protocol can take advantage of a multiple-sink underwater sensor network architecture without intro- ducing extra cost. We conduct extensive simulations. The results show that DBR can achieve very high packet delivery ratios (at least 95%) for dense networks with only small communication cost.
An adaptive power controlled routing protocol for underwater sensor network
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