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Extension of the Vase Life in Cut Roses by Treatment with Glucose, Isothiazolinonic Germicide, Citric Acid and Aluminum Sulphate Solution
Abstract
Cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Rote Rose was treated with glucose, fructose or sucrose at 10 g L-1 in combination with a commercial preparation of isothiazolinonic germicide (a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3- one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; CMI/MI; Legend MK) at 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mL L-1. To stabilize germicidal activity, the solution was acidified by the addition of citric acid to a final concentration at 30 mg L-1. Of the sugars, glucose was the most effective in extending the vase life, followed by fructose. CMI/MI was most optimal at 0.5 mL L-1. The addition of aluminum sulphate at 50 mg L-1 to glucose plus CMI/MI considerably extended the vase life of cut roses more than glucose plus CMI/MI. Based on these results, a formulation comprising 10 g L-1 glucose, 0.5 mL L-1 CMI/MI, 30 mg L-1 citric acid and 50 mg L-1 aluminum sulphate was designated as GLCA and the effect of GLCA on the vase life of 8 cultivars was compared against 10 g L-1 glucose plus 200 mg L-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (HQS). Treatment with GLCA extended the vase life of all the tested cultivars more than glucose plus HQS. Hydraulic conductance of stem segments in the control 'Rote Rose' roses decreased rapidly after harvest, but those for GLCA and glucose plus HQS were maintained at near their initial levels. The extension of vase life in cut roses by the addition of GLCA is attributed to the supply of sugars and the suppression of vascular occlusion without toxicity to cut flowers.
... Aluminum sulphate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) has been recommended for maintaining the vase life of gladioluses and roses (Seyf et al., 2012;Gupta et al., 2020) since it acidifies the storage solution, limits bacterial growth and favors water absorption (Ichimura et al., 2006). ...
... These observations indicate that the addition of chemicals to the storage solution allows for flower stem harvest at earlier stages, which leads to more efficient spathe opening. In lisianthus, the use of 8-HQC in the vase solution also helps increase the floral opening and pot life (Hutchinson, 2013). Considering the harvest of stems at 1/3 open, namely, stems that are mature or at a slightly more advanced maturation stage, the use of products in the solution is not required because of the limited effectiveness in terms of floral growth. ...
... The increased absorption rate with the addition of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 can be attributed to the germicidal effect of this compound, which reduces microbial proliferation and thereby reduces vascular occlusion. Furthermore, the reduction in the pH of the solution directly influences the absorption rate (Hutchinson, 2013). The acidification by aluminum sulfate extended the vase life of Gardenia jasminoides flowers due to the increase water uptake (Çelikel et al., 2020). ...
The use of chemicals in storage solutions has proved beneficial for the postharvest conservation of cut flowers. However, the effect of these solutions on the water relations of some species is still unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the water relations in calla lily flowers harvested at different stages and maintained under postharvest solutions with different chemicals. The flower stems were harvested in two stages of spathe opening: the early stage (cartridge) and the 1/3 flower opening stage. The flower stems were dipped in solutions with water (control), 100 mg L-1 sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), 100 mg L-1 aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3], 200 mg L-1 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and 10 mg L-1 silver nitrate (AgNO3). Over 9 days, the floral stems were kept in a room at 21 ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% relative humidity and evaluated for changes in the pH of the solution and the water absorption, transpiration and commercial quality of the cut flowers. The addition of conservation substances to the storage solution induced spathe opening at both harvest stages and promoted water absorption by the stems, thus increasing the efficiency of flower hydration. The water balance maintenance was best for stems stored in water and storage solutions with Al2(SO4)3.
... It is extensively used as a biocide for cut roses (De Stigter, 1981), lisianthus (Liao et al., 2001), and many other cut flower species. It has also been reported to improve keeping quality and vase life of cut roses (Ichimura et al., 2006) by stabilizing petal anthocyanin contents and lowering pH. ...
... Quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectant is stable, safe, and effective in controlling germs in vase solutions, particularly when freshly prepared solution is used. Isothiazolinone is another safe, effective, broad-spectrum, and globally approved preservative compound, which can also be used as a biocide in floral preservative solutions (Ichimura et al., 2006). However, limited information is available on effectiveness of these compounds for cut flower longevity. ...
... Addition of isothiazolinone or quaternary ammonium chloride effectively controlled bacterial populations in the vase solutions (visual observation), had high water uptake, and had low pH of the vase solution, which might have extended the vase life of cut stems (Gast, 2000). Ichimura et al. (2006) noted that isothiazolinone extended vase life of roses. Stems placed continuously in C-IS maintained the fresh weight of cut lisianthus, snapdragon, and stock stems until termination and either had higher or similar fresh weight at termination as immediately after harvest. ...
Effects of homemade or commercial floral preservatives, applied as 48-hour grower treatment or continuous retailer/consumer application, were studied on cut ‘ABC Blue’ lisianthus ( Eustoma grandiflorum ), ‘Maryland Plumblossom’ snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus ), ‘Mid Cheerful Yellow’ stock ( Matthiola incana ), and ‘Deep Red’ Benary’s zinnia ( Zinnia violacea ). Cut stems were placed in solutions containing 500 mL·L ⁻¹ lemon/lime soda (soda); 6 mL·L ⁻¹ lemon juice plus 20 g·L ⁻¹ sugar (lemon juice); 100 mg·L ⁻¹ citric acid plus 20 g·L ⁻¹ sugar plus 200 mg·L ⁻¹ aluminum sulfate (C-AS); 400 mg·L ⁻¹ citric acid plus 20 g·L ⁻¹ sugar alone (citric acid), or combined with either 0.5 mL·L ⁻¹ quaternary ammonium chloride (C-QA), or 0.007 mL·L ⁻¹ isothiazolinone (C-IS); 10 mL·L ⁻¹ Floralife Clear Professional Flower Food (Floralife); or 10 mL·L ⁻¹ Chrysal Clear Professional 2 (Chrysal), dissolved in tap water, which was also used as control without any added compound. Cut stems of lisianthus and stock had longest vase lives (22.1 and 12.7 days, respectively) when placed in C-IS continuously, while snapdragon and zinnia stems had longest vase lives (22.3 and 16.3 days, respectively) when placed in C-QA solution continuously. Continuous use of soda extended vase life of cut lisianthus, snapdragon, and stock stems, but not zinnia, compared with tap water. Citric acid extended the vase life of lisianthus and stock when used continuously and of zinnia when used for 48 hours. Use of C-AS or lemon juice either had no effect or reduced vase life of the tested species, except lemon juice increased zinnia vase life when used as a 48-hour treatment. Stems of lisianthus, stock, and zinnia placed continuously in C-IS, C-QA, or citric acid had high solution uptake. No significant differences were observed for vase life of all tested species with short duration (48 hours) application of solutions, except 48-hour use of citric acid or lemon juice increased zinnia vase life compared with tap water. Overall, continuous vase application of the homemade preservatives resulted in longer vase life extension than 48-hour treatment. Among tested preservative recipes, C-IS, C-QA, soda, or citric acid demonstrated best postharvest performance of tested species. However, recipes containing C-AS or lemon juice had detrimental effects and should not be used for handling cut stems of tested species.
... The use of biocides can reduce the number of microorganisms and thus slow down the flowers wilt. Al2(SO4)3 is used like an antimicrobial compound in commercial preservative solutions (ICHIMURA et al., 2006). MARYAM et al. (2012) treatments consisted of different amount of aluminum sulfate had higher relative fresh weight and extended vase life compared with control. ...
... Many authors concluded that low carbohydrate levels in stem and leaves will reduce vase life which can be partially remedied by presence of sugar in the holding and vase solutions (WILKINS et al., 1996;GAST, 1997;SÄRKKÄ, 2005;HASHEMABADI et al., 2006). Many experiments show application of aluminum sulfate, or in a combination with sucrose, and their positive influence on vase life of cut flowers at postharvest stage (REDDY et al., 1996;HASSANPOUR et al., 2004;ICHIMURA et al., 2006). Garden rose (Rose hybrida) cultivars were grown under natural day length conditions on an open field. ...
... As MARIAIM et al. (2012) stated application of some germicides has been suggested to prevent rapid proliferation of microorganisms and to decrease the longevity of cut flowers. Aluminium sulphate has been recommended for maintaining the vase life of several cut flowers (LIAO et al., 2001;ICHIMURA et al., 2006). As in this research aluminium sulphate gives positive results on prolonging of vase live of garden rose for 1-6 days depending on genotype and treatment. ...
Efficacy of preservative solutions on vase life of garden roses has not been
researched before. Vast variability and morphological characteristics of
this group of roses are very important, making them suitable for their use
in bouquets, arrangements and vases. This research was carried out to
examine the influence of five preservative solutions on vase life of garden
rose cut flowers. The aim of research was to determine best preservative
solution for prolonging of vase life of garden rose cut flower. The
experiment included 8 rose cultivars cultivated for garden use. Each
treatment consisted of 10 cut garden roses. The cut garden rose flowers with
vase solution containing Al2(SO4)3+ethanol+sucrose register longer vase life
and higher values in water uptake. Vase life of flowers held in tap water
(control) was lowest (4.38 days). This research backs the assumption that
with the use of preservative solutions, garden rose also can be used as a
cut flower.
... Aluminium sulphate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), an antimicrobial compound has been recommended in commercial preservative solutions for maintaining vase life of several cut flowers (Liao et al. 2001, Ichimura et al. 2006. Aluminium sulphate acidifies vase solution, diminishes bacterial proliferation and enhances water uptake. ...
... Besides antimicrobial compound, carbohydrates are also necessary for maintenance of turgor pressure and prviding energy source for flower opening (Sarkka 2005). Several studies have reported that application of aluminium sulphate alone or in combination with sucrose are highly effective in preserving quality and extending vase life of cut flowers during postharvest stage (Ichimura et al. 2006, Gowda 1990a,b, Singh and Sharma 2008, Amiri et al. 2009, Jowkar et al. 2012, Jain et al. 2014, Chanjirakul and Pamornkol 2015. However as per our knowledge, no information is available on the effect of aluminium sulphate and its combination with sucrose in lilium flowers in enhancing the vase life. ...
... In this study, application of sucrose in combination with aluminium sulphate exerted synergistic effect in extending vase life of lilium over the treatments alone. Apart from microbial proliferation in vase solution, shortage of soluble carbohydrates in the petals has also been reported to be an important factor reducing vase life of cut flowers after harvest (Ichimura et al. 1999, 2006, Liao et al. 2000. In our study, sucrose supplementation in the vase solution increased the carbohydrate level in the flower tissue that helped to carry out metabolic opening thereby extended longevity of flowers. ...
In this study, effect of sucrose and aluminium sulphate on prolonging vase life and postharvest quality of lilium was investigated. Lilium flowers cv. Monarch after harvest were kept in vase solutions containing sucrose (2%) or aluminium sulphate (100 ppm or 200 ppm) alone or in combination. While, control flowers were kept in distilled water. Results indicated that combination treatment of aluminium sulphate (200 ppm) and sucrose (2%) was highly effective in extending vase life of lilium up to 12.8 days compared to control (9.5 days). Uptake of water by these flowers was also recorded maximum (37.67 ml) than other treatments. Flowers kept in vase solution containing aluminium sulphate (200 ppm) had the maximum fresh weight of 42.65 g while, maximum withering weight (21.81 g) was recorded in flowers treated with sucrose (2%) + aluminium sulphate (100 ppm). The combination treatment of sucrose 2% and aluminium sulphate 200 ppm also delayed the opening of first and second flowers by 2.33 and 3 days, respectively than control. The flower longevity and diameter of opened flowers were also recorded highest by this treatment. Conclusively, combination treatment of sucrose (2%) and aluminium sulphate (200 ppm) was found highly effective in preserving quality and extending vase life of lilium during postharvest storage.
... Preservative treatments are often necessary to offer energy sources, prevent microbial build-up and vascular blockage, increase water uptake of the stem, and stop the 9 negative effects of ethylene (Nigussie, 2005). To extend the vase life of cut flowers, it is recommended to add various chemical preservatives to the holding solution (vase) (Ichimura et al., 2006). In this regard, several preservatives are used around the world to extend the vase life of various cut flowers, including sucrose, 8-hydroxy quinolene sulphate (8-HQS), ethanol extracts, silver thiosulphate, and citric acid. ...
... As a result, the net water gain steadily decreases, causing the flowers to wilt, lose quality, and eventually die. In contrast, a variety of floral preservatives is used globally to extend the vase life of cut flowers (Ichimura et al., 2006). These preservatives act as an energy supply, prevent microorganisms from growing, and prolong the freshness of cut flowers. ...
Extending the vase life of cut flowers is one of the serious problems in the floriculture industry in the study area. To this end, different types of preservatives have been used to prolong the shelf life of cut flowers. Therefore, the present experiment was initiated to identify an appropriate pulsing preservative to prolong the vase life of gypsophila at TAL Flower Farms PLC, Bahir Dar Zuria District, Ethiopia. The design was completely random and was replicated three times. The treatments were three varieties of gypsophila (overtime, magnet, and Blancanieves) and five preservative solutions (Aluminium Sulphate, TOG-3, Silver thiosulphate, sugar, and distilled water). Data on solution uptake, water loss, and fresh weight, flower opening percentage, vase life, and thickness were collected, and analyzed by SAS software. Both the variety of gypsophila and pulsing preservatives and their interactions influenced most of the parameters tested in the study. Pulsing Gypsophila flowers with silver thiosulphate recorded the best results in all parameters except flower stem thickness. On the other hand, the Magnet variety, followed by overtime, had the longest vase life and quality. The magnet variety pulsed with silver thiosulphate preservative recorded the highest solution uptake, water loss through transpiration, flower fresh weight, flower opening percentage, and maximum vase life day. Therefore, silver thiosulphate preservative can be used to prolong the vase life of gypsophila flowers, where a combination of Silver Thiosulphate and magnet varieties of gypsophila recorded the highest vase life.
... Each flower species and cultivar is adapted to various constituents and concentrations in the holding solution [55,78]. The sugar provides energy for plant respiration, and the germicides affect and kill harmful bacteria, and its action prevents plant tissue plugging [49,79]. ...
... Preserving solutions containing a combination of silver compounds and 8-HQC or 8-HQS are environmental hazards because they contain heavy metal compounds [49,110]. Isothiazolinone and quaternary ammonium chloride are widely used as they are safe, stable, broad-spectrum, and efficient biocides for inclusion in floral preservative solutions [49,79]. A number of preservative solution compounds, including lime or lime soda, aspirin tablets, and essential plant oils are used as biocides or acidifiers in natural homemade solutions [21,49]. ...
Cut flowers have become an export income in the global floriculture market. They have multiple uses, such as for home beautification, in ceremonies (including weddings and funerals), and as symbols of love, appreciation, respect, etc., in humane society. Each type of cut flower has a different vase life and the longevity of their freshness is linked to preharvest, harvest, and postharvest tools and conditions. The postharvest quality and vase life must be considered in order to obtain the desirable qualities of cut flowers, and factors that affect this are important in the floral industry. The use of floral preservative solutions is good practice for prolonging the vase life of cut flowers. Currently, the eco-friendly solutions, which are used as floral preservatives for extending cut flower vase life, have been discovered to be a low-cost and organic alternative as compared to chemical solutions. However, there are certain problems associated with the use of chemical and eco-friendly solutions. In this review, we summarize several potential approaches to improve flower vase life and discuss the best choices for holding-preservative-solution practices.
... So, preservative solutions are found best to overcome from this problem and the preservative solutions generally required energy source which minimizes the build up of microbes, vascular blockage, maximizes stem water uptake and negative effect of ethylene becomes arrested (Nigussie, 2005) [48] . So, to prolong the vase life, various preservatives to the vase solutions are recommended (Ichimura et al., 2006) [31] . The use of pulsing with some preservative solutions are following below: Rose: Rose belong to the family Rosaceae under which more than 150 species and 1400 cultivars come (Elgimabi, 2011) [42] . ...
... So, preservative solutions are found best to overcome from this problem and the preservative solutions generally required energy source which minimizes the build up of microbes, vascular blockage, maximizes stem water uptake and negative effect of ethylene becomes arrested (Nigussie, 2005) [48] . So, to prolong the vase life, various preservatives to the vase solutions are recommended (Ichimura et al., 2006) [31] . The use of pulsing with some preservative solutions are following below: Rose: Rose belong to the family Rosaceae under which more than 150 species and 1400 cultivars come (Elgimabi, 2011) [42] . ...
Flower cultivation is one the most popular strategy in the sector of horticulture. In recent years, the international trade of cut flowers has expanded and would be expected to increase further with promotion and application in various industries. Because of the fascinating nature of the cut flowers, they are loved by the people around the world but the less vase life of cut flowers creates problem in transporting to the other countries. So it is necessary to overcome from this problem as it is most important to meet the satisfaction of consumer. Pulse treatment with sucrose has been found a best preservative solution to extend the vase life of cut flowers. However, various pre harvest and post harvest factors can also affect the vase of cut flowers. So, by providing optimum condition to the cut flowers, vase life can be extended.
... So, preservative solutions are found best to overcome from this problem and the preservative solutions generally required energy source which minimizes the build up of microbes, vascular blockage, maximizes stem water uptake and negative effect of ethylene becomes arrested (Nigussie, 2005) [48] . So, to prolong the vase life, various preservatives to the vase solutions are recommended (Ichimura et al., 2006) [31] . The use of pulsing with some preservative solutions are following below: Rose: Rose belong to the family Rosaceae under which more than 150 species and 1400 cultivars come (Elgimabi, 2011) [42] . ...
... So, preservative solutions are found best to overcome from this problem and the preservative solutions generally required energy source which minimizes the build up of microbes, vascular blockage, maximizes stem water uptake and negative effect of ethylene becomes arrested (Nigussie, 2005) [48] . So, to prolong the vase life, various preservatives to the vase solutions are recommended (Ichimura et al., 2006) [31] . The use of pulsing with some preservative solutions are following below: Rose: Rose belong to the family Rosaceae under which more than 150 species and 1400 cultivars come (Elgimabi, 2011) [42] . ...
Abstract Flower cultivation is one the most popular strategy in the sector of horticulture. In recent years, the international trade of cut flowers has expanded and would be expected to increase further with promotion and application in various industries. Because of the fascinating nature of the cut flowers, they are loved by the people around the world but the less vase life of cut flowers creates problem in transporting to the other countries. So it is necessary to overcome from this problem as it is most important to meet the satisfaction of consumer. Pulse treatment with sucrose has been found a best preservative solution to extend the vase life of cut flowers. However, various pre harvest and post harvest factors can also affect the vase of cut flowers. So, by providing optimum condition to the cut flowers, vase life can be extended. Keywords: Cut flowers, vase life, pulsing, STS, sucrose
... He et al. (2006) reported that, low water uptake is often due to occlusions located mainly in the basal stem end and vase life termination for many cut flowers of Grevillea is characterized by wilting which is due to loss of water from the cells. Many researchers stated that shortage of soluble carbohydrates in petals is one of the most important causes for shortening cut flowers vase life but applying sucrose to vase solution increased flower longevity (Liao et al., 2000 andIchimura et al., 2006). Delaying protein degradation and flower senescence, regulating water rate due to controlling respiration, higher water uptake, inhibition of ethylene producing and decreasing ethylene sensitivity of cut flowers, (Chanasut et al. 2003 andIchimura et al. 2006). ...
... Many researchers stated that shortage of soluble carbohydrates in petals is one of the most important causes for shortening cut flowers vase life but applying sucrose to vase solution increased flower longevity (Liao et al., 2000 andIchimura et al., 2006). Delaying protein degradation and flower senescence, regulating water rate due to controlling respiration, higher water uptake, inhibition of ethylene producing and decreasing ethylene sensitivity of cut flowers, (Chanasut et al. 2003 andIchimura et al. 2006). Aromatic and medicinal plants are the source of natural antioxidants thanks to their main secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and essential oils, (Singer et al., 2003). ...
... According to Ichimura et al. (2006), aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) has been recommended to prolong the vase life of several cut flowers and is used as an antimicrobial compound in commercial preservative solutions. The compound acidifies vase solution, diminishes bacterial proliferation and enhances water uptake (Liao et al., 2000;Hassanpour et al., 2004;Tsegaw et al., 2011) and can be used alone or in combination of sucrose (Hussen and Yassin, 2013). ...
... The results of this study showed that aluminum sulfate at the concentration of 250 ppm maintained the freshness and thus prolonged the vase life of Maracuja rose flowers; which is similar as the results obtained in the first set of the experiment. In agreement with these findings, Ichimura et al. (2006) and Särkkä (2005) reported that aluminum sulfate with the concentration of 250 ppm gave the longest vase life of rose flowers. Similarly, the longest vase life of various varieties of rose flowers was observed by the application of 250 ppm aluminum sulfate in the findings of various researchers (Seyf et al., 2012;Hussen and Yassin, 2013;Lama et al., 2013). ...
Rose is one of the most important cut flowers in Ethiopia produced mostly for export markets. Maintaining the post-harvest life is the most challenging issue for most of the floriculture enterprises in the country. Two sets of experiments were therefore conducted in Tana Flora PLC farm, one of the biggest cut rose producers in Bahir Dar, Northwestern Ethiopia with the objectives of identifying the appropriate concentration of aluminum sulfate as pulsing preservative to maintain the vase life of export oriented rose flowers. In the first set, aluminum sulfate alone and in combination with calcium hypochlorite at different concentrations including the experience of Tana Flora PLC, sucrose and distilled water as control were tested for their influence on physiological status of `Maracuja` rose flowers. In the second set, the best performed pulsing preservative (aluminum sulfate alone) was tested at four concentrations (0ppm, 125ppm, 250ppm and 375ppm) to identify the optimum concentration. After pulsing for about 30 hours, six cut flowers were put in 250 ml glass flask containing distilled water. The flasks with flowers were arranged in Complete Randomized Design with three replications and kept in vase life testing room of Tana Flora PLC. According to the results obtained, aluminum sulfate at the concentration of 250ppm was the best in prolonging the vase life, in producing bigger flower head and maintaining the freshness of flowers. The reduction in percent fresh weight during the vase life of flowers was minimal in 250ppm aluminum sulfate pulsed flowers. The prolonged vase life of aluminum pulsed flowers is due to better water uptake and thus stabilized water balance in the flowers as observed in this study. Thus, it is advised to incorporate aluminum sulfate in flower holding solution at the concentration of 250ppm to maintain the freshness and vase life of export oriented rose flowers and those for local market in the study area.
... La vida de florero de las rosas (Rosa hybrida L.) es generalmente corta (Ichimura et al., 1999), para incrementarla se han desarrollado soluciones preservantes de gran aceptación comercial, los más efectivos en lograrlo son los que se usan a nivel consumidor (Ichimura et al., 2006). En clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus) y crisantemo (Dendratema morifolium) se ha demostrado que la utilización de soluciones preservantes por tiempos cortos entre 3 y 24 h con compuestos que actúen como secuestradores de radicales libres disminuyen los niveles de ERO e incrementan la vida de florero (Baker et al., 1977;Zheng y Guo, 1998) ya que aumentan los niveles de antioxidantes y enzimas implicadas en la defensa antioxidativa (Zheng y Guo, 1998). ...
... The vase life of roses (Rosa hybrida L.) is usually short (Ichimura et al., 1999), to increase it, preservative solution of great commercial acceptance have been developed; the most effective in achieving this are those used at the consumer level (Ichimura et al., 2006). In Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and chrysanthemum (Dendratema morifolium) has been shown that the use of preserving solutions for short times, between 3 and 24 h with compounds that act as scavengers of free radicals reducing ERO levels and increasing the vase life (Baker et al., 1977;Zheng and Guo, 1998), since it increases the levels of antioxidants and enzymes involved in antioxidant defense (Zheng and Guo, 1998). ...
Rose stems 'Freedom' were evaluated in two preservative solutions: 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (HQC) and Chrysal CLEAR® Professional 2 T-bag (CHRYSAL) in a pulse of 24 h at room temperature (24 ± 2 °C, 75% HR) and water as control. A completely randomized design with four replications was used; the experimental unit was a flower stem. Vase life, total phenolic content with the colorimetric method Folin-Ciocalteauy, total antioxidant capacity (caT) with DPPH and ABTS assays in both leaf and petal was evaluated. ANOVA and simple correlations between caT and content of phenols and between both assays was made. The results show that preservative solutions promote an increase in caT and total phenolic content in leaf, but not in petal. The leaves of the flowering stems treated with CHRYSAL had the highest contents of total phenols and caT, while control the lowest. The average vase life was 13, 11 and 9 days for those treated with CHRYSAL, HQC and control, respectively. The total phenolic content showed a strong positive relation (α ≥0.01) with caT: 0.87 and 0.85 measured with ABTS and 0.92 and 0.85 with DPPH in leaf and petal respectively and also both methods were correlated positively and significantly with each other (r= 0.91) in leaf and (r= 0.93) in petal.
... Current study showed a direct correlation between the application of herbal extract in vase solution along with split at the stem end and increasing the vase life of geranium cut flowers. Ichimura et al. [2006] demonstrated that the use of disinfectants in vase solution increases hydraulic conductivity of rose cut flowers due to the reducing bacterial proliferation. Dasilva [2003] reported that the water balance is the most important factor for determining the quality and durability of cut flowers and balance between the two processes of water absorption and transpiration is essential to maintain the quality and durability of flowers. ...
... Also, they believe that the antimicrobial compounds increase water absorption and cellular activity by reducing the microbial load [Anderson et al. 2004]. Enhanced chlorophyll content and water absorption by split at the stem end are indexes of increased post-harvest life of cut flowers [Ichimura et al. 2006]. Elgimabi and Ahmed [2009] found that the use of herbal extracts preserves chlorophyll in rose cut flowers. ...
Application of safe organic compounds for the environment is an important approach to increase the longevity of cut flowers. Essences and herbal extracts are compounds having antimicrobial properties, thereby increasing the post-harvest life of cut flowers. Mechanical treatments such as splitting in the stem end also increase longevity of cut flowers. Essences and extracts of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) are biological compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can be used as a vase solution. In this study, different concentrations of rose scented geranium extract and stem end slot were used to improve post-harvest life of cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) flowers. The results showed that longevity of cut flowers treated in vase solution containing 100 mg l⁻¹ rose scented geranium extract (18.43 days) with a slot of 5 cm at the stem end was significantly more than that of the control (8.11 days). Water status, microbial population in vase solution and stem end, ionic leakage, and enzymes activities were significantly different between treated cut flowers and control. © by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin 2016.
... This is an accordance with the findings of study are further supported by Ichimura [15] in cut roses. Singh and Sharma [16] in gladiolus spike, Jowkar et al. [17] reported that "aluminum ...
The present investigation was laid out in Completely Randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and each replicated thrice. The treatment T 7 'Sucrose 2% + Aluminium sulphate @ 200 ppm reported significantly better performance compared to other treatments, in terms of water uptake (6.79g/stem), flower diameter (6.00 cm), weight of spikes (42.50 g), spike length (11.50 cm), spike diameter (2.33 mm), total solution consumption (36.00 ml), vase life (15 days), gross returns (72 Rs/treatment) and net returns (27 Rs/treatment). The highest B:C ratio (1.80) was also found in the same treatment T 7 i.e., Sucrose 2 % + Aluminium sulphate @ 200 ppm and also attained maximum vase life among the treatments.
... nd, the yellow color treatment was the least effective and susceptible to the insects/ pests, with the highest number of damaged leaves at all stages, reaching up to 15 at 28 DAT. The susceptibility of yellow roses (T4) to leaf damage might be due to inherent chemical or structural properties that influence pest interaction, supporting findings by Ichimura et. Al (2006). Overall, the red color treatment performed the best in protecting the leaves, while the yellow color treatment performed the worst. ...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and flowering performances of different colors of roses. Five different treatments, representing different rose colors, were tested: T1 (Red), T2 (Orange), T3 (Dark Pink), T4 (Yellow), and T5 (Light Pink). Each treatment was replicated five times using a Randomized Block Design. This setup allows for a systematic evaluation of how different rose colors impact plant development and flower production. The study monitored various growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, branch number, bud number, and flower number, at different stages: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after transplantation (DAT). The results indicated that plant height, leaf number, branch number, and bud number did not significantly vary among the different rose color treatments across most observation periods. Notably, the T3 (Dark Pink) treatment showed good results in plant height and leaf number at later stages. Significant difference was observed at 42DAT in bud numbers where T2(orange) was found to be highest. Significant differences were also observed in flower numbers at 14DAT and 21DAT, with T1 (Red) and T2 (Orange) treatments displaying higher flower counts compared to other treatments. These findings suggest that while certain rose colors may influence flower production and bud numbers at specific growth stages, the overall choice of rose color may not significantly affect other growth parameters like plant height, leaf number and branch number. This research provides insights for growers into selecting rose varieties based on flower color and highlights the need for further investigation into the physiological mechanisms driving these differences.
... After harvesting, cut flowers undergo a cessation of the existing carbohydrate supply, and acquiring carbon through photosynthesis becomes challenging owing to low indoor light intensity levels (Halevy and Mayak 1979;Ha et al. 2023a). In addition, the lack of a sucrose source leads to a more rapid decline in the quality and lifespan of cut flowers (Ho and Nichols 1977;van Doorn 1999;Ichimura et al. 2003;Ichimura et al. 2006;Ichimura et al. 2022). ...
Visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy is widely used to assess plant physiological characteristics in various horticultural crops. As cut flower longevity has become important for marketing, a rapid technique for estimating the internal quality of these products is necessary. In this study, we estimated the primary physiological factors affecting the water content and soluble solids content (SSC) using Vis/NIR spectroscopy to predict the postharvest quality and vase life of cut roses. First, cut roses were subjected to either air exposure (AE) or a sucrose treatment (ST) to identify the reflectance wavelengths correlated with water and sucrose in these plants. The AE flowers exhibited a rapid decrease in the water content and fresh weight, with their vase life consequently shortened compared to that of the control flowers. Vis/NIR results revealed a large spectral separation at a wavelength of approximately 550 nm, and a linear regression analysis indicated a high positive correlation between 550 nm and the water content in the petals. The ST treatment increased the SSC, fresh weight, and vase life of cut flowers. A distinct separation in the spectral reflectance was observed at a wavelength of 600 nm. The SSC level was significantly related to the reflectance at 600 nm; however, the result suggested that the internal sucrose level in rose petals could not be explained sufficiently by the reflectance at 600 nm. Thereafter, cut roses underwent export simulation under either dry (DT) or wet conditions (WT) for three days. The WT flowers maintained a higher fresh weight and water content during the transport and vase life periods and consequently had a longer vase life (5.5 d) than the DT flowers (4.2 d). Linear regression analyses revealed a relatively high coefficient of determination between the 550 nm wavelength and water content (r 2 = 0.77) and vase life (r 2 = 0.68). Our results indicate that it is possible to evaluate the major quality attributes of cut flowers based on Vis/NIR data. Based on these results, we can conclude that Vis/NIR spectroscopy is a reliable and practical method for estimating the postharvest quality and longevity of cut flowers.
... nd, the yellow color treatment was the least effective and susceptible to the insects/ pests, with the highest number of damaged leaves at all stages, reaching up to 15 at 28 DAT. The susceptibility of yellow roses (T4) to leaf damage might be due to inherent chemical or structural properties that influence pest interaction, supporting findings by Ichimura et. Al (2006). Overall, the red color treatment performed the best in protecting the leaves, while the yellow color treatment performed the worst. ...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and flowering performances of different colors of roses. Five different treatments, representing different rose colors, were tested: T1 (Red), T2 (Orange), T3 (Dark Pink), T4 (Yellow), and T5 (Light Pink). Each treatment was replicated five times using a Randomized Block Design. This setup allows for a systematic evaluation of how different rose colors impact plant development and flower production. The study monitored various growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, branch number, bud number, and flower number, at different stages: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after transplantation (DAT). The results indicated that plant height, leaf number, branch number, and bud number did not significantly vary among the different rose color treatments across most observation periods. Notably, the T3 (Dark Pink) treatment showed good results in plant height and leaf number at later stages. Significant difference was observed at 42DAT in bud numbers where T2(orange) was found to be highest. Significant differences were also observed in flower numbers at 14DAT and 21DAT, with T1 (Red) and T2 (Orange) treatments displaying higher flower counts compared to other treatments. These findings suggest that while certain rose colors may influence flower production and bud numbers at specific growth stages, the overall choice of rose color may not significantly affect other growth parameters like plant height, leaf number and branch number. This research provides insights for growers into selecting rose varieties based on flower color and highlights the need for further investigation into the physiological mechanisms driving these differences.
... Additionally, control buds failed to open (Fig. 4A) because low sugar levels in petals lead to arrest of bud development [47]; conversely, sugar accumulation results in a reduced (i.e., more negative) water potential, which promotes water influx, allows cell expansion, and thus allows the bud to open [48]. Treatment with sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose has been shown to promote flower opening in many cut flowers, including roses [49], spray-type carnations [50] and snapdragons [51]. In addition, as carbohydrates are the primary energy reserves [52], increased carbohydrate levels may promote respiratory activity, thereby improving ATP levels, which in turn facilitate maintenance processes and delay cell death. ...
... GA 3 treatment delayed the senescence of ray petals (Table 2). In general, the onset of visible petal senescence is observed after the termination of petal growth in flowers, including rose (Ichimura et al., 2006), carnation (Fukai et al., 2007), and Delphinium . Therefore, the delay in petal senescence may be due to the promotion of cell expansion. ...
Treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl2) is known to suppress the occurrence of flower stem bending and extend the vase life of cut gerbera. To clarify whether vase life extension by CaCl2 is improved by combined treatment with gibberellin A3 (GA3), the effect of treatment with 50 mg·L⁻¹ GA3, 5 g·L⁻¹ CaCl2 or in combination on the vase life of the cut gerbera ʻMinouʼ was investigated. To inhibit bacterial proliferation, which is known to shorten vase life, an isothiazoline antimicrobial compound was included in the vase solution. Treatment with GA3 alone delayed the opening of tubular florets and increased the area of unopen florets, but stem elongation which led to stem bending shortened vase life. Treatment with GA3 in combination with CaCl2 suppressed the occurrence of stem bending. Combined treatment with GA3 and CaCl2 extended the vase life of cut gerbera more than treatment with CaCl2 alone. To clarify whether GA3 delays petal senescence, the effect of GA3 at 10 and 50 mg·L⁻¹ on petal senescence was investigated using shortened stems. GA3 at both concentrations significantly delayed petal senescence. Combined treatment with GA3 and CaCl2 also significantly extended the vase life of the cut gerbera ʻKimseyʼ and ʻSandyʼ. It was concluded that combined treatment with GA3 and CaCl2 is a suitable treatment for extending the vase life of cut gerbera.
... Citric acid is used at a concentration (Aziz et al., 2020). The positive role of using citric acid in preservative solutions was reported by many authors, e.g., Ichimura et al. (2006) Honey is a sweet and natural substance, a sweet viscous liquid, with a thick consistency, partially or completely crystallized, and has a high ability to inhibit bacterial growth because it contains inhibin, hydrogen peroxide, and phenolic acids that affect pathogen inhibition (Zumla and Lulat, 1989). Although honey could be used as a preservative so-2021), there is not enough research in this regard. ...
Preservative solutions play an important role in
experiment was carried out using a completely
randomized design (CRD) to study the effect of some
preservative solutions on the storage properties of
tuberose (Agave amica L.). The study constituted of
1% honey + 350 mg L-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-
-1
mg L-1 citric acid + 350 mg L-1-1
chitosan + 350 mg L-1
300 mg L-1 citric acid + 350 mg L-1
were placed in vases containing 500 mL of each
preservation solution. The results showed a superior
effect of T5 (4% sucrose + 300 mg citric acid L-1 +
350 mg L-1
mg L-1 chitosan + 350 mg L-1
-1).
In conclusion, it is recommended to treat tuberose
(Agave amica
solutions containing 4% sucrose + 300 mg citric acid
L-1 + 350 mg L-1. 8-HQS to obtain the best results.
... This might be attributed to antimicrobial property of aluminium sulphate which acidified the vase solution and reduced the microbial Growth [10]. Aluminium sulphate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), an antimicrobial compound has been recommended in commercial preservative solutions for increasing vase life of several cut flowers [11]. Similar results were observed in Lilium by Anil et al. [12] and in rose by Maryam et al. [13]. ...
The experiment was conducted during the year 2019-21 at Horticulture Research Station, OUAT, Bhubaneswar laid out in factorial CRD design to check the vase life of Melaleuca bracteata foliage by using distilled water (control) and different pulsing, holding solutions and 6 modules, which contains different spacing, pit size, FYM, basal fertilizer dose, water soluble fertilizers and growth regulator (BAP). Pulsing solution containing Sucrose (2%) + Al2(SO4)3 (1000 ppm) (9.89 days) resulted long vase life of foliage followed by solution containing Sucrose (2%) + BA (50 ppm) (9.10 days) in module VI. Whereas holding solution containing Sodium Benzoate (150 ppm) (9.10 days) showed long vase life of foliage followed by Sodium Benzoate (100ppm) (9.02 days) in module VI.
... The stem was cut to 40 cm, and all leaves except the top ones were removed. One or two cut flowers were placed in 300-or 500-mL conical beakers containing distilled water (DW), 0.5 mL·L −1 CMIT/MIT, or GLA solution (10 g·L −1 Glucose, 0.5 mL·L −1 CMIT/MIT [Legend MK], 50 mg·L −1 Aluminum sulfate; Ichimura et al., 2006). A spray treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) extends the vase life of cut dahlia 'Kokucho' (Shimizu-Yumoto and Ichimura, 2013). ...
Genetic improvement of flower vase life is an important breeding target for ornamental plants. As the vase life of cut dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) flowers is very short, we initiated a conventional crossbreeding research program in 2014 to improve it. We evaluated the vase life of dahlia seedlings during summer (from July to early September) to develop dahlias that grow and bloom under high temperatures and have excellent vase life for Japanese summer conditions. Crossing and selection over five generations greatly improved vase life. The mean vase life increased from 4.4 days in the 1st generation, derived from 22 parental cultivars, to 8.0 days in the 5th generation, a net increase of 3.6 days. Mean vase life increased significantly by 1.6 days from the 4th to the 5th generation, indicating continued improvement. The mean vase life of the 12 lines selected from the 3rd and 4th generations ranged between 6.0 and 15.9 days in distilled water and from 7.8 to 14.6 days in GLA solution (10 g·L⁻¹ glucose, 0.5 mL·L⁻¹ CMIT/MIT [isothiazolinone derivatives], and 50 mg·L⁻¹ aluminum sulfate). Vase life was further extended by 0.5 to 4.0 days using 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) sprays compared to GLA alone. In particular, the 4th-generation line 003-15 vase life was 13.8 to 15.9 days (2.5× that of ‘Kamakura’, a leading white dahlia cultivar in Japan) in distilled water, 12.0 to 14.6 days (1.8× to 2.2×) in GLA, and 13.9 to 15.3 days (1.7× to 1.9×) in GLA+BA in winter and spring. Cut flowers of line 003-15 harvested under high temperatures in July–August and at 28°C with GLA treatment also had long vase life. The pedigree of line 003-15 suggests that genes related to long vase life derived from ‘Micchan’ (with a long vase life) may have accumulated or duplicated in line 003-15. Finally, four selected lines, including 003-15, had high ethylene sensitivity, as 10 μL·L⁻¹ ethylene treatment caused petal abscission in 2.0 to 2.8 days.
... This high concentration of MeJA, which was not applied as a nanofiber, may have been toxic (Fig. 6). Especially high concentrations of active substances can cause toxicity, which causes a loss of commercial quality of flowers (Jones and Hill, 1993;Ichimura et al., 2006). Low-concentration M50 of MeJA was not applied as nanofiber and high-concentration nanofiber mats of MeJA (PM10 and SPM10) did not cause any toxic effects (Fig. 6). ...
The study was carried out to assess the effects of nanofiber mats containing lavender oil (LO, 1.0%, 5.0%, and 10%) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 1.0%, 5.0%, and 10%) treatments on the microbial growth and vase life of the cut rose (Rosa hybrida ’Rhodos’). Distilled water was determined as the control treatment. In total, 18 treatments were used for the experiment. Our findings showed that nanofiber mat treatments have a significant effect on vase life and microbial growth. Roses treated with SPM10 [polycaprolactone (PCL)+ %10 MeJA+ 50 mg L-1 silver nanoparticle (SNP)] (13.0 d), PM10 (PCL+%10 MeJA) (10.7 d), and S50 (PCL+50 mg L-1 SNP)
(10.3 d) had the longest vase life. On the contrary, roses treated with M250 (250 mg L-1 MeJA) had the shortest vase life (4.3 d). Also, it was observed that the vase life of roses in the SPM10 treatment was longer than that of the PM5 (PCL+%5.0 MeJA) (6.5 d) and M50 (50 mg L− 1 MeJA) (7.5 d) treatments. In lavender-based mats, SPL1
(PCL+%1.0 LO+50 mg L− 1 SNP) and SPL5 (PCL+%5.0 LO+50 mg L− 1 SNP) treatments showed slower release than other treatments. About 90% of the nanofiber mats containing lavender oil and methyl jasmonate were released by d 5. PCL and PL5 (PCL+%5.0 LO) treatments reduced the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus relative to other treatments. Whereas the highest E. coli growth was observed in SPM10, and the highest S. aureus growth was observed in PM5 and lavender oil treatments. As a result, this study revealed that nanofiber mats can be used as a new postharvest technology to prolong the vase life of cut roses and delay microbial growth.
... Cut flower species respond to germicides variously. Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 has been recommended for maintaining the vase life of several cut flowers (Liao et al., 2001) and is used as an antimicrobial compound in commercial preservative solutions (Ichimura et al., 2006). Aluminium sulphate acidifies vase solution, diminishes bacterial proliferation and enhances water uptake (Tjeerd and Jaap, 2003;Hassanpour Asil et al., 2004). ...
Post harvest life has always being of critical importance in high value flower crops. Our investigation was concerned in evaluating the varietal response of different preservative soloutions on post harvest life of Narcissus (daffodil). The effects of the application of citric acid, aluminium sulphate, silver thiosulphate and calcium chloride at three different levels 0, 100 ppm, 200 ppm along with carbohydrate source sucrose 4% on different floral attributes of Narcissus (daffodil) cultivars California, Pheasants eye and Acetea were stud-ied. The recorded traits included water loss/water uptake ratio, scape length, cup depth, cup diameter, relative water content and membrane stability index. Results of this study showed that within all treatments aluminium sulphate + sucrose 4% showed the best effect. Among the cultivars evaluated California proves best in term of parameters studied (overall post harvest life). The minimum values for these traits were recorded in the untreated control.
... Therefore, petal abscission may occur in the above seven cultivars for which the fresh weight of petals obviously decreased. This explanation is supported by the finding that the fresh weight of cut flowers exhibiting petal wilting, such as carnation [20], Eustoma grandiflorum [22], daylily [23], and rose [24], gradually decreases with time. Wilting petals were isolated from the inflorescence and supplied with water to strengthen this assumption. ...
The vase life of cut dahlia (Dahlia × hortensis Guillaumin) flowers is generally short. Petal senescence is known to be divided into petal wilting, withering, and abscission. Petals with ongoing wilting were isolated from the inflorescence and supplied with water using 10 cultivars to clarify the type of petal senescence of dahlia. Based on the recovery of fresh weight and appearance of petals, senescent types could be categorized into three types: petal senescence in two, six, and two cultivars were categorized into abscission, abscission with withering, and wilting types, respectively. The pulse treatment with silver thiosulfate complex (STS) significantly extended the vase life of 7 out of 10 cultivars. Moreover, pulse treatment with STS followed by continuous treatment with GLA, which was comprised of glucose, isothiazolinone germicide, and aluminum sulfate, increased the relative fresh weight of the five dahlia cultivars more than pulse treatment with STS. Therefore, this combined treatment is available to extend the vase life of cut dahlia, irrespective of the senescent types.
... Another compound which is used extensively in vase solutions to maintain low pH and control microbial activity is aluminium sulphate (Table 1). It has been implicated in numerous studies to increase vase life and quality of cut rose flowers (De Stigter, 1981;Ichimura et al., 2006;Seyf et al., 2012;Bajwa et al., 2016;Gebremedhin, 2020); lisianthus (Liao et al., 2001); Allamanda (Hossain, 2015). Although aluminium sulphate is comparatively safe to use with less concerning negative impact, however, in vases on reaction with water, it forms sulphuric acid, which cause irritation in eyes and dermal allergies. ...
Post harvest handling of flower crops is a vast sector witnessing the unprecedented load of chemicals being applied on flower commodities to retain their freshness and display quality. Concerns about unregulated use of synthetic chemicals are often not raised as the commodities in question are not consumed as eatables. Several studies from leading flower markets of Europe, Africa and other countries have highlighted the ill-effects of
excessive chemical use on environment and health of flower workers. Nowadays, there is a growing concern to reduce the use of harmful chemicals in food crops and to divert towards organic production, and same also applies to the ornamental plant sector. Use of harmful chemicals such as Silverthiosulphate (STS), Silver nitrate (AgNO3), Aluminium and Cobalt compounds, Hydroxy quinoline, and Thiabendazole (TBZ) during post harvest
handling of flower crops should be minimised to avoid associated health consequences. Safe and effective natural alternatives need to be explored for use in vases to replace these chemicals. This review summarizes role of different chemicals in extending longevity of cut flowers and also associated risks. Various studies on cut flower
handling with use of herbal extracts reveal their potential to reduce the use of chemicals.
... Cut flowers are often treated with mixtures of sugar and germicide to improve their vase lives after transport. Common treatment with 1% glucose and 0.05% isothiazolinonic germicide, has been reported to improve the vase lives of more than 20 species of cut flowers (Ichimura et al., 2006(Ichimura et al., , 2015Watanabe et al., 2013). Exogenous sugar treatment is thought to contribute to the vase life of cut flowers by acting as a respiratory substrate, a synthetic substrate for cell walls, and as an osmoregulator (Abdul-Wasea, 2012;Dung et al., 2017;Hussen and Yassin, 2013;Kesta and Boonrote, 1990;Pun and Ichimura, 2003). ...
Many cut flowers are treated with an ethylene action inhibitor, silver thiosulfate (STS), to delay senescence and are shipped by dry transport that involves relatively easy loading. In addition, cut flowers are often treated with a mixture of sugar and germicide to improve their vase lives. Exogenous treatments of these compounds or drying by transport are thought to have various effects on cut flowers. This study investigated the effects of these post-harvest management methods on the scent emission of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cut flowers. Under all the management conditions, the total scent emissions of cut flowers were highest on harvest days and then decreased, but major changes in their compositions were not observed. The decreases in scent emissions were thought to occur earlier than the known ethylene induction in carnation cut flowers, which is equivalent to the 4th day after harvest. The STS treatment had no effect on the scent emissions for some time after harvest, but suppressed the decreases in scent emission 4–8 days after harvest under the wet transport condition. It is likely that the decreases in scent emissions in carnation cut flowers occur in an ethylene-independent manner, but ethylene induction a few days after harvest further promotes decreases under wet transport conditions. STS may have suppressed the promotion of decreases due to ethylene. On the other hand, the treatment that assumed dry transport for one day dramatically promoted the decreases in scent emissions. Since the promoting effects were not affected by the STS treatment, they were considered to be ethylene-independent. A common sugar treatment with 1% glucose, sucrose, or fructose did not affect the scent emissions in the cut flowers. An isothiazolinonic germicide, which is a common cut flower germicide, did not affect the treatment. Considering the current post-harvest process, the duration of a noticeable scent in carnation cut flowers can be expected to be extended by adopting wet transport instead of dry transport.
... The roses of Treatments 2, 3 4 had a satisfactory yield as the turgescence of the stems reaching the severe wilting and the end of the decorative life between 7 and 8 days after transfer of the stems. According to Ichimura et al. (2006) the loss of mass may be caused by transpiration, the decrease in absorption of water due to obstruction of vessels by microorganisms or by genetic factors. The authors also explain that for a greater flower longevity, it is necessary to maintain a high level of flowers' fresh mass during the postharvest life. ...
The present work evaluated the influence of calcium silicate on the polygalacturonase enzyme activity, respiration, ethylene, and the physicochemical characteristics on the post-harvest quality of two tomato hybrids. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four repetitions in protected cultivation environment. The treatments were distributed in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to the hybrids (Ivety and Natalia) and five doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1), which were applied on the same day as the pots were filled. Evaluations were carried out on the fruits, namely: ethylene production, fruit respiration, firmness, number of loculus, polygalacturonase activity, total carotenoids, lycopene, phenolic compounds, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. The application of calcium silicate provided the reduction of ethylene production and fruit respiration. Natalia hybrid showed low polygalacturonase activity, this difference being due to genetic variabilityThe increase of calcium silicate doses provided the reduction of polygalacturonase enzyme concentration due to its constitution in the cell wall. The concentrations of lycopene, phenolic compounds, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid in the fruits increased in response to the increasing doses of calcium silicate for 'Ivety'. Hybrids present distinct behaviors on the influence of the fertilization of tomatoes with calcium silicate, which can increase the post-harvest conservation and improve the physical-chemical characteristics of tomato fruits.
... Its concentration may be high or 8-HQS may be toxic to flowers of hydrangea. It was reported that 8-HQS is toxic for some rose [Ichimura et al. 2006] and waxflowers [Dung et al. 2016] cultivars, causing a short vase life. ...
Vase life is one of the most important factors determining the marketability of cut flowers and influenced by water balance strongly. In recent years, the consumption of hydrangeas as a cut flower has gradually increased. However, the vase life of cut hydrangea flowers is short depends on wilting. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of different treatments [thymol (100, 150 and 200 mgL–1), 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) (200 mgL–1)], and their combination with and without 1% sucrose on the vase life, relative fresh weight, daily (solution uptake for 3 days) and total solution uptake of hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Green Shadow’) harvested freshly. Distilled water was used as the control. Compared to the control, thymol 150 mgL–1 treatment with 1% sucrose significantly increased the vase life of hydrangeas flowers in 5.80 days (from 10.7 to 16.5 days). It was also determined that same treatment increased the total solution uptake and delayed relative fresh weight loss. These results indicated that thymol treatments in combination with sucrose can be used to extend the vase life of cut hydrangea.
... Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 helped to retain the moisture content in the cut flowers by reducing the transpirational losses through stomatal regulation (Ichimura and Ueyama, 1998). Ichimura et al. (2006) also reported an increasing fresh weight of the Eustoma cut flowers even after 8 th day of its vase treatment. observed that treatment with Al 2 (SO4) 3 improved the visual quality of cut roses and the freshness of the leaves were retained even at the end of its vase-life. ...
Vase-life is a key factor for evaluating the post-harvest quality of cut flowers that determines their marketability. Chrysanthemum is one of the top most cut flowers sold in international flower markets. In the present study, trials were conducted to improve the post-harvest life of chrysanthemum cut flowers using preservative solutions such as 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SSA) and aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) alone or in combination with 1.5 % sucrose. Treatments using 5-SSA (100 ppm and 150 ppm) or 200 ppm Al2(SO4)3 along with 1.5 % sucrose showed a significant increase in vase-life, fresh weight of the cut stems, vase solution uptake, membrane stability index of the petals and leaf chlorophyll as compared to other treatments. Among different vase solutions evaluated, T10 (200 ppm Al2(SO4)3 +1.5 % sucrose) gave maximum vase life of22.3 days, followed by T8 (5-SSA 150 ppm + 1.5 % sucrose) and T6 (100 ppm 5-SSA+ 1.5 % sucrose) treatments with 20.85 and 19.85 days respectively as compared to 17.84 days in control. High concentrations of both the chemicals (5-SSA and Al2(SO4)3) without sucrose showed toxicity symptoms.
... Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 helped to retain the moisture content in the cut flowers by reducing the transpirational losses through stomatal regulation (Ichimura and Ueyama, 1998). Ichimura et al. (2006) also reported an increasing fresh weight of the Eustoma cut flowers even after 8 th day of its vase treatment. observed that treatment with Al 2 (SO4) 3 improved the visual quality of cut roses and the freshness of the leaves were retained even at the end of its vase-life. ...
Abstract: Vase-life is a key factor for evaluating the post-harvest quality of cut flowers that determines their marketability. Chrysanthemum is one of the top most cut flowers sold in international flower markets. In the present study, trials were conducted to improve the post-harvest life of chrysanthemum cut flowers using preservative solutions such as 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SSA) and aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) alone or in combination with 1.5 % sucrose. Treatments using 5-SSA (100 ppm and 150 ppm) or 200 ppm Al2(SO4)3 along with 1.5 % sucrose showed a significant increase in vase-life, fresh weight of the cut stems, vase solution uptake, membrane stability index of the petals and leaf chlorophyll as compared to other treatments. Among different vase solutions evaluated, T10 (200 ppm Al2(SO4)3 +1.5 % sucrose) gave maximum vase life of22.3 days, followed by T8 (5-SSA 150 ppm + 1.5 % sucrose) and T6 (100 ppm 5-SSA+ 1.5 % sucrose) treatments with 20.85 and 19.85 days respectively as compared to 17.84 days in control. High concentrations of both the chemicals (5-SSA and Al2(SO4)3) without sucrose showed toxicity symptoms.
... The roses of Treatments 2, 3 4 had a satisfactory yield as the turgescence of the stems reaching the severe wilting and the end of the decorative life between 7 and 8 days after transfer of the stems. According to Ichimura et al. (2006) the loss of mass may be caused by transpiration, the decrease in absorption of water due to obstruction of vessels by microorganisms or by genetic factors. The authors also explain that for a greater flower longevity, it is necessary to maintain a high level of flowers' fresh mass during the postharvest life. ...
... To extend the vase life by improving solution uptake, several methods have been reported for other cut flowers. One of them is appropriate vase life solution including germicides such as 8-HQS (8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate), STS (silver thiosulphate), Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aluminium sulphate) and organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, glycolic acid (GIA) to the vase solutions (Ichimura, Taguch, & Norikoshi, 2006;Kazaz, Doğan, Kılıç, Şahin, & Seyhan, 2019). Germicides increase solution uptake by prevention of microorganism proliferation while organic acids increase the uptake through decreasing water pH (Mashhadian, Tehranifar, Bayat, & Selaharzi, 2012;Seyf, Khalighi, Mostofi, & Naderi, 2012). ...
The popularity of cut hydrangea has been increasing in the global floriculture market in recent years. However, vase life of cut hydrangeas is shortened due to sepal browning and wilting. This study was conducted to find out a vase life solution in extending the vase life of cut hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Schneeball) flowers. Cut hydrangea stems were placed in solutions containing 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (100, 200 and 300 mgL⁻¹), glycolic acid (9.5, 19 and 28 mgL⁻¹) and distilled water which was used as the control. The vase life, relative fresh weight and solution uptake were measured. Compared to the control, the vase life of cut hydrangeas were significantly increased by all 8-HQS treatments. The best concentration of 8-HQS was 200 mgL⁻¹ and increased the vase life of cut hydrangeas by 11.67 days compared to control (from 4.22. to 15.89 days). It also improved solution uptake and delayed relative fresh weight loss. The results showed that 8-HQS is effective in extending the vase life of cut hydrangeas.
... The roses of Treatments 2, 3 4 had a satisfactory yield as the turgescence of the stems reaching the severe wilting and the end of the decorative life between 7 and 8 days after transfer of the stems. According to Ichimura et al. (2006) the loss of mass may be caused by transpiration, the decrease in absorption of water due to obstruction of vessels by microorganisms or by genetic factors. The authors also explain that for a greater flower longevity, it is necessary to maintain a high level of flowers' fresh mass during the postharvest life. ...
... The flowers were then cut to a stem length of 40 cm and all leaves except the top ones were removed. Two or three cut flowers were placed in 300-or 500-mL conical beakers containing distilled water (DW) or 0.5 mL·L −1 CMIT/MIT solution or GLA solution (10 g·L −1 glucose, 0.5 mL·L −1 CMIT/MIT [Legend MK], 50 mg·L −1 aluminum sulfate; Ichimura et al., 2006). As a result, we used three different solutions (DW, CMIT/MIT, and GLA) to evaluate 24 cultivars. ...
Flower vase life is one of the most important traits for ornamental plants. The vase life of cut dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) flowers is very short, and genetic improvement of this trait is desirable. We started a breeding research program in 2014 to improve the vase life of dahlia flowers using conventional cross-breeding techniques. We found large significant differences in flower vase life among 24 dahlia cultivars: Nine cultivars had long vase life (e.g., ‘Syukuhai’, ‘Rinka’, and ‘Micchan’); eight had normal vase life (e.g., ‘Kamakura’, ‘Agitate’, and ‘Benifusya’); and seven had short vase life (e.g., ‘Gin-Ei’, ‘Port Light Pair Beauty’, and ‘Yumesuiren’). We used 22 cultivars as initial breeding materials, repeatedly crossed them, and selected promising offspring with long vase life for three generations from 2014 to 2018. Two cycles of selection and crossing led to a 1.7-day increase in vase life (population mean) from the first to the third generation, clearly showing that this approach can extend the vase life of dahlia flowers. The mean vase life of ‘Kamakura’, a leading white dahlia cultivar in Japan, was 5.0–6.2 days in distilled water, 6.0–6.8 days in an isothiazolinic antibacterial agent CMIT/MIT solution (5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) and 6.0–7.6 days in a GLA solution (10 g·L⁻¹ glucose, 0.5 ml·L⁻¹ CMIT/MIT, and 50 mg·L⁻¹ aluminum sulfate), whereas in six finally selected lines it was 6.2–12.0 days in distilled water, 6.6–10.2 days in CMIT/MIT solution, and 9.4–13.6 days in GLA solution (1.4–2.1 times that in ‘Kamakura’). In particular, the selected second-generation line 606-46 showed a stably longer vase life than ‘Kamakura’. ‘Micchan’, which has a long vase life, was a common progenitor used for breeding of parental lines in cross combinations with long vase life in the second generation and all cross combinations in the third generation. The final six selected lines with long vase life were all progeny of ‘Micchan’. Our results strongly suggest that ‘Micchan’ has genes related to long flower vase life, and that the trait is heritable.
... INTRODUCTION Cut-flowers are often harvested at the horticultural stage, so flowers need a large amount of soluble carbohydrates for proper opening and long life. Treatment with sugars, such as Sucrose and Glucose in combination with some germicides/biocides extend the vase-life of many cut flowers and can affect ethylene production and upregulation of sugars accumulated in floral organs (Ichimura et al., 2006). While production of high-quality flowers is important, it is critical to handle the flowers properly after they are harvested from the field. ...
Uniform and healthy Rose cv. 'Dutch'; Gerbera cv. 'Lexington'; Gladiolus cv. 'Top Secrate'; Tuberose cv. 'Bizet' and Carnation cv. 'Liberty' were used for the study in September 2016. Cut flowers were harvested at 7.00 am at proper stage, transported within 1.30 hours by AC car to the Agricultural Research Laboratory of Ecofrost Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Pune and then immediately prepared for post-harvest treatment and storage. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different storage conditions, i.e. room and cold storage conditions (10°C + 93 % RH) on the longevity of the cut flowers. The two treatments viz., holding flowers at room temperature (RT) (T1) and at cold room conditions (T2), were replicated twice. The result showed that keeping cut-flowers at cold storage in a holding-solution of tap water recorded the maximum storage-life (days) compared to room conditions.
... The Horticulture Journal Preview doi: 10.2503/hortj.OKD-176 JSHS e Japanese Society for Horticultural Science http://www.jshs.jp/ mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT/MIT), is suitable for extending the vase life of cut roses, carnations, and alstromeria (Alstroemeria spp.) ( Ichimura et al., 2006;Knee, 2000). ...
Cut dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) flowers have recently become popular in Japan, but have the disadvantage of only having a short vase life. Here, we sought to clarify which factors are responsible for this by investigating the effects of an antibacterial (CMIT/MIT) treatment and a combined glucose plus antibacterial (Glc + CMIT/MIT) treatment on the vase life of the cut flowers of 10 dahlia cultivars, as well as the bacterial growth kinetics in their vase solutions and the soluble carbohydrate contents of their petals. We found that the CMIT/MIT treatment extended the vase life of ‘Kamakura’, ‘Magic Pink’ and ‘Purple Stone’, all of which had relatively high numbers of bacteria in their vase solutions. By contrast, the Glc + CMIT/MIT treatment significantly extended the vase life of three cultivars and also increased the fresh weight of nine cultivars. A comparison of two cultivars with relatively long and short vase lives (‘Moon Waltz’ and ‘Port Light Pair Beauty’, respectively) showed that a longer vase life was related to a higher carbohydrate content in the petals. Together, these findings suggest that maintaining the carbohydrate level is important for extending the vase life of cut dahlia flowers.
... Previous studies reported that silver thiosulfate, silver nitrate, aluminum sulfate, Chrysal or FloraLife effectively prolonged vase life of cut rose flowers primarily by inhibiting ethylene and preventing bacterial development in the stems, and improving water uptake and hydration of cut flowers (Ahmad et al. 2014;Ichimura et al. 2006;Liao et al. 2001;Seyf et al. 2012;Torre and Fjeld 2001). Despite the effectiveness of the products for improving postharvest longevity of fresh cut flowers, the demand for development of new postharvest treatments that are innocuous, eco-friendly, and inexpensive, has been increased in flower industry. ...
Cut roses often have a short vase life due to water stress and ethylene damage under unfavorable postharvest conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of various pretreatment solutions on the vase life and postharvest quality of the cut rose cultivar 'Jinny' (Rosa hybrida L.). Cut roses were pretreated with eight different preservative solutions for 10 hours: aluminum sulfate (AS), Chrysal (CHR), FloraLife (FLR), lysosome (LYS), MS-1 (MS1), MS-2 (MS2), silver nitrate (SN), and silver thiosulfate (STS). We found that pretreatment with all solutions except LYS prolonged the vase life and improved the postharvest quality of the cut roses. Among these, STS was the most effective pretreatment solution, significantly extending the vase life from 11.8 days (control) to 19.9 days, retaining the initial fresh weight and a positive water balance for longer, and inhibiting microbial growth in the vase. STS also enhanced the water uptake rate, and maintained the high chlorophyll and soluble sucrose contents in the leaves of the cut rose flowers. In addition, we found that MS1 and MS2, which are natural plant extracts, had strong antimicrobial effects and consequently prolonged the vase life of cut roses by more than 4 days compared with the control. Therefore, MS1 and MS2 can be considered as alternative preservatives in the cut flower industry.
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a quantitative pest risk assessment to assess whether the import of cut roses provides a pathway for the introduction of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) into the EU. The assessment was limited to the entry and establishment steps. A pathway model was used to assess how many T. leucotreta individuals would survive and emerge as adults from commercial or household wastes in an EU NUTS2 region climatically suitable in a specific season. This pathway model for entry consisted of three components: a cut roses distribution model, a T. leucotreta developmental model and a waste model. Four scenarios of timing from initial disposal of the cut roses until waste treatment (3, 7, 14 and 28 days) were considered. The estimated median number of adults escaping per year from imported cut roses in all the climatically suitable NUTS2 regions of the EU varied from 49,867 (90% uncertainty between 5,298 and 234,393) up to 143,689 (90% uncertainty between 21,126 and 401,458) for the 3‐ and 28‐day scenarios. Assuming that, on average, a successful mating will happen for every 435 escaping moths, the estimated median number of T. leucotreta mated females per year from imported cut roses in all the climatically suitable NUTS2 regions of the EU would vary from 115 (90% uncertainty between 12 and 538) up to 330 (90% uncertainty between 49 and 923) for the 3‐ and 28‐day scenarios. Due to the extreme polyphagia of T. leucotreta, host availability will not be a limiting factor for establishment. Climatic suitability assessment, using a physiologically based demographic modelling approach, identified the coastline extending from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula through the Mediterranean as area suitable for establishment of T. leucotreta. This assessment indicates that cut roses provide a pathway for the introduction of T. leucotreta into the EU.
Nigerosylmaltooligosaccharide (Nmo) has different degrees of polymerarization (DP) of nigerosyl oligosaccharides and maltooligosaccharides. We investigated the effects of treatments with Nmo, glucose, sucrose, and their combinations on the vase life of cut snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers. To apply these sugars, the cut ends of flower spikes were dipped into these sugar solutions. Treatment with 30 g L⁻¹ Nmo promoted bud development, resulting in flower opening at the upper part of the spikes. The Nmo treatment also extended the vase life of cut snapdragons more than glucose and sucrose treatments when vase life was evaluated as the time to when all flowers wilted. However, there were few open flowers, flowers were smaller and aurone levels were lower in the Nmo treatment, suggesting that treatment with Nmo alone is not sufficient for improving the vase life of cut snapdragons. Combined treatments of Nmo with glucose and sucrose increased the number of open flowers and significantly extended vase life more than treatment with glucose or sucrose alone. The deleterious effects of Nmo, such as the reduction in flower size and suppression of pigmentation, were alleviated by these combined treatments. Nmo was fractionated using a carbon celite column into DP2, DP3, DP4, and DP> 4. Spike length was significantly increased by fractions DP4 and DP>4, suggesting that oligosaccharides containing these fractions largely contribute to the development of spikes. In conclusion, Nmo is a readily available oligosaccharide that could be used in the manufacture of preservatives to improve the vase life of cut snapdragons.
Currently, the cut flower market seems to be an export revenue in the world trade of the flower industry. The amount of exported cut flowers is impressive with increased production in various countries, especially in Korea. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, automatic technologies are continuing to develop agricultural effective tools in the challenge of digital innovation. Thus, the low production costs set up in the field, greenhouse, or smart farm set up, and the short time of harvest must be considered within a few months. The postharvest quality of cut flowers presents freshness and long vase life, and the tools for postharvest handling are expected to optimize these. This review highlights the most important factors improving postharvest quality of cut flowers, the potential standard applicable techniques for commercial handling outlines of cut flower vase life, and recommendations for improving postharvest handling in the flower industry.
The phytohormone ethylene is known to play a crucial role in promoting petal senescence in cut carnation flowers. In most previous studies in carnation, petal senescence was analyzed in cut flowers, and knowledge of petal senescence in intact flowers is limited. In this study, we compared changes in sugar level, ethylene production and expression of senescence-associated genes during petal senescence in cut and intact flowers using potted carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv California Mahalo). Flower longevity was significantly shorter in cut flowers than in intact flowers. Both cut and intact flowers showed inward rolling of petals and an increase in ethylene production at the end of their floral life; however, the timing of increase in ethylene production was clearly accelerated in cut flowers. Glucose and fructose levels in the petals of cut flowers rapidly decreased from the full-opening stage, while these levels remained relatively high in intact flowers. The accelerated induction of genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (DcACS1) and ACC oxidase (DcACO1) in cut flowers corresponded with ethylene production. The transcript level of DcEIL1/2, a homolog of EIN3, which is a key component in ethylene signaling, rapidly decreased in senescing petals of cut flowers, while it remained relatively high until the end of floral life in intact flowers. We isolated a homolog of autophagy-related gene 8 (DcATG8a), which is an essential gene for autophagy, and a gene for hexokinase (DcHXK1), which is known as a glucose sensor, from carnation flowers. Increasing transcript level of DcATG8a in senescing petals corresponded with ethylene production in both intact and cut flowers. The transcript level of DcHXK1 gradually decreased over time in both cut and intact flowers, but to a lesser extent in intact flowers. These results suggest that petal senescence in cut flowers is hastened by accelerated ethylene production, which is likely due to a rapid decrease in sugar content. Our data on hexokinase may also suggest the involvement of a sugar sensor in the regulation of petal senescence.
The effects of continuous treatment with sugars on the vase life of cut dahlia flowers were investigated. Isothiazolinonic germicide and aluminum sulfate were combined as germicides for sugar treatments. Continuous treatments with glucose at 2.5 or 5% significantly extended the vase life of cut ‘Kokucho’ dahlia flowers and the relative fresh weight was most increased the most by 5%. Treatment with glucose alone, fructose alone, or sucrose alone at 5% or combined treatment with 2.5% sucrose and 2.5% fructose similarly extended the vase life of ‘Kokucho’ dahlia. The combined treatment with sucrose and fructose did not cause petal disorder. Moreover, the combined treatment with sucrose and fructose significantly extended the vase life and increased the relative fresh weight of cut flowers in eight dahlia cultivars.
A gravity system was developed for measuring xylem conductivity in excised stem sections from ‘Red American Beauty’ roses. The system was reliable for measurement of the potential xylem conductivity which closely corresponded to actual water uptake in cut roses. Distilled water, sucrose, 8-hydroxy quinoline sulfate (8-HQS), and a modified Cornell solution (2% sucrose + 200 mg/liter 8-HQS) were tested for their effects on xylem conductivity and vascular blockage in excised stem sections. The modified Cornell solution showed the most favorable effects on conductivity, vase life, and appearance. The browning of stem tissue with 8-HQS was associated with a depressed rate of metabolism as measured by a modified triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test. Good xylem conductivity and a low incidence of vascular blockage was associated with the 8-HQS-depressed metabolic rate indicating an active process, attributed to a wound response triggered by excision of the cut flower, in the stem is responsible for vascular blockage. However, microscopic observations of fresh, frozen, and permanent tissue sections of rose xylem showed no evidence of lignin, tannins, or tyloses which are reputed to accompany wound response in plants.
The efficacy of 8-hydroxy-quinoline citrate in prolonging the life of cut roses was due to decreased vascular blockage in stems, increased water absorption, and stomatal closure. Sucrose increased the respiratory rate of rose petals but 8-hydroxy-quinoline citrate did not influence respiration. Sucrose also prolonged life of cut roses by reducing stomatal opening but water absorption was reduced. A solution of 200 ppm 8-hy-droxyquinoline citrate and 3% sucrose improved longevity of cut roses by reducing moisture stress through increased water absorption and retention. Roses held in this solution lasted twice as long as roses held in water.
Out of the 25 microorganisms commonly occuring in carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Improved White Sim’) vase solutions, 3 greatly reduced carnation vase life when added individually to vase solutions. Some of these microorganisms also reduced the vase life of roses ( Rose hybrida ‘Cara Mia’), chrysanthemums ( Chrysanthemum × morifloium Ramat. ‘May Shoesmith’) and other cultivars of carnation (‘Improved Red Sim’ and ‘Improved Pink Sim’). The microorganisms that reduced flower vase life were tentatively identified as a yeast, a fluorescent pseudomonad and a nonfluorescent pseudomonad. A 10-fold reduction in the initial inoculum level affected neither the final microbial concentrations nor the vase life of the test flowers. The effects of the different microbes were not correlated with their effects on solution pH.
Vase-life of roses ( Rosa hybrida L. cv. Forever Yours) placed in the modified Cornell Solution (2% sucrose + 200 mg 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate/liter) was increased over distilled water by nearly a week. Petal sugars decreased only slightly in roses maintained in distilled water but a rapid decline of respiratory control (RC) of mitochondria occurred after 3 days and was finally lost as vase-life ended. However, petal sugars nearly doubled in flowers in the preservative and the decline in RC of mitochondria occurred at a gradual rate and was never lost. The data indicate that the end of vase-life and the decline in respiration during rose flower senescence is not due to substrate limitations, but to the inability of the mitochondria to utilize the substrate. Exogenous sugars seem to be maintaining mitochondrial structure and function rather than providing substrates.
Millipore filtration of water was shown to accelerate the rate of hydration of rose peduncle tissue. In a stress test, aeration of deionized water decreased the rate of peduncle hydration, while millipore filtration of aerated water increased hydration rates. Solution acidification enhanced the rate of hydration, and the addition of sucrose to the solution significantly retarded hydration. Flower stems recut under deionized water hydrated as quickly as those recut in air and placed in millipore-acidified water. Flower stems recut in air and placed in deionized water hydrated slowly. These results suggest that air blockage in the cut rose stem reduces the rate of water uptake.
Neck bending in cut roses, cv. ‘Forever Yours’, was shown to be the result of wilting in the pedicel tissue. Four possible mechanisms to account for this occurrence in cut blooms and its absence in intact flowers were investigated experimentally. Both a decline in the diffusion pressure deficit of the tissues and an increase in the stem flow resistance of cut blooms were found to be involved. The increase in water flow resistance was shown to coincide with the appearance of a material plugging the vessels. The role of micro-organisms in the deposition of this material is discussed in relation to the data presented. Compared with those held in water, cut blooms placed in a solution of the bacterio- and fungi-static agent 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate showed a lower frequency of vessel plugging, a lower stem flow resistance and lasted twice as long prior to the development of bent neck.
A sharp decline in water potential of petal tissue associated with wilting of cut rose flowers is described. Such a decline did not develop in senescing intact flowers. A circadian rhythm in water absorption by cut flowers was observed.
The decline in fresh weight observed in the last phase of the vase life of cut flowers occurred earlier in a short‐lived cultivar than in a longer‐lived one. A decline in potential conductivity to water was observed with time in stems of cut roses. Concomitantly cellulase activity increased after cutting. Flowers held in cellulase solution wilted earlier than the controls. However, no difference was found in these two parameters between two cultivars differing in their longevity. The difference in longevity between the two cultivars was large especially under conditions promoting high transpiration rates, and was narrowed when flowers were either held in mild conditions, or the leaves were stripped off.
Although stomates were equally open in intact flowers of the two cultivars, in cut flower shoots of the short‐lived cultivar stomates were more widely open. In accordance transpiration rates were higher, and wilting occurred earlier in the short‐lived cultivar than in the long‐lived one. It is concluded that the earlier wilting of cut flowers of the short‐lived cultivar is mainly due to lower ability to close stomates in response to water stress conditions, and not to earlier formation of vascular blockage.
A procedure is described to isolated functional protoplasts from developing soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Wye) cotyledons. Studies of sucrose and hexose uptake into these protoplasts show that the plasmalemma of cotyledons during the stage of rapid seed growth contains a sucrose-specific carrier which is energetically and kinetically distinct from the system(s) involved in hexose transport. For example, sucrose, but not hexose uptake: (a) is inhibited by alkaline pH and the nonpermeant SH modifier, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid; (b) is stimulated by fusicoccin; (c) shows both a saturable and a linear component of uptake in response to substrate concentration; and (d) displays a sharp temperature response (high Q(10) value and high activation energies).
The uptake kinetics of sorbitol, sucrose, glucose and fructose across the plasma membrane using protoplasts isolated from apple fruit flesh (Malus pumila Mill. var. domestica Schneid.) was investigated. When sorbitol was taken up into the cell, PCMBS-sensitive saturable transport was distinguishable from the diffusive transport. At a low sorbitol concentration, the saturable transport system accounted for more than 50% of the total uptake, whereas at a high concentration the diffusive transport system was more dominant. The saturable transport was suggested be a carrier-mediated transport system coupled with ATP because the system was inhibited CCCP or orthovanadate. The Km value for sorbitol was computed to be 3.6mM. A carrier-mediated transport system coupled with ATP was also observed for glucose and fructose with corresponding Km values of 5.0 and 2.5 mM. However, no saturable transport for sucrose was observed over a range of 0.1 to 10 mM sucrose concentration. The relationship among these sugar transport systems across the plasma membrane, apoplastic unloading, and sugar accumulation vacuoles are discussed.
The effects of silver-containing compounds used for prolonging the vaselife of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L. 'Asami Red') flowers were investigated. Silver nitrate and RNA-Ag+tris (a ribonucleic acid-silver complex and trishydroxymethylaminomethane) increased the vase life by 2.7 days and prevented bent neck of cut rose flowers compared with the control, whereas silver thiosulfate (STS) did not have a significant effect on longevity. Fresh weights of the rose stems pretreated with silver nitrate or RNA-Ag+tris were maintained along with longer vase life. There were higher amounts of Ag+ in the basal parts of the stem in these treatments compared with STS treatment. Bacterial count at the cut surface of stems treated with either silver nitrate or RNA-Ag+tris were lower than STS-treated or control stems. These results indicated that the primary effect of silver-containing compounds on 'Asami Red' roses was antimicrobial.
When cut flowers of five rose varieties (Sonia, Ilona, Motrea, Jack Frost and Mercedes) were held in water for 7 days, lowest hydraulic conductance was found in the basal 5 cm stem segment. After artificially blocking about two thirds of the xylem vessels in cut Sonia roses, the uptake of water by the stem was not reduced. This indicates that vascular occlusion involves a majority of the xylem vessels. Hydraulic conductance was related to the number of endogenous bacteria but was only significantly lowered when the number of bacteria in the 5 cm segments exceeded 106 cfu per gram fresh weight. Bacteriostatic chemicals (AgN03, benzalkone, HQC, DICA) inhibited growth of bacteria in stems and prevented the decrease of hydraulic conductance. The effect of AgN03 (also an anti-ethylene agent) on hydraulic conductance was related to the number of endogenous bacteria. HQC inhibited production of ethylene by the cut surface of rose stems, but had the same effect on hydraulic conductance as DICA and benzalkone, which stimulated ethylene production with respect to controls.
The data indicate that vascular blockage was not due to ethylene production by the cut surface nor due to other physiological processes occurring after cutting of the xylem tissue. Instead, the data suggest that vascular blockage was mainly due to the presence of bacteria.
Stems of roses (Rosa hybrida L., cv. Sonia) were cut by methods that precluded air uptake. When the cut surface was exposed to air the volume of aspired air depended on the presence and size of leaves within 6 to l0 cm from the cut surface. When these leaves were removed prior to measurement average uptake (37 ± 8 µL stem-1) coincided with the calculated lumen of the xylem vessels opened by cutting, indicating that the boundary of water/air did not pass the pores in the pit-membranes. Uptake of air was maximal after 20-30 min, even when flowers were held dry for 6 days. Flowers left in air for 3 h and then placed in water showed a high rate of water uptake, which indicated that the presence of air in the vessels did not impair the subsequent uptake of water. However, when flowers were left in air for 24 or 36 h, the rate of water uptake became progressively inhibited.
Glucose concentrations of 1%, 2% and 4%, combined with 50 mg 1−1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS), elicited the following reactions in cut «Sonia» roses, as compared with water controls:
-restricted initial transpiration, and less restricted solution uptake;-in the course of time slower decreases in these water-turnover rates;-a reversion in stomatal status: from initially most open in water and most closed in 4% glucose, to tightest in water and least tight in 4% glucose at the end.
As the glucose concentration was higher, these effects resulted in:
-ever greater water-uptake surpluses (with smaller total water turnover);-ever smaller light/dark weight fluctuations;-prolonged continuation of gain in fresh weight, with accordingly higher final bloom weigt;-better-looking blooms, at 4% almost indistinguishable from intact roses.
From these observations and data from the literature it is concluded that, apart from effects on the energy and hormone levels, the ultimate net resultant action of glucose on the water balance is two-fold:
-protection against excessive initial water loss, by rapid stomatal closure;-improved cellular water retention and solute-uptake capability, by metabolism-dependent preservation of membrane integrity.
The most effective glucose concentration was found to depend on combinational interaction with the antimicrobial agent used. Whereas with 8-HQS 4% glucose — about the highest sugar concentration the cut «Sonia» rose can stand in continuous application — was best, with 200 mg 1−1 aluminium sulfate similar results were obtained at 2% glucose. In addition, a strong tendency to axillary-bud sprouting indicated the latter combination to provide more favourable physiological conditions.
For validly interpreting certain aspects of cut-flower physiology it is a prerequisite to compare the behaviour of cut flowers with that of intact ones, side by side, under the same environmental conditions.
Fresh weight, water loss and water uptake of hydroponically grown, single-stem roses with or without a root system were followed throughout one blooming period, by twice-daily weighings. In the intact plants shoot plus flower weight could be estimated reliably with a water-displacement technique eliminating root weight.
Cut roses standing in water very soon started to develop a characteristic pattern of weight fluctuations, in accordance with the light-dark alternation, losing ca. 10% weight in the light and regaining it in darkness. The pattern persisted after petal shedding, but on a roughly 50% reduced scale; this means that both petals and foliage contributed to the fluctuations observed. In the intact roses actual weight losses only occurred shortly before petal shedding, in the light, and did not persist thereafter; thus here it was only the senescing petals that lost some of their water-retaining capacity.
Total daily water loss and uptake of the cut roses were identical to those of the intact ones in the first 24 h, but rapidly declined subsequently, levelling off to some 10%. In the same lapse of time overall water loss and uptake of the intact roses slowly declined as well, by some 30%.
In the dark periods water uptake of the cut roses did not decline, as it did in the light, but remained constant and equal to that of the intact roses for most of the time. This is taken to mean that the phenomenon of rapidly declining overall water uptake of cut roses is not caused by a massive, solid plugging of the xylem vessels, as almost generally inferred in the literature. An alternative hypothesis is put forward.
Al3+-Ionen verzögern das Welken verschiedener Schnittblumen stark (vgl. Schnabl und Ziegler, 1974). Dieser Effekt könnte durch einen Einfluß des Al3+ auf die Stomataöffnung zustande kommen. Zur Prüfung dieser Annahme wurden isolierte Epidermisstreifen von Vicia faba-Blättern in Wasser, KCl (10−3 M) oder Al2(SO4)3 (10−3 M) inkubiert und die Sto-mataweite im Licht bestimmt. Al3+ bewirkte ein Schließen der Stomata. Mittels der Röntgenmikrosonde wurde in den mit Al2(SO4)3 versorgten Epidermen eine Akkumulation von Aluminium, zusammen mit Phosphor und Schwefel, in den Schließzellen festgestellt. Histochemisch wurde nachgewiesen, daß Al3+ bei belichteten Epidermen die Akkumulation von K+ und die Stärkemobilisierung in den Schließzellen verhindert. Es wird diskutiert, ob die Wirkung des Al3+ auf den Stomataschluß entweder direkt oder aber indirekt (über eine Beseitigung des freien Phosphates in den Schließzellen) zustande kommen könnte.
To clarify to what extent vascular occlusion or shortage of soluble carbohydrate shortens vase life of cut 'Sonia' roses (Rosa hybrida L.), cut flowers were continuously treated with 200 mg·liter-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (HQS group), 20 g·liter-1 sucrose (Suc group) or 20 g·liter-1 sucrose plus 200 mg·liter-1 HQS (Suc + HQS group), whereas control flowers were kept in water. All cut flowers were kept at 23°C, 70% RH and 12 hr photoperiod, with 10 μmol·m-2·s-1 irradiance. Although all treatments extended the vase life, sucrose was more effective than HQS. Treatment with sucrose promoted unfolding of petals, suppressed the decrease in fresh weight of cut flowers, and inhibited the occurrence of blueing more than did HQS. Water conductivity of stem segments in the control and Suc groups decreased rapidly after harvest, but that in the HQS and Suc + HQS groups was maintained near the initial level for seven days. The number of bacteria in the stem segments increased in the control and Suc groups, but this increase was suppressed by HQS. Glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations in petals in the Suc and Suc + HQS groups were much higher than those in the control or HQS groups. These results show that decrease in the soluble carbohydrate concentration in petals was more important than vascular occlusion in determining the vase life of cut 'Sonia' roses under our experimental conditions.
Cut 'Bridal Pink' roses, pre-cooled for 2 hr, were subjected to simulated transport for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr at 20°C or 5°C; their vase life was then evaluated by placing them in deionized (DI) water at 20°C under a 12-hr photoperiod. The vase life of control (no transport) cut flowers was rated to be 9.2 days. When cut flowers were transported dry in carton boxes for more than 24 hr at 20°C and for more than 48 hr at 5°C, they displayed bent necks during the transport and some buds failed to open, shortening their vase life. Contrarily, when flowers were transported wet with their stem bases in DI water, they maintained their fresh weight, especially at 5°C, thus prolonging vase life, although flower buds opened during the transport at 20°C. Substituting 0.3 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate and 0.1 M fructose for DI water during the 72-hr transport period at 5°C, the vase life of cut roses was extended more than 2 times that of dry transported ones. A flexible vial (a water-proof plastic wrapper containing hydro-wool and a tie, Flower Mate, CI Kasei Co. Ltd., Tokyo) was used to pack cut flowers wet in carton boxes as substitutes for buckets.
Petioles of celery leaves function successively as net importing (sink) and net exporting (source) organs during ontogeny. The parenchyma of these petioles is the main store for large amounts of D-glucose, D-fructose and mannitol. The mechanism of uptake of glucose and fructose into discs isolated from storage parenchyma of celery petioles was investigated. Uptake kinetics showed a biphasic response to increasing concentrations for both hexoses with a saturable component at low concentrations and a non-saturable, linear, diffusion-like component at higher concentrations (at least up to 16 mM). The apparent Kns-values were an order of magnitude higher for fructose (2–3 mM) than for glucose (034 RIM) uptake. The saturable components of uptake of the two hexoses were inhibited similarly by the SH-reagents PCMBS and NEM, the uncouplers CCCP and DNP, the ATPase inhibitor DES and the hydrophobic reagents phloretin and phlorizin. They were stimulated by the plasmalemma H+-ATPase stimulator FC and showed a broad pH-optimum around pH 6. Competition studies revealed that glucose uptake was very specific whereas fructose uptake was inhibited by D-glucose, L-sorbose and D-tagatose. The saturable components of uptake of both hexoses were clearly turgor-dependent. Lowering of cell turgor resulted in a linear increase of Vmax and a constant Km.
It is concluded that the saturable components of glucose and fructose uptake are of a similar, active, sugar-proton cotransport type with carriers containing SH-groups and interacting hydrophobically. It is suggested that two different hexose carriers might be operative, one for glucose only and one for both glucose and fructose.
Summary Variations in the way of flower opening and vase life of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) flowers among 25 cultivars were investigated. The way of flower opening varied among 25 cultivars; the cut flowers of some cultivars did not open completely. The vase life markedly varied among the cultivars; it was the shortest in 'Bridal Pink' (3.8 days) and the longest in 'Calibra' (14.5 days). To elucidate the factors that affect the variation in the vase life of cut roses with the cultivar, 10 major cultivars in Japan, were used. There was no correlation between vase life and petal thickness or transpiration rate of the cut flowers. To investigate whether vascular occlusion or sugar content is involved in the variation of the vase life, we continuously treated the cut flowers with 200 mg·liter−1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (HQS) on 20g·liter−1 sucrose with both of them. Treatment with HQS, sucrose and sucrose plus HQS significantly extended the vase life of two, two and four cultivars, respectively. However, none of the chemicals extended the vase life of 'Delilah', 'Calibra', 'Konfetti', 'Pareo90' and 'Rote Rose'. The vase life of these cultivars except for 'Rote Rose' was longer than 8 days. These results also suggest that a short vase life in some cultivars
The aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) effect in Rosa vase fluid consists of three factors: (1) at pH 5 or more a weak biostatic activity, and at pH 4 or less a weak biocidal activity towards Bacillus subtilis cells added to the vase fluid; (2) obstruction of B. subtilis cells to infiltrate (and plug) into open xylem vessels influenced by co-precipitation of Bacillus cells with Al(OH)3 and formation of a layer of precipitated Al(OH)3 on the cut surface, acting as a bacterial filtre; (3) a slightly decreased daily water uptake and Rosa bud development, slightly extending the vase life of the roses. Cryo-SEM investigations showed in addition that the Al2(SO4)3 and B. subtilis cells added to the vase fluid did not affect the xylem ultra-structural morphology of the xylem vessels of the roses within 2 days of vase life. X-ray microanalyses of the cut surface and of the xylem vessels in 20 cm height of the stems showed that Al migrates to at least 10 cm in the stem of the roses only at pH 4 or less of the vase fluid.
Cut roses (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Sonia were continuously treated with water (control), 200 mg l−1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (HQS) or 30 g l−1 sucrose plus 200 mg l−1 HQS (Suc+HQS) at 20, 25 and 30°C. Higher temperatures promoted flower opening and shortened vase life. HQS and Suc+HQS both extended the vase life at all temperatures, but Suc+HQS was the more effective treatment. Flower diameter and fresh weight were markedly increased by Suc+HQS, particularly at 20°C. Hydraulic conductance of stem segments from the control treatment decreased rapidly after harvest, but those for HQS and Suc+HQS treatments were maintained near their initial level. Concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose in petals were increased by the Suc+HQS treatment, compared with the control or HQS treatment. Correlations between sugar concentrations in petals and maximum flower diameter or vase life were positive. These results show that soluble carbohydrate concentration in petals is an important factor in determining the vase life of cut rose flowers at all temperatures examined and when hydraulic conductance is not reduced.
The effects of concentrations of various biocides, in a solution containing 0.2 g l−1 citric acid and 10 g l−1 glucose, were tested on cut roses (Rosa hybrida L., ‘Classy’), Alstroemeriapelegrina L. and carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Compounds were evaluated for their effects on flower life (time to decline in fresh weight), maximum gain in fresh weight, solution uptake from 4 to 6 days, resistance to water flow in the stem, stem respiration and solution absorbance. Longer flower life and higher gain in fresh weight of roses were observed with a concentration of 0.05 g l−1 than with higher concentrations of most biocides. At this concentration, bromopropanediol, Dantogard and thiabendazole did not prevent a rise in stem resistance to water flow, or solution absorbance. Aluminium sulphate up to 0.8 g l−1 was also ineffective in these respects. Stem respiration was inhibited by sodium benzoate, hydroxyquinoline citrate (HQC), Isocil and Physan-20. Principal component analysis on the rose data indicated that the best treatments were 0.05 g l−1 benzoate, cetylpyridinium chloride, Isocil and Physan-20, 0.05 and 0.2 g l−1 dichloroisocyanuric acid, and 0.2 and 0.8 g l−1 HQC. Tests with carnation and Alstroemeria indicated that HQC, Isocil and Physan most consistently promoted fresh weight increase and maintenance.
Effect of pickle on the longevity of cut Gloriosa rothschildiana O′Brien (Liliaceae) flowers
- H Okabayashi
- K Yamamoto