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A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: The rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
Abstract
Background: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a widely consumed aromatic plant that belongs to the
Lamiaceae family. Fresh and dried leaves are frequently used in traditional Mediterranean cuisine and in
folk medicine.
Scope and approach: For this study, an extensive bibliographic review on rosemary was carried out,
including its main uses, components (both nutrients and bioactive), biological activities, interactions
with drugs and potential applications.
Key findings and conclusions: The nutrient composition of rosemary reveals a great amount of vitamins
and minerals. The most well studied bioactive compounds are carnosic acid, carnosol, caffeic acid and its
derivative, rosmarinic acid. The levels on bioactive compounds depend on many factors, such as the
variety, plant part, edafoclimatic conditions, drying conditions (if applied) and extraction and analysis
methods. Numerous biological activities of rosemary are recognized including antioxidant, antibacterial
and antifungal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, among others. Therefore it has a vast range of industrial
applications such as food and food packaging, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetics industries.
... Nonetheless, rosemary proffers dual benefits for example RE integration into vegetable oil imparts thermal and oxidative stability and also elicits phytopharmaceutical effects. Several studies underline multiple therapeutic potentials of RE and REO comprising anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial (Ojeda-Sana et al., 2013;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015;Sakar et al., 2023), anti-inflammatory (Ehrnhöfer-Ressler et al., 2013;Gonçalves et al., 2022;Moczkowska et al., 2020;Napoli et al., 2015;Walid et al., 2022), anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory (Hanson, 2016;Mena et al., 2016), Anti-diabetic Anti-hyperglycemic and insulinotropic (Ali et al., 2021;Cordeiro et al., 2013b;Pizani et al., 2022), anti-cancer (Bouammali et al., 2023;Ghanbari et al., 2021;Moore et al., 2016) and anti-ulcerogenic and antithrombotic (Arranz et al., 2015;Hamidpour, 2017). Though evidence substantiates the health benefits of RE/REO individually, the therapeutic effect of vegetable oil added with RE/REO is either absent or in the infancy phase. ...
... valentinus ferrer, which has recently been identified in South-Eastern Spain (Carrubba et al., 2020;de Macedo et al., 2020). R. officinalis is a xeromorphic plant that is adaptable to various terrains and spontaneously grows in diverse environments worldwide, including sandy, rocky, and coastal areas in regions like Europe, Africa, and Asia (Arnold et al., 1997;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). ...
... It has small flowers usually light blue or lilac (Fig. 1). The leaves and flowers are well known for their strong characteristics odor and aroma due to the volatile oil present in it (Aziz et al., 2022;Marin et al., 2006;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). ...
Rosemary bioactive compounds have gained prominence as natural antioxidants, recognized for their dual role in enhancing the stability and health benefits of edible oils. The antioxidant properties of rosemary extracts (RE) and essential oils (REO) have shown potential in improving the thermo-oxidative stability of vegetable oils, making them a valuable alternative to synthetic additives in food preservation. This review explores the phy-topharmaceutical potential of rosemary bioactives, focusing on their multifaceted role in vegetable oil stabilization. The study examines the integration of RE and REO into vegetable oils, assessing the subsequent changes in physico-chemical properties, sensory attributes, and overall oil stability during frying and storage. The literature review also evaluates the impact of rosemary on the reduction of harmful compounds formed during oil processing, providing a comprehensive understanding of its benefits. The incorporation of rosemary bioactives into vegetable oils significantly enhances their thermo-oxidative stability and improves their shelf life. The analysis of existing studies reveals that rosemary not only preserves the physico-chemical integrity of oils but also maintains their sensory qualities, even under high-temperature conditions such as frying. Additionally, the presence of rosemary bioactives is associated with a reduction in the formation of harmful compounds during oil processing, underscoring their protective effects. By synthesizing current research, this review highlights the application of rosemary bioactives as natural antioxidants in the food industry. Their ability to extend the shelf life of vegetable oils positions rosemary as a viable option for advancing food preservation practices and enhancing consumer health. The findings support the continued exploration of rosemary's bioactives as sustainable alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in edible oils.
... Its fragrance was described as quite pleasant, which can be attributed to its richness in volatile oils. The most important flavor compounds were monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, esters, ketones, phenols, alcohols, and others (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015) Lastly, Origanum majorana was characterized by its light-yellow color, clear liquid aspect, and very pleasant odor. Origanum majorana is recognized as a highly aromatic plant, containing many vital phytoconstituents with pharmacological and medicinal value (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). ...
... The most important flavor compounds were monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, esters, ketones, phenols, alcohols, and others (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015) Lastly, Origanum majorana was characterized by its light-yellow color, clear liquid aspect, and very pleasant odor. Origanum majorana is recognized as a highly aromatic plant, containing many vital phytoconstituents with pharmacological and medicinal value (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). In Nepal, the essential oil of Origanum majorana was described as a slightly viscous liquid with a colorless to pale yellow color, and a strong, sweet, and spicy odor (Narayan Paudel et al., 2022). ...
... Moreover, studies have highlighted that specific component, such as 1,8-cineole, camphor, and eucalyptol in Rosmarinus officinalis, and limonene in Citrus aurantium, are largely responsible for their antifungal activity (Masyita et al., 2022;de Jesus Oliveira et al., 2024). The difference in antifungal potency observed among the three oils can be attributed to the differences in their chemical composition, which may be influenced by factors such as geographical origin, extraction method, and plant part used (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). Furthermore, the findings align with previous studies that have suggested essential oils as effective alternatives to synthetic fungicides in both food preservation and agriculture (Elumalai et al., 2022). ...
With the prohibition of many chemical pesticides due to their impact on the health of living resources, as well as on the quality of food, soil and water, it has become essential to look for alternatives of natural origin that promote sustainability. This study focuses on the antifungal activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum majorana and Citrus aurantium essential oils against Phytophthora palmivora and Alternaria alternata. The antifungal activity of six essential oil concentrations was tested in vitro by the direct contact method. After a seven-day follow-up, the results revealed a significant antifungal effect of Origanum majorana essential oil, with total inhibition of mycelial growth at a concentration of 1.5 μl/ml and 3.33 μl/ml on Phytophthora palmivora and Alternaria alternata respectively. While Rosmarinus officinalis and Citrus aurantium showed less antifungal activity, with MICs ranging from 6.66 μL/mL to 12.5 μL/mL. These promising results pave the way for in vivo efficacy tests to confirm its use in more sustainable agricultural practices.
... Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, synonym Rosmarinus officinalis) belongs to Lamiaceae family and is a perennial aromatic shrub native to the Mediterranean coastal areas of Europe and North Africa. It has been cultivated and utilized for thousands of years (Carrubba et al., 2020;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). Rosemary has relatively high tolerance to abiotic stresses and is easy to propagate from cuttings with low demand for water and fertilizer, which makes its cultivation management and harvesting easier. ...
... To cope with these harsh environments, rosemary has evolved several strategies, including the biosynthesis of a high amount of secondary metabolites associated with antioxidant capacity (Loussouarn et al., 2017). The main antioxidant components in rosemary include water-soluble components such as rosmarinic acid and its derivatives; flavonoids and lipid-soluble components such as carnosic acid, carnophenolic and rosmarinol; and volatile components such as pinene, camphene and cineole (Pedro et al., 2016;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). The contents of these antioxidant components are important quality traits in rosemary. ...
... The highactivity antioxidant components in rosemary are regarded as one of the best natural antioxidant additions (Abbaszadeh et al., 2020;Bendif et al., 2017;Jessy et al., 2016). Rosemary leaves are widely used to extract essential oils because of its highcontent VOCs (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). Based on its aromatic characteristics and health benefits, rosemary has been widely used in cooking, food preservation, and, in addition, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and biomedicine (Allegra et al., 2020;Bajalan et al., 2017;Jaglanian et al., 2020;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015;Sirocchi et al., 2017). ...
High‐quality genome of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) represents a valuable resource and tool for understanding genome evolution and environmental adaptation as well as its genetic improvement. However, the existing rosemary genome did not provide insights into the relationship between antioxidant components and environmental adaptability. In this study, by employing Nanopore sequencing and Hi‐C technologies, a total of 1.17 Gb (97.96%) genome sequences were mapped to 12 chromosomes with 46 121 protein‐coding genes and 1265 non‐coding RNA genes. Comparative genome analysis reveals that rosemary had a closely genetic relationship with Salvia splendens and Salvia miltiorrhiza, and it diverged from them approximately 33.7 million years ago (MYA), and one whole‐genome duplication occurred around 28.3 MYA in rosemary genome. Among all identified rosemary genes, 1918 gene families were expanded, 35 of which are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant components. These expanded gene families enhance the ability of rosemary adaptation to adverse environments. Multi‐omics (integrated transcriptome and metabolome) analysis showed the tissue‐specific distribution of antioxidant components related to environmental adaptation. During the drought, heat and salt stress treatments, 36 genes in the biosynthesis pathways of carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and flavonoids were up‐regulated, illustrating the important role of these antioxidant components in responding to abiotic stresses by adjusting ROS homeostasis. Moreover, cooperating with the photosynthesis, substance and energy metabolism, protein and ion balance, the collaborative system maintained cell stability and improved the ability of rosemary against harsh environment. This study provides a genomic data platform for gene discovery and precision breeding in rosemary. Our results also provide new insights into the adaptive evolution of rosemary and the contribution of antioxidant components in resistance to harsh environments.
... Salvia rosmarinus, or more commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub-like plant that is native to the Mediterranean region [41]. Te plant is characterized by its evergreen and needle-shaped leaves, and it belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae [41]. ...
... Salvia rosmarinus, or more commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub-like plant that is native to the Mediterranean region [41]. Te plant is characterized by its evergreen and needle-shaped leaves, and it belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae [41]. Aside from being a commonly used spice, the plant has long been used in medicinal settings due to its anti-infammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and antitumour activities [41]. ...
... Te plant is characterized by its evergreen and needle-shaped leaves, and it belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae [41]. Aside from being a commonly used spice, the plant has long been used in medicinal settings due to its anti-infammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and antitumour activities [41]. Among other bioactive compounds, RE contains phenolic diterpenes such as carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid [42]. ...
While incredible medical advancements in chemotherapeutics development for cancer treatment have been made, the majority of these are not selective in their mechanism of action, leading to adverse effects. Given the systemic toxicity associated with these therapies, they are not well suited for long-term use. Natural health products, or NHPs, may provide a way to selectively target the oxidative and metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer cells. White tea (Camelia sinensis) and rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) are two natural extracts that have been studied extensively for their medicinal properties. However, their anticancer activity and mechanism of action are yet to be fully elucidated. We have examined the extracts’ cancer cell-killing ability as well as their interactions with common chemotherapeutics in MDA-MB-231 cells, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line, in vitro. Cell death measurement, morphological and biochemical characterization of apoptotic cell death, mechanisms of action (mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress), and immunofluorescence assays to estimate the percentage of cancer stem cells (CSCs) were performed following treatment with Synthite tea extract (STE) and rosemary extract (RE), provided by Synthite Industries Limited alone and in combination with cisplatin and paclitaxel. The key findings in this study are that STE and RE alone demonstrated very efficient anticancer activity against TNBC, and more importantly, the administration of the extracts in conjunction with cisplatin and paclitaxel sensitizes cancer cells to achieve enhanced cell death. In addition, CSCs were found to be sensitive to treatment with STE alone and in combination with RE and exhibited greater sensitivity to combination therapies compared to chemotherapeutic alone. The significance of these observations is that STE and RE, well-tolerated NHPs, have the potential to enhance the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics when combined, as well as prevent relapse for TNBC.
... While ingesting concentrated rosemary essential oil is not advised, extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis have been explored for their potential therapeutic applications in treating a variety of diseases. [2] TAXONOMY • Kingdom: Plantae ...
... Its seeds are challenging to germinate due to their low success rate and slow growth, but the plant can have an impressive lifespan of up to 35 years. [2] Interestingly, rosemary may also bloom outside its typical flowering season, with instances of flowering as late as early December and as early as mid-February in the Northern Hemisphere. [3] Rosemary essential oil, extracted from the Lamiaceae family, possesses potent antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making it effective in addressing chronic and widespread cases of candidiasis. ...
The present review highlights the proven properties of R. officinalis and the scope of advancement for using it as an effective topical gel, projecting its use in the treatment of chronic gingivitis. Information compiled here will be useful to improve the present investigation regarding R. officinalis in periodontal therapy.
... This evergreen perennial shrub can grow up to 2 m tall and has aromatic, leathery, and linear leaves. These are dark green on the upper side and gray on the underside, measuring 1.0-2.5 cm in length and 1-3 mm in thickness [2]. Rosemary flowers are small, with colors ranging from light blue to lilac [2]. ...
... These are dark green on the upper side and gray on the underside, measuring 1.0-2.5 cm in length and 1-3 mm in thickness [2]. Rosemary flowers are small, with colors ranging from light blue to lilac [2]. The strong fragrance of the leaves and flowers is attributed to the volatile oils stored in specialized glandular trichomes [3]. ...
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. syn. Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a Mediterranean aromatic species used both as an official herb and as a spice. Different cultivars may exhibit diverse phytochemical compositions, making a comprehensive chemical characterization pivotal for a targeted selection of valuable cultivars. This study aimed to characterize and compare the phenolic and terpene composition and content of leaf extracts of six Mediterranean rosemary cultivars: ‘Alba’, ‘Arp’ ‘Ginger’, ‘Gorizia’, ‘Tuscan Blue’, and ‘Roseus’. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed a similar phenolic composition in all the cultivars, but quantitative differences were observed. The main compounds were carnosic acid derivatives, flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin glucosides), rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and other hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The highest phenolic content was found in ‘Alba’, with a predominance of carnosic acid derivatives, whereas the lowest was found in ‘Ginger’ and ‘Gorizia’. The GC-MS analysis evidenced quantitative differences among the cultivars. Particularly, ‘Alba’ contained the highest terpene content, whereas ‘Arp’ and ‘Gorizia’ showed the lowest values. Regarding the antioxidant activity, ‘Alba’ exhibited the highest values as regards phenols, while for terpenes, the highest ones were obtained for ‘Ginger’ and ‘Tuscan Blue’. Significant Pearson correlations were obtained between the total phenol/terpene content and the antioxidant activity. The chemical characterization of these cultivars provides relevant information to produce the rosemary phytocomplexes, finding multiple industrial applications.
... This family includes the genus Rosmarinus, and belonging to this genus are many species other than the commonly known Rosmarinus officinalis, including but not limited to, Rosmarinus tomentosus, Rosmarinus laxiflorus, Rosmarinus lavandulaceus. 14,15 Origins Rosemary is an evergreen perennial shrub native to the Eastern Mediterranean and has been spread across different nations throughout history as a medicinal and ornamental commodity. In ancient Greece, it was better known as "antos" which translates to "flower" due to its characteristic aromatic smell and its use in incense by the people of those times. ...
... In ancient Greece, it was better known as "antos" which translates to "flower" due to its characteristic aromatic smell and its use in incense by the people of those times. 15 Its origins can be tracked to as far as 500 B.C. in the old Roman and Greek empires. Its traces can also be found in ancient Egypt, where tombs from as far as 3000 B.C. have been discovered to contain dried rosemary for the purpose of perfuming the deceased during their journey to the afterlife. ...
Androgenetic alopecia is a chronic dermatological condition in which genetically predisposed individuals undergo progressive hair loss secondary to the effects of circulating androgens. It has been well documented that dihydrotestosterone binds to the androgenic receptors prevalent in the scalp, thus inducing miniaturization of the hair follicle. To date, the only FDA approved medications for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia are finasteride and minoxidil. A plethora of studies have been conducted testing the efficacy of various herbal compounds, but additional research is needed to further establish the concrete efficacy of such natural remedies in treating androgenetic alopecia. Of late, rosemary oil has gained mass popularity as a promising natural alternative. This review article will not only provide a detailed background on this ancient herbal component but will additionally overview all other major herbal alternatives including peppermint oil, tea tree oil, green tea, pumpkin seed oil, saw palmetto, and lavender oil and will summarize the latest clinical studies, which have tested their efficacy for the management of androgenetic alopecia.
... Rosemary (Rosmanaranus officinalis) is a perennial, fragrant plant with needle-shaped, evergreen leaves (Peter, 2012;Rezanejad et al., 2019). Rosemary essential oil has many biological properties, including antifungal and antibacterial, anticancer, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory activity (Nematolahi et al., 2018;Peter, 2012;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). Due to the natural origin of essential oils, there is a great interest in using them in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries, and combating pests and plant pathogens (Babovic et al., 2010). ...
... The area of growth inhibition increased by higher concentrations of rosemary essential oil in the ZME (Table 3). The antifungal activity of essential oils of aromatic plants belonging to Lamiaceae has been proven in various studies (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015;Usanmaz Bozhüyük et al., 2019). The essential oils of these plants are distinguishable by the presence of two or more main compounds. ...
In this study, rosemary essential oil was encapsulated at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 % w/v) by the electrospraying technique in zein microcapsules (ZME) and evaluated for their antifungal properties. The morphology, functional groups, thermal stability, and crystallinity of the ZME were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, TGA, and XRD, respectively. SEM results showed that the ZME diameter increased from 2.6 to 5.2 µm in response to increasing the rosemary essential oil concentration from 0 to 15%. FT-IR revealed hydrogen reactions between the zein and rosemary essential oil. The TGA results indicated that rosemary essential oil decreased the thermal stability of ZME. The XRD patterns indicated that the ZME was in an amorphous state. The agar well diffusion method in studying the antifungal properties of ZME showed that the ZME had significant antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata (P<0.05). According to the results, ZME that carries rosemary essential oil can actively deter Alternaria alternata on tomatoes. Keywords Antifungal agent Electrospraying Microcapsule Rosemary essential oil Zein
... Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), a perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, (Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar et al. 2017), is renowned for its aromatic fragrance, culinary versatility, and therapeutic potential (Ribeiro-Santos et al. 2015). Rosemary is native to the Mediterranean region, but it has been successfully grown in various other places across the world (de Macedo et al. ...
... The use of rosemary extract (E392) as a potent safe natural antioxidant for food preservation has been authorized by the European Union (Younes et al. 2018). While rosemary is generally considered safe for consumption and topical application (Ribeiro-Santos et al. 2015;Singletary 2016), it is important to note that herbal medications can have side effects (Abebe 2002;Setty and Sigal 2005). Some people may experience allergic reactions and dermatitis after using rosemary preparations (Miroddi et al. 2014). ...
Background
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) contains alkaloids, phenolic acids, saponins, tannins, diterpenes, flavonoids, and essential oils and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. While rosemary is generally considered safe for consumption and topical application, allergic reactions and dermatitis have been reported in some individuals. This paper provides an in-depth review of the current studies on rosemary toxicity, shedding light on its potential adverse effects and underlying mechanisms.
Methods
Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to perform extensive research from the inception of these databases until February 2024.
Results
The toxicological effects explored include affecting several organs such as the liver and kidney by causing atrophic and degenerative changes, increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and reducing total serum protein levels. Rosemary may induce reproductive toxicity by decreasing spermatogenesis in the testes, testosterone, sperm density, and motility. It might also trigger genotoxicity and anomalies in fetuses by increasing cytoplasmic membrane shrinkage, the formation of apoptotic bodies, internucleosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation, and DNA ladder formation.
Conclusion
While rosemary is considered safe for food preservation, caution is warranted regarding chronic and high doses due to potential adverse effects on the kidneys, liver, reproductive system, and teratology. Additionally, it underscores the significance of considering drug interactions. The article also highlights the importance of considering toxicological data in realistic exposure situations and discusses the relevance of these findings for human health. Hence, further research is recommended to enhance our understanding of the toxicity profile associated with rosemary.
... Mediterranean rosemary leaf (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a fragrant shrub of the Lamiaceae family [14] . It is used in flavouring food, and its leaf extract (RE) or oil (RO) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties [15,16] , while several investigations have highlighted its antifungal, antibacterial, insecticide, and hepaprotective attributes [17] . ...
The study demonstrated the effect of including the extract of rosemary leaves directly into broiler chicken feed and adding natural extracts to minced chicken thigh meat to prevent their oxidation during chilled storage. The experiment comprised 6 treatments of three replicates each. The first treatment, or control, involved minced meat from birds fed on a diet free of any additives. The second treatment included vitamin E, the third and fourth had different levels of rosemary powder without rosemary extract, while the fifth and sixth treatments involved thigh meat taken from chickens fed on a diet free of any additives, with rosemary leaf extract added later. Adding rosemary leaf, whether in the diet or in extract form to minced chicken thigh meat taken from the control, significantly improved its sensory characteristics, as well as its pH and water-holding capacity. In addition, the rosemary-leaf treatment recorded the lowest values for oxidation indicators, and had significant fluid loss from exudation during and after cooking. The treatment with rosemary leaves added to the feed, whether in powder or extract form, also showed significantly lower oxidation indicators of the meat compared to the control. This is clear evidence of their effect in protecting chilled meat from oxidation by reducing microorganisms and free radical activity. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
... [2]. In traditional herbal medicine, rosemary is recognized for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties [3]. ...
Background
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), an aromatic evergreen shrub of the Salvia (Lamiaceae), is native to the Mediterranean region, thriving in rocky or arid soils. Widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, its clonal reproduction poses significant challenges for breeding and germplasm innovation. While mitogenome engineering holds promise for introducing heritable mutations, incomplete mitogenome information for rosemary has hindered such efforts. This study addresses this gap by assembling and analyzing the complete mitogenome of S. rosmarinus, focusing on its structure, repetitive sequences, RNA editing events, intracellular gene transfer (IGT), and phylogenetic relationships.
Results
The S. rosmarinus mitogenome spans 384,113 bp with a GC content of 44.8%, containing 34 unique protein-coding genes and 114 simple sequence repeats. Comparative analysis revealed 28 homologous segments shared between the mitogenome and plastome, totaling 18,675 bp in length. Furthermore, homologous fragments between nuclear and organellar genomes were identified, including 1,069,255 bp of organelle-derived sequences in the nuclear genome, with 194,689 bp from nuclear plastid DNA transfers (NUPTs) and 15,192 bp from nuclear mitochondrial DNA transfers (NUMTs). NUPTs were more abundant and contributed more significantly to the total length. Synteny analysis of eight Lamiales species revealed extensive mitogenomic recombination and structural rearrangements. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of mitogenomes, offering insights into genome evolution and supporting future breeding programs to enhance the genetic diversity and adaptability of S. rosmarinus.
Conclusions
This study provides the first complete mitogenome of S. rosmarinus, revealing dispersed repeats, RNA editing, and horizontal gene transfer between the nuclear and organelle genomes. The mitogenome exhibits a typical circular structure with evidence of frequent recombination, providing valuable insights into Salvia mitochondrial genetics, genome evolution, and molecular biology.
... The fresh and dried leaves are often used in traditional Mediterranean cooking and folk medicine. Chemical constituents include bitter principle, resin, tannic acid, volatile oils, and flavonoids [3,5]. The volatile oil consists of borneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, cineol, pinene, and camphor. ...
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, with scientific evidence indicating that the enzymes aromatase and cyclooxygenase 2 are upregulated in several types of cancer. Over the past 30 years, natural compounds have played a crucial role in cancer chemotherapy, and to date, many phytocompounds have been reported to interact with these enzymes, inhibiting their activity. Notably, several phytocompounds found in Rosmarinus officinalis L., a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean region and cultivated around the world, have shown the ability to interact with these enzymes. This review examines the role of the main compounds contained in Rosmarinus officinalis L. as potential anticancer agents acting on aromatase and cyclooxygenase-2.
... Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen perennial shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is widely used as a spice, especially in Mediterranean cuisine. Its biological activity is mainly related to its phenolic and volatile compounds, such as carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid, which are particularly abundant in rosemary extract, as well as α-pinene, bornyl acetate, camphor, and eucalyptol, which are present in the essential oil [97]. Carnosic acid and carnosol have been demonstrated to interact with microbial cell membranes, resulting in the disruption of the lipid bilayer. ...
Simple Summary
Botanical and herbal supplements offer a natural approach to enhancing health and preventing disease by influencing biological pathways. However, their use in ruminant nutrition remains limited as synthetic additives are predominantly employed to improve production. This review investigates the potential of Mediterranean herbs (Allium sativum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Origanum vulgare L.) in dairy ruminant diets, highlighting their effects on milk production, antioxidant activity, and weaning management, as well as insights from in vitro studies and economic implications. These medicinal plants can reduce reliance on synthetic additives, lower costs, and improve both the health and productivity of animals. Furthermore, they align with sustainable farming practices by utilizing local resources, minimizing the environmental footprint of livestock, and enhancing marketability through access to premium markets. Incorporating these herbs in ruminant diets supports eco-friendly and economically viable farming strategies while promoting healthier and more efficient livestock production systems.
... Another increasingly explored alternative for androgenic alopecia treatment is the use of botanical oils [127][128][129], more prominently saw palmetto and rosemary oil, which have 5-α reductase inhibitor activity [130,131]. For example, rosemary oil microsponges were 1.5 and 1.2 times more successful in improving hair length, thickness, and bulb diameter in in vivo rat models than minoxidil and rosemary oil gel, respectively [117]. ...
Introduction:
Androgenic alopecia is a multifactorial disease with a high incidence and a great psychological burden on patients. The current FDA-approved treatment is topical minoxidil or oral finasteride. However, both present significant limitations. While the systemic absorption of finasteride causes serious sexual side effects, minoxidil's low solubility imposes a challenge in obtaining a non-irritative and effective formulation. One way to solve such limitations is by using nanocarriers targeting the drug delivery to the hair follicles upon topical application.
Areas covered:
Here, we review which advancements have been made to achieve a more effective treatment for androgenic alopecia, focusing on nanocarriers for the topical drug delivery systems developed to target hair follicles.
Expert opinion:
The results from multiple reviewed studies demonstrate the potential of incorporating drugs into different nanocarriers to improve follicular targeting in drug delivery for androgenic alopecia treatment. However, many studies fail to perform the proper controls. Most studies also do not quantify the drug accumulation in all skin layers, especially in hair follicles, which avoids comparisons between different nanocarriers and, hence, reliable conclusions. Future experiments with a broader nanocarrier size range, suitable skin models and controls, and clinical tests to assess the safety of developed formulations will improve the androgenic alopecia treatment.
... Hammer & Junghanns, 2020). The use of rosemary has been traditional in many cultures, whether for culinary, therapeutic, or ritual purposes; all of that reflects its richness in volatile and non-volatile bioactive compounds (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). In this tradition, essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis have been isolated due to their complex chemical composition and multiple biological activities (Borges et al., 2019). ...
The essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis, extracted by hydrodistillation, was analyzed for its chemical composition and biological activities. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) identified eucalyptol (26.19 %) and camphor (28.49 %) as the main components, with a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (70.94 %). HS-SPME also revealed camphene (18.38 %) and β-myrcene (17.39 %), indicating variations according to extraction methods. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (IC₅₀ = 2.54 ± 0.24 mg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀ = 0.33 ± 0.05 mg/mL) and β-carotene (IC₅₀ = 6.36 ± 0.15 mg/mL) assays, demonstrating potent radical scavenging capacity. Antimicrobial testing revealed notable inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (IZ = 32.7 ± 2.1 mm) and Aspergillus niger (IZ = 27 ± 4.4 mm). Molecular docking confirmed the high binding affinities of the main compounds with the target proteins, confirming their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These results highlight the potential of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil for food preservation and therapeutic applications.
... Derived from the rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis), this natural compound is rich in antioxidants and essential oils, which enhance its effectiveness in food preservation. A study by Ribeiro-Santos et al. examined the impact of rosemary extract, a natural antimicrobial agent, on Fuji apples (49). The results showed that the coating significantly reduced microbial proliferation, preserved fruit firmness and minimized browning, thus improving both the shelf life and overall quality of the apples. ...
The health of every individual heavily depends on the consumption of fruits. Although fruits are exceptionally healthy, their perishable characteristics pose difficulties for prolonged storage. Ineffective post-harvest techniques can impede the supply chain, leading to considerable losses for producers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce post-harvest losses to enhance agricultural productivity. Conventional post-harvest treatments involving synthetic chemicals are increasingly being recognized for their potential negative impacts on human health. In response, the use of bio-based edible coatings derived from plant materials is gaining significant attention and encouragement. Edible coatings effectively extend the shelf life of fruits by controlling oxidation, moisture loss, and gas exchange. Coatings enriched with bioactive materials create an additional protective layer that slows down respiration rates, thereby prolonging the freshness of the fruits. This review provides an abridged overview of edible coatings, discussing their applications and classifications, and concludes by emphasizing chitosan as one of the most effective compounds. Additionally, the review explores innovative materials and nanotechnology-based edible coatings, along with their application techniques for various fruits. These advancements aim to address supply chain challenges and enhance food security.
... Unfortunately, the efficacy of these products is insufficiently proven. Examples include mainly rosemary and saw palmetto oils, which are both 5-alpha reductase inhibitors [64,65], and pumpkin seed oil, which has anti-inflammatory properties and increases microcapillary perfusion [66]. Despite these characteristics, and the rising interest in such oils [67][68][69], aside from not being FDA-regulated, there is a lack of data in the literature about their efficacy and safety for androgenic alopecia treatment. ...
Androgenic alopecia has a high incidence, affecting 80% of men and 50% of women in their lifetimes. Although not a life-threatening disease, it can be a deep psychological burden to patients and still lacks an effective and safe treatment. Dutasteride is a5-alpha-reductase inhibitor approved to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia that is also commonly prescribed off-label to treat androgenic alopecia. However, oral dutasteride may cause several severe sexual and neurological sideeffects. Therefore, an effective, localized dutasteride treatment that can reduce the effects of systemic uptake is of great interest. Here, we review available therapies to treat androgenic alopecia focusing on topicalformulations developed thus far-including minoxidil, finasteride, and cosmetics-and on dutasteride-loaded nanocarriers targeting hair follicles.
... For instance, supercritical CO2 extraction has been shown to yield higher concentrations of verbenone and bornyl acetate compared to traditional hydrodistillation. 29,32 The phenological stage of the plant is another critical determinant of essential oil yield and composition. Plants in the flowering phase produce significantly higher oil yields than those in the vegetative stage, with summer harvests often doubling winter production. ...
Rosmarinus officinalis, commonly called rosemary is an aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean region. It has been employed in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic benefits. Contemporary research has validated its pharmacological potentials, attributing its efficacy to its rich phytochemical profile. This review explores the pharmacological and nutritional properties of rosemary, with particular focus on its bioactive compounds, including carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid. A comprehensive literature search across multiple databases yielded a robust dataset on the composition and biological activities of rosemary. The nutritional profile, encompassing essential oils, flavonoids, triterpenic acids, vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients, was meticulously examined. In addition, the review elucidated advanced extraction techniques for optimal bioactive compound recovery. By unraveling the mechanisms underlying the health-promoting effects of rosemary, this study provided adequate information that could guide the clinical applications and nutritional use of rosemary especially within the context of functional foods.
... The content of biologically active components in plants depends on many factors, such as climatic conditions, varietal affiliation, extraction methods [10]. In world practice, extracts of aromatic plants are obtained by the most common three methods: hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide. ...
... More recently, on a Greek Island, the oregano collected by Michalaki et al. [25] showed a higher TPC (362.1 mg GAE/g DW) using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, but it was not comparable to our results due to a different extraction method. These unrelated results may suggest that several factors, such as extraction methods, environmental parameters, and post-harvesting conditions, may affect plant metabolism and, consequently, the expression of phenolic compounds [26,27]. ...
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This research underscores the potential of Portuguese oregano and thyme accessions as rich sources of diverse phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have been less studied compared to the dominant monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol. These compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant properties of the plants, offering potential applications in the food industry. By incorporating these unique phenolic profiles into food formulations or active packaging, the antioxidant benefits can enhance the food shelf life, improve the nutritional value, and support health and well-being. This makes these accessions valuable for developing innovative, healthier food products.
Abstract
Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus mastichina L.) are popular aromatic plants used in the culinary sphere and are known for their antioxidant capacity. This study investigates the variability in the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles, focusing on flavonoids and phenolic acids, of oregano and thyme accessions from the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by measurements using the ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays, Total Phenolic Content, and individual phenolic compounds. Oregano extracts presented the highest total phenolic content (~2152 mg GAE/g DW), while thyme extracts showed the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant powers. However, both aromatic plants (~0.58 mmol TE/g DW) presented similar DPPH radical scavenging capacities. Rosmarinic acid was the major phenolic compound in methanolic extracts from oregano and thyme, but higher amounts were found in thyme (23.11 to 40.45 mg/g DW). The accessions of oregano and thyme showed statistical differences in the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This study provides valuable insights into the phenolic profile of Portuguese oregano and thyme, which could constitute potential sources of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, to be used by the food industry as natural food additives.
... For instance, supercritical CO2 extraction has been shown to yield higher concentrations of verbenone and bornyl acetate compared to traditional hydrodistillation. 29,32 The phenological stage of the plant is another critical determinant of essential oil yield and composition. Plants in the flowering phase produce significantly higher oil yields than those in the vegetative stage, with summer harvests often doubling winter production. ...
Effective vaccine delivery is crucial for controlling infectious diseases. Natural polymers are increasingly considered in drug delivery systems due to their low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability, safety and dose sparing. Despite these advantages, there is limited information on their use in veterinary applications. This study explores cashew tree gum (CTG) as a potential vaccine carrier, especially in veterinary setting, focusing on its purification, phytochemical profile, and biocompatibility. Cashew tree gum was harvested from incisions in the tree trunk, followed by a purification process. Phytochemical analysis, rheological properties, and proximate and metallic content were assessed using standard methods. The viscosity was measured with a Brookfield viscometer, and pH values were determined using a Jenway 3510 pH meter. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with MiniTab Version 9.5. The purification process yielded 81.61%. The purified gum exhibited a glassy white colour, odourless smell, and bland taste. The pH values for crude and purified gums were 3.91 and 4.08, respectively. Moisture content was 0.08% in crude gum and 0.13% in purified gum, while total solids were 99.92%. Ash content was 0.999% for crude gum and 0.565% for purified gum. The gum contained glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids, with no detectable heavy metals. Essential minerals such as sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, calcium, and manganese were present at concentrations within acceptable ranges. Cashew tree gum shows significant promise as a vaccine carrier due to its high yield, safe phytochemical profile, and biocompatibility; therefo
... After rosmarinic acid, carnosol and carnosic acid have been identified as the strongest antioxidants in rosemary [26]. In herbal medicine, rosemary is known for its antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties [27]. Its potential is also being studied in terms of hepatoprotective and anti-obesity properties [28] and therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease [29]. ...
The rationale for this research is the investigation of the potential health benefits as well as the antibacterial and antifungal properties of selected aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family, which may lead to the development of improved functional foods. The present study investigated the effects of incorporating dried aromatic plants Thymus vulgaris, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus × citriodorus, Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis at a concentration of 1% in refined wheat flour and wholemeal flour on the production of functional tortillas. Sensory analysis was employed to identify the optimal 1% addition, with the objective of achieving a favorable flavor and aroma profile. It was hypothesized that this addition would affect water activity, moisture, texture, color, antioxidant content and phenolic content, thereby enhancing the tortillas as a source of bioactive compounds. The results indicated that the type of flour used had a significant impact on the water activity of the tortillas, with wholemeal flour resulting in higher water activity than refined flour. The water activity ranged between 0.735 and 0.821, while the water content remained relatively stable. The water activity in whole-grain tortillas was significantly higher than that of refined flour tortillas, with a value exceeding 0.8, which makes them susceptible to mold growth and the production of mycotoxins. The sensory evaluations indicated that the enriched refined flour tortillas with common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were rated highly; a similar result was observed for the whole-grain tortillas enriched with wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) and lemon thyme. The whole-grain tortillas with rosemary were rated the highest of all the tortillas. The addition of aromatic plants increased the phenolic content and the antioxidant potential, depending on the flour type and the plant used. The addition of wild thyme and rosemary resulted in a significant increase in the phenolic content of wheat tortillas, while all enriched whole-grain tortillas exhibited a higher phenolic content than the control samples. The highest phenolic content in whole-grain tortillas was found in those fortified with rosemary, oregano and wild thyme. The highest antioxidant content was recorded in tortillas prepared with rosemary, irrespective of whether the flour used was refined or wholemeal. Fourteen phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in aromatic plants tested. The main phenolic compounds in Origanum vulgare were flavonoids. Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in rosemary and all thyme species, reaching the highest level in rosemary. Such high levels of rosmarinic acid may be responsible for the high antioxidant and total phenolic contents observed in rosemary extracts and also in tortillas when this plant is included in the recipe. The results of this study indicate that selected aromatic plants, particularly rosemary, have the potential to be utilized as functional ingredients in bakery products. By incorporating dried aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family into wheat flour tortillas, food manufacturers can create products that not only taste better but also provide added health benefits. The use of selected herbs can improve the nutritional profile of tortillas by increasing antioxidant properties and, due to the properties of herbs, extend the shelf life of the product.
... The natural polymers have various features due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and compliance with chemical and biochemical modifications [5]. Most edible coating materials are polysaccharides that have the capacity to hydrate in water either by forming a gel or stabilizing emulsion systems [6], which are used in the packaging process to control changes in the fruit and vegetable after harvesting such as spoilage, weight loss, and shelf life [7]. ALV gel is one of the coating materials that protect the texture, color, and shelf life of fruits and vegetables during storage. ...
The aloe vera (ALV) gel coating solution contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenes, saponins, and glycosides. The inhibition growth rates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were 63, 58, 65, and 57%, respectively, at a rate of 60.75% for a 5% ALV gel coating solution. It was 66, 63, 70, and 64%, respectively, at a rate of 65.75% for 10% ALV gel coating solution. It was 73, 68, 70, and 66%, respectively, at a rate of 69.25% for 20% ALV gel coating. The weight loss of coated eggplants with sterile distilled water, 5, 10, and 20% ALV gel coating solution was 0.791, 0.714, 0.578, and 0.384%, respectively, during storage for 10 days at 4°C, while it was 15.416, 13.638, 12.462, and 9.326%, respectively, during storage for 21 days at 25°C. The soluble solids content of coated eggplants with sterile distilled water, 5, 10, and 20% ALV gel coating solution was 5.9, 5.7, 5.6, and 5.4%, respectively, while it was 6.6, 6.1, 5.8, and 5.5%, respectively, whilst it was 6.9, 6.4, 6.0, and 5.6%, respectively, during storage for 10, 20, and 30 days at 4°C.
... Rosemary exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it has proven beneficial in improving memory and mitigating anxiety and stress [16,17]. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., a constituent of the Myrtaceae family, is of interest for its therapeutic potential. ...
Bacteria, including those causing hospital-acquired infections, have become a significant concern for human health due to their resistance to common antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles possess highly antimicrobial properties and can be applied in various medical and healthcare contexts. The purpose of this research is to produce silver nanoparticles through a bio-based (green synthesis) method using extracts from the leaves of rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus plants and to investigate their antibacterial activity. Extracts from the leaves of rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus plants were prepared and added to a silver nitrate solution in the process of synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The production of silver nanoparticles in the solution was investigated by recording the color changes during the experiment and measuring the absorption levels across different wavelengths using a spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial effects exhibited by the silver nanoparticle solution were investigated and confirmed targeting both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains using the agar well diffusion method. Nanoparticles with diameters approximately ranging from 18 to 80 nanometers were successfully synthesized, exhibiting a varied assortment of spherical geometries and a notable purity level of 88% silver. Furthermore, nanoparticles synthesized from rosemary plant extract exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to those from other plant extracts.
... In rosemary essential oil, around 120 distinct components were identified. In addition to numerous kinds of nutrients, minerals are also found in rosemary extracts (Ribeiro-Santos et al. 2015;Wojtunik-Kulesza et al. 2019). The major bioactive compounds found in essential oil are mono and sesquiterpene, which are thought to be responsible for most of their biological activity; as a result, it is important to identify those bioactive compounds from various plant sources. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is the leading cause of dementia in elderly individuals. Currently, there is no permanent treatment option available for this disorder, and the existing drug regimens are associated with limited effectiveness and side effects. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of rosemary compounds, an extensive study was started with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. GC-MS was performed to study the composition of rosemary essential oil and a total of 120 volatile compounds were identified. The 36 compounds from GC-MS data of rosemary essential oil having > 1% concentration in the oil were selected along with 3 already reported well-known non-volatile compounds of rosemary. se39 bioactive natural compounds of rosemary were docked against ACE, BACE1, GSK3, and TACE proteins, which are involved in AD progression. The top 3 compounds against each target protein were selected based on their binding energies and a total of 6 compounds were found as best candidates to target the AD; α Amyrin, Rosmanol, Androsta-1,4-dien-3-one,16,17-dihydroxy-(16.beta.,17.beta), Benzenesulfonamide,4-methyl-N-(5-nitro-2-pyridinyl), Methyl abietate, and Rosmarinic acid were the best compounds. The binding energy of α-Amyrin, Rosmanol, and Androsta-1,4-dien-3-one,16,17-dihydroxy-(16.beta.,17.beta) to ACE target is -10 kcal/mol, -9.3 kcal/mol, and − 9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The best binding affinity was shown by complexes formed between GSK3-α-Amyrin (-9.1 kcal/mol), BACE1- α-Amyrin (-9.9 kcal/mol), and TACE- Benzenesulfonamide,4-methyl-N-(5-nitro-2-pyridinyl) (-9.1 kcal/mol). The comparative analysis between known inhibitors/ drugs of target proteins and the rosemary compound that shows the highest binding affinity against each protein also revealed the higher potential of rosemary natural compounds in terms of binding energy. The drug-likeliness properties like Lipinski’s rule of five and the ADME/T analysis of top-selected compounds were screened through PkCSM and Deep-PK tools. The findings from this study suggested that rosemary compounds have the potential as a therapeutic lead for treating AD. This kind of experimental confirmation can lead to novel drug candidates against the pharmacological targets of AD.
... In the same line, Montesano et al. [30] stated that pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) contains significant amounts of bioactive compounds, which are high in terpenoids, particularly carotenoids, which boost immunity, reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease, and expand the prostate gland. As confirmed by some researchers, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has bioactive compounds linked to antifungal, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic health benefits [74,75]. Extracts from medicinal and aromatic plants are accepted as safe [Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) classification], which means they can be utilized as a natural alternative to chemical additions [76]. ...
In recent years, numerous articles documenting bioactive components derived from diverse food sources have been published. Plant-based bioactive substances hold significant prospects for use as dietary supplements and functional foods because of their potential advantages for human health as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agents. Utilizing plant by-products as raw materials can also lower production costs and lessen environmental impacts. Thus, this review covered the bioactive substances found in plants and their by-products. The health benefits of bioactive compounds obtained from plant origins were also highlighted in this review. Furthermore, we concentrated on both conventional extraction techniques (e.g., Soxhlet, heat reflux, and maceration) and innovative extraction strategies for bioactive substances, including pulsed electric field (PEF), pressurized liquid, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, and subcritical fluid methods. Higher yields obtained by novel extraction methods were found to be of primary interest, considering immediate beneficial economic outcomes. The potential applications of those bioactive substances in the food industry have been studied. Additionally, this investigation handled concerns regarding the challenges and limitations related to bioactive compounds. It is anticipated that the information covered in this review will prove to be a useful resource for the plant food processing sector in suggesting a cost-effective and environmentally friendly extraction technique that would turn plant 151 AIMS Molecular Science Volume 11, Issue 2, 150-188. wastes into a functional product with a high added value.
... Nonetheless, this is not the case for fallen olives where the aromatization with a high quantity of aromatic plants (5%) can lead to an improvement of OO free acidity. Our results can be explained by the ability of rosemary to inhibit lipase activity [19]. As well, it can be explained by the presence in rosemary of certain compounds capable of counteracting the oxidation of OO. ...
Enriched olive oil combines olive oil with plants for enhanced flavor and potential health benefits, offering a versatile culinary ingredient. This process combines the natural goodness of olive oil with the unique characteristics of plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as a food additive (E 392) in the enrichment of ripe and fallen olives on the quality of the resulting flavored olive oil. Olive fruits at different stages of maturation green (ST1), mixed (ST2), black (ST3), and fallen in the ground (FO) were crushed with rosemary at two different percentages (2 and 5% w/w). Quality parameters, fatty acid profile, antioxidant profile, and volatile composition were evaluated. For ST3 and FO, rosemary addition decreased free acidity values, peroxide index, K232, and pigment content. Total phenols increased by 34 and 55% for ST3 and FO, respectively with 2% rosemary. As for bio-phenols, this process influenced antioxidant activity. In fact, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity is improved by 59 and 51%, respectively, for ST3 and FO oils flavored with 5% rosemary. As anticipated, the volatile profile changed significantly due to the rosemary addition, inducing the presence of terpene compounds, such as α-pinene, α-cymene, camphene, β-pinene, and α-terpineol. These findings prove that aromatization process improves the quality and the antioxidant profile of olive oils obtained from mature and fallen olives, and could help in solving the economic problems of oil mills. Other plants such as garlic, lemon, thyme, and others can be studied to find out if better results can be achieved.
... Rosemary is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in traditional medicine, perfumery and food industries (Yao et al., 2023). Its extract is mainly composed of flavonoids, di-, triterpenoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, among others (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). The present research effort demonstrates that feeding a diet enriched with rosemary and chitin increased live weight and weight gain, while, simultaneously, decreasing feed conversion. ...
Effect of powdered rosemary (Effect of powdered rosemary (Effect of powdered rosemary (Effect of powdered rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Rosmarinus officinalis Rosmarinus officinalis Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil and) essential oil and) essential oil and) essential oil and phenolic compounds on phenolic compounds on phenolic compounds on phenolic compounds on broiler chickens zootechnical parameters broiler chickens zootechnical parameters broiler chickens zootechnical parameters broiler chickens zootechnical parameters Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract This work aims at exploiting the essential oil (EO) and phenolic compounds (PC) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in a formulation containing leaf powder stabilized with chitin (1%, w/w) to improve chicken meat and investigate their effect on qualitatively and quantitatively broiler chickens' growth performances. To such a purpose, chicks, at 1 day of age, were distributed in pens on ground divided into four batches. The two control batches were fed with conventional feed, but the positive control contained flavomycin (0.5 g/kg) as growth factor. The two treated batches received a conventional feed supplemented with two doses of 20 and 50 g/kg of the developed formulation. Essential oil and phenolic compound contents in powdered leaves were, respectively, 1.20 and 22.86% in ethanolic extract. 1,8-Cineole (46.88%), followed by camphor (19.20%), α-pinene (9.56%), L.α.-terpineol (5.91%) and β-pinene (4.40%) were the main compounds of the used EO. The two batches of treated chicks showed a significant improvement in body weight (281.88 and 283.75 g, respectively), a decrease in feed conversion and a reduction in mortality (8%), when compared to the control batches. In addition, the elaborated formulation induced catalase activity used as an indicator of cellular antioxidant activity modulation.
... Rosemary has therapeutic properties and has been used in folk medicine as an oral preparation to relieve renal colic, dysmenorrhea, and muscle spasms. Rosemary has antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, antinociceptive, antidepressant, antiulcerogenic, and antioxidant activities [4,[6][7][8][9]. ...
... Rosemary is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in traditional medicine, perfumery and food industries (Yao et al., 2023). Its extract is mainly composed of flavonoids, di-, triterpenoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, among others (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). The present research effort demonstrates that feeding a diet enriched with rosemary and chitin increased live weight and weight gain, while, simultaneously, decreasing feed conversion. ...
This work aims at exploiting the essential oil (EO) and phenolic compounds (PC) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in a formulation containing leaf powder stabilized with chitin (1%, w/w) to improve chicken meat and investigate their effect on qualitatively and quantitatively broiler chickens’ growth performances. To such a purpose, chicks, at 1 day of age, were distributed in pens on ground divided into four batches. The two control batches were fed with conventional feed, but the positive control contained flavomycin (0.5 g/kg) as growth factor. The two treated batches received a conventional feed supplemented with two doses of 20 and 50 g/kg of the developed formulation. Essential oil and phenolic compound contents in powdered leaves were, respectively, 1.20 and 22.86% in ethanolic extract. 1,8-Cineole (46.88%), followed by camphor (19.20%), α-pinene (9.56%), L.α.-terpineol (5.91%) and β-pinene (4.40%) were the main compounds of the used EO. The two batches of treated chicks showed a significant improvement in body weight (281.88 and 283.75 g, respectively), a decrease in feed conversion and a reduction in mortality (8%), when compared to the control batches. In addition, the elaborated formulation induced catalase activity used as an indicator of cellular antioxidant activity modulation.
The food packaging industry seeks innovative materials that enhance food preservation while promoting sustainability. This study investigated the development of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films incorporating both rosemary essential oil (EO) and phenolic compounds extracted from the hydrodistillation wastewater of rosemary. The aqueous extract (AE), rich in rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, luteolin, rosmanol, and carnosic acid, was used to improve the bioactive properties of the films. Four formulations were produced: CMC (control), CMC/EO (with essential oil), CMC/AE (with aqueous extract), and CMC/EO/AE (with both EO and AE). The incorporation of EO and AE increased the film thickness and altered microstructural properties, with EO-containing films exhibiting larger voids due to oil droplet coalescence. Films with AE showed a significantly higher yellowing index and superior UV barrier properties, which could protect light-sensitive foods. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed successful incorporation of bioactive compounds, while solubility tests revealed that EO-containing films were fully soluble, whereas AE-containing films exhibited reduced solubility (~50 %), enhancing their potential for moisture-sensitive food applications. EO increased film flexibility by 45 %, whereas AE-containing films demonstrated improved antioxidant activity, with FRAP and TEAC values approximately 300 % and 700 % higher, respectively, compared to the control. These films have potential for food packaging applications, particularly for lipid-rich foods prone to oxidative degradation (e.g., nuts, dairy, processed meats) and fresh produce susceptible to photodegradation. By utilizing a by-product of the essential oil industry, this study contributes to the development of sustainable and functional food packaging solutions.
Background
Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) is a perennial herb, while basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) is an annual herb. Both are utilized in culinary practices and have antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties. However, their neuroprotective role remains to be elucidated.
Purpose
This study was carried out to explore the neuroprotective potential of these herbs in the Swiss Albino mouse model.
Materials and Methods
The investigation focused on evaluating the impact of their extracts on anxiety levels and motor performance using a comprehensive set of behavioral assays, including the hot plate analysis, acetic acid-induced writhing analysis, various neuropharmacological tests such as anxiolytic effects, staircase, traction, writhing, the effect of the inclined plane and forced swimming. O. basilicum exhibited dose-dependent analgesic effects, enhanced locomotor activity, and improved motor function.
Results
R. officinalis showed potential analgesic properties but exhibited decreasing motor function and potential depressive-like effects. Both herbs demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant potential. This exploration into the neuropharmacology of rosemary and basil holds promise for the broader field of natural product pharmacology.
Conclusion
The identification of bioactive compounds of these plants and the elucidation of their specific mechanisms in neural behavior are proposed. This may open avenues for the development of targeted treatments as well as complementary therapies.
Rosmarinus officinalis has been used in Ayurveda and many other traditional systems of medicine. This plant has various dental uses and is more significant in periodontal therapy. The present review highlights the proven properties of R. officinalis and the scope of advancement for using it as an effective topical gel, projecting its use in the treatment of chronic gingivitis. Information compiled here will be useful to improve the present investigation regarding R. officinalis in periodontal therapy.
Maximizing the value of agricultural by-products is critical for advancing sustainable development and minimizing waste. This study delves into the solid by-products of Rosmarinus tournefortii de Noé, focusing on their fractionation and purification to unveil valuable bioactive compounds. Using flash chromatography, nine distinct fractions (F1 to F9) were successfully isolated. Cutting-edge analytical techniques including FTIR, UHPLC-MS/MS, and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC and COSY) confirmed the presence of novel labdane diterpenoids (PF1), 24-nor-ursane triterpenoids (PF5), and ent-kaurane diterpenoids (PF6). Furthermore, HPLC-DAD profiling revealed rosmadial (79.43 % in F4) and luteolin (70.14 % in F7) as the dominant phenolic compounds. Notably, the crude extract demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 0.04±0.23 mg/mL. Fractions F7 and F8 also exhibited strong antioxidant potential, with IC50 values of 0.35±0.07 mg/mL and 0.36±0.02 mg/mL, respectively. Purified fractions PF7 and F8, enriched with luteolin and 3-hydroxyflavone, proved highly effective for pigmentation control, with PF7 showing an IC50 of 0.045±0.007 mg/mL. In addition, antimicrobial assays revealed that the 24-nor-ursane triterpenoid and fraction F6, containing ent-kaurane and carnosol, displayed potent inhibitory effects against Rhodotorula glutinis (24.1 mm). Molecular docking studies further highlighted PF5 as a potent inhibitor of alpha-amylase (-5.856 kcal/mol) and tyrosinase (-4.385 kcal/mol), while PF1 surpassed acarbose in alpha-glucosidase inhibition with a binding energy of −5.898 kcal/mol. Collectively, these findings highlight the immense potential of R. tournefortii by-products as a rich source of bioactive compounds for health and skincare, offering promising, sustainable solutions for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food preservation industries.
Objectives:
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) is a fragrant plant of the mint family, broadly known as a nourishment flavoring agent; it is additionally utilized in conventional people cures for its anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and antibacterial properties. Intense cognitive impacts from devouring plant-based flavonoids can be measured with electroencephalography (EEG), which records unconstrained brain movement. Brain activity can be evaluated amid independent states or whereas performing attentional assignments. This study aimed to determine the impact of rosemary consumption on cognitive consequences.
Methods:
Twenty volunteers took part in the study. EEG was taken for each volunteer twice, before drinking rosemary extract and around one hour after drinking it. EEG information was recorded with a Micromed recording framework inspecting rate of 512 Hz. EEG signals were prepared to be utilized in EEGLAB, an open-source toolbox within the MATLAB environment. The information obtained after the EEG recording was compared with the preliminary EEG information.
Results:
The signal's power spectral density in theta, delta, and beta frequency bands modestly increased in males and females. Even though there was a significant increase in power at the alpha frequency band in both sexes, this increment was not specific channel-wise.
Discussion:
The obtained data are consistent with the expected results and similar studies conducted, suggesting that the consumption of rosemary is beneficial for cognitive function in the short term. It is anticipated that forthcoming long-term studies will support the existing data.
Salvia rosmarinus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is recognized for its extract antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, andanti-cancer properties. The present work was focused on the anticancer and genotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC3),therefore, it was designed to evaluate plant characters considered as risk factors for cancer including antioxidant andinflammation properties by many procedures to assure the efficacy of plant crude extract and its fractions. The crude aqueousethanolic extract and its fractions were analyzed for their phytochemical investigations using HPLC, GC/FID, and GC/MS.The biological evaluation was preceded on crude ethanolic extract as well as its petroleum ether and chloroform fractions. Thefractions exhibited promising anti-proliferative (by MTT technique) and genotoxic effects (by Comet technique) on PC3,whereas chloroform and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions showed strong inhibitory effects for cyclooxygenase-2 activity andproduced superior antioxidant characters. The crude extract could be considered a rich phenolic source; hence, it containsrosmarinic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. Fatty acid analysis (by GC) of petroleum ether fraction showed high unsaturatedfatty acids, and the major fatty acid was linolenic acid. Omega fatty acids (Ѡ,3:6:9) were detected at a high rate, and theessential oil analysis showed that S. rosmarinus could be considered a Bornanone chemotype, monoterpenes, and the majorcompounds are oxygenated monoterpenes. Therefore, Salvia rosmarinus extracts can be used for many purposes, such as inthe food industry, the therapeutic sector, and the cosmetic industry.
Plant-derived bioactive molecules are increasingly utilized in food processing as natural additives, driven by a growing interest in healthier lifestyles. This trend has spurred industries to reformulate products to meet the demands of health-conscious consumers. This study investigates the phenolic extract and essential oil of O. basilicum L. obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, respectively. Characterization using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) for the basil phenolic extract (BPE) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the basil essential oil (BEO) identified 82 compounds in BPE and 51 compounds, with rosmarinic acid and estragole as the main constituents, respectively. Both BPE and BEO exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. BPE showed higher antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 0.740 ± 0.023 mg/mL against DPPH•, 0.408 ± 0.02 mg/mL for ABTS+•, and 0.289 ± 0.02 mg/mL for iron chelation. Conversely, BEO demonstrated IC50 values of 16.296 ± 0.394 mg/mL, 0.6870 ± 0.0203 mg/mL, and 3.9 ± 0.12 mg/mL for DPPH•, ABTS+• scavenging assays, and iron chelation, respectively. The growth inhibitory effect of BEO surpassed that of BPE against microbial strains, achieving total growth inhibition against C. albicans with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.04 mg/mL. BPE exhibited inhibitory effects against MRSA with a zone of inhibition of 19 ± 1.15 mm, while the lowest MIC value was observed against E. coli at 0.38 ± 0.03 mg/mL. These findings underling basil's potential health-boosting, emphasizing its abundance in phenolic and volatile compounds.
Aromatherapy is a medical practice that uses aromatic compounds or essential oils to influence mood and health. Essential oils used in aromatherapy are created from a wide variety of medicinal plants, flowers, herbs, roots, and trees that are found all over the world and have significant, well-documented benefits on enhancing physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing.
This book is a comprehensive reference on aromatic compounds present in essential oils and their therapeutic use. Starting from fundamentals of essential oil biosynthesis the book guides the reader through their basic biochemistry, toxicology, profiling, blending and clinical applications. The concluding chapters also present focused information about the therapeutic effects of essential oils on specific physiological systems, plant sources, skin treatment and cancer therapeutics.
The combination of basic and applied knowledge will provide readers with all the necessary information for understanding how to develop preclinical formulations and standard clinical therapies with essential oils. This is an essential reference for anyone interested in aromatherapy and the science of essential oils.
The rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a plant of the Lamiaceae tribe that has not been widely studied regarding its pharmacological activity, known from previous studies to contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids. Flavonoids are phenol compounds with many pharmacological activities, including antibacterials and antioxidants. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels in R. officinalis leaves and their effect on antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This research began with the preparation of ethanol extract from R. officinalis leaves, then the fractionation of the extract produced n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. Total flavonoid levels were determined against both fractions by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. A test of the fraction’s antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was performed using the disc diffusion method. The antioxidant test is carried out by the DPPH method. The total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction is 47.437 ± 1.947%, higher than the n-hexane fraction. Test antibacterial and antioxidant activity showed more significant results in the ethyl acetate fraction than in the n-hexane fraction. In conclusion, the total flavonoid levels of ethyl acetate fraction are directly proportional to the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of R. officinalis leaves.
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) is cultivated for its high nutritional value; however, the nutritional diversity of different pakchoi cultivars is rarely investigated. Herein, we performed widely targeted metabolic profiling analyses of five popular pakchois. A total of 670 metabolites were detected, which could be divided into 13 categories. The accumulation patterns of main nutritional metabolites among the five pakchois were significantly different and complementary. Moreover, the pakchoi cultivar ‘QYC’ showed quite different metabolomic profiles compared with other pakchois. The Venn diagram showed that the 75 differential metabolites were shared among the comparison groups (‘QYC’ vs. ‘MET’/ ‘NBC’/ ‘PPQ’/ ‘XQC’), of which 52 metabolites were upregulated in ‘QYC’. The phenolic acids had the largest variations between ‘QYC’ and the other pakchoi cultivars. These findings expand metabolomic information on different pakchoi cultivars and further provide new insights into the selection and breeding of excellent pakchoi cultivars.
Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. or Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. ) is an aromatic herb renowned for its culinary, medicinal, and industrial significance. This review offers a multifaceted exploration of rosemary, delving into its nutritional composition, traditional culinary applications, and historical uses in traditional medicine. The review extends to cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, elucidating rosemary’s role as a natural preservative and its integration into cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Extraction methods, both classical and contemporary, are critically examined, with an emphasis on recent sustainable approaches and their impact on bioactive compounds. This work concludes with a forward-looking perspective, discussing innovative extraction techniques, advanced technologies, and the potential commercial viability of rosemary-related industries. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource, offering insights into the diverse dimensions of rosemary, from traditional applications to cutting-edge advancements in extraction science.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of carnosic acid alone and in combination with cisplatin on human liver cancer cells and their capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species induced in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide.Cytotoxic effects of agents on human liver cancer cells for 24 and 48 hours were evaluated by methyl-thiazol tetrazolium-bromide assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential were detected JC-1 kit. The intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were determined using 2’-7’dichlorofluorescin diacetateassay. According to our findings, both carnosic acid alone and in combination with cisplatin showed cytotoxic effects in human liver cancer cells at 24 and 48 hours of exposure. In particular, it was seen that the cell viability significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner at 48 hours of exposure, and the combined treatment was found to have a more pronounced cytotoxic effect. In addition, all carnosic acid concentrations alone and in combination with cisplatin were identified to significantly reduce mitochondrial membrane potential. We observed that both carnosic acid alone and in combination with cisplatin lowered intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide. The results suggested that carnosic acid alone or in combination with cisplatin might be a promising agent in the treatment of liver cancer.
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO, rosemary) is a well-known medicinal, aromatic, and culinary herb with traditional use in European folk medicine against memory deficits and neurodegenerative disorders.
This review highlights the different neuroprotective activities of RO investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as in silico molecular docking of bioactive compounds found in RO.
The neuroprotective effect of RO was searched through databases including PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Clinical Trials using the keywords “Rosmarinus officinalis, rosemary, neuroprotective effect, memory, cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease.”
RO, which is rich in secondary metabolites that have memory-enhancing potential, has displayed neuroprotection through different molecular mechanisms such as inhibition of cholinesterase, modulation of dopaminergic and oxytocinergic systems, mediation of oxidative and inflammatory proteins, involved in neuropathic pain, among others. RO extracts exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Also, the plant has shown efficacy in scopolamine-, lipopolysaccharide-, AlCl3-, and H2O2-induced amnesia as well as amyloid-beta- and ibotenic acid-induced neurotoxicity and chronic constriction injury-related oxidative stress memory and cognitive impairments in animal models. A few clinical studies available supported the neuroprotective effects of RO and its constituents. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm results from preclinical studies further and should include not only placebo-controlled studies but also studies including positive controls using approved drugs.
Many studies underlined that constituents of RO may have the potential for developing drug candidates against Alzheimer’s disease that possess high bioavailability, low toxicity, and enhanced penetration to CNS, as revealed from the experimental and molecular docking analysis.
Aim. It is well known that the pharmacological activity of essential oils depends on their major components, which may vary enormously. The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition of samples of essential oil of rosemary of different origins, in order to identify the main therapeutic constituents, according to European Pharmacopoeian (EP). Material and Methods. Analytical GC/MS was carried out on a total of eight samples of essential oil of rosemary: seven samples were commercial products from producers located in different geographical areas; the last sample was prepared in our labo- ratory from fresh flowering terminal sprigs of rosemary collected in Siena’s Province. results. The most representative constituents of the essential oils tested, were 1,8-cineole and camphor. Other components also occurred in significant quantities in some samples, for example and α- and β-pinene, limonene and caryophyllene, in- dicating clear phytochemical differences among samples. discussion. The high quantity of eucalyptol and camphor detected in the samples made them particularly suited for treating minor respiratory disorders. Eucalyptol is expectorant and liquefies bronchial secretions; camphor increases the interval bet- ween inspiration and expiration and increases the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, facilitating respiration. On the other hand, the essential oils analyzed by us were not suitable for perfume production, because they contained little or no positive aromatic components.
Reduction or elimination of chemically synthesized additives from foods is a current demand in food industry. A new approach to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms or protect food from oxidation is the use of essential oils or plant extracts as natural additives in foods. We have studied antimicrobial activity of rosemary extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against different species of Listeria and against different strains of L. monocytogenes. We used two extracts of rosemary, VivOX 20 and VivOX 40 (Vitiva d.d., Slovenia) containing different levels of carnosic acid. We wanted to proof an antimicrobial activity of selected rosemary extracts with two most commonly used methods: disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. With the disc diffusion method we have obtained the inhibition zone and at the lowest concentrations, where no visible bacterial growth was recorded, were assumed as minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC). We determined MIC values in the ranges from 625 μg extract/ml EtOH to 5000 μg extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 20 and from 312.5 μg extract/ml EtOH do 2500 μg extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 40 in the medium. We have established that the resistance of Listeria species against rosemary extracts depends on: selected extract, selected concentration, various species and strain of Listeria. With broth dilution method we have determined minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), as the concentration giving 0.1 % bacterial survival. With this method we have tested two strains of L. monocytogenes and in determinate MBC values in the range from 15.63 μg/ml TSB to 98.5 μg/ml TSB for both tested extracts. Results have confirmed our assumption that resistance of Listeria against rosemary extracts depended on the selected strain.
The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Labiatae culinary herbs are well documented but the effects of different drying methods are poorly studied. In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of fresh and oven-dried herbs of oregano, marjoram, rosemary, sage, basil, thyme, peppermint and spearmint were compared with available commercial herbs. Antioxidant properties of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, caffeoylquinic acid content, free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, molybdate, DPPH radical scavenging, potassium ferricyanide and ferrozine assays, respectively. Antibacterial properties were assessed using the disc diffusion assay based on mean diameter of inhibitory zone and minimum inhibitory dose. The two drying treatments were oven drying at 50 o C (OD) and microwave pre-treatment followed by oven drying at 50 o C (MOD). Fresh rosemary and oven-dried oregano had the strongest antioxidant properties. For most herbs, oven drying resulted in loss of antioxidant values compared to fresh herbs with the exception of oregano. Values of oven-dried oregano, spearmint, thyme, peppermint and basil were higher than commercial samples, while those of oven-dried rosemary were lower. Of the six commercial herbs, rosemary had the highest values, followed by oregano, spearmint, thyme, peppermint and basil. All herbs showed no antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. Rosemary, sage, peppermint and spearmint inhibited the growth of Gram-positive Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Rosemary and sage had stronger antibacterial properties than green and black teas of Camellia sinensis. When used in combination, rosemary and sage can have enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial effects, which are desirable in developing nutraceutical products, and in controlling rancidity and bacterial growth in food.
Beta-amyloid (A) is considered as one of the major causes of Alzheimer's disease. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid, a naturally occurring polyphenol which is distributed widely in plants, fruits and vegetables, against A-induced toxicity. A decreased significantly the viability of PC12 cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the intracellular calcium levels and cleaved caspase-3. In addition, A induced an increase in Bax, and a decrease in Bcl-2 compared to the controls. However, a pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid rescued the PC12 cells from A by attenuating the elevated intracellular calcium levels and reducing the levels of the apoptosis related proteins, including caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. These results suggest that the protective effects of chlorogenic acid are, at least in parts, by attenuating the intracellular calcium influx and reducing apoptosis induced by A.
Rosmarinus offi cinalis (Rosemary) is a common household plant which belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is grown in many parts of the world. It is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple or blue fl owers. The two most commonly grown hardy Rosemaries are Rosmarinus offi cinalis 'Arp' and R. offi cinalis 'Madelene Hill' (syn. 'Hill Hardy'). The other cultivars of the plant are R. offi cinalis 'Albus', R. offi cinalis 'Bendenen Blue', R. offi cinalis 'Goodwin Creek', R. offi cinalis 'Herb Cottage', R. offi cinalis 'Logee's Light Blue', R. offi cinalis 'Miss Jessup's Upright', R. offi cinalis 'Russian River', R. offi cinalis 'Salem'. The chemical constituents include bitter principle, resin, tannic acid, volatile oils and fl avonoids. The volatile oil consists of borneol, bornyl acetate, camphene, cineol, pinene and camphor. It is used for problems involved in central nervous system, cardio vascular system, genito urinary conditions, liver treatments, reproductive system and respiratory system. The volatile oil of the plant is used in oils and lotions for the treatment of various ailments like arthritis, gout, muscular pain, neuralgia, wound and rubbed into hair for stimulating the hair bulbs to renewed activity, to prevent premature baldness.
Objective:
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly being used as adjunctive treatment in primary headache syndromes in many countries. In the Turkish population, no epidemiologic data have been reported about awareness and usage of these treatments in patients with headache.
Methods:
One hundred and ten primary headache patients attending three headache clinics completed a questionnaire regarding their headaches, the known modalities and the use and effect of CAM procedures for their headaches.
Results:
The mean age of the patients was 34.7±9.6 years (32.8-36.5). Almost two-thirds of patients had completed high school and university, and one-third of patients were housewives. Migraine without aura (45.5%) was the most frequently diagnosed type of headache followed by migraine with aura (19.1%) and tension-type headache (18.2%). In 43.6% of the patients, headache frequency was 5-10 per month. The most frequently known CAM modalities were massage (74.5%), acupuncture (44.5%), yoga (31.8%), exercise (28.2%), psychotherapy (25.5%), and rosemary (23.6%). The most frequently used CAM treatments were massage (51%) and exercise (11%). Only massage was reported to be beneficial in one-third of the primary headache patients; the other modalities were not.
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that the subgroup of primary headache patients in Turkey seek and use alternative treatments, frequently in combination with standard treatments. Neurologists should become more knowledgeable regarding CAM therapies; further randomized and controlled clinical researches with large sample sizes are needed.
The demand for natural antioxidant active packaging is increasing due to their unquestionable advantages compared with the addition of antioxidants directly to the food. Therefore, the search for antioxidants perceived as natural, namely those that naturally occur in herbs and spices, is a field that is attracting great interest. In line with this, in the last few years, natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, carvacrol and plant extracts (e.g. rosemary extract) have been incorporated into food packaging. On the other hand, consumers and the food industry are also interested in active biodegradable/compostable packaging and edible films to reduce environmental impact, minimize food loss and contaminants from industrial production and reutilization by-products. The present review focuses on the natural antioxidants already applied in active food packaging, and it reviews the methods used to determine the oxidation protection effect of antioxidant active films and the methods used to quantify natural antioxidants in food matrices or food simulants. Lastly consumers' demands and industry trends are also addressed.
To study Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) essential oil effect on primary hypotension and its influence on both physical and psychological aspects responsible of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients.
Thirty-two patients with diagnosed hypotension were recruited between March 2007 and September 2008 for a prospective study for 72 weeks in a Spanish pharmacy. Clinical evaluation was carried out through the control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels (SBP and DBP, respectively) according to International Standards from the American Society of Hypertension. HRQOL data were recorded within the SF-36 Health Survey(®) questionnaire throughout the study. Statistical methods were used as an essential tool to evaluate the effectiveness of Rosemary essential oil and to assess the relationship between the two quantitative variables (SBP and DBP) and scores from physical and mental summary components (PSC and MSC) obtained from the SF-36 Health Survey.
Both blood pressure variables of SBP and DBP reflect the clinically significant antihypotensive effect of Rosemary essential oil that was maintained throughout the treatment period. After validation of the use of the questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha coefficient>0.82), statistically significant differences have been found between pre-treatment and post-treatment values of PSC and MSC, which indicate an improvement in these parameters that is directly related to the variation in blood pressure values.
The increase achieved in blood pressure values after administration of Rosemary essential oil is clinically significant. The results obtained from this prospective clinical trial prove the effectiveness of statistical methodology as a new approach to explain the antihypotensive effect of rosemary essential oil and its relationship with the improvement in patients' quality of life.
Rosmarinus officinalis has been used in traditional medicine extensively. This study evaluated the hormonal and cellular effects of Rosmarinus officinalis extract on testes of adult rats. Thirty male Wistar rats (in three groups) received 50 or 100 mg/Kg b.w of Rosmarinus officinalis extract (made from the plant's leaves, flower and stem) (treatment groups) and 10 mL/Kg b.w normal saline (control group) respectively, on a daily bases by gavage route for 60 days. Then, spermatological properties, histometric parameters and sperm dynamics, testis and body weight, testicular cell population and serum testosterone level were analyzed by an acceptable method. Results showed that the mean serum testosterone level was decreased significantly in both treatment groups (50 and 100 mg/Kg b.w) during the experiment time, compared with control group (p < 0.05). However, Rosmarinus officinalis did not change the total count, motility and viability of sperm. In addition, Rosmarinus officinalis at both doses did not change body and testes weight and their ratio. Furthermore, Rosmarinus officinalis increased the number of Spermatogonia at both doses, Spermatocyte at doses of 50 mg/Kg b.w, Leydig cell and Spermatid at dose of 100 mg/Kg b.w significantly (p < 0.05). Rosmarinus officinalis did not significantly affect the number of Spermatozoid and Sertoli cells. In conclusion, it seems that Rosmarinus officinalis may have some hormonal and cellular effects on the testes which can contribute the spermatogenesis process in rat. Rosmarinus officinalis may have antiandrogenic effect potentially indicating the possibility of developing herbal male contraceptive.
The aim of the present study was to determine the increase in shelf life of fresh Barbarine lamb's meat due to the effect of rosemary essential oils (RE) dietary. Thirty-two Barbarine lambs (19.9 kg body weight (BW)) were divided into 2 homogeneous groups receiving 50% dried alfalfa and 50% concentrate. Two types of concentrate were used, the Control (C) and the experimental, which corresponds to C with 0.06% of RE. At the end of the experiment (60 days), all animals were slaughtered. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) and color coordinates of longissimus dorsi (LD) of fresh lamb meat were analyzed on days 1, 3, 7 and 9.The RE incorporation has not affected the ultimate pH and cooking losses. TBARS values significantly increased for both treatments with storage time without any significant effect of regimen. At the ninth day of storage, meat of RE group tended to have higher redness (a*) and lower yellowness (b*) values (11.49 and 5.35 for RE vs. 10.30 and 5.58 for C). Lightness (L*) of meat from both treatments was in the range of acceptability (42–38) throughout the storage period. Panelists reported no significant effect of RE addition on the eating quality of lamb meat which was generally acceptable. The results showed that the dose rate of RE used in the present study did not affect lipid oxidation and had no significant effect against lamb meat discoloration across the storage period.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oregano and rosemary essential oils on the oxidative and fermentative stabilities of flavoured cheese prepared with cream cheese base. The studied samples were cream cheese (CC) and cream cheese with the addition of oregano (CO) and rosemary (CR) essential oils which were evaluated for peroxide (PV) and anisidine (AV) values, descriptive analysis and fermentation parameters as stability indicators during storage. The samples CO and CR showed higher stability during storage. On day 35, CO and CR exhibited lower PV (11.70 and 12.32 meq O2/kg, respectively) than CC. Also, rancid flavour intensities were much higher in CC during storage showing ratings of 26.27 with respect to the ratings of 20.22 in CO and 20.67 in CR detected on storage day 35. Furthermore, the samples with essential oils treatments showed lower acidity and total viable counts (TVCs) and higher pH than CC. On storage day 35, CO samples had the highest pH (4.68), and the lowest acidity (1.24 mg lactic acid/100 g) and TVC (2.35 CFU/g). Oregano and rosemary essential oils demonstrated a protective effect against lipid oxidation and fermentation in flavoured cheese prepared with cream cheese base.
The aim of this work was to investigate and compare the antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil, native to Pakistan. The essential oil content from the leaves of R. officinalis was 0.93 g 100g(-1). The GC and GC-MS analysis revealed that the major components determined in R. officinalis essential oil were 1,8-cineol (38.5%), camphor (17.1%), α-pinene (12.3%), limonene (6.23%), camphene (6.00%) and linalool (5.70%). The antiproliferative activity was tested against two cancer (MCF-7 and LNCaP) and one fibroblast cell line (NIH-3T3) using the MTT assay, while, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the reduction of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and measuring percent inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system. The disc diffusion and modified resazurin microtitre-plate assays were used to evaluate the inhibition zones (IZ) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of R. officinalis essential oil, respectively. It is concluded from the results that Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil exhibited antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
The antioxidant effects, the levels of total phenol and the total phenol contents of volatile oils and plant extracts were determined in eight various Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) clones. Antioxidant acitvities and the total phenol contents were measured by spectophotometric method as well as the volatile oil content of the fresh plants with gas chromatograph. Our preliminary results clearly indicate that the antioxidant capacity of volatile oils and plant extracts closely related to the total phenol contents. Reason of the observed differences should be revealed by the determination of the quantity and quality of the individual volatile oil components.
The chemical composition of the essential oils of three Spanish Lamiaceae, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus mastichina and Lavandula lanata from Serrania de Ronda were studied by means of GC and GC/MS. All three plants produced oils containing great amounts of oxygenated terpenes. The habitat have been described and some ecological and geobotanical considerations have been provided.
Stereological and histochemical analyses of the glandular trichomes on leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis were carried out using light and fluorescence microscopy. Non-glandular and two types of glandular trichomes – peltate and capitate – are described. The stereological method was used for estimating the volume density of epidermis, mesophyll, mechanical tissue, central cylinder, intercellular spaces and volume density of different types of glandular trichomes. The results showed that the volume density of adaxial epidermis was higher than abaxial epidermis. The volume density of peltate trichomes was higher than the volume density of capitate ones. The values obtained for number of peltate and capitate trichomes showed that the capitate trichomes type I were more numerous. The histochemical tests showed positive reactions to proteins and polysaccharides for both types of trichomes, while the phenolic substances were found only in peltate trichomes.
In the current study, we screened 7 clonal lines from single seed phenotypes of Lamiaceae family for the inhibition of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Water extracts of oregano had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity (93.7%), followed by chocolate mint (85.9%) and lemon balm (83.9%). Sage (78.4%), and three different clonal lines of rosemary: rosemary LA (71.4 %), rosemary 6 (68.4%) and rosemary K-2 (67.8%) also showed significant cc-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was compared to selected specific phenolics detected in the extracts using HPLC. Catechin had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitiory activity (99.6%) followed by caffeic acid (91.3%), rosmarinic acid (85.1%) and resveratrol (71.1%). Catechol (64.4%), protocatechuic acid (55.7%) and quercetin (36.9%) also exhibited significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Results suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the clonal extracts correlated to the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of the extracts. The clonal extracts of the herbs and standard phenolics tested in this study did not have any effect on the alpha-amylase activity. We also investigated the ability of the clonal extracts to inhibit rabbit lung angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The water extracts of rosemary, rosemary LA had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (90.5%), followed by lemon balm (81.9%) and oregano (37.4%). Lower levels of ACE inhibition were observed with ethanol extracts of oregano (18.5%) and lemon balm (0.5%). Among the standard phenolics only resveratrol (24.1%), hydroxybenzoic acid (19.3%) and coumaric acid (2.3%) had ACE inhibitory activity.
This introductory chapter contains a brief history of herbs and spices, including cultivation, trade and uses. The cultivation requirements of important herbal spices are discussed, as well as uses of herbs and spices in food and beverages, perfumes and cosmetics, and medicinal and nutraceutical uses. The important flavour compounds in major culinary and herbal spices are considered. Other topics discussed in this chapter are antioxidants isolated from herbs and spices, active plant constituents and the molecular phytopharmacology of a few herbs and spices. It also deals with biosafety and efficacy issues from a phytochemical perspective.
Rosemary is an aromatic herb that has been known from ancient times as a memory herb. This chapter briefly describes the myths and folklore that are associated with this plant, and goes on to give details of the agricultural techniques used in its production, including biotechnology and developments in post-harvest processing and analytical techniques that have improved the extraction of rosemary oil and oleoresin. The culinary and medical uses of the herb are also outlined in this chapter, as is the use of rosemary as a herbal pesticide. The toxicology of rosemary and its oils is discussed at the end of the chapter, which concludes with suggestions for key topics that require ongoing research.
The anti-inflammatory activity of the basolateral fraction of Caco-2 cells exposed to a rosemary supercritical extract was examined. Uptake of rosemary extract fractions was tested on Caco-2 cell monolayers (2–12 h incubation times) and the quantification of carnosic acid and carnosol was performed by UPLC-MS/MS. Human macrophages were treated with the basolateral fractions and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The fractions obtained after 8 and 12 h in absorption experiments caused a significant reduction in excretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. This reduction in cytokine secretion levels corresponded to the amounts of carnosic acid and carnosol in the basolateral fractions. Thus, the basolateral fraction of a rosemary supercritical extract showed an important anti-inflammatory activity, providing the basis for increasing the use of supercritical rosemary extracts for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.
The use of dietary antioxidants is proposed for enhancing the preservative effects of sulphite in minced lamb products. Lamb diet was supplemented with 400 mg rosemary diterpenes (carnosic acid plus carnosol at 1:1 w:w ratio) per kg feed during the fattening stage. The patties were formulated combining meat from different sources (lambs given feed supplemented with rosemary extract and control lambs) and SO2 addition levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg kg−1). Several physical-chemical (reflectance, pH, WHC, carbonyls and volatiles from lipid oxidation), microbial (viable and lactic acid bacteria and coliforms) and sensory (appearance and odor) traits were determined in patties kept at 2 °C and packed under 70/30 O2/CO2 atmosphere. Dietary antioxidants extended the shelf life from 7.9 to 12.3 days in patties made with 450 mg kg−1 SO2, but had little effect at lower SO2 doses. Greater inhibition of browning, lipid oxidation, odor deterioration and rancidity was achieved by using supplemented lamb. The processing of lamb meat reinforced with endogenous diterpenes from rosemary seems to be a promising strategy for manufacturing sulphited raw products.
Previously, camosic acid and camosol have demonstrated anti-proliferative activity against different types of cancer. To obtain extracts enriched in these two key phenolic compounds, two different processes have been developed in the present work based on the use of two-step sequential supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). By removing the interfering, less active fractions in a first step (150 or 300 bar, 40 degrees C, neat CO2, 60 min), suitable enrichment is achieved in the second step (150 bar, 40 degrees C, CO2 + 7% ethanol, 120 min), and this leads to Camosic acid concentrations in the extract as high as 40% of total dry weight, which are among the highest concentrations that have been described with this type of process. The enriched extracts were tested against the HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cell line, showing enhancement of their antiproliferative activity by approximately 3-fold compared to previously reported SFE rosemary extracts and higher inhibitory effects at lower concentrations (30 mu g mL(-1) of extract). Thus, the proposed two-step SFE process effectively improves the camosic acid and camosol recovery in shorter processing times (180 min vs. 300 min). Moreover, the obtained extracts possess higher anti-proliferative activity and consume less solvent.
Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a plant of relevant commercial interest because of its volatile fraction and also its phenolic constituents which are both well known for their numerous properties. Nevertheless, an extractive method suitable to recovering both the aromatic and phenolic fractions from the same fresh foliar tissue has not yet been reported. In this work we have optimized a two-step procedure able to recover first the phenolic compounds and successively the volatile terpenes from the same foliar sample. The recovery of the whole phenolic fraction, partially degraded using a traditional extractive method, was guaranteed and we observed a significant increment in the amount of volatile terpenes compared to a traditional extraction procedure. We also highlight crucial information on the enzymatic activity of the endogenous oxidases that rapidly transform the phenolic substrates, mainly the rosmarinic acid.
Our results suggest that this extractive procedure could also be used for other aromatic plants, thus providing a useful tool for more complete analyses of the main phytochemicals available in fresh foliar samples and creating the possibility of incrementing yields of volatile compounds.
Background
Antioxidant supplements with existing drugs may confer better therapeutic efficacy in oxidative stress related diseases. The purpose of the present work was to characterize the interaction and investigate the protective effect of H2 blocker famotidine and gallic acid in combination against experimentally induced peptic ulcer.
Methods
Preventive effect of gallic acid and famotidine in different combinations was investigated against aspirin plus pyloric ligation induced ulcer in rat. Ulcer index, gastric juice volume, pH, other biochemical parameters of gastric juice and antioxidant activity using stomach tissue were estimated.
Results
Pretreatment with gallic acid and famotidine in combinations for 7 days, protected the gastric mucosa significantly (p < 0.05, 0.01), which was evidenced by decrease in ulcer index, gastric juice volume, free and total acidity, total protein, pepsin and DNA content, and increase in pH, carbohydrates concentration in gastric juice. Combination treatment increases levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and decreases lipid peroxidation, myloperoxidase in stomach tissue. Along with higher dose combination, lower dose combinations like gallic acid (50 mg/kg) plus famotidine (10 mg/kg) also offered better antiulcer activity than their individual effect. Histopathological studies confirmed their antiulcer activity.
Conclusion
Combination treatments confer synergistic protective effect against peptic ulcer in rats, which was related to the gastroprotective, antisecratory and antioxidant activity of combination treatment. Results proved that use of gallic acid with existing antiulcer drug will be more useful in the prevention/management of peptic ulcer.
The essential oils of Rosmarinus eriocalyx which were produced from the leaves of six populations of plants collected in Algeria under different ecological conditions were analysed by GC and GC/MS. In R. eriocalyx 36 compounds were identified, with camphor (32.3–37.0%), camphene (17.0–20.0%), a-pinene (15.2–18.2%) and 1,8-cineole (7.6–11.4%) as main components in all samples. In order to permit comparison, analyses were also conducted on the essential oil of R. officinalis from Spain and Italy. Also in this case the principal component was camphor (35.3% and 17.7%), followed by 1,8-cineole (24.0% and 23.5%) and limonene (11.0% and 9.5%). It has been demonstrated that quantitative differences in α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole and camphor exist when our results are compared with these previously published.
Fresh rosemary herb has demonstrated much stronger anti-listerial effects when stomached with contaminated fresh-cut vegetables than those obtained by application of rosemary essential oils. Various types of rosemary extracts (hydrodistillates, CO2 extracts, hexane/acetone extracts) were analysed by GC–MS and tested for anti-listerial effects in vitro. Principal component analysis showed that verbenone levels were most correlated with anti-listerial effects, followed by levels of camphor. Stomaching rosemary herb greatly increased headspace levels of verbenone and camphor (by up to 20 times) compared to intact or chopped fresh rosemary. It is speculated that by crushing the herb under water, stomaching released enhanced levels of these components as lipophilic nanosomes which rapidly migrated to lipophilic surfaces, including the membranes of Listeria cells.
agrance Journal 01/1998; 13(4):251-258. · 1.82 Impact Factor
This study focused on the effects of the dose of rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) on the quality of gilthead seabream. A control diet (basal diet) and four experimental diets (R600, R1200, R1800 and R2400) with 600, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mg kg− 1 of rosemary extract were administered, respectively. The fish were sacrificed and stored on ice at 4 °C for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. Physical–chemical, microbiological and sensory tests were conducted at each sampling point to determine the degree of deterioration suffered by the gilthead seabream. The differences in water-holding capacity (WHC) and the trends in TBARS, TVBN and TMA observed suggest better preservation with the 600 mg kg− 1 dose. In addition, the Quality Index showed greater freshness in fish fed diets containing rosemary extract, regardless of the dose; shelf-life also increased by one day with all tested doses, as compared to the control group.
The use of supercritical fluid technology as an innovative technology to extract bioactive compounds has grown considerably in recent decades. Particularly, the recovery of antioxidants from different herbs is a matter of continuous research and development. Antioxidants can protect cells against the effects of free radicals and thus, play an important role in heart illness, cancer and other diseases.Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been recognized as one of the Lamiaceae plant with many important biological activities. Particularly, large antioxidant power has been recognized in rosemary and main substances related with this activity were the phenolic diterpenes such as carnosol, rosmanol, carnosic acid, methyl carnosate, and phenolic acids such as the rosmarinic and caffeic acids. Moreover, carnosic acid and carnosol are recognized as the most abundant antioxidants present in rosemary.In this work, supercritical fluid technology was applied to produce rosemary extracts with different compositions and thus, with different bioactivity properties. Selected extracts, from the variety of samples obtained, were used to study the capability of rosemary supercritical extracts to inhibit the proliferation of human liver carcinoma cells. These extracts showed a dose-dependent effect on inhibiting the proliferation of human hepatoma cells. Moreover, observed citostaticity appeared to be significantly influenced by their different composition, suggesting a relevant role of the technology to produce the extracts and the consequently obtained compositions on the potential antitumoral activity of rosemary.
Inhibition of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) has been proposed as one of the drug targets for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the MeOH-soluble extract of Rosmarinus officinalis yielded two new diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitory-abietane diterpenoids, 7β-hydroxy-20-deoxo-rosmaquinone (1) and 7β-methoxy-20-deoxo-rosmanol (2), along with six known components, carnosol (3), 7α-methoxyrosmanol (4), 7β-methoxyrosmanol (5), 12-methoxy-canosic acid (6), rosmanol (7), and rosmadial (8). Compounds 1–8 inhibited DGAT1 activity, with the IC50 values ranging from 39.5 ± 0.6 to 144.2 ± 3.1 μM. In particular, carnosol (3), which is one of the major compounds of MeOH-soluble extract of R. officinalis exhibits inhibition of de novo intracellular triacylglycerol synthesis in human hepatocyte HepG2 cells.
Conventional and organic cinnamon and peppermint were investigated for their phenolic profile, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Accelerated solvent extraction with 75% acetone was used to extract samples. Caffeic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in peppermint. Catechin, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, syringic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid were also detected in both spices. There was no significant difference between conventional and organic spices in the composition of most individual phenolics. All conventional and organic peppermint and cinnamon extracts exhibited strong anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Cinnamon was more efficient in inhibiting IL-1β and COX-2 expression, while peppermint showed better inhibitory effect on IL-6 and MCP-1. This study indicates that cinnamon and peppermint may potentially be used as dietary sources of bioactive phytochemicals for improving health.
