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Gentamicin: A great way to start
... For years, the use of gentamicin has been reserved to treat severe infections caused by Gram-negative organisms in humans and small animal medicine. 26,27 It has rapid bactericidal activity with low levels of resistance in most Gram-negative pathogens. 26 Gentamicin toxicity remains a major clinical problem and thus gentamicin is not considered by many clinicians as a first-line antibiotic, even for short-term therapy. ...
... 26,27 It has rapid bactericidal activity with low levels of resistance in most Gram-negative pathogens. 26 Gentamicin toxicity remains a major clinical problem and thus gentamicin is not considered by many clinicians as a first-line antibiotic, even for short-term therapy. 26 However, gentamicin remains a secondary option over other antibiotics with fewer adverse effects on the body, such as amikacin. ...
... 26 Gentamicin toxicity remains a major clinical problem and thus gentamicin is not considered by many clinicians as a first-line antibiotic, even for short-term therapy. 26 However, gentamicin remains a secondary option over other antibiotics with fewer adverse effects on the body, such as amikacin. 6 Gentamicin is only US Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in turkeys and chickens, and despite its appearance in some formularies, its use in psittacine birds is off-label. ...
Veterinary hospitals house patient populations with diverse infectious statuses, microbiota, and histories of prior antibiotic therapy. Choanal swabs are commonly used for assessing the upper respiratory tract of birds for bacterial disease, with the samples submitted for cytologic testing and/or culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify and quantify bacteria isolated from choanal swabs collected from psittacine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Data regarding bacterial isolates from choanal swabs were obtained from the medical records of companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory bacterial disease that presented between November 2015 and December 2022. A total of 47.8% (175 of 366) of the bacterial isolates were from specimens obtained from red-lored Amazons (Amazona autumnalis). Gram-negative bacteria predominated, with 27 different genera identified. Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia were the most frequently isolated genera. A total of 90.4% (331 of 366) of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic tested in the sensitivity panel, and a single Klebsiella isolate was resistant to 13 different antibiotics. Gentamicin had a high percentage of efficacy (79.5%; 182 of 229) against the bacterial isolates, whereas isolates tested against sulfonamide-trimethoprim (46.7%, 98 of 210), streptomycin (43.8%; 88 of 201), and clindamycin (12.9%; 15 of 116) had susceptibilities <50%. This is the first study to report common bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from choanal swab samples collected from companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory disease in Mexico. Clinicians can use the information presented in this study as a guide for therapeutic decision-making when managing upper respiratory bacterial infections in companion psittacine patients.
... Gentamicin (Gen.) is widely used against serious and life-threatening gram-negative bacterial infection as an abiotic. Its use clinically is limited due to its adverse effect on some vital organs in the body such as kidney, liver etc [5]. Like all aminoglycosides, when gentamicin is given orally, it is not systemically active. ...
... This is because it is not absorbed to any appreciable extent from the small intestine of human. It is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or topically to treat infections (5). It appears to be completely eliminated unchanged in the urine. ...
... It appears to be completely eliminated unchanged in the urine. Urine must be collected for many days to recover all of a given dose because the drug binds avidly to certain tissues such as bladder and liver (5). The use of gentamicin despite its clinical benefits has been limited due to its side effects. ...
Objective: the objective of the work is to investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous and methanolic extract of ocimum gratissimum (linn) on gentamicin-induced liver injury. Forty five adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (the control) (n = 5) received distilled water daily by oral route for the whole period of the study. Group 2 (the toxic control) (n = 10) received 100 mg/kg/day of gentamicin i.p. for a week. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of AOGL p.o., Groups 6, 7, and 8 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of MOGL p.o., respectively, for 14 days. Markers of liver function such as ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and total protein were determined in the plasma. Oxidative stress markers such as TBARS and GSH were assayed in the tissue homogenate. Gentamicin treatment induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein and TBARS in the toxic control when compared to the control group. Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in GSH was also associated with gentamicin administration. Post-treatment with AOGL caused significant increases in and GSH, and significant (p < 0.05) decreases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein in the treated groups when compared with the toxic control group. The results of this study indicated that AOGL ameliorated the liver injury caused by gentamicin in rats. Hence, the extracts have the potential of being used for the management of gentamicin-induced liver injury.
... Gentamicin (Gen.) is widely used against serious and life-threatening gram-negative bacterial infection as an abiotic. Its use clinically is limited due to its adverse effect on some vital organs in the body such as kidney, liver etc [5]. Like all aminoglycosides, when gentamicin is given orally, it is not systemically active. ...
... This is because it is not absorbed to any appreciable extent from the small intestine of human. It is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or topically to treat infections (5). It appears to be completely eliminated unchanged in the urine. ...
... It appears to be completely eliminated unchanged in the urine. Urine must be collected for many days to recover all of a given dose because the drug binds avidly to certain tissues such as bladder and liver (5). The use of gentamicin despite its clinical benefits has been limited due to its side effects. ...
Objective: the objective of the work is to investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous and methanolic extract of ocimum gratissimum (linn) on gentamicin-induced liver injury. Forty five adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (the control) (n = 5) received distilled water daily by oral route for the whole period of the study. Group 2 (the toxic control) (n = 10) received 100 mg/kg/day of gentamicin i.p. for a week. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of AOGL p.o., Groups 6, 7, and 8 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of MOGL p.o., respectively, for 14 days. Markers of liver function such as ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and total protein were determined in the plasma. Oxidative stress markers such as TBARS and GSH were assayed in the tissue homogenate. Gentamicin treatment induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein and TBARS in the toxic control when compared to the control group. Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in GSH was also associated with gentamicin administration. Post-treatment with AOGL caused significant increases in and GSH, and significant (p < 0.05) decreases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein in the treated groups when compared with the toxic control group. The results of this study indicated that AOGL ameliorated the liver injury caused by gentamicin in rats. Hence, the extracts have the potential of being used for the management of gentamicin-induced liver injury.
... Gentamicin (Gen.) is widely used against serious and life-threatening gram-negative bacterial infection as an abiotic. Its use clinically is limited due to its adverse effect on some vital organs in the body such as kidney, liver etc [5]. Like all aminoglycosides, when gentamicin is given orally, it is not systemically active. ...
... This is because it is not absorbed to any appreciable extent from the small intestine of human. It is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or topically to treat infections (5). It appears to be completely eliminated unchanged in the urine. ...
... It appears to be completely eliminated unchanged in the urine. Urine must be collected for many days to recover all of a given dose because the drug binds avidly to certain tissues such as bladder and liver (5). The use of gentamicin despite its clinical benefits has been limited due to its side effects. ...
Objective: the objective of the work is to investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous and methanolic extract of ocimum gratissimum (linn) on gentamicin-induced liver injury. Forty five adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. They were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (the control) (n = 5) received distilled water daily by oral route for the whole period of the study. Group 2 (the toxic control) (n = 10) received 100 mg/kg/day of gentamicin i.p. for a week. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of AOGL p.o., Groups 6, 7, and 8 (n = 5) were pre-treated with gentamicin as the Group 2 rats, after which they received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day each of MOGL p.o., respectively, for 14 days. Markers of liver function such as ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and total protein were determined in the plasma. Oxidative stress markers such as TBARS and GSH were assayed in the tissue homogenate. Gentamicin treatment induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein and TBARS in the toxic control when compared to the control group. Significant decreases (p < 0.05) in GSH was also associated with gentamicin administration. Post-treatment with AOGL caused significant increases in and GSH, and significant (p < 0.05) decreases in ALT, AST, ALP, Total bilirubin and total protein in the treated groups when compared with the toxic control group. The results of this study indicated that AOGL ameliorated the liver injury caused by gentamicin in rats. Hence, the extracts have the potential of being used for the management of gentamicin-induced liver injury.
... DOI: 10.1007/s42860-021-00156-3 # The Author(s) 2022 aminoglycoside species produced by fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea that consists of a mixture of basic, water-soluble compounds containing the aminocyclitol 2deoxystreptamine and two additional amino sugars (MacNeil & Cuerpo, 1995). The Gt formula (Fig. 1a) shares many structural and functional features with other antibiotics containing streptamine or its derivatives, such as streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin (Butko et al., 1990), and has been used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms (Moulds & Jeyasingham, 2010). Although application of Gt in human medicine has declined, its use in veterinary medicine and agriculture is still intense, and it could be relevant in the treatment of certain topical injuries or for avoiding internal infection caused by diverse types of implants. ...
... The typical burn wound is colonized initially predominantly by Gram-positive organisms, which are replaced by antibiotic-susceptible Gram-negative organisms within 1 week of the burn injury. Gentamicin is used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms and it can protect the recovering tissue from potential infection or re-infection and therefore has been used to cure burn wounds (Moulds & Jeyasingham, 2010). Gentamicin-eluting collagen sponges have been found useful in both partial-thickness and full-thickness burn wounds (Elsner et al., 2011). ...
The present study introduces an overview of gentamicin-clay mineral systems for applications in biomedicine and then focuses on the development of a series of gentamicin/clay hybrid materials to be used as the bioactive phase of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) to produce bionanocomposite membranes possessing antimicrobial activity of interest in wound-dressing applications. Gentamicin (Gt) was adsorbed from aqueous solutions into a montmorillonite (Cloisite®-Na ⁺ ) to produce intercalation compounds with tunable content of the antibiotic. The hybrids were characterized by CHN chemical analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, confirming the intercalation of Gt by an ion-exchange mechanism. The release of Gt from the hybrids was tested in water and in buffer solution to check their stability. Hybrids with various amounts of Gt were incorporated into a HPMC matrix at various loadings and processed as films by the casting method. The resulting Gt-clay/HPMC bionanocomposites were characterized by means of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and were also evaluated for their water-adsorption and mechanical properties to confirm their suitability for wound-dressing applications. The antimicrobial activity of the bionanocomposite films was tested in vitro toward various microorganisms ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter baumannii , and Klebsiella pneumonia ), showing a complete bacterial reduction even in films with small Gt contents.
... entamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms (Robert and Melanie, 2010). It is synthesized by Micromonospora, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria widely present in the environment (water and soil). ...
... It is appeared to be a major cause of renal tubular tissue damage which is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (Abdelaziz and Kandeel, 2011). This toxicity stills the major problem in clinical use (Robert and Melanie, 2010). Recent studies have shown that natural antioxidants obtained from different alternative systems of medicine display a wide range of biological activities. ...
... 2 GEN can also change mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease oxidative phosphorylation, and switch mitochondrial permeability, all of which can harm and malfunction cells. 3 Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been used conventionally for a long period. Native to the Indian subcontinent, Neem is now grown all over the world. ...
The effect of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (AAI) on gentamicin (GEN)-induced kidney injury was investigated. The study involves 20 adult male Wistar rats (housed in four separate plastic cages) such that graded dosages of AAI were administered to the experimental group for 14 days per oral (PO) before exposure to GEN toxicity (100 mg/kg) for 1 week. At the end of the study, comparisons of some markers of renal functions, antioxidant status, and inflammatory and apoptotic markers were made between the control, GEN, and AAI-pretreated groups at P < .05. The result showed that GEN treatment caused a significant increase (P < .05) in body weight, kidney weight, urea, bilirubin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1), cystatin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-2), caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X (BAX) as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 level. Pre-treatment with graded doses of AAI caused a significant increase in urea, CAT, and GPx as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in kidney weight, bilirubin, KIM 1, cystatin C, MDA, GSH, SOD, TNF-α, IL-2, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2. There was an appreciable difference in the kidney histology of the AAI pre-treated groups compared with the GEN. Hence, the extract has prophylactic potential in managing GEN-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing the markers of renal function and inflammation and downregulating the markers of apoptosis.
... Gentamicin (GEN), a type of aminoglycoside antibiotic, is frequently employed in the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly those brought by gram-negative organisms. It works by preventing the production of bacterial proteins to produce an antibacterial action (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). The permissible limits of GEN in food products are primarily regulated by governmental agencies in the United States; Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and in European Union; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ...
Excessive consumption of antibiotics like gentamicin (GEN) can lead to hostile effects as antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the detection is important for which, reduced graphene oxide-Gadolinium oxide nanocomposite (rGO@Gd2O3 NC) was composed through co-precipitation method for the detection of GEN. The structural, morphological and functional group characterizations were done using XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TEM techniques. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed excellent electrocatalytic activity and superior performance towards GEN detection. Through the use of GEN monoclonal antibodies (anti-GEN) on a screen-printed electrode (SPE), a very sensitive electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated. Covalent interactions were employed to construct the electrochemical immunosensor, while bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed as a blocking agent on the anti-GEN/rGO@Gd2O3/SPE electrode surface. The analysis of the CV response of the BSA/anti-GEN/ rGO@Gd2O3/SPE bioelectrode demonstrated linear detection range from 1 pM – 100 μM, along with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.424 pM and sensitivity of 44.87 μA pM-1 cm− 2 . Additionally, rGO@Gd2O3 immunosensor, exhibited a good level of linearity with R2 value of 0.978. These findings indicate the excellent potential of the rGO@Gd2O3 electrochemical immunosensor for accurately detecting GEN in spiked milk samples at different concentrations.
... Gentamicin was discovered in 1963 [7] it is an aminoglycosides antibiotic that is widely used for gram-negative bacterial infections, which includes bone infection, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory diseases, meningitis, pneumonia and urinary tract infection. ...
... Metronidazole and amoxicillin have proven antibacterial effects against mixed bacterial infections when used together (Eykyn, 1983). Gentamycin also has a proven rapid bactericidal effect against gram-negative pathogens (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). GAM paste is easily distributed into the root canal system and induces a sterile zone through the action of the antibacterial medicaments, promot- Fig. 4 Forest plots of treatment performance for clinical success at 6 (A), 12 (B), 18 (C), and 24 (D) months. ...
Studies assessing the clinical and radiographic success of LSTR in terms of the presence of pain, mobility, swelling, fistula/sinus tract, interradicular radiolucency, and root resorption have not been performed. We therefore performed a systematic review with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR), using three antibacterial mixtures (3Mix), in treating primary teeth. Well-defined search strategies developed for four electronic databases, Web of Science, OVID, PubMed, and Scopus, were used in this study. Two independent reviewers selected relevant articles from 3,232 studies by screening titles and abstracts. Based on the inclusion criteria, 25 articles were selected. Eight analyses of clinical and radiographic results were conducted based on 6, 12, 18, and 24-month follow-up intervals. Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed by three independent reviewers. The composition of antibiotic mixtures used for LSTR varied substantially, with inconsistent radiographic and clinical success rates across the included studies. A quantitative grouping of the studies showed no significant differences between 3Mix and the control medicaments regarding radiographical and clinical success (p-value > 0.05). The available evidence on different LSTR using 3Mix is scarce, and the study findings were inconsistent. Therefore, additional clinical trials on 3Mix with different compositions are needed.
... Several reports have stated that aminoglycoside (gentamicin) resistance is closely related to ciprofloxacin resistance (Haller, 1985;Mulder et al., 1997;Mandal et al., 2003;Pépin et al., 2009). Gentamicin was the most active against Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and is often used in combination with either ß-lactam or daptomycin (Leclercq et al., 1991;Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). The AMEs were classified as aac, aph, and ant. ...
... On the other hand, treatment of E. coli with triton X-100 lead to damaging the bacterial cell membrane [17]. Aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) and fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by E.coli, interrupting protein synthesis and inhibiting DNA replication and transcription [18,19,20]. The aim of this study is to investigate the susceptibility of E. coli to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) and fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) when chemically stressed with triton X-100 or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). ...
Chemical stress caused by toxic and harmful compounds may facilitate bacterial transition from free-living organisms to a host invading pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility of E. coli to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) and fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) when chemically stressed with triton X-100 or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). E. coli isolated from urine and stool samples were studied. The isolates were cultured in Muller Hinton broth and incubated either with H 2 O 2 (10mM) or Triton X-100 (0.05%) in the presence or absence of one of the following antibiotics: gentamicin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin of concentrations from 0.0312 to 32 µg/ml at 37ºC. Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with either H 2 O 2 or Triton X-100 improve the susceptibility of E. coli at MIC range from ≥ 1 to 32 µg/ml. The addition of H 2 O 2 improved the susceptibility of E. coli to amikacin and gentamicin. Adaptive response of E.coli was observed in one isolate incubated with triton X-100 and gentamicin. It concludes that Triton X-100 induces chemical stress in E.coli treated with gentamicin while H 2 O 2 produces synergism with aminoglycosides.
... Several reports have stated that aminoglycoside (gentamicin) resistance is closely related to ciprofloxacin resistance (Haller, 1985;Mulder et al., 1997;Mandal et al., 2003;Pépin et al., 2009). Gentamicin was the most active against Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and is often used in combination with either ß-lactam or daptomycin (Leclercq et al., 1991;Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). The AMEs were classified as aac, aph, and ant. ...
... Gentamicin (GEN) belongs to the family of antibiotics that are widely used in the treatment of serious and life-threatening gram-negative bacterial infection. Its adverse effect on some vital organs in the body, such as kidney, liver, etc., makes its use limited in clinical settings [1]. The main side effects include liver damage, which is one of the major factors of liver inefficiency in a significant number of people taking this medication [2,3]. ...
The adverse effect of gentamicin on tissues like kidney and liver makes its use limited in clinical settings. Ocimum gratissimum are known for many medicinal uses. The effect of aqueous extract (AOGL) and methanolic extract (MOGL) of Ocimum gratissimum (Linn) on liver following injury induced by gentamicin was investigated in this study. Forty adult (40) male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups as follows: Group 1 (n = 5) received distilled water daily by oral route. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 (n = 5) received 100 mg/kg/day of gentamicin i.p. for a week. After, groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 (n = 5) received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day of AOGL and MOGL p.o, respectively, for 28 days. The rats treated with both AOGL and MOGL for 28 days were left for a recovery period of 14 days. Liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), total bilirubin and total protein were determined in the plasma. TBARS and GSH levels were assayed in the liver homogenate. Gentamicin increases ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin and total protein, TBARS and decreases GSH, catalase and SOD of the toxic control when compared to the control group. Post-treatment with AOGL and MOGL in the treated groups caused increases GSH, catalase and SOD and decreases TBARS, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin and total protein when compared with the toxic control group. The results show that AOGL and MOGL are capable of ameliorating liver injury caused by gentamicin in rats.
... The widespread of chloramphenicol in developing countries is due to its low price and ease of manufacture. Although the use of chloramphenicol as a veterinary drug is highly restricted, it has some very important veterinary indications against a variety of Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria [58]. The most serious adverse effect associated with chloramphenicol residues in foods is that it may lead to bone marrow toxicity, aplastic anemia, and death [6]. ...
Background and Aim: Meat is a rich source of many nutrients and plays a vital role in human life however, meat safety is one of the top priorities of great concern for consumers today. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated meat products. This study was designed to compare four valid analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticides 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene/ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, organophosphate, anabolic steroids (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen), antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin, and cephalexin), antibacterial compounds (Macrolide, β-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Sulphur drugs, and Gentamicin) residues in 135 beef, buffalo, and sheep meat samples (fresh, frozen meats, minced, and sausage samples) of local, regional, and international brands available in Omani markets.
Materials and Methods: Triplicate meat samples from each brand within each species were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane to remove all impurities. To dry the sample after heating, the residue was passed across a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for sample cleaning before gas chromatography (GC) (Brand GCMS-QP2010 Plus) coupled with different detectors, including a mass spectrometer or GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was also employed for the quantification of the residues in meat products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were employed to assess veterinary drug residues, anabolic steroids, and pesticides. The CHARM II instrument was employed to detect chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfa-drug, β-lactam, and macrolide residues in meat and meat product samples.
Results: A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method should be considered as another method of choice to determine concentrations of veterinary drugs and anabolic steroids. The TLC results were validated by LC-MS. The three described methods permit the multi-residue analysis of anabolic steroid residue levels of 0.06-1.89 ppb in meat product samples. There were three violative residues of anabolic steroids in red meat products that were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Although, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and antibiotic concentrations in meat products were below the MRLs, the long-term consumption is considered a health hazard and will affect the wellbeing of consumers.
Conclusion: The four techniques (GC, high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA and CHARM II) provided results that were reliable and precise for the detection of chessssmical residues in meat and meat products.
... this variation may be due to the Geographic distribution and to type of sample and the Antibiotic's uptake. This results were in agreement with these results obtained by (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). However, in agreement with those results obtained by which found all isolates were resist to Tetracycline due to the Antibiotics are unable to cross the cell wall. ...
In this study, one hundred fifty samples were collected from patients with preterm labor (PTL), who have been attending to Babylon Maternity and pediatric hospital and Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital, at the period from February to October 2016. Two swabs were collected one for culturing and the other for direct extraction for isolation Gardnerella vaginalis. Out of the 150 samples only 6(4%) on culture and 30 (20%) on molecular level isolated from preterm labor caused by Bacterial vaginosis, Urinary tract infection and aborted women. The results shown that only 6 isolates belong to G. vaginalis confirmed by using Vitek 2 system and molecular detection by specific primers. Preterm birth is one of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Associated with sub sequent preterm labor in up to 40% of cases as shown in our results. Three Antibiotics were used at a molecular level (Tet b) were varied between resistance and sensitive to this gene (10) sample are resist,(RdxA) all sample are sensitive to its gene at percentage (100%), whereas (erna) gene were resist in all samples (100%).
... As a kind of aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin (GEN) can achieve the antibacterial effect by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial proteins, and is often widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections, especially caused by gram-negative organisms [1]. In animal husbandry and agricultural production, in order to treat infections of cattle, swine and poultry, antibiotics are often added to animal feed [2]. ...
The residue of gentamicin (GEN) in food is a serious threat to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a simple and highly sensitive method for effectively detecting GEN in food. In this study we proposed a lysine-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colorimetric sensor to detect GEN simply and quickly. The detection mechanism as follows: The interaction between lysine and AuNPs causes lysine to adsorb on the surface of AuNPs. After the addition of GEN, the strong hydrogen bond between GEN and lysine promotes the aggregation of AuNPs. The color of AuNPs changed from wine red to blue, which produced obvious color change. UV-vis spectrometer was used to detect it. The results showed that the colorimetric sensor had high selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of GEN, and the linear range and limit of detection were 5-60 nM and 1.22 nM, respectively. In addition, this method has been successfully applied to the quantitative detection of GEN in milk, and the accuracy and recovery were satisfied.
... The aminoglycosides are believed to act by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit causing misreading of the mRNA codon, leading to errors in amino acid sequencing, disruption of polysomes, reducing the efficiency of protein synthesis, as well as inhibition of the translocation of tRNA between A and P ribosomal binding sites [4]. This process disrupts bacterial protein synthesis and eventually leads to cell death. ...
Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside produced by the fermentation of bacteria widely present in the environment. Because of its widespread use and abuse, their toxic effects have become more obvious and sometimes bizarre. Toxic effects involve the kidneys, ears and rarely neuromuscular junction as well as neurovascular bundles leading to ischemia and tissue necrosis. I present a 32-year old apprentice who developed bluish to black discoloration of the terminal phalanx of the index, middle, ring and little fingers of both hands following several injections of gentamicin. Digital necrosis arising from injection of gentamicin is rare in the scientific literature. Adverse effects of aminoglycosides can be prevented through proper regulation of its use.
... Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside drug, used for the treatment of bacterial infections, for those caused by Gram-negative organisms [1]. Despite its vast therapeutic benefits as an antibiotic drug, its clinical use is limited majorly because of its nephrotoxicity effect. ...
Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside drug, used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. Despite its potency against bacterial infections, its clinical use is limited owing to nephrotoxicity effect. However, the study investigated the nephroprotective effect of fatty acids from ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds (EEMOS) against gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats. Forty-five male Wistar rats, 100-160 g, were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1 (control), 5 rats, received 0.2 ml/100 g/day of propylene glycol orally for 28 days. Group 2, 10 rats, received 100 mg/kg/day (i.p) of gentamicin (GENT) for 8 days. Group 3-5, 10 rats each, treated with EEMOS orally for 28 days at graded doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively after GENT treatment. Twenty four after treatment, five rats from each group were sacrificed. The remaining 5 rats were sacrificed after 2 weeks recovery period from the drugs. The result showed that GENT elicited polyuria, elevated plasma creatinine, urea, and lower plasma electrolytes and creatinine clearance levels. Measurements of 24 h urinary output demonstrated marked decrease in creatinine and potassium levels in the GENT-treated group, whereas sodium level remain unchanged. Also, GENT caused significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and an increase in malondialdehyde levels in the kidney of the rats. Histopathological examination revealed evidence of necrosis of the kidney. Treatment with EEMOS significantly ameliorated the alterations caused by GENT in the plasma, urine and kidney homogenate of the rats. Hence, the mono-and poly-unsaturated fatty acids present in EEMOS were responsible for its renoprotective ability.
... Gentamicin (Figure 1), has been used in neonates since 1970 to treat bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria [1,2]. In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), gentamicin and benzyl penicillin are often prescribed by the intravenous route as the first line treatment of early onset sepsis. ...
... Aminoglycosides are bactericidal and work by interrupting bacterial protein synthesis; however, bacteria can become resistant to them, so they must be given within a short period of time (Mingeot-Leclercq et al., 1999). The commonly use aminoglycosides is gentamicin, since the early 1960s it has and continue to be used in the treatment of serious gram negative bacterial infections (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). Aminoglycosides derived from Streptomyces genus can be distinguished from those derived from micromonospora by the name in their suffix mycin and micin respectively (Kroppenstedt, 2005). ...
Chronic wounds continue to be a challenging problem causing morbidity and mortality to mankind and represent a considerable healthcare burden globally. Despite the fact that antibiotics are not the first choice of treatment for chronic wounds, they remain widely used and abused. Also, because of the high demand of antibiotics, substandard and counterfeit antibiotics are getting into the global supply chain and fuelling resistance. Antibiotic resistance impact negatively on chronic wounds by increasing the hospital cost, economic cost and the hospitalization period needed for treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the susceptibility pattern of some bacteria isolates from chronic wounds to selected local brands of antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of these wounds.A total of 260 wound swab samples were collected from chronic wound patients attending SPH and NGH and inoculated into appropriate media. Bacteria pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Seven local brands of commonly used antibiotics identified were bought and tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the clinical isolates was done according to CLSI guidelines. Identification of MRSA and ESBL was also done. A total of 211 (81.2%) wound swab samples produced bacterial growth and 237 isolates were recovered. Staphylococcus aureus (30.8%) was the predominate organism isolated, followed by Pseudomonas spp. (24.9%). Majority of the patients (87.31%) with chronic wounds received antibiotics, metronidazole and cefuroxime are the most common (21.74%) antibiotics prescribed. 30.47% and 25.76% of the patients investigated from NGH and SPH respectively had used herbs on their wounds. The results identified 21 (28.8%) out of 73 Staphylococcus aureus isolates as MRSA and 35% of the Pseudomonas spp. to be ESBL. Five out of the seven local brands of antibiotics tested showed biological activity similar to the standard commercial controls. In this study, the observed susceptibility percentages and mean zones of inhibition of most local brands of antibiotics tested were statistically comparable (p> 0.05) to the standard controls used.
... Gentamycin has a rapid bactericidal activity and is therefore recommended therapy for infections caused by gram-negative pathogens. It also has comparatively low levels of resistance 9 . ...
Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of gentamicin, amoxicillin and metronidazole (GAM) antibiotic paste in noninstrumentation and instrumentation techniques in infected primary molars.
Methods: Sixty primary molars in children of 4 to 8 years were selected and divided into four groups: teeth without any periapical or furcation involvement undergoing pulpectomy by noninstrumentation (Group N1) and instrumentation (Group N2) technique using GAM antibiotic paste; teeth with periapical or furcation involvement undergoing pulpectomy by noninstrumentation (Group R1) and instrumentation (Group R2) technique using GAM antibiotic paste. Regular follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months was carried out for each group and all the clinical and radiographic changes were evaluated statistically using SPSS software. The level of significance was set to P < 0.05.
Results: Overall, 73.3% of success was observed in Group N1, 71.4% in Group N2, 86.7% in both Group R1 and Group R2 (P = 0.003).
Conclusion: The GAM lesion sterilisation and tissue repair (GAM-LSTR) technique can be an alternative to conventional pulpectomy.
Keywords: antibiotic paste, primary molars, pulpectomy, gentamicin, amoxicillin, metronidazole
... and 600mg/kg (27.74±2.24) of the extract. The ability of the extract to increase GSH levels and boost SOD activity may not be unconnected with its antioxidant potential and the ability to boost the antioxidant status of the animals there by modulating the activity of gentamicin.Further investigation of some kidney biochemical indices and antioxidant status also revealed similar results as it was earlier reported that the clinical usage of the drug have been limited due to the development of nephrotoxicity [37] . Also, intakes of gentamicin arbitrarily without prescription has led to increase in the rate of kidney damage due to the ability of the drug to induce generation of superoxide ,hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide free radicals which have been associated with its mode of action [38]. ...
... For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of a typical organisms, including mycoplasma and Legionellosis. Gentamicinis an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). Objectives of this study are to isolate and identify bacterial species obtained from soil samples used for this study. ...
... Nephrotoxicity can be defined as renal disease or dysfunction that arises as a direct or indirect result of exposure to medicines and industrial or environmental chemicals [1]. Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from a group of common soil microorganisms that are used in the treatment of severe infections [2]. Prolonged therapies with high dosages of GM evolve signs and symptoms of nephrotoxicity [3]. ...
Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the concurrent administration of Enalapril (ENAL) and Gentamicin (GM) in the kidney of rats.Methods: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 main groups (n=15) according to the administered dose. Each main group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the day of sacrificing (n=5). Group (C) was administered daily with normal saline as control, Group (E) was treated with oral ENAL (2 mg/kg/day), Group (G) was treated with GM (75 mg/kg/day), and Group (EG) was treated ENAL (2 mg/kg/day) and GM (75 mg/kg/day). The handling of the experiment persisted daily for 15 days, and the investigational examination carried out on days 5, 10, and 15.Results: The result showed that GM nephrotoxicity augmented with the period of the experimental study, there was rising in the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen on the 10th day and persisted in rising significantly during the period on the 15th day of the experiment. Administration of ENAL showed no significant alteration from those of controls. While the concurrent administration of ENAL and GM showed that ENAL gradually increased GM nephrotoxicity, these physiological retrogressions were accompanied with intensive renal histopathological deteriorations.Conclusion: The present study has revealed that the concurrent administration of ENAL enormously aggravated the functional and histological nephrotoxicity of GM in rats.
... Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is widely used for treating serious bacterial infections (Moulds & Jeyasingham, 2010). Used in its sulfate form, the drug is a complex of three components-gentamicin C 1 , gentamicin C 1A , and gentamicin C 2 . ...
A simple, rapid, and specific colorimetric method for gentamicin detection using cysteamine‐modified gold nanoparticles (cys‐AuNPs) has been developed. The maximum residue limits of gentamicin allowed in foods are typically below 100 nM, so an effective detection method for low concentrations of the drug is required. The aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was used as the basis for this method, and adding cysteamine to the AuNPs helped to enhance their aggregative abilities. The cys‐AuNPs are capable of detecting gentamicin concentrations as low as 12.45 nM in water, which could be quantified using UV‐vis spectroscopy. Samples extracted from skim milk with a simple pretreatment showed that gentamicin concentrations down to at least 100 nM could be observed using the cys‐AuNPs. This study demonstrates the ability of the cys‐AuNPs to rapidly detect and quantify gentamicin in both simple and complex matrices.
Practical Application
This study demonstrates that cysteamine‐modified gold nanoparticles could be used as a rapid and efficient tool for gentamicin detection. This technique is cheaper, simpler, and more effective than many other methods that are currently used for detecting the antibiotic in industrial and commercial applications. It has a great potential to be practically applied as a rapid screening method for gentamicin and gentamicin‐like compounds in food and environmental samples.
... The ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of GM pose major problems in its clinical applications (25). The broad-spectrum antibacterial properties as well as clinical applications and notable side effects of gentamicin are well documented (21,26,27). ...
Gentamicin (GM), a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic has insignificant small intestinal absorption and this makes its oral administration impracticable. Its orally administrable product in addition to parenteral delivery formula is necessary. In this study in vitro evaluation of the stability of a self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) prepared with varying ratios of softisan ® 154 (S-154) and precirol ® ATO 5 (P-5) and loaded with GM was carried out. Batches of SMEDDS were prepared as: A1, S-154/P-5(1:1), A2, S-154/P-5(1:1), A3, S-154/P-5(1:1), A4, S-154/P-5(1:1) loaded with 50, 100, 200 and 0 mg of GM respectively. Similarly batches B1,S-154/P-5(1:2), B2,S-154/P-5(1:2), B3,S-154/P-5(1:2), B4,S-154/P-5(1:2) and C1,S-154/P-5(2:1), C2,S-154/P-5(2:1), C3,S-154/P-5(2:1), C4,S-154/P-5(2:1) were prepared. The micro-particles yield, time dependent particle size, pH, thermal analysis, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of the SMEDDS were investigated. Batch B3, S-154/P-5(1:2) gave the highest yield of micro-particles while those of B1, S-154/P-5(1:2) and C2, S-154/P-5(2:1) respectively were the most stable. Between 7 and 60 days, B1, S-154/P-5 (1:2), B2, S-154/P-5 (1:2), B3, S-154/P-5 (1:2), C1, S-154/P-5 (2:1) and C2, S-154/P-5 (2:1) were stable in their pH. Batch B3, S-154/P-5 (1:2) presented with higher encapsulation efficiency as well as thermostability. The highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 14 mm was obtained with C3, S-154/P-5(2:1). This compared to A3, S-154/P-5(1:1) and B3, S-154/P-5(1:2) with IZDs of 9 and 12 mm respectively. The formulations containing softisan and precirol in the ratio of 1:2 and 2:1 respectively were most stable in pH, particle size and thermostability and may likely be useful for oral administration.
... The ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of GM pose major problems in its clinical applications (25). The broad-spectrum antibacterial properties as well as clinical applications and notable side effects of gentamicin are well documented (21,26,27). ...
Gentamicin (GM), a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic has insignificant small intestinal absorption and this makes its oral administration impracticable. Its orally administrable product in addition to parenteral delivery formula is necessary. In this study in vitro evaluation of the stability of a self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) prepared with varying ratios of softisan ® 154 (S-154) and precirol ® ATO 5 (P-5) and loaded with GM was carried out. Batches of SMEDDS were prepared as: A1, S-154/P-5(1:1), A2, S-154/P-5(1:1), A3, S-154/P-5(1:1), A4, S-154/P-5(1:1) loaded with 50, 100, 200 and 0 mg of GM respectively. Similarly batches B1,S-154/P-5(1:2), B2,S-154/P-5(1:2), B3,S-154/P-5(1:2), B4,S-154/P-5(1:2) and C1,S-154/P-5(2:1), C2,S-154/P-5(2:1), C3,S-154/P-5(2:1), C4,S-154/P-5(2:1) were prepared. The micro-particles yield, time dependent particle size, pH, thermal analysis, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of the SMEDDS were investigated. Batch B3, S-154/P-5(1:2) gave the highest yield of micro-particles while those of B1, S-154/P-5(1:2) and C2, S-154/P-5(2:1) respectively were the most stable. Between 7 and 60 days, B1, S-154/P-5 (1:2), B2, S-154/P-5 (1:2), B3, S-154/P-5 (1:2), C1, S-154/P-5 (2:1) and C2, S-154/P-5 (2:1) were stable in their pH. Batch B3, S-154/P-5 (1:2) presented with higher encapsulation efficiency as well as thermostability. The highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 14 mm was obtained with C3, S-154/P-5(2:1). This compared to A3, S-154/P-5(1:1) and B3, S-154/P-5(1:2) with IZDs of 9 and 12 mm respectively. The formulations containing softisan and precirol in the ratio of 1:2 and 2:1 respectively were most stable in pH, particle size and thermostability and may likely be useful for oral administration.
... For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of a typical organisms, including mycoplasma and Legionellosis. Gentamicinis an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). Objectives of this study are to isolate and identify bacterial species obtained from soil samples used for this study. ...
Different soil samples were examined for the isolation of microorganisms and their susceptibility to different antibiotics. The places of collection include Akungba and Ayepe, Oka Akoko area. Area of collection includes; Alakuduru stream, Pond, Apex water, spring, Alakuduru stagnant water. The study shows that Alakuduru stagnant water has the highest colony forming unit of bacteria ranging between 5.44 cfu/g on MacConkey Agar and 5.18 cfu/g on chocolate Agar. Alakuduru stream has the lowest microbial load following incubation with total viable bacterial count of 4.76 cfu/gon chocolate Agar. A total number of fifteen isolates were cultured from all the five samples of soil sediment examined for occurrence of bacterial cells in the sediment. Following this study, one of the isolates; Escherichia coli which was almost prominent in all five samples was resistant to Amoxicillin antibiotics. This result may be an indication that E. coli has formed resistant strains against the antibiotic; hence the use of alternative therapy can be suggested. Furthermore, Of the 15 isolates, 10 were Gram negative, while 5 were Gram positive. The Gram staining reaction of the isolates indicated that 66.67% of the isolates were Gram negative while 33.33% were Gram positive.
... It is anticipated that, in a wound setting, release would be slower. Overall, 65.2 ± 4.0 µg/cm 2 gentamicin is released from (PDADMAC/PSS) 10 + G over the course of 103 hours (4.3 days), which is longer than the recommended treatment duration for gentamicin of 48 hours [64]. This amount is comparable to gentamicin release from hydrolytically degradable PEMs with 50 tetralayers (200 layers) [55]. ...
Inkjet printing was used as a novel processing method for the preparation of polyelectrolyte multilayers. Conformal, consistent coatings were formed on a cotton substrate. As a demonstration of a potential application of this processing method, polyelectrolyte multilayers were assembled on cotton for wound dressing. When loaded with gentamicin, these coatings demonstrated burst release of 50% of the loaded gentamicin over the first five hours, followed by consistent release of 0.15 µg/(cm2-h) for at least four days. Significant antimicrobial activity of the gentamicin-releasing polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated cotton was observed, with a zone of inhibition of 1.575 ± 0.03 cm. This result is comparable to the zone of inhibition for cotton soaked in gentamicin (1.75 ± 0.04 cm), indicating that the inkjet printing processing method does not degrade gentamicin. Inkjet printing shows promise as a low cost, versatile option for polyelectrolyte multilayer fabrication. Additionally, as a scalable process, inkjet printed samples exhibited consistent antibacterial function for over three months after preparation.
... Gentamycin is active against a wide range of human bacterial infections, mostly Gram-negative bacteria, but is was found to be resistant to most of the tested organism and this could be due to the fact as it has be reported that most enteric bacteria had acquired resistant genes which must have be acquired from other organisms in the enteric region as asserted by Moulds et al.,(2010) and Nitrofuranton which is active against most urinary tract pathogens were found to be least active against the same type of enteric organism which they are active to when found in the The strong correlation showed by both the mean zone inhibition by Lactobacilli and standard deviation on Shigella species (r=0.92) may not be unconnected to the fact that shigella species produces toxin which are inactivated with either acidic or alkaline medium (Mounier, 1992), and all the positive correlation between the activities of Lactobacilli and the standard antibiotic on the tested organisms suggest that there are positive relationship between the mode of action or mechanism of action of Lactobacilli and the standard antibiotic and the insignificant differences between them showed that there are no great differences in the inhibition process of the tested organisms by both Lactobacilli and the standard antibiotic, while those with negative correlation showed that there were association but it was not significant, and all this findings were in agreement with the work of some researchers like Piard andDesmazeaud,1992, Adeniyi et al., (2006) and Khay et al., (2011) who reported same in their independent findings, although they were contrary to the findings of Fayol-Messaoudi et al., (2005). ...
... Nephrotoxicity is an associated limitation for the clinical use of gentamicin, a potent gram-negative antibiotic. 1 Renal injury following gentamicin administration results from the inhibition of protein synthesis by renal cells, causing these cells to become necrotic in the proximal tubules. 2 Consequently, renal inflammation, tubular necrosis, and glomerular damage are the major events implicated in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. 3,4 Ocimum gratissimum, an herbaceous plant belonging to the Labiatae family, is common in West Africa and India, which are tropical areas. ...
The effects of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaf (AOGL) on the renal function of rats with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity were investigated. This study involved the use of forty five (45) adult male Wistar rats (housed in separate metabolic cages) such that graded doses of OAGL were administered to the experimental groups (p.o.) for 28 days after exposure to gentamicin toxicity (100 mg/kg i.p.) for 1 week. At the end of the study, comparisons of some indices of renal function as well as antioxidant status (GSH and TBARS) were made between the control, toxic and AOGL-treated groups at P < 0.05. The result showed that gentamicin treatment caused significant increase (P < .05) in urine output, urea, creatinine, total protein, relative kidney weight, and TBARS, as well as significant decrease (P < .05) in urine creatinine and GSH levels. Post-treatment with graded doses of AOGL caused significant increase in food consumption, GSH, urine, and plasma creatinine, as well as significant decrease (P < .05) in relative kidney weight, TBARS, and urine total protein. There was an appreciable difference in the kidney histology of the AOGL-treated groups when compared with the toxic control. Hence, the extract has therapeutic potential in the man- agement of gentamicin-induced kidney injury, although a risk profile of renal dysfunction is not unlikely from 28 days of admin- istration as evident by the decrease in creatinine clearance.
... Generally, amoxicillin and tetracycline showed very low efficacy (< 40%) hence should not be indicated in treatment of infections by isolates from both specimens. The high resistance ≥ 50.0% to gentamicin is worrisome as it mostly forms the firstline treatment (being the most common prescription) for most people with symptoms of staphylococcal infection and has been reported to be used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus species and Gram-negative organisms (Moulds and Jeyasingham, 2010). It is also found to be safe in pregnancy. ...
The study compared the prevalence and antibiogram of bacteria isolated from urinary and genital tract of antenatal patients
... The aminoglycosides are believed to act by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit causing misreading of the mRNA codon, leading to errors in amino acid sequencing, disruption of polysomes, reducing the efficiency of protein synthesis, as well as inhibition of the translocation of tRNA between A and P ribosomal binding sites [4]. This process disrupts bacterial protein synthesis and eventually leads to cell death. ...
... To a lesser degree, preeclampsia, caesarean delivery, anemia, sepsis, and septic shock may also be associated with UTI in these patients 4 . It is worth mentioning that asymptomatic infection could be easily transfer to symptomatic infection if it is not treated probably 5 ; and accordingly, lead to infant morbidity and mortality if poorly diagnosed 6 . An accurate and prompt diagnosis of UTI is important in shortening the disease course and for preventing the ascent of the infection to the upper urinary tract and renal failure. ...
... [2][3][4] Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic composed of a mixture of related gentamicin components and fractions and is used for many types of bacterial infections treatment, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms. 5 As similar to all aminoglycosides, when gentamicin is ABSTRACT Background: Aminoglycosides and mainly gentamicin are the most important antimicrobial agents. Two different methods of administration exist: Single and multiple doses. ...
Background
Aminoglycosides and mainly gentamicin are the most important antimicrobial agents. Two different methods of administration exist: Single and multiple doses. There has always been a controversy about the less harmful administration method, to minimize adverse effects of gentamicin – deafness and renal insufficiency. In this study, it was aimed to compare two different methods of administration to figure out the least harmful treatment method.
Materials and Methods
In a clinical study, eighty patients aged 12–55 years who were admitted with sepsis syndrome were included in the study; they were divided into two groups: The first group received single-dose treatment (5 mg/kg) whereas the second group was treated with multiple doses (1.7 mg/kg three times a day) of gentamicin.
Results
The results show that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) levels were decreased in the first group. Both blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and also mean glomerular filtration rate was increased in the same group. In the second group, mean BUN and CR levels were increased while the GFR was decreased in the same group. There was also a gradual increase in GFR in the first group. GFR <80 was decreased from 20% to 5.1% in the first group while increased from 5% to 27.5% in the second group. Results of audiometric studies show 6.1% hearing problem in the first group and 12.8% in the second one.
Conclusions
Results of the present study showed that nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are minimized in single-dose administration compared to multiples doses.
Gentamicin sulfate (GEN) is a broad-spectrum belonging to the group of aminoglycosides (AGs). The objective of the current study is the analysis of GEN injection impurity using reverse-Phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Five samples of GEN injection were selected from Abb governorate, and analyzed by LC/MS. The result showed impurities as in the Inj-I sample except for gentamineC1 m/z 319 and impurities in m/z 492, and garosamine in m/z 177. While Inj-III samples showed fifteen impurities same impurities as in the Inj-I sample except for impurities in m/z 492 and m/z 177. In Inj-IV sample showed nineteen impurities same impurities as in the Inj-III sample except for m/z 448 sisomicin and impurity m/z482 J1-20A. In Inj-VI sample showed eighteen impurities same impurities as in the Inj-I Rehaf sample except for garosamine in m/z 177. In addition of two unknown impurities in 490 and 110 except the Inj-II sample did not show these impurities.
Summary
This study aimed to detect the distribution of bacterial vaginosis(BV) among pregnant and non-pregnant women ,abortifacient or non abortifacient and demonstrate the role of Gardnerella vaginalis in BV.
Atotal of 100 samples of vaginal secretion from pregnant and non pregnant women, abortifacient or not abortifacien about( 16-48)years old whom admitted to the AL-Zahraa teaching hospital and private Clinics in AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf city had been collected during the period from November 2012 to March 2013.
According to Amsel test the results showed highly distribution of BV among pregnant and non-pergnant as well as abortifacient for one time or more.The percent (%)of BV infection among pregnant women with ,repeated abortion about (16-26)years old was higher (%43) than in non pergnant , non abortifacient women about( 37-48) years old which was %11.
The results of primary isolation and laboratory diaginosis as well as some biochemical tests proved that only 10 isolates were belonged to G.vaginalis ,while the results of amplification of 16S rRNA for genetic diagnosis of G.vaginalis showed that 25 isolates were belonged to G.vaginalis in vaginal secretion
Some virulence factors had been detected in 25 isolates of G.vaginalis the results showed that all isolates lacked the ability to produced getatinase while their ability to produce biofilm was variable. Results also revealed that biofilm production was increased with high pH values in which the optical density (OD) of a high biofilm production was 0.536 in pH 4.8 while no biofilm production was observed between pH 5.8 -6.8
The presence of IS gene encoding sialidase was detected in all vaginal secretions of pregnant and non-pregnant women suffering from BV by .The results revealed the presence of SI gene in 24 vaginal secretion samples and 24 isolates of G.vaginalis harboured this gene .
The results of antibiotic sensitivity patterns of 25 isolates of G.vaginalis to 10 types of antibiotics showed that all isolates (100%) were sensitive to Ampicillin , Augmentine, Chloramphenical but they were highly resistant to (100%) to Gentamycin, Lincomycin and Nalidixic acid . however the isolates showed variable susceptibility to Ceftazidime , Amikacin ,Tetracycline, and Ticracillin which were 4%,76% ,16% and 28% respectively .
The hearing organ of Drosophila is present within the second segment of antennae. The hearing organ of Drosophila (Johnston's organ [JO]) shares much structural, developmental, and functional similarity with the vertebrate hearing organ (Organ of Corti). JO is evolving as a potential model system to examine the hearing‐associated defects in vertebrates. In the vertebrates, aminoglycosides like gentamicin, kanamycin, and neomycin have been known to cause defects in the hearing organ. However, a complete mechanism of toxicity is not known. Taking the evolutionary conservation into account the current study aims to test various concentrations of aminoglycoside on the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. The current study uses the oral route to check the toxicity of various aminoglycosides at different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg ml−1). In Drosophila, many foreign particles enter the body through the gut via food. The aminoglycoside treated third instar larvae show defective crawling and sound avoidance behavior. The adult flies release lower amounts of acetylcholine esterase and higher amounts of reactive oxygen species than control untreated animals, accompanied by defective climbing and aggressive behavior. All these behavioral defects are further confirmed by the altered expression level of hearing genes such as nompC, inactive, nanchung, pyrexia. All the behavioral and genetic defects are reported as a readout of aminoglycoside toxicity. The oral administration of aminoglycoside (gentamicin, kanamycin, and neomycin) causes crawling and sound avoidance behavioral defects in the larvae. The adult flies show climbing and aggressive behavioral defects. In the adult antenna, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and hearing‐related genes are downregulated whereas the reactive oxygen species is found to be more.
A pH-sensitive quantum dots (QDs) gatekeeper drug delivery system was proposed for gentamicin (GEN). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), as a biocompatible and popular vehicle with unique loading efficiency in drug delivery systems, were used as GEN nanocarriers. Acid-decomposable 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped-ZnS QDs (MPA-ZnS QDs), biocompatible and water-soluble nanoparticles, have been employed to sealed the nanopores to obstruct premature drug (GEN) release. Encapsulation efficiency (EE = 73.5% ± 1.3) and drug loading (DL = 22.8% ± 0.33) of GEN loaded MSNs was estimated. The release process was investigated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (pH = 7.4) and a citrate buffer solution (pH = 5.4) by using a simple spectroscopy (purple GEN-ninhydrin complex) technique for 20 days. At stimulated natural pH in PBS, pores were sealed with MPA-ZnS QDs, in return, under acidic conditions like bacteria grows environment, dissociation of MPA-ZnS QDs occurred, the pores open and the drug molecules diffuse to the environment. The release of the drug was studied in the presence of Escherichia coli (strain 0157:H7) and Staphylococcus aureus (strain ATCC:25923) bacteria. The amounts of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) parameters were measured. Calculated microbial parameters for GEN loaded MSNs in the presence of the two spices were less than these of GEN loaded [email protected] QDs. So, MPA-ZnS QDs as the pH-sensitive gatekeepers can control the drug-releasing.
Objectives: To determine the incidence of gentamicin vestibulotoxicity with current dosing regimens, and to evaluate the feasibility of routine video-oculography on all patients given gentamicin.
Materials and methods: In this prospective incidence study serial horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) gain measurements were recorded using video-oculography on adult inpatients receiving intravenous gentamicin. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients developing impairment of their HVOR gain.
Results: After exclusions, 42 patients were included in the analysis. Three patients (7.1%) developed asymptomatic vestibulotoxicity, exact 95% confidence interval 1.5–19.5%. In two of these patients the deficit resolved within several hours. No patients developed symptomatic vestibulotoxicity. There was no evidence for a generalised reduction in group HVOR gain with time. HVOR gain was not associated with total gentamicin dose, dynamic visual acuity or subjective imbalance.
Conclusions and significance: Gentamicin may cause reversible, asymptomatic vestibulotoxicity. Video-oculography may be useful to monitor for vestibulotoxicity in patients treated with gentamcin; however, testing all patients routinely may be challenging.
This study included Four handred and ten samples of vaginal swabs were collection from patients woman's in Hospitals of Baquba City for the period from 1/9/2015 to 31/12/2015.
The results refer that One hundred isolates are belonging to bacteria of gram stain negative while positive 24 isolates 24%Escherichia coli,20 isolates20%Proteusmirabilis,20 isolates 20%,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,19 isolates19%Klebsiella pneumonia,11isolates 11% Enterobacter cloacae and 6 isolates 6% Staphylococcus aurias by using diagnostic phenotypic ,biochemical test and conifirm the diagnosis using VITEC 2 analyser.
The results of the investigation of some virulence factores showed the isolates of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis produce of haemolysin with percentage 50% and90% respectively.
The results showed that all isolates of Proteus mirabilis were produced urease by100%,while the results detect that theisolates of Escherichia. coli is not able to produce this enzyme.
Results of bactriocin production refer to isolates of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis produce bacteriocin with percentage 54.1%,65% respectively.
The production of biofilm by local isolates were detected in two ways ,isolates of Escherichia coli has shown its ability to produce biofilm by (86.36%)in a congo-red and 81.81 in adhesion surface methods, while Proteus mirabilis produced biofilm with 95%,90% respectively were detected by adhesion surface methods and congo-red.
The results showed that isolates of Proteus mirabilis produced protease by 45%, while Escherichia coli have not ability to produce this enzyme.
Results showed that all isolates of Escherichia coli have ability to adhesion surface of epithelial cells of human by100%,while the isolates Proteus mirabilis showed ability to adhesion by85%.
The results showed a variance as far as their resistance to these antibiotics. Isolates of Escherichia coliand Proteus mirabilis showed highest resistance rate 100% for Ampicillin and Amoxicillin.
Multiple resistance pattern for antibiotic divided in two groups , first group included 20 isolates which were resistant to 7-3 antibiotics ,while second group included 24 isolates were resistant to9-3 antibiotics. Results indicated that the seconds group wasdominant.
The minimum inhibitory concentration MIC for 6 antibiotics, that Ampicillin, Amoxicillin ,Amekacin ,Cefotaxime,Gentamycin ,Tetracycllin was determined .The MIC values of these antibiotics ranged between (512-1025≥),(32-1024≥),(4-64),(8-1024),(4-128),(4- 512)µ\ml,respectively.
Results SubMIC of antibiotic Gentamycin and disinfectant povidone iodine10% against 10 isolates of each genus of 5 tested genera were determined and the results showed that these antibiotic and disinfectant reduced the ability of isolates for adherence.
The results showed that the Antagonistic effect for isolatesE.coli and P.mirabilsproduce bacteriocin on same isolates have not ability to produce bacteriocin.
Both Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis Contain One Plasmid Band.
A series of new platinum Pt(II) compounds possessing a bidentate leaving ligand modified from oxaliplatin has been synthesized, with one of the oxygen ligating atom substituted for a sulphur atom (resulting in a Pt-NNSO coordination core structure). The general structures are R,R-diaminocyclohexane (DACH)-Pt-(methylthio)acetic acid (K4) and DACH-Pt-(thiophenylacetic acid) (K4 derivatives). Substitution of an electron donating or withdrawing group at the ortho or para position on the phenyl ring of K4 derivatives was found to affect the complexes' stability, reactivity with the biological molecules (5′-guanosine monophosphate (5′-GMP) and L-methionine (L-Met)) and anticancer activity. ¹H NMR experiments demonstrated that Pt-NNSO complexes formed a mixture of mono- and diadduct with 5′-GMP in various ratios, which are different from the classical Pt drugs (forming mainly diadduct). In addition, all of the K4 derivatives with improved lipophilicity are less deactivated by L-Met in comparison to cisplatin (CDDP) and oxaliplatin. Biological assessments showed that all Pt-NNSO complexes are less toxic than CDDP in normal porcine kidney cells and are minimally affected by drug resistance. Some of the new compounds also displayed comparable anticancer activity to CDDP or better than carboplatin in a few cancer cell lines. The lower reactivity of the Pt-NNSO compounds than CDDP towards thiol molecules, presumably leading to less efflux in resistant cancer cells, and the ability to inhibit autophagy were believed to allow the new compounds to be less affected by Pt resistance.
Once-daily aminoglycoside (ODA) regimens have been instituted to maximize bacterial killing by optimizing the peak concentration/MIC ratio and to reduce the potential for toxicity. We initiated an ODA program at our institution that utilizes a fixed 7-mg/kg intravenous dose with a drug administration interval based on estimated creatinine clearance: > or = 60 ml/min every 24 h (q24h), 59 to 40 ml/min q36h, and 39 to 20 ml/min q48h. Subsequent interval adjustments are made by using a single concentration in serum and a nomogram designed for monitoring of ODA therapy. Since initiation of the program, 2,184 patients have received this ODA regimen. The median dose was 450 (range, 200 to 925) mg, while the median length of therapy was 3 (range, 1 to 26) days. The median age of the population was 46 (range, 13 to 97) years. Gentamicin accounted for 94% of the aminoglycoside use, and the majority (77%) of patients received the drug q24h. The 36-, 48-, and > 48-h intervals were used for 15, 6, and 2% of this population, respectively. Three patients exhibited clinically apparent ototoxicity. Twenty-seven patients (1.2%) developed nephrotoxicity (the Hartford Hospital historical rate is approximately 3 to 5%) after a median of 7 (range, 3 to 19) days of therapy. On the basis of a prospective evaluation of 58 patients and follow-up of additional patients via clinician reports, we have noted no apparent alterations in clinical response with our ODA program. This ODA program appears to be clinically effective, reduces the incidence of nephrotoxicity, and provides a cost-effective method for administration of aminoglycosides by reducing ancillary service time and serum aminoglycoside determinations.
A systematic review of studies that investigated the association of antibiotics with hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) was undertaken to summarize the strength of the evidence for this relationship. The results from the studies identified were considered after critically reviewing the design and conduct of each study. Although the majority of studies found an association with various antibiotics, antibiotic classes or components of antibiotic administration, most were limited in their ability to establish a causal relationship by the use of incorrect control groups, the presence of bias, inadequate control of confounding and small sample sizes. The limitations identified in this review prevented the pooling of results in a meta-analysis. Two studies of reasonable quality suggested an association between clindamycin, cephalosporins, penicillins and CDAD. Well-designed studies grounded in epidemiological principles are needed to identify true risk factors for CDAD and to provide reliable estimates of the strength of association.
Aminoglycosides are concentration-dependent killing agents whose pharmacodynamic predictors of efficacy are the area-under-the-curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the peak to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio. Prospective studies have shown that these agents can be given once-daily or less frequently in most clinical settings, with equal efficacy and possible reduced toxicity. Dosages for different clinical settings have been studied and methods are available to monitor once-daily dosing.
Gram-negative organisms have become increasingly resistant to both β-lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones. Consequently,
aminoglycoside antibiotics have undergone a resurgence in use. Because of the known toxicities of aminoglycoside antibiotics,
clinicians have avoided their use, unless no other alternatives were extant. Over the past 2 decades, we have learned much
about the relationship between aminoglycoside exposure and the likelihood of a good clinical outcome or the occurrence of
nephrotoxicity. For example, minimum inhibitory concentration values ⩾2.0 mg/L lead to unacceptably low probabilities of a
good clinical outcome, and infrequent administration of doses (i.e., intervals of 24 h and longer intervals for patients with
compromised renal function) plays a central role in minimizing the likelihood of toxicity. Using these new insights, we suggest
ways of evaluating the dose and schedule of administration of aminoglycosides in empirical therapy to obtain the highest likelihood
of an efficacious and nontoxic therapy.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen worldwide. A wide range of factors have been suggested to influence the spread of MRSA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial drug use and infection control practices on nosocomial MRSA incidence in a 426-bed general teaching hospital in Northern Ireland.
The present research involved the retrospective collection of monthly data on the usage of antibiotics and on infection control practices within the hospital over a 5 year period (January 2000-December 2004). A multivariate ARIMA (time-series analysis) model was built to relate MRSA incidence with antibiotic use and infection control practices.
Analysis of the 5 year data set showed that temporal variations in MRSA incidence followed temporal variations in the use of fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (coefficients = 0.005, 0.03, 0.002 and 0.003, respectively, with various time lags). Temporal relationships were also observed between MRSA incidence and infection control practices, i.e. the number of patients actively screened for MRSA (coefficient = -0.007), the use of alcohol-impregnated wipes (coefficient = -0.0003) and the bulk orders of alcohol-based handrub (coefficients = -0.04 and -0.08), with increased infection control activity being associated with decreased MRSA incidence, and between MRSA incidence and the number of new patients admitted with MRSA (coefficient = 0.22). The model explained 78.4% of the variance in the monthly incidence of MRSA.
The results of this study confirm the value of infection control policies as well as suggest the usefulness of restricting the use of certain antimicrobial classes to control MRSA.
Incidence of and risk factors for aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity (AAN) were evaluated in 1489 patients prospectively
monitored with individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring (IPM). Incidence of AAN was 7.9% with individual (univariate) risk
factors including advanced age, decreased albumin, poor nutritional status, pneumonia, concurrent furosemide, amphotericin
B, vancomycin, cephalosporin, or piperacillin, intensive care unit treatment, leukemia, rapidly fatal illness, liver or renal
disease, reduced aminoglycoside clearance, elevated initial steadystate trough concentration (Cminss), volume of distribution or half-life, duration of therapy, total dose, fever, male gender, shock, pleural effusion, and
ascites. Multiple logistic regression revealed that Cminss , concurrent clindamycin, vancomycin, piperacillin, or cephalosporin, ascites, advanced age, male gender, decreased albumin,
duration of therapy, and leukemia were significant independent risk factors for AAN. Positive predictive value of the model
was 30.8%; negative predictive value was 91.7%. No identifiable risk factor alone or in combination was of sufficient sensitivity
to reliably predict AAN, but use of IPM may lower the incidence of AAN.
To study vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) prevalence, risk factors, and clustering among hospital inpatients.
Rectal-swab prevalence culture survey conducted from February 5 to March 22, 1996.
The Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Hospital (medical and surgical) inpatients.
The overall VRE prevalence was 29% (42/147 patients). The VRE prevalence was 52% (38/73 patients) among patients who had received at least one of six specific antimicrobials during the preceding 120 days, compared with only 5% (4/74) among those who had not received the antimicrobials (relative risk, 9.6; P<.001). The longer the period (up to 120 days) during which antimicrobial use was studied, the more closely VRE status was predicted. Among 67 hospital patients in 28 multibed rooms, clustering of VRE among current roommates was not found.
At this hospital with relatively high VRE prevalence, VRE colonization was related to antibiotic use but not to roommate VRE status. In hospitals with a similar VRE epidemiology, obtaining cultures from roommates of VRE-positive patients may not be as efficient a strategy for identifying VRE-colonized patients as obtaining screening cultures from patients who have received antimicrobials.
To investigate the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance in our hospital, we collected antimicrobial susceptibility and use data from existing microbiology laboratory and pharmacy databases for the period July 1st, 1991-December 31, 1998. The data was analyzed as time series and autoregressive integrated moving average (Box-Jenkins) and transfer function models were built. By using this method, we were able to demonstrate a temporal relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance, to quantify the effect of use on resistance and to estimate the delay between variations of use and subsequent variations in resistance. The results obtained for two antimicrobial-microorganism combinations: ceftazidime-gram-negative bacilli and imipenem-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are shown as examples.