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Höder, Steffen. 2011. „Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual for syntactic analyses of Old Nordic texts encoded as Menotic XML documents (PaCMan)“. Version 2.0. Hamburg

Authors:
Steffen Höder
Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual
for syntactic analyses of Old Nordic texts
encoded as Menotic XML documents (PaCMan)
Version 2.0
Hamburg 2011
University of Hamburg
Collaborative Research Centre 538 on Multilingualism
Project H3 “Scandinavian syntax in a multilingual setting”
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 
 
 
  !"
 
 #"!$
 %!&
' ("!)
 *+!)
 ,-
  -
 +.-
' /"/"
 0!"
' "
' !1
' """
' 
' *"+
' !""" 2
'' 0 .
' ""(&
'2 !"+3
' !
'$ 45
63 '
 "'
 03"2
' ""+)
2 !" 7!"8'
2 .'
2  '
2 693 '
2 #+3("'
2' 3""3 !'
2 *"+"5"+''
22 +3"..''
2 !+3!"''
2' +''
2 ""('
22 '2
 :'
 '
 %"'
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0
' 693-
$ *.
& ; '
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
 
<    
=>."".?"@
!/3"=!!++>.!""
 :3+"!!.51""3+*2'&
"""=.3 A*#/#BC#AD/
!)))E->5!FG'H0+0 """9I
=--E->/"3 JK""
: !F/5+//! .+"  .?"
05#!!53"!."+=!"" .?"
05!/" '2-E22->!3" 5 ""5.4
!! " 3 "+".543E5/5
?"05314"" . ?" 05   !+ 3  JL""  !F 
=M+ .A3>?"05,1 =#+131/ M+ .>
5N.!!/""/ 5! 4
""  !+!3" :/55!
3 4"!3"/!. !"=">B4
5/=" >+3" "43./3"5!"/
3 "+O
 "/=!++5""+->/N"/ 4
/!./!=G?006/HG3!.?"0550 
6I> : +!43+ 5.! 
!/E!+!"/5.1E
!+" ."".8"+8+" P<" 
3 . 8/"" . "+.!=. GQ
--)/--37))R>/ 5=GQ--37$R>/+ .3F=GQ--37 ')R>/
R !.3?"05=GQ--/--37R>
"/././+ S3"
" 3 !1 .! .?" @E/"" 7
"AE"5""<" .."
.3!4=.GQ--37-2R>/" ".4
+"@, 6+ =  - > !( . " 
!"""=">.?"@/" ?"
@!.!+.!"!/""/E4
E".5"".".!(.3"
+"! 3  , % :+ =       >/
53"1!"
:/"/!3 /" 3+"!!!"!.#4
3  ""J"JK"5!FJ&H;"""#:"I
?. / : +"!1   "" . !F T H! 4. 
" ."""I/<0JQ/5!!3+"3"/!"" 
"! . 51543   .""/ T+/  3+"+
" .!!" !.!/3" "/:514
!F/5+3 !33" 5./B3 1 4
/44!8+"" "++.,5./U4
""Q9/+"33"!.+.!"+3
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0

6"/ !3",%:/3""   5,%:
"!3"/"4
"G5+/35/." 
"+"""3""43" 
V" !"B55""1
. .+!/!"" .
 5    8 :  !F/ 5 + " 51 5 " B5
= %>=.55"">
:. 54!. 5!!" 
/ " !15"3.!4G54
+/:" + 1 ".."5"!4
"3. 515"" E!!" 
5!"/! !"<"
 !"/3!""""./,%://
 3=3>/1!+53."4
 :.    .   "  " !/   
WR
#"" /1"".<"37
GQ/0R-X",". " .?"@
=>Y;-G37M+ .G3
C555!43D
:.""5/"""+!..4
!""3 "!."<!"?"05
 " 1 . !"    +"3" "  555!43/
" ".X6RU!R:"Y/592Z[ !33" 
"."\
' 07J"/AC.D%=>&&$X6RU!R:"Y:7AC.D%J"=>/!"#$
=0"++0+1.1BL""1!070+11B&C )])])$D>/01"7@4
/''E'2-<"!.""5!M!'
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 2
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

 
"
?"@
! 
 
<3!8."/!"!.<."4
"533.<!"" ! 4
3"5=3".><"3" "4
"" 
M"1/ !"" 3!.?"@
"!<./"
!!"3"/.!"!+.3.
!! "3F?+3" //5!!
!""+". !  !!." = >""+"
= >E/5+/""!"=8" 1/83 
>
 !" ""
6      " = >/   ! "
=#!$%&'>"=%'(>/5.=)>4
"*>
 +," 
<"("!(+
< !"5 !
(=,>/!+3 /(".
%'(:/".=.!">(3
"7
 -./0/./1%23/
#!$%&'%'(4&4%'/566 6"26 6 7/
8
#'9%(%&:24&4%';566 6"26 6 2
;
:2<
=
%'(
) .//
>
6)

>
6
6%'(
 
<=)>"+:.("!=!>/
!=!>/!("!=!>/+!
*-!?
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0
 
<("./("!/.3/5
!"."<"=4 >"33"!4
.3"="/CD/!(!3".><4
=4 >!(+."<"+3.
5<!3"="@4 >
"+"3"/!(3" ./(=3>(.
!3"<!="!>33"!!
.!.5"5+
) .//
!
4 
ABCB(*1DE4443?22
-6
./"6F/
9  .//1-G) @"E4"@7D3
HE%FH)D/4H-4  
I/69 
6

  .//
9 4B)J69 
9 ./B/1-G) @"69 
6 
6
4 
%6
4 6
  .//
9 "69 
9 ./B/1-G) @"69 
6 
64 
4 
-6
  .//
9 "69 
9 ./B/1-G) @"69 
6 
64 
4 
6
  .//
9 J569 
9 C  69 
9 (H69 
9 ./B/1-G) @"69 
6 
64 
64 
4 
./0/"@-6
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 $
64 
./KK7/KK7L6
"@4 
@" .//1-G) @"EM" N4H2
6@"
-@".//
%-@" 
O2@" L" @42
 @L"HL "6
6-@
./)$44A/C6
020PQ06
6"@4 
"!
@@4"
 
 ./L/
9 
 R"'-6 
" I 6" 
69 
6
 ./L/HS4- 6
  ./L/
"@4H 6"@
"@96"@
33T6
6 
6 

 ./L/4 "--4-HHUGH4
4-HHU6
@@4./-" /36@@4
@@4./"/VEVPEVT6@@4
@@4.//DKD2D706@@4
6
6@@4"
6"!
6!
 '
<!"!35"!<
!F!=F!>.33
!!"<"!"=!>!(55
3!./"
!
F!
%@"%"
$9+," 
*?E-0ELLL"2 @"6
6F!
!
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 &
".//
%L@2LH("H
" @6
6
 W-.//
%L6
6 W
 W.// AW.//
%@ 6
%@-*?
(@H* "<D?EL
"" H*"2@H HL<D?E
EE"E"E
@@-E" *D?6
ALL-@"-@
"*D2DD?
L "A
"@F*LE"?6
A"- @"""@E H
 *DK?6
%" -@2L*
D7DT?6
6
6!
6!
D 
<!("!(4"9". R"
36.!3"/."+:0?')4^
.""5?"@""3.3 
33+=?">/=?":">/L=?"@5>/L=?"05>
!
1
".//'6"
".//R 6"
".//,6"
"./L/$4L6"
"./L/4L6"
61
6!
K O-
<(""./+!/+ .
+  ""  /  3  5    "  "  .    !3"    %   
=>/93+"4513"<3=X>4
!+.
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 )
-!
.//
>
6
./0/
020D206
 4B)J6 
"@-
6
6-!
6)
 %""
 
<"!3 "/5"!(".
<"" 3+.9="!/ >/319=4
/@H>/3 =/@>G5+/R"4
.".3!31 +"+"!= !
>"" ""1..53 <.3.
3"1.""57
 ./L/
@
>
6@
6
 !-
<."". 1.!!= >6""4"+""4
=@>"!!_
,3+R!"=->/5 3"(=X>
3=X>! +/""<4
+"5""5" => !!4
!6 !"//"1"17
 ./L/
@

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6
-.// .//

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6

>
 / "   !3"  ""  "!= >" =>
5"S5 
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 -
6
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6-
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6@
6
D E" E
31=3"!!>3 !  @6"4
593X!. 3..""5!=/.!/
".333+..31!C/#D>31!
" .    .     ( .  /   93  X<
3=>.(!."3+! @6 "3.

"31/. /"313"5 @6@6/4
!+" 
K 4 
<.""5!"""!.""!"5!

%&'(&)*
'%(+,&-./
H63U.:
:/U/3 !5.AU/51.""1CDI
 ./L/
@
@./I /./DK7/6
@./V/6

ABCB(
6

CA W"" H GH
B"H
>
6
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6@
6
D  
D "" H
6 3"" .5=L>!1=">6""L"
"""!"!.<
/383 =5"+".!
"!3">7
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
%&'(&)*
H63U.:I
LAB66L
LC66L
L66L
LB66L
L(66L
L66L
"66"
3""!"=6""5! !"" 
!"".6!"5813 !>@ 4
"" /""!"5"G5+/+.!4
"5+.!3"""]!"""""5
595!!"55""559"!"5:
/L!!" !" ""]"5
<. =5 !" 5]"" 5>  ""3 !"" , ( =.
,(H3!I>5!!3 53 
:  / 5"""513 L /   ! 35  5 !" 
5"L"7
LGH@H66L
6!"."9=5""5]!"5>01/5."4
"501=+!'`a!!"".0H"I/HC D"I>"!$
=!"!'`a !/HI^ 5"!" 5HC D"I>:/
3"" 5    L"/"1!353 
! =6>593X./@/=>7
LJY66L
./@/6
L66L
D 
:"55E58+"!+"
!"E313 =>593X.//7
23
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:S..33+3B13 "9<"913 4
=>593X./"/7
())4
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L"" 66L
L+((./"/ 666L
63 .!""+".!/!""""
=>!!"3 =">5""!33+
=>7
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
,'55-/
HUI
LG666L
LC"666L
L"6""66L
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
D ,"
D O-"
<"!!"R !."/" 5
=L>/!=>/"=><.3
<(=" >!.! !"
".51/3..5  "
3(""48+"4(=!!">< /
./8"!5
"""" =/>/5 
=.3+>,"" !1/! /3""  

<"".""5!"=31"3>7
6678889:889
H / I
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LZZ66L
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6
/!"3."(R93."/!"
X 93=5>/X93!"/X"93
""""
<93/!3 5!= X >=4
HcI/93>d"."" 3 /."5
"!!(<./:. !
.
%.5!<(!/!3 ""54"9/!
=.H5"I><!/!3 !""9/!(+".
 =[.H+3I>"".!+ /"". 4
 "3.8"""/./!3 . !\\/4
2 <RR"!(.""5.X =(3 > 4
3=(3 ,%:>
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
"98<" !=!+">.15+" 1H15
5"I
#!"/+301=+!'`a ! !"". 0 H"I/HC D"I>"3
+3=[>(. =/5\! H(I !
+"H(I>7
L ./[/JY66L
<!"(3 ..""54

D 
=L>!=>3" !""" ! "" / 4
3X X/!+" 
"" ""!!3 .X 93="" >
3"" .5"=\\>/+3=[> 3.
(=\>= \\>
,554""" R5 .!!"<9
.""1.!="" /3"!!>0" 4
" /1=H3FI> 1.43F!"" ( 4
=. >^8/  !! 3 .3F=4> 
#"" /4O 1"+!=#>!!
"+3F=>
0+"/./" .".35+"#!"/ 4
 (" !!"+3<./" .""1[
."+"+3!(!"" / (+3.5""3
13+
<.\\8\8 \\==
  ;
\ [ (
e//(.
/(/(+
//!!"
/1/15
\\ [ 
e/ (9/+C."D
/ (/!+
/ 41/3F+
/ 1/15
\\ LE 5"
e/AC/F+
/A/!=!!]!!>
/A[/+3
//F
/1/3F
/(/(+1
/(%/F
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 2
  ;
/9/
/!/!]=!(>
/]/+!]
/O/"+!]
/O/"+3F
/1/15
/[/+3
/[/+3"!"='2>
<! .!!5!/
5=" >!"" ".4
!@!/.!"/+"8"/."
90"" /F+"/!"/(+"!AC/!/]/O/
[(!+" 7
#(+
H!"I
./9/
L ./!/-66L
L ./9/W66L
6
#!//+"! 6!"!
  A="!"4"1!3 !"+!(
/H"1/I0 H5 I>" !3F=
1H3C""" 7.D>" !17
7
H6.3  I
L .//66L
L ./A[/66L
L ./[/H @66L
L ./!/66L
./A/
L ./A/66L
L ./!/L66L
L ./9/66L
6
DD 4"
6"""=L/ / >5"3. ./!.
(+3@"" /"3"5"=3" >.
+3! !("5=//3"54" >0  4
.X"93
< .+". H .I= \\\><"
"3F/3F/!+/+3"5""5"+"<+"
HF]++I=(%[>.F++=++!>5
"=""!!+>" 3!.<+"H(I= (9>
.(=4+3">!." +3"/!!.4
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
/!!"!+/!"!"+3=
'2>
0" /"=F>3=3F/3!4
/3+3">3 . H""1I=\\\>
#"" / H""I=\\\>< +/+/
"+1!" !=. '>6.+"/H!4.I
=O$>1!4.=!+3>."
3.  !. =>
<.8\\\=8\\\=8\\\=
  ;
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e/$9/
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e/(R9/+
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L"./A[,/ ./A[/66L
L ./[/H @66L
L"./4C/ ./!/66L
"./A[,/./A/
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"./41^A[,^O',/./A[/
L ./A[/66L
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Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 $
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X
< H" !I=\\\>"/!"3"/"484
+"!!"R !. .!"3 4
"=">!3 R+". HI=\\\><
.35!"3"
3".3R3 != H"3 !I/
\\\><33.."5!+"#
!"/+"13 ++3/3 +!
3 = !"8>< R  !.1    
H1I= \\\>03 !313 "^/5
3*"+"/./313 3"+!"+3F4
=#>/ O$^ 41
#/"+""( != H"+" !I/\\\>/
 55"+ "!" ..4
=. >7!!+"+"../4
+#"+"+
."+" +  3 !(!""  <./ "+  "  
.15""3131
<.\\\\\\ \\\8\\\=8\\\=
  ;
\\\ 41^O', "+" !
e/A/!!+
/R'9/.
/O'4/+
/1/15
\\\ 41 
e/(9[/3 ! !+3"!;
"=,>
/O$/+!4."
/9$(/
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\\\  " !
e/A(/"
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/41/!"3"
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Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 &
  ;
/ 19/1C."D
\\\ A(^!'4 1
e/ $O/!""=3 3F+>C."D
/ 1/15
\\\ A(^!(O 1
e/ $O/!""=3 !+>C."D
/ 1/15
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e/ A![/+3"=3 ++3>
/ 4$/3 
/ O$/!"=3 +!>
/ 1/15
\\\ 41^(R9 1
e/ A![/+3"=3 ++3>
/ 4$/3 
/ O$/!"=3 +!>
/ O$^ 41/!"3F"=3 4
+!"+3F>
/ 41/3F"=3 +3F>
/ 1/15
\\\ 41^(9% 1
e/ A![/+3"=3 ++3>
/ A![^ 41/+3"3F"=3 4
++3"+3F>
/ O$/!"=3 +!>
/ O$^ 41/!"3F"=3 4
+!"+3F>
/ 41/3F"=3 +3F>
/ 1/15
\\\ 41^$%) 1
e/ 4$/3 ="">
/ 41/3F"C."D
/ 1/15
\\\ 41^O', 1
e/ A![/+3"=3 "++3>
/ A![^ 41/+3"3F"=3 "+4
+3"+3F>
/ O$/!"=3 "+!>
/ O$^ 41/!"3F"=3 "+
!"+3F>
/ 41/3F"=3 "+3F>
/ 1/15
/ M'O/3 f=H! I>
\\\ A( "3 !
e/!'/"+
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 )
  ;
/!'4/+
/!(O/+=!+>
/(9%/+
/ 1/15
\\\ 41 "3 !
e/(R9/+g
/(9%/+
/$%)/=!"+3"">
/O',/"+
/ 1/15
""("".""5!"7
',7,,
H<! I
./A(^!'/
"./A[,/./A/
L ./A/C66L
L ./!/66L
L ./9/@G66L
L ./A/66L
L ./!/L66L
L ./9/66L
6
L ./[/G66L
"./4C/ ./9/
L ./!/66L
L ./9/HG66L
6
6
7888:88
H / I
./A(^!'/
./41^O',^ A![^R'9^O$/
L"./41^A[,^O',/ ./A[/L66L
"./4C/./9/
L ./!/66L
L ./[/66L
L ./9/ZZ66L
6
L ./[/Z66L
6
"666"
L"./A[,^O$/ ./A[/66L
L ./[/Z66L
"./4C/./9/
:+"+3"" "+.+.< " 13 +
!]+3!"" +!",;,=,##,H5+I/#
,,H5+I>:+""33 +3F/ 7( 
HC9D5" 5I
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 -
L ./!/66L
L ./9/Z66L
6
6
D7  -@
<".+3?"@=@">3 4
!"" !" !" +3  . +3  !" =! 5   "
+"+.!!/+3/!!"!+><!"F
+3/!(HI="!" (>.""5 ,
H"  5I/".5  +3   & . 
=H5C""" 7531DI>
:/3."!"+3!.!"+.
 !!R5(""4!5"/
!+5H+3I=[> H+3!"I=[><393 X 
X3"!"!355"<X 93
(."/5. X93."4
/++
6(385"/:!(3
  . !" +3 < !"     ___ =5 HhhhI  . 
3>/+3!" [___=+". \___/H!"+3I>
&+&
H:5 5 "9I
./A(^!'/
L"./4C/ ./!/H66L
L ./[/./K/ ./[K/B66L
L"./$C/ ./!/H66L
L"./(9/ ./[/./[K/ ./K/66L
"./A[,/./A/
L ./A/ W66L
L ./!/ 66L
L ./9/@B66L
6
6
%+  +3  5  !3"  !(    3    !"  +3  =5    F  ! 
!">/.!" H! I:3!(=$>+3=>+34
5=L>/! "=6>593X./@/=>
3357
L"./(9/ ./[/./[K/ ./K/@66L
./@/6
L ./[/./K/ ./[K/66L
DP !
,%:!"!!"`=H8I>G5+/:4
."5"S5 :/!
3    93 X"@    H !I =`\\\> 6 " =>/
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
!=>/5=L>!1=">!!!3
`4A(/ =!>8+ 5="" #   1 HI> 
`]1$7
<=&7-./
H07XACDYI
./A(^!'/
L"./4C/ ./!/)66L
L ./[/"@./`]1$/66L
6
./A(^!'4/"@./`4A(/
L"./$C/ ./!/%66L
L ./[ 41/BL66L
L"./4C/ ./9/"66L
>
6
DT 2L
<."/!"" /+ .8?"@453
   X  93 =.   1 . """ "+>"
(='>6.../:
" ". S."=?"@>
1#
H !+I
"./4C/ ./9/
L ./!/Y66L
L ./9/ .//-H"66L
6
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
K A @""
<!"."!="1!.!1">.5! 4
(!3"7=>+.""B"1/
+"!.""" !!"3"^=3> +3" !4
"  3  3 4 "   " !/ 
3F+8+". +#".!43
" 3+"/."" !"!!!
!!" " /3"+"!R+" 3 "4
"!.!3""5!!=GQ . >/!"!"
.""5
K " 
<."" +3   "7 "
653"" 5!!(".4
51/   .  !3".   3 ""  4!: GQ
=--37R>/:+4""" +"(.H"I3.
."."!3"6"/+55""1!!"
!! /./5""!33" 3(5/5"4
+5""(N"!5+"1/"
.!" !" 5"!.""5
$(>(>.5H"I3 i
<(.?"05"/!!"/.3"" .""5
.""5!"(7
6 6"">#
<(1!3". !""5+G5+/4
"5 " 3+"/ 5 "3
5 "?!"""!3"87
AQ5""Q!. R0" 11R
Q!R
H6+ /"
!!I
:!"(+3/5!+3"  4
"+3"FHI0(+3+
"!3" ."  (+3/ !""3
" ."3+5!"?!./
F  "S."/ "".3
!."/5/H""I"<./.""5!4
!"!3"7
=> jAQ5""Q!. R0" 11R
Q!Rkl
Hj6+ /"
!!klI
$ <.""5.""5GQ=--37R>
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
=> jAQ5""Q!. Rklj0" 11R
Q!Rkm
Hj6+ /klj"
!!kmI
='> jAQ5""Q!. Rklj0" 11R
kmjQ!Rkn
Hj6+ /klj"
kmj!!knI
=> jAQ5""Q!. Rklj0" 11R
kmjQ!Rkn
Hj6+ /klj"
kmj!!knI
,!+" /5"!!" 7
 +"3 3!/!
 F3$/ !.
.""5"
<R.*".3."5+8^!3 4
" =>=><R.""""!."^" 
='>"08"!"3+" 4
!"=>
*""3!"."B!3"<".
!" !4]3F ,1 H"C"7 "" DI !""+
 # H5/ 5 C"7 5]5 DI <   "   
3 "3 /+.R" "3+/!"" 
 .""" R."!"/
/3!.R"5""<./.
/"""""5 //" /1
..  ! . 3F  "3 3F+
8=2>
:/3" .5(+3<!4
=HI>53F.""5!"7
""Q!R!CD
H6Cb+D""".CDI
6(3+/83" ""=35
.5(+35""13F>
"" !1/R."3(+3
3F.3"("G5+/  ?"055(
+383F/.5%" ?"05?"
05/" =>  5 !"+3/=3>  5H3"83FI =
4+"" !!>/=>+"5=+>!4
"!=1H opI/H qrI/#H5I>/=>f41"+5
+3F"+7
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
=> (#
jQstklj 3sFtkm
Hj< kljCD3"kmCb 3"DI
=> ?@
5 11 sR5""
H1 /+"Cb 1/+"DI
='> #
?"ss9"15s
H6" 3 55" I
=> +$#
j55"5+klj+"L5km
Hj6 515"kljCD kmI
<./"""5.3"("5""7
 653F".(#?@
.#+$#5+"+5"3
3F
#"" 5(3F3F.3".
!+" <"+" =3 B
 !>7
=2> CDt1""3 R
HCDC D""Cb1.""="">DI
M"13F""/!"""!. 4
/3@"" /5+/H3F"I
33.!""=3>7
=> j5"""9.skljkm
Hj65&)2 kljCDkmI
C"" !3"7CDD
=$> j+1u" u"kl]js"+" kmj3" s1
"1"kn
Hj6S53"/klj"33A/km
jC D5.""3knI
C!""" !3"7]S]"=op>5=qr>D
:/!3""+3 7
% 63F"==>>" 3 "( 
".3+.!""@
7@(=/>
K 4"@"
6"4!(!"(".553534
 ""35R !. 3 :+
"5 =GQ  -- / --37R>  35  3" =
">?"@"""3"46 "(F355
" !" 3" +" ! 4!( 4
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 2
.3".3/5..!43
!!<""3 .""5!"7
CD". F11""+
HCD!1.:"I
<"!H.I/..8"?"
05/5""""5"+3H3//.I
HI" . "/ 5  !" .! . .""5
"G=!">".!3"5/"".5.3"/! 4
+"!!+7v
=> 15"F/"" "
H.I^/"3"
=3> 15"3F/"" 4
"H3I^/"33"
=> ( 63"  3
3"/!
=> (<"!.R!7
   !!/   ! .!""  .""5 3
"3 3F^./"3 3.
=> "7?"05!05/5
F=H.I>^/""
=.> "7?"05!05,03/
53F=H3I>^/"3
=> <"?"05 4
0+" 3F =H3I>  @5^
33F?"055""
<!"(!!"?" 053= !"""  4
!>R353""/
+"+3"..!"3""+!.
"""^=R !.>3+.! 4
R""1:!/"5R !.7
H" !I="+!"3">3."./
5""""!" R !.H I.
"=. GQ  -- ."."34
>
6.35"!"3"5
<4"" H+34" 5I!"5+ "4
3 "4""= H/I/H/I/,H/I><"
33/+"5+34"5=<"+" 5
."."/" HI/,HI/,H3I><"3+4
 3..""5(7
& 6/" /:+"".H5"I
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 
6 6!"3""3 /"
!"" "5+34"5 w =T41"+""
!"3">
 6""""
6."""/.R !. 
R+". HI<33 "" /
!"3""3H"I5 /"3+"1/4
"":+5 /5S.""5(7
 6!"3".(""#.+3=.4
.3" >
 6!"3".!(#(
+34"
% 6!"3"7."+
!4."
# 6!"3". .
%!"7
=> >##
j? uFklj5s"F+"km
Hj6. klj5+ "1kmI
C<"3F.+3("D
=> (#(
jj09531kl1+sR1km
Hjj6B35kl.15.
kmI
C<("!!+3"!"D
='> #($
j?jkl1"R""R3s1"km
Hj6j55/kl+39kmI
C<("."5!4+3HI"D
=> #
ju5"kl]j 5s115 km
HjV/klj3!"AkmI
#"" /".!"3""1<
""!3"73"!/ .""5/!"
<!3"R" 5!" ."
7
A 6!"3" ("" 7

G 6!"3" ( ""  7
/." 5 
) ?./33!3 "/"35 HI<
R"(.!+"3
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 $
: 6 !" 3 "  7  "   "  ! . / 3
!" 7*
<.R!.!.""5!"3"
!"" 51.3+7+34
"/./!3"7.""53 (+3=34
"!!+3"!> 3 ."!4.=5  !!4
+3"!>:/!"3".""5=!+>""
B"E5"3" .86"!5"+"
" 3F+=!33"  4!>" //5!/5"
" 33"!"Ox
<.""5!"55"=.>!!"7
#(
6""jF5s"5k51k
Hj,""j5"kkI
./41^$%)^9$(/
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"./4C/./9/
L ./!/66L
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L ./9/66L
6
./41^O',^ M'O^O'4^O$/
"./A[,/./A/
L ./A/F66L
L ./9/LZ66L
6
L ./[/L66L
6
L ./[/L H66L
L"./$C/ ./!/ 66L
6
#(
jj5".sssk]s sk
Hjj /k kI
./A(^!'/
./41^O',^ A![^R'9^O$/
L"./41^A[,^O',/ ./A[/L66L
"./4C/./9/
L ./!/66L
L ./[/66L
L ./9/ZZ66L
6
L ./[/Z66L
6
"666"
L"./A[,^O$/ ./A[/66L
- 6 ("/  "+"1 33 <  <" "3
GQ =--37R>
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 &
L ./[/Z66L
"./4C/./9/
L ./!/66L
L ./9/Z66L
6
6
#7
ju5"k]j 5s115 k
HjV/kj3!"AkI
./A(^!(O/
L ./[ (/a66L
L"./A[,/ ./A[/66L
L"./4C/ ./!/L66L
L"./A[,/ ./A[/ 66L
6
"666"
./41^$%)^9$(/
"./41/./1/
L66L
L66L
6
L"./A[,/ ./A[/L66L
L ./[/ZHH66L
L"./$C/ ./9/L66L
6
KD  -
3 F!3"" ."+"=GQ--)/--37))R>
:!!"/?"05"+"33 "+3F= HI>/
"+!=#1,H5/5I>/"++3=#H5I>/
=Hf41IH! I>7
#@
 j! kCD
H<j5k5CDI
#(
CD1s"1]j5"1usF"" k
HjCD"+/5""+kI
##
j5".sssk]s s
Hj /k I
+$
;L3j5R5kCD
H?j55"!kCDI
:/"+!+3"335"+3F=H 34
"+I>/"!""+#1,=""" H5/5
I>
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 )
<R" !3N"<+".! ?
."+!/1,/=+"+.>!5+!=H/
I>0"" /."+3F/1,/!5+""+3
=HI>/"+!/#=H5I>/!5"+""+3=H5I>
: /R 38" 3 .R. .
+"+<"+!#/./."+"/5"
"+""+3#  !."+"
:/! 383."+"  
.1,A3"  3"+="+!y3F>
+.""53 "+3F%+1,53F33.
3" "+!=!3" 4">+.""53 
f41"+"15=3"" >/"+1,+!3"!4
5.!":/3=>"++3/=3>"+3F/ 
=>++3.""53 f41"+"=:?"05/3"+3 4
Ff41"+"."5""+3">
1,A
<s5"15]j""s5F 5R5k
H< CDj5""59 kI
C"+" 7H< CD/j""59 kID
1,AB
 5js! +"k
H@5:""jB 5kI
C"+" 7H@5:""/CDzB 5Ik
6.!"./41"!R!3"{B
 3" . .!  "(
.""+/.""5!"7
CDG5"1FS Fj5Lk
HCD5jCD3I
G/!  "" 1 3"8.=+]+><"+ "4
8!""3F+=55"1."><1
3+3""+3 !!@HCDI
"S."" "3"//!"" ?"05/5R
B "<./"" .+!+" 
.""3E5+3"!+3
"+/ "+0"" /""3.1,+3!
+3""+3F
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '-
7 " +`"
83"  %+0, ",
35/F5 ."!(" !" ."5
#/!""""5/
!+ 5 !" 1"."//14
<""=""3>""./!/!".
*/!+".!+35/4
!"551
"" !1/!153""4
35R !..="/93/+">H+I
<"!3 ""!76"/.!"/3
H"I.=H!I>/++"L"H"I?
L"""+"5"H3"I
<.""5"+"."+!.!"8
3"5=#+"".!"8GQ --3 7$'R>
(: 
\ "
"
X 93X
66 " 5
6@ @"5
6X 93X .
b@""@
8= "
8= "
8= "".
8@= """@
6@8= (@"5
8*?=  "
8*X E;-;?=  "-93X
!"."
2@3""!"
L2@3"".""5"
"*?3."
7  
833.3/"3.5
"=.'>
66L
0" L
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
66
0" 
7 
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8315!

7 A5@"
6.8 """. !" 4
3#!"/""""3!(=.>93 X E/
""  " "   93 X = '> 8" / 3 . 
5X"3f
668*X?=
0" +93X
6 !"8!( !.""3.!" 7
6"""/./+3." !V3 15"" 
"93X
668**XE;;??=
0" 93X
7 -@"
6""("=3">"(+3= ><./""
"!!!"""+""L
(+3
668**XE;AO;??*L8*X E;;?=?=
0" =>AO93X=>
+""LX 
7D !"@""@
6.81=.""(>(
.!"<"3"/5"3!! 
8+" #!"/""""3."3 !E3" 
V+. 3 "!'/!'4/!(O/(9%E1E!
.35"3."."3 !
668**XE;A(;?*XE;;?=
0" =>A(X=>
X<"3."."3 !
668**XE;A(;?*XE;!';?=
0" =>A(X=>!'
X<3.""+=03!(O.!'
"+"/.>
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
7K O-"L-
6"""+"f413 "+=.'/'><./""
"O',/3 M'O/"+""=5!>
O',X"
668**XE;O',;?**XE; M'O;??*\8*X"E
;O',;?=?=
0" =>O',X=> M'O
X='>+"".  !=>O',
X"
77 -@""
6""!((+33"(
""5.5" , !"" /". .=.
''><.""5""""/5L"!((5
+93X"
666L8*X E;[;?=8=6*2@L8*X"?=b2@8
*X"?=?
0"5 (L=>[X /!+=>
"!3". !L='>+93
X"
7P -@
:!"+3/"+3!""3!
93X X='2>8" /."=+3!"> 4
3X /93"3.3 "=!"+3>5
"+X
66\8X *X .2@\6XX .L2@\6
X?=
0" "=>93X 5"=>93
X.!.""53""
<5!!"/3.3/7. 
"=+3!">93X/93".X .4
"=!"+3>5"
66\8X*X.2@\6X X.L2@\6
X ?=
0" "=>93X5"=>93
X .!.""53""
7D ,-
83!"".7
6 "=5A(X^'>^
 "5"=5!"^>
 3=L541X"^''>^
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 ''
0"/./+"1E"  ./"""4
"=55>!"+G5+/33.("/
+ .3
668*XE;A(;?=
0" A(X
66*Lb?8*X"E;41;?=
0" L41X"
668=
0" !"
7K "
"3." !/3 !/1/^"+"3.
"+" !#""/3."+3"384
+!!.R+"7
6 G5 +3"3 3+3
 G5"!.f41"+"=!"""+">
 G5 "(""+" .+33F
{.1" 35 3.8/ "5 +"+
1.=+"./93>#/ 1"."+/
 /("" E. E !35.
++". 
#!"/863.".""55 73."
=>3=>+='>+3"" 1<//
3.""3 .""57
668*XE;41;?*XE;(9%;?*XE; A![;?=
0" =>41X=>(9%
X='> A![X
<58+3".53/" =>3."+"
f41=>3."+"f41^!.f4
1"+"!!.(3!.33
668*XE;41;?*XE;O',;?*XE; M'O;?=
0" =>41X=>O',
X='> M'OX
668*XE;41;?*XE;O',;?**XE; M'O;??=
0" =>41X=>O',
X='> M'OX
{+"+5R937
668*XE;[A,;?*X"E;4C;?=
0" =>[A,X=>4C
X"
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
77 
" N"3!3/R/
.""587
6 G5 "+!+3"3F
:.516HG5 "53F.""5((+3I/5
."!!7
668L8*X E;;?=8=8L2@\8*X"E;4C;?===
0" =>5(""L=>X 
='>.""53"".  !5=>4CX"
<!"+!"7
 G5 "+"+34
{3!".""55 7G5 "+"5
3.!((+38"=F/34
/F/++!/+3"!">OO:.5!!"/4
!"1"17
668*XE;A(;?*XE;!';?L8*X E;;?=8=8"
*2@\8X"**X"E;;??**X"E
;(%[;??**X E;[;??=?.==
0" =>A(X=>!'X='>
5=>(""LX =2>" !4
3"".  !.5.""57=> 4
3X"=$>X"=&>
(%[X"=)>[X 
<!!33" +3.!""33+^ !.
""+"'"((+3= >5
"2!(!!."= 2@>"34
/5" " =5/!/". .
CX"D/3.!"!/!31/4""> 4
H!.  "I  $/ &/  ) "   3= 
   >/ F  ++! =   (%[>  +3"
!"= [>
 +3"+3"!" "3  !"" F +3=  ( HI>E4
!3"""/"53 4!(/5!"!" !.!""" !"
+3.5
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '2
P (
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  ;? >
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 -./0/./1%23/
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 ( ;?C(DE:3 >
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 EE
EE

!"
eX
e\
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/

@ @EE
E-E
E
"31
eX\EX
,%:
 EE "
eX"\EX\EX"@\EX \
e\E\E"\EL\
,%:/

  3 
e j\E\

 ! "3" ."
eX"
e
,%:
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
 ( ;?C(DE:3 >

 -! !"+
eX
eE 
,%:
 E
 E
"@4 
 ,%:
 "EL e\E@\E\E\E@\E@\E\E
"\

@" "@4 
1+"3"
eX \
,%:
- @E- .=!>
eX\EX\EX \
e@\E-\E\E@\EE@\
,%:
 4  !./"3
eX
,%:
4  ! 
e
,%:
  E
4 
.33"!
eX\EX \
e9 \E9 \
,%:
! ! "!"/"4
/!."
eE WE
,%:
! ) !
e!EF!
,%:
  !33+ 
 ! =3.5>
eX
,%:
! ) ("!
e4 EE"@4 E
"!E4 
,%:
  9  . ,%:
 @E- .
eX \
e\E@\E\E@\E@\E\E"\E
L\
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
 "@4 
:.
eX
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    .!3".33"!
eX \
e\E"@\E"@\
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 !  !.!

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
Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '$
 ( ;?C(DE:3 >

eX WEX AW
e
" 1 (."
e
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1 ! "!
e"
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@ @EE
E-E
EE

"31
eX\EX\
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  @@4" !
eE E
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  E
E
4 
.+"
eX \
e9 \E9 \
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 W ! ""+"."
eX-
e
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
9  E  .
eX\EX \
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 -@E
E
E
 WE
F!
!! ,%:
 @E- !!
eX \
e\E@\E\E@\E@\E\E"\E
L\
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
@ @EE
E-E
EE

!31
eX\EX
,%:
9  E  !"
eX \
e \E" \
,%:
 EE "
eX"\EX\EX"@\EX \
eL
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
! ) !("!
e1
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F! ! !F!/
e
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"@4 
! !3"
e-@EE@"E
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Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '&
 ( ;?C(DE:3 >

"@   !3".33"!
eX \
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"@   !".!3".33"!
eX \
,%:
" EEE

!1
e
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
 4  !3" /1 ,%:
4  4  !3" 
e E
,%:
-! ) +!
e j
,%:
 EE
E
"
!".="4
>
eX./"/
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
 @@4" .33"!
e@@4E
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"! ! !
e@@4"
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"  !!"3 
e\E\

"  9   ,%:
%'( c"
e)E
,%:
) %'( 
eX 
e!E!E!E
-!
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 %'( 
eX 
e@
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  E
E
4 
".33"!
eX \
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4  ! "
eE4 E
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L EEE

5
eX\EX"\EX \EX"@\E
X \EX \
e
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/

Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 ')
PD A5@"
3  ;?# >

X L .3(=.5>
e '2
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
X @E@E@ =."]"]!31> ,%:
X" EEL  .
e ''
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
X " "=.:0?')|4
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X W  ."!
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X-  W ""+"."
e//
/
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X AW
 "+".!""!4

e//
/
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X  L !""" 
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
X @EE
-EE
E@E
@
3 ,%:
X  ".=.">
e/"6F/
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X" -@ +"3" ."
e//
,%:
X"  ."3" ."
e//
/L/
/ " /
/"HL/
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X"@ EEL  "
e '
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X @@4  !.!.33"!.
e/"/
//
/-" /
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X  3"..
e//""
e/@/31=!35""5>
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/

X  ""(
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Steen Höder | Phrases and Clauses Tagging Manual (PaCMan) 2.0 '
Article
Late medieval Sweden was a multilingual society. At least three languages ‐ namely Old Swedish, Low German, and Latin ‐ were in use, beside other regional languages. While the influence of Low German is easily detectable in all parts of the Swedish language system and has been investigated rather thoroughly from a historical sociolinguistic point of view (cf. Braunmüller 2004), the role of Latin has been rather marginalized in traditional Swedish language historiography, focusing on the earlier stages of Old Swedish, which are described as its classical form (cf. Pettersson 2005). Starting out as the language of religion, administration, diplomacy and, to some extent, trade, Latin was the dominant language of text production in Sweden until the 14th century, which saw Written Old Swedish gain some domains as well, resulting in a more balanced diglossic relation between the two languages. The emerging written variety of Swedish, however, was heavily influenced by the multilingual practices of scribes, in large part clerics who were used to using at least Swedish and Latin on a daily basis for a variety of communicative purposes (Höder 2010). These multilingual practices, ranging from ad hoc translations via code-switching to the application of Latin stylistic, textual, and syntactic norms in Swedish text production (Höder 2018), had a lasting impact on the later development of a Swedish proto-standard, and are still reflected in conservative text types today. This contribution approaches this development from a historical sociolinguistic and contact linguistic perspective, concentrating on the establishment of multilingual practices.
Article
Full-text available
Late medieval Sweden was a multilingual society. At least three languages – namely Old Swedish, Low German, and Latin – were in use, beside other regional languages. While the influence of Low German is easily detectable in all parts of the Swedish language system and has been investigated rather thoroughly from a historical sociolinguistic point of view (cf. Braunmüller 2004), the role of Latin has been rather marginalized in traditional Swedish language historiography, focusing on the earlier stages of Old Swedish, which are described as its classical form (cf. Pettersson 2005). Starting out as the language of religion, administration, diplomacy and, to some extent, trade, Latin was the dominant language of text production in Sweden until the 14th century, which saw Written Old Swedish gain some domains as well, resulting in a more balanced diglossic relation between the two languages. The emerging written variety of Swedish, however, was heavily influenced by the multilingual practices of scribes, in large part clerics who were used to using at least Swedish and Latin on a daily basis for a variety of communicative purposes (Höder 2010). These multilingual practices, ranging from ad hoc translations via code-switching to the application of Latin stylistic, textual, and syntactic norms in Swedish text production (Höder 2018), had a lasting impact on the later development of a Swedish proto-standard, and are still reflected in conservative text types today. This contribution approaches this development from a historical sociolinguistic and contact linguistic perspective, concentrating on the establishment of multilingual practices.
Chapter
Full-text available
The contribution addresses the problem of reconstructing the spoken language of the Old Swedish period (13th–16th c.) on the basis of written corpora. It proposes two approaches: an operational one (via identifying specifically written features) and an indirect one (via fictional orality).
Chapter
Full-text available
The synchronic and diachronic variability of historical texts poses substantial difficulties in the annotation and analysis of historical corpora. One main problem is that ongoing language change and particularly grammaticalisation phenomena lead to syntactic ambiguity. This contribution shows how such issues are dealt with in the TEI-based Hamburg Corpus of Old Swedish with Syntactic Annotation (HaCOSSA). The focus is on the development of strictly operational , explicitly defined, largely theory-neutral, language-specific and diachronic-ally broad annotation categories.
Article
Full-text available
„Subordination“, ein grundlegender Begriff für syntaktische Fragestellungen, wird häufig ohne genaue Definition gebraucht. Dieser Beitrag zeigt Möglichkeiten einer Operationalisierung für die Analyse eines altschwedischen Korpus. Dabei erlauben die gewählten Merkmale eine Annäherung an die Komplexität möglicher Subordinationstypen und -grade. Berücksichtigt werden sowohl strukturelle Eigenschaften der Nebensätze selbst als auch die hierarchischen Relationen zu den in Frage kommenden Matrixsätzen. In einer detaillierten Untersuchung auf dieser Grundlage zeigt sich die altschwedische Subordination dabei als sehr heterogenes Phänomen, dem ein dichotomer Subordinationsbegriff nicht gerecht wird.
Chapter
Full-text available
The synchronic and diachronic variability of historical texts poses substantial difficulties in the annotation and analysis of historical corpora. One main problem is that ongoing language change and particularly grammaticalisation phenomena lead to syntactic ambiguity. This contribution shows how such issues are dealt with in the TEI-based Hamburg Corpus of Old Swedish with Syntactic Annotation (HaCOSSA). The focus is on the development of strictly operational , explicitly defined, largely theory-neutral, language-specific and diachronic-ally broad annotation categories.
Chapter
In the Late Middle Ages, when Old Swedish develops into a written language it acquires simultaneously several innovative syntactic features, such as new relativisation patterns. On the basis of an annotated digital corpus of Late Old Swedish texts, appositive relative clauses and the pronominal relativisation strategy are singled out as the typologically most salient innovations. In this contribution the author argues that the emergence of these features has to be explained as a grammatical replication of Latin features in a process of language Ausbau. Furthermore, it is argued that these changes affect only the emerging written variety of Old Swedish and mark the beginning of a medial split, with the written language converging towards Latin and diverging from the spoken varieties.
Book
Das Schwedische wird im Spätmittelalter zur Schriftsprache ausgebaut und zwar in einer mehrsprachigen Gesellschaft, in der Latein und Niederdeutsch einen prägenden Einfluss haben. Zugleich ist im Schwedischen dieser Zeit erheblicher Sprachwandel zu beobachten. Welche Rolle spielt der Sprachkontakt zum Lateinischen für die syntaktische Entwicklung des Altschwedischen? Wie wirken sich die kommunikativen Rahmenbedingungen der Schriftlichkeit im Wandel aus? Wie interagieren beide Faktoren miteinander? Wie lässt sich diese komplexe sprachliche Situation aus der Perspektive moderner kontakt- und soziolinguistischer sowie sprachtheoretischer Modelle erfassen? Diese Studie behandelt solche Fragen einerseits in einer theoretischen Diskussion des Sprachausbaus im Altschwedischen, andererseits in einer detaillierten quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse syntaktischer Sprachwandelphänomene auf der Basis eines eigens erstellten digitalen Korpus altschwedischer Texte mit syntaktischer Annotation.
14 3 1 Relevant units14 3... 2 Morphological analysis
  • .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Linguistic Annotation
Linguistic annotation..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 3... 1 Relevant units.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 3... 2 Morphological analysis.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 3... 3 Syntactic functions......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 3... 4 Clause classification................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18 3... 5 Complex verbs..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 3... 6 Direct speech.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 3... 7 Code-switching...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
Innovative relativisation patterns in Old Swedish
  • References Höder
References Höder, Steffen... 2009... "Converging languages, diverging varieties... Innovative relativisation patterns in Old Swedish"... In: Kurt Braunmüller & Juliane House (eds... ), Convergence and divergence in language contact situations (Hamburg studies on multilingualism 8), 73-100...