Article

Noise sensitivity in 17 dog breeds: Prevalence, breed risk and correlation with fear in other situations

August 2015
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 171

DOI:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.020

Authors:

Norwegian University of Life Sciences

A web-based survey was conducted to estimate prevalence of noise sensitivity in 17 dog breeds in Norway (n = 5257). Major focus was on noise from fireworks, loud noises (bang/gunshots), thunderstorms and heavy traffic. The study also investigated risk factors as well as correlation with some other fear responses. On average approximately 23% of the dogs were reported to be fearful of noises. Fear in situations with fireworks had the highest frequency; situations with loud noises/gunshots, thunderstorms and heavy traffic following in decreasing order. Across the 17 breeds there was significant (p < 0.01) differences in the frequencies of fearful dogs. Norwegian Buhund, Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier and Lagotto Romagnolo were breeds that had the highest frequency of noise sensitivity while Boxer, Chinese Crested and Great Dane had lower frequencies of fear created by noise. There was a significant trend of increasing fear with older age. Response to fireworks, loud noises/gunshots and thunderstorms frequently co-occurred. Female dogs had higher odds of noise sensitivity compared to male dogs (OR = 1.3 p < 0.001), and neutered dogs had higher odds of being fearful of noises than intact dogs (OR = 1.73 p < 0.001). The dogs most fearful of noises also had higher odds of showing separation related behavior, being fearful in novel situations and required longer time to calm down after a stressful event compared to dogs less fearful of noises.

Canine phobia | La fobia nel cane

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Phobia in dogs is one of the most frequent and difficult to diagnose behavioral pathologies; it is often confused with fear and anxiety, also because in some cases multiple pathologies may coexist. Furthermore, a fundamental role is played by the owner who often fails to understand their pet’s behavior. Defining the type of pathology we are facing is the initial step from which to start to carry out an adequate therapeutic plan. The therapeutic aspect is also complex; it essentially consists of two parts: behavioral modification and a supportive drug therapy. It is also essential to have a good owner’s compliance.

Firework aversion in cats and dogs as reported by Dutch animal owners

Article

Oct 2024

Firework (noise) aversion is seen in cats and dogs relatively often and comes with a risk of animal welfare impairment. Affected animals may show behaviours like freezing, hiding, fleeing, but also inappropriate elimination, loss of appetite and (social) withdrawal. In The Netherlands, firework regulation has been a much-debated topic and we aimed to provide insight into how owners in this country report on their cat's or dog's firework aversion. We gathered reports on 3,009 dogs’ and 622 cats’ firework-related behaviours, exposure, animal (early life) characteristics and owner (dis)agreement with statements relating to firework aversion and animal guidance. We hypothesized that 1) suboptimal early life factors come with higher prevalence of firework aversion and 2) owners that report less firework aversion for their animal, agree more to the statement that owner behaviour affects an animal's future reactions to firework. Our findings confirm the first hypothesis for dogs and the second hypothesis for both species. Firework affects Dutch cats, dogs and their owners not just on New Year's Eve, but for multiple months a year: 64 % of the owners heard firework noise from September onwards. Suboptimal early life factors, of for instance not being noise habituated as a young animal came with higher prevalence of firework fear for dogs, but not cats and habituating particularly kittens seemed uncommon (4 % of kittens). Advice seeking was more common for dogs (54 %) than cats (23 %) with firework aversion. For both species reporting of lasting effects of therapeutic interventions was uncommon. <30 % of the most often applied interventions were reported to have a lasting mitigating effect on firework aversion. This may indicate a high importance of hereditary and early life preventive measures, but our respondents were not in high agreement with statements reflecting such importance. Although our study presents associative evidence only and was based on owner report, not on direct animal observations, we present attention points for future studies. One such attention point is a seemingly low awareness of the lifelong influence of an animal's early life factors. Studying how such awareness affects people that opt for a puppy or kitten as to facilitate acquisition decisions that may or may not come with firework resilient animals, may ultimately benefit animals that were in this study seen to experience firework aversion for multiple months a year, with limited long-term effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

Noise-related fear in dogs

Article

May 2024

This comprehensive guide delves into the phenomenon of noise-related fear in dogs, a prevalent issue with a significant impact on canine wellbeing. The article explores the intricate relationship between a dog's emotional response to noise and its behavioural expressions, highlighting the complexity of noise-related fear, its clinical manifestations and therapeutic approaches. It emphasises the importance of differentiating fear from anxiety and phobias, as they exhibit distinct characteristics that necessitate separate consideration in both diagnostic and therapeutic contexts. The guide explains how various factors can contribute to the development and progression of noise-related fear in dogs, including genetic predispositions, breed-specific traits and traumatic events related to noise exposure. It also addresses the critical role of veterinary professionals in managing noise-related fear, advocating for informed, proactive approaches in prevention, management and treatment. The guide stresses the importance of early detection and intervention, tailored treatment strategies, and the collaborative involvement of pet owners. Overall, it offers a holistic approach to safeguard the development of noise-related fear in dogs, aimed at improving their behavioural response and overall quality of life.

Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

David J. Menor Campos

Simple Summary Humans have selectively bred dogs for various purposes, including hunting, guarding, and service roles. However, over time, preferences have shifted from functionality to aesthetics, resulting in a diverse range of dog breeds with varying sizes, shapes, and coats. Unfortunately, this focus on design and appearance has led to fad breeding, causing genetic disorders, health issues, and a loss of biodiversity. The article looks at fashionable dog breeding and questions the ethics of prioritising looks over health and behaviour. It aims to alert potential owners, breeders and regulators to the importance of considering a dog’s overall well-being, not just its appearance. Breeding brachycephalic breeds with respiratory conditions, inbreeding causing inherited disorders, and overbreeding popular breeds while shelter dogs remain unadopted raise ethical concerns. Furthermore, the impact of cosmetic surgeries on popular dog breeds, as well as the neglect of behavioural traits in favour of physical characteristics and strict breeding practices, are also considered problematic. The current breeding model can negatively impact the emotional and cognitive well-being of dogs. This can result in issues such as aggression, anxiety, and other behavioural problems which can significantly reduce the overall quality of life of the animals. Unregulated breeding practices and the demand for rare breeds can lead to illegal breeding, which compromises animal welfare. Prospective owners, veterinarians, kennel clubs, and legislators all need to play a responsible role in protecting animals. Abstract The historical relationship between humans and dogs has involved selective breeding for various purposes, such as hunting, guarding, and service roles. However, over time, there has been a shift in preferences from functionality to aesthetics, which has influenced the diverse sizes, shapes, and coats of dog breeds. This review looks at fashionable dog breeding and questions the ethics of prioritising looks over health and behaviour. It aims to alert potential owners, breeders, and regulators to the importance of considering a dog’s overall well-being, not just its appearance, which has resulted in fad breeding, leading to genetic disorders, health issues, and a loss of biodiversity. Ethical concerns arise from breeding brachycephalic breeds with respiratory conditions, inbreeding causing inherited disorders, and overbreeding popular breeds while shelter dogs remain unadopted. Additionally, the impact of cosmetic surgeries on popular dog breeds, as well as the neglect of behavioural traits in favour of physical characteristics and strict breeding practices are also considered. The current breeding model can have a negative impact on the emotional and cognitive well-being of dogs, resulting in issues such as aggression, anxiety, and other behavioural problems that can significantly reduce their overall quality of life. Unregulated breeding practices and the demand for rare breeds can lead to illegal breeding, compromising animal welfare. Prospective owners, veterinarians, kennel clubs, and legislators all need to play a responsible role in protecting animals.

Citation (VANCOUVER): Raghy et al., A Review on the Influence of Noise on the Welfare of Dogs

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

The purpose of ears is to receive and transmit sound information to the brain. All ears have a dynamic functioning range but if sounds are excessively loud, it may harm the auditory system whereas those that are too low in intensity are simply not processed. One-third of canine population suffers from noise aversion. Dogs are frequently startled by loud noises like gunshots, thunder, or fireworks. Research indicates that some dog breeds are significantly less likely to experience loud noise phobia. Older dogs are more prone to react emotionally negatively to loud noises. Extreme phobic reactions can result from a single traumatic encounter as well as recurrent exposure to frightful stimuli. While phobic responses might include panic, acute agitation, and/or destructive activity, mild fear responses can include panting, pacing and hiding attempts. Sudden, loud noises are one of the most common triggers for fearful behaviours in dogs and many companion dogs suffer from noise sensitivity. This review deals with physiology of canine ear, breed differences in hearing capacities, frequencies of sound that affect dogs and the physiological and behavioural responses of dogs to noise stress. The effect of music on canine welfare and strategies for noise abetment is also elucidated. To protect the wellbeing of dogs and to limit the emergence of anxiety-related behavioural stress issues, a better understanding of interpreting canine responses to noise is imperative. ABSTRACT Breed, dogs, health, sound, noise, noise sensitivity, welfare KEY WORDS: Open Access

Genomic analysis of firework fear and noise reactivity in standard poodles

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Background Fear of firework noises and other loud, sudden noises (noise reactivity) is a significant problem for many dogs and may have a negative effect on both welfare and, in severe cases, the life expectancy of dogs. A wide range of behavior traits, including fear-related behaviors, have high heritability estimates in dogs. The aim of this study was to estimate genomic heritability for fear of fireworks and loud noises in dogs. Results A genomic heritability estimate was performed based on genome-wide SNPs from standard poodles with records of fear of fireworks and noise reactivity. The study was based on questionnaires answered by owners, who also volunteered to return a cheek swab from their dog for DNA analyses. SNP-based heritability was estimated to be 0.28 for firework fear and 0.16 for noise reactivity. We also identified an interesting region on chromosome 17 that was weakly associated with both traits. Conclusions We have estimated low to medium genomic heritabilities for fear of fireworks and noise reactivity in standard poodles. We have also identified an interesting region on chromosome 17, which harbors genes that have been shown to be involved in different psychiatric traits with anxiety components in humans. The region was associated with both traits; however, the association was weak and need further verification from other studies.

The Impact of Noise Anxiety on Behavior and Welfare of Horses from UK and US Owner’s Perspective

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Simple Summary Being a prey species, horses evolved to rapidly react to potential danger and loud noises may be perceived as such. Therefore, they can exhibit several anxiety behaviors during noisy events, including sweating, trembling and escape attempts, which may cause severe accidents for the horse and the rider/handler. Since noise anxiety can significantly impact on horse welfare, the aim of the present study was to investigate owners’ perception of noise anxiety severity in their horses, their management strategies and perceived efficacy. In a survey, 409 out of 1836 owners reported that their horse shows unusual behavior during a noise event. Among those, two noise anxiety clusters could be identified: very and slightly anxious horses. Very anxious horses were reported to have higher frequency of all anxiety behaviors and higher frequency of signs of noise reactivity; furthermore, their anxiety did not improve with time. The most frequently used management strategies were providing hay throughout the night or turning out or moving horses to a paddock; though, most of these techniques were reported to be effective only in the slightly anxious subjects. Our results confirmed that noise anxiety is a widespread behavioral problem (22% of our respondents reported that their horse had ever shown any unusual behavior in relation to loud noises) that can lead to negative welfare consequences for horses. Abstract Noise anxiety is an over-reaction to loud noises commonly detected among pets and can greatly impact on their welfare and on their management. When exposed to noisy events, horses can show intense escape attempts, which may cause severe accidents for the horse and the rider/handler. The aim of the present study was to investigate, through a web survey, UK and US owners’ perception of noise anxiety severity in their horses, their management strategies and perceived efficacy. The questionnaire was shared via social networking and advertised as “What is your horse afraid of?”. Over a total of 1836 questionnaires filled out; 409 owners reported that their horse has shown unusual behavior during a noise event. A two-step cluster analysis identified two groups: very anxious (VA) and slightly anxious (SA). VA horses were reported to have higher frequency of anxiety behaviors; higher frequency of signs of noise reactivity; and their anxiety did not improve with time. The most used management strategies consisted in providing hay throughout the night, turning in/out their horse or moving it to a paddock. A binomial logistic regression identified that horses that have reported injuries during noise events were more likely to be clustered as VA (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08–0.76); while providing hay throughout the night was more likely to be very effective management strategy in SA horses (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16–1.01). Our results confirmed that noise anxiety is a growing behavioral problem that can lead to important welfare concerns for horses. New management strategies, including the use of medicinal products, should be considered to reduce behavioral and physiological signs and help horses to cope with noisy events.

Personality traits associate with behavioral problems in pet dogs

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Personality traits, especially neuroticism, strongly predict psychopathology. The domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) is used as a natural model for psychiatric disorders, but the similarity between dog and human personality and the association between dog personality and unwanted behavioral traits, such as fearfulness, aggressiveness, and impulsivity/inattention, remain unknown. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) with survey data of 11,360 dogs to examine the associations and correlations between seven personality and ten unwanted behavioral traits. Personality traits included insecurity, energy, training focus, aggressiveness/dominance, human sociability, dog sociability, and perseverance. Unwanted behavioral traits included fearfulness, noise sensitivity, fear of surfaces/heights, separation anxiety, barking, stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, dog-directed aggression, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and inattention. We first fitted confirmatory factor models for the unwanted behavioral traits and the best model grouped unwanted behaviors into four latent traits: fear-related behavior, fear-aggression, aggression, and impulsivity/inattention and used this structure in the subsequent SEM model. Especially, insecurity, which resembles the human neuroticism trait, was strongly associated with unwanted behavior, paralleling the association between neuroticism and psychopathology. Similarly, training focus, resembling conscientiousness, was negatively related to impulsivity/inattention, and aggressiveness/dominance was associated with aggressive behaviors, resembling associations of conscientiousness and agreeableness with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and aggression-related psychopathology, respectively. These results indicate that dog personality traits resemble human personality traits, suggesting that their neurological and genetic basis may also be similar and making the dog a suitable animal model for human behavior and psychiatric disorders.

Review of epidemiological, pathological, genetic, and epigenetic factors that may contribute to the development of separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Complex traits, complex results : the genetic, demographic, and environmental factors of cat and dog behaviour

Thesis

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Milla Salonen

Behavioural traits are complex, influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors and they can also affect the health and welfare of individuals. Behaviour is equally important for companion animals, cats and dogs. Furthermore, some of their behavioural traits resemble human psychiatric diseases. Despite behaviour’s importance, its biological background is still poorly known in these animals. This thesis examines the complexity of behaviour by studying the genetic and environmental factors influencing behaviour, as well as behavioural intercorrelations simultaneously in two companion animal species: the dog and the cat. This comparative perspective may reveal insights into the background of behaviour that could also be generalized to human behaviour. Specifically, this thesis aims to study 1) breed differences of dogs and cats and heritability of behaviour in cats, 2) behaviour correlations in both species, and 3) environmental factors influencing aggression in dogs and multiple behavioural traits in cats. Behavioural and background data was collected from the dog and cat owners through online questionnaires. In both species, the frequency of fear, aggression, and abnormal repetitive behaviour was examined. Sociability and level of activity was also examined in cats and impulsivity/inattention in dogs. Large datasets of 13 715 dogs and 5726 cats were collected and analysed with different methods, including multiple logistic regression for the environmental factors of behaviour and Bayesian multivariate model for heritability analyses. The results of this thesis show that both dog and cat breeds differ in behaviour, that behaviour is heritable, that many behavioural traits are correlated, and that many environmental factors are associated with behavioural traits. Heritability estimates varied between 0.40 and 0.53 for all behavioural traits and breeds. Especially fear and aggression correlated strongly and these traits were also associated with abnormal repetitive behaviour in both species. Social environment in both early life and at the time of answering was associated with lower incidence of aggression and abnormal repetitive behaviour. The results closely paralleled in both companion animal species and showed some parallels to human psychiatry as well. This finding indicates that the biological background of behaviour is similar in dogs and cats, and likely in humans as well. The findings of this thesis had great scientific and practical impact, as, for example, regulations for separating a kitten from its mother was adapted accordingly.

From “Husky” to “Bulldog”– behavioural correlates between castration and breed groups in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024
BMC Vet Res

Neutering dogs is a widespread method and is carried out for various behavioural and husbandry reasons. This study’s main objective is to investigate the behavioural correlations between neutering and the breed of male dogs. In order to possibly find breed-dependent differences in the behaviour of intact and castrated dogs, a differentiation between two clades - the “Huskies“(chow chow, shar pei, akita/shiba inu, alaskan malamute, siberian/alaskan husky) and the “Bulldogs” (german boxer, english/french bulldog, old english mastiff, boston terrier, english bull terrier, staffordshire bull terrier, american staffordshire terrier), based on Parker et al. [1], was made. Using an online questionnaire,, 31 neutered and 37 intact male dogs from the clade “Huskies“ and 30 neutered and 38 intact male dogs from the clade “Bulldogs”, participated in the study (N = 136).The survey included detailed questions on the dogs’ personality and any associated issues as well as a behavioural anamnesis. Further questions relating to four of the “big five” personality dimensions based on the “Budapest questionnaire” by Turcsán et al. from 2011 [2] were also added. The results show, that neutered males from both breed clades more frequently displayed aggression toward humans than intact males (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.002). When it came to aggression towards other dogs, it was the “Huskies” that differed significantly from the “Bulldogs“(multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) with being more aggressive. There were also significant differences in stress-related behaviour depending on castration status and breed (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.33) and only the castration status had an impact on the significance (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001). The analysis also revealed significance for stress-indicating behaviour with dependence on neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001) and showed that stress as well as uncertainty are significantly more common in neutered dogs depending on breed and neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.42), in that only neutered “Bulldogs“ were stressed, but more “Huskies“ overall. According to the Budapest questionnaire data, the “Bulldog” clade had considerably greater extraversion scores overall (ordinal regression, p < 0.001) than the “Huskies“. Our findings highlight the risks and potential negative effects of neutering. Gonadectomy in no way substitutes for the dog receiving the necessary socialization, training, or bonding. Although in some circumstances it might have a favourable impact on the dog’s behaviour, it should not be seen as a panacea for unwanted behaviour. Given that not all behaviours are influenced by sex hormones, every castration decision must be weighed up individually.

A Multidimensional Evaluation of the Factors in the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) That Are Associated and Predictive of Behaviour Disorders in Dogs

Preprint

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Behavioural disorders in dogs are common and have severe welfare consequences for dogs. This study aimed to assess the factors that are significant and predictive of behaviour problems in dogs using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) to further understand what factors influence their welfare. 177 AWAG assessments were undertaken across 129 dogs that clinicians deemed to have a behavioural disorder. Wilcoxon-rank sum tests were used to assess the difference in scores between dogs with behaviour disorders and a cohort of healthy dogs (n=117). This analysis showed that all physical factors besides body condition, all procedural factors besides procedure pain, and all psychological, and environmental factors were significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with behaviour disorders. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (RS) revealed several significant strong positive correlations including the procedural impact on the dog’s daily routine with aggression towards unfamiliar people and procedure pain, as well as other correlations between the dog’s behaviour during assessment with the frequency at which they encounter fears and anxieties, clinical assessment and procedure pain, and reaction to stressors and social interactions. These findings highlight the interdependent nature of the various influences of welfare. Logistic regression analysis identified that aggression towards the caregiver, fears and anxieties frequency, and choice, control, and predictability were all significant predictors of behaviour disorders. The findings have important implications for veterinary, behaviour, and animal welfare professionals as any changes across these factors may indicate poor welfare linked to emotional disorders in dogs.

Noise reactivity and firework fear in dogs

Article

Dec 2023

Karin Handegård

Noise reactivity and firework fear are well-known and often discussed topics among dog owners. The prevalence of noise reactivity varies a lot between different dog breeds; in certain breeds, as many as 50% of all dogs are affected at some level. Even though the prevalence of noise reactivity is high, little is known about the genetic background of noise reactivity in dogs. This article provides a brief introduction to behavioural genetics and the genetics behind noise reactivity and firework fear, some of the animal welfare issues related to extreme fear of noise, and sheds light on the possibilities of reducing the prevalence through systematic breeding.

Genetic distance from wolves affects family dogs’ reactions towards howls

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Domestication dramatically changes behaviour, including communication, as seen in the case of dogs (Canis familiaris) and wolves (Canis lupus). We tested the hypothesis that domestication may affect an ancient, shared communication form of canids, the howling which seems to have higher individual variation in dogs: the perception and usage of howls may be affected by the genetic relatedness of the breeds to their last common ancestor with wolves (‘root distance’) and by other individual features like age, sex, and reproductive status. We exposed 68 purebred dogs to wolf howl playbacks and recorded their responses. We identified an interaction between root distance and age on the dogs’ vocal and behavioural responses: older dogs from more ancient breeds responded longer with howls and showed more stress behaviours. Our results suggest that domestication impacts vocal behaviour significantly: disintegrating howling, a central, species-specific communication form of canids and gradually eradicating it from dogs’ repertoire.

A comparison of hearing and auditory functioning between dogs and humans

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Clomipramine and alprazolam to treat noise phobia in a dog: case report

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Behavioral disorders, including noise phobia, have a great impact on small animals internal medicine, impairing their quality of life as well as their life expectancy. The objective of this work is to report the case of a male dog who suffered from noise phobia and panic attacks triggered by thunderstorms and fireworks, and did not respond to previous training and treatment. After clinical and laboratory evaluations, he was treated with 2mg/kg clomipramine twice daily for 90 days associated with 0.06mg/kg alprazolam as needed on those days of intense fear. During the first week of treatment, a significant improvement could already be observed, with reduction in destructive behaviors, which lingered on for up to eight months of follow-up. The treatment stabilized the clinical condition and improved the patient’s quality of life.

Comparing Behavioural Problems in Imported Street Dogs and Domestically Reared Danish Dogs—The Views of Dog Owners and Veterinarians

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Simple Summary Ownerless dogs are common in parts of Southern and Eastern Europe. Some so-called street dog organisations sell them on to buyers in North European countries such as Denmark—typically via local shelters. However, with their background, the dogs may struggle to adapt to their new life as companion animals. Behavioural problems may ensue, affecting the dogs’ welfare and also presenting difficulties for the new owners. The study reported here investigated whether former street dogs imported into Denmark display more behavioural problems than dogs reared in Denmark. We examined responses to two surveys, one of Danish dog owners and one of Danish veterinarians. Our analysis appeared to confirm that street dogs display behavioural problems to a higher degree than dogs reared in Denmark. Behaviours associated with fear, stress and aggression were especially common. The extent of the behavioural problems reported by the veterinarians was greater than that reported by the dog owners, most of whom reported low levels of problems. This may be due, at least partly, to stress reactions in dogs handled by veterinarians. Abstract Street dogs are common in southern and eastern parts of Europe. They are often adopted by people living in North European countries, including Denmark. However, these dogs may experience difficulties adjusting to their new life as companion animals, and this may in turn lead to behavioural problems and complications for owners. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether former street (FS) dogs display a higher degree of behavioural problems than dogs reared in Denmark (RD). Two questionnaires were developed. One was distributed to Danish dog owners and resulted in 3020 useful answers. FS dogs were found to display 9 of the 45 listed behaviours more often than RD dogs. All of these behaviours were related to fear, aggression and stress. The second questionnaire was distributed to Danish veterinarians working in small animal practices and resulted in 173 useful answers. The most commonly reported behavioural problems were fear of humans, stress and problems when the dog was left at home alone. The extent of the behavioural problems reported by the veterinarians was much greater than that reported by the dog owners which, at least partly, may be due to fear-induced reactions of the dogs when handled at the veterinary clinic.

A Comparison of Hearing and Auditory Functioning Between Dogs and Humans

Preprint

Full-text available

Jul 2020

Behavioural differences and similarities between dog breeds: proposing an ecologically valid approach for canine behavioural research

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024
BIOL REV

The behaviour of dogs holds great relevance for not only scientists from fundamental and applied research areas, but also due to the widespread roles of dogs in our societies as companions and working animals; their behaviour is also an important factor in animal and human welfare. A large proportion of dogs currently under human supervision belong to one of roughly 400 recognised breeds. Dog breeds can be characterised by distinctive, predictable and reproducible features, including some of their behavioural traits. To the scientist, the comparative analysis of the behaviour of dog breeds provides an opportunity for investigating an array of intriguing phenomena within an easily accessible model organism created from natural and human‐driven evolutionary processes. There are many ways to design and conduct breed‐related behavioural investigations, but such endeavours should always be based around biologically relevant research questions and lead to ecologically valid conclusions. In this review, we surveyed recent research efforts that included dog behaviour‐related comparisons and applied a critical evaluation according to their methods of breed choice and the subsequent research design. Our aim was to assess whether these two fundamentally important components of experimental design provide a solid basis to reach valid conclusions. Based on 97 publications that fulfilled our selection criteria, we identified three primary methods used by researchers to select breeds for their investigations: ( i ) convenience sampling; ( ii ) hypothesis‐driven, ancestry‐based sampling; and ( iii ) hypothesis‐driven, functional sampling. By using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) evaluation system, we highlight each of these techniques' merits and shortcomings. We identify when particular methods may be inherently unable to produce biologically meaningful results due to a mismatch between breed choice and the initial research goals. We hope that our evaluation will help researchers adopt best practices in experimental design regarding future dog breed comparisons.

Considering the human-animal bond in developing One Health guidelines and standards for companion animals in humanitarian crises

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2024

Establishing international One Health guidelines and standards for the evacuation and care of small companion animals in humanitarian crises is essential to protect the overall well-being of people and pets impacted, improve efficacy and safety of response operations, safeguard public health and biosecurity, and mitigate the impacts of free-roaming pets on the environment and biodiversity. Given predictably larger scale and more frequent crises due to climate change and human conflict or violence, it is increasingly important to consider and plan for the impacts that invariably result when both people and pets are displaced. One Health impact statement Currently, there is a prominent focus on One Health approaches to plan for and respond to emerging infectious disease threats as they impact human physical and public health. Much less attention has been paid to all-hazards disaster preparedness and planning (DPP) that comprehensively addresses the myriad additional ways humans, other animals, and the environment are impacted by co-displacement of pets and people. If applied, One Health approaches to DPP for humanitarian crises would address a broader range of risks and harms and build the cross-disciplinary collaborations and platforms necessary to truly plan and prepare for “all hazards.” This approach also provides an exceptional opportunity to elevate One Health understanding among both professionals and the public when disaster planning initiatives are developed with, and shared among, communities around the world.

Raising laying hens: housing complexity and genetic strain affect startle reflex amplitude and behavioural response to fear-inducing stimuli

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024

Individual variation in fearfulness can be modified during ontogeny, and high levels of fear can affect animal welfare. We asked whether early-life environmental complexity and genetic strain affect fear behaviour in young laying hens (pullets). Four replicates of brown (B) and white (W) genetic strains (breeds) of layers were each raised in four environmental treatments (housing): conventional cages (Conv) and different rearing aviaries with increasing space and complexity (Low < Mid < High). We used a startle reflex test (weeks 4 and 14) to measure startle amplitude and autonomic response (i.e. comb temperature). A combination of novel arena (NA) and novel object (NO) tests was used (week 14) to assess NA exploration and alertness, latency to approach the centre and initial NO avoidance and investigation. Housing × strain affected startle amplitude (B-Conv, B-High < B-Low, B-Mid; B > W; no housing effect in W) but not autonomic response. Fear behaviour was affected by housing (NA exploration, investigation: Conv < Low, Mid, High; NO avoidance: Conv, High < Low, Mid), strain (NA alertness: B > W, NO avoidance: W > B) and their interaction (NA centre approach: B-Conv < all other groups). We present evidence for strain-specific fear responses depending on early experience.

One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024
J BIOL RHYTHM

Circadian biology’s impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.

Therapy and Prevention of Noise Fears in Dogs—A Review of the Current Evidence for Practitioners

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Stefanie Riemer

Simple Summary Fear of loud noises is the most common behavioural problem in pet dogs. This manuscript provides an overview of treatment options for noise fears in dogs and describes the current scientific evidence for their effectiveness. Therapy for noise-sensitive dogs involves a combination of management and behavioural training, as well as the potential use of anti-anxiety medication to safeguard dogs’ welfare and prevent worsening of the fear. Providing rewards (food/play) to create positive associations with noises (counterconditioning) is one of the most effective training methods and may change dogs’ emotional responses to noise. Additionally, relaxation training and training with audio recordings can improve noise fears in dogs. While a variety of products to alleviate fear in dogs are on the market, to date, evidence indicates that most “alternative” remedies, such as nutraceuticals, herbal remedies, pheromones, homeopathy, Bach flowers, and essential oils, are not powerful enough to help dogs overcome serious fears. In contrast, the effectiveness of several types of anti-anxiety medications has been demonstrated. Noise fears in puppies and adults can be prevented by creating positive associations with sudden noises. Abstract Noise fears represent the most common behavioural problem in dogs. This manuscript provides an overview of diverse approaches for alleviating fear of noises in dogs and the supporting evidence. In the treatment of noise fears, both short-term solutions to prevent trauma or the deterioration of fear during unavoidable noise events and longer-term training need to be considered. Environmental management, the provision of incentives (food/play) during noise exposure, and, when indicated, anxiolytic medication, can safeguard dogs’ welfare during noise events. Most “alternative” products (such as nutraceuticals, herbal remedies, pheromones, homeopathy, Bach flowers, and essential oils) are unlikely to be sufficient as monotherapy for noise fears, whereas there is good evidence for the efficacy of several anxiolytic medications. In the longer term, counterconditioning to real-life noises, relaxation training, and desensitisation/counterconditioning using noise recordings have been shown to improve fear of noises in dogs. Preventative training appears to be highly effective in preventing the development of noise fears in puppies and adult dogs.

Behavior problems in dogs—An assessment of prevalence and risk factors based on responses from a representative sample of Danish owners

Article

Nov 2023
J VET BEHAV

Effectiveness of Integrated Medical Treatment for Thunderstorm Aversion: A Case Series of 23 Dogs

Article

Feb 2022

Canine thunderstorm aversion (CTA) is a significant challenge to pets, owners, and veterinarians. The objective of this research was to determine if traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) treatment with acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, basic desensitization and counterconditioning (DSCC) with a behavior modification drug, could lessen the severity of CTA in dogs. A total of 23 dogs that exhibited behaviors typical of thunderstorm aversion were enrolled in the study. At study start, all dogs received a TCVM Pattern diagnosis and were treated with Pattern-specific Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture points. In addition, owners received DSCC behavior modification protocols and a conventional drug (alprazolam) to be used as needed during thunderstorms. Dogs were examined once a month for 4 months and Chinese herbal medicine formulations and acupuncture treatment adjusted as TCVM Patterns changed. After 120 days of treatment, the mean±SD improvement in overall thunderstorm aversion behaviors in study participants was 77.2%±27.7% (p < 0.0001). This result was significantly greater than 52% (p = 0.002), a reported mean improvement percentage for conventional treatment only, after 4 months. Six of the 7 individual aversion behaviors (panting, pacing, trembling, hiding, excess salivation, excess vocalization) had a significant reduction (range: p =0.046 to p = 0.008) over the course of treatment. The study results demonstrated that integrative management of CTA with TCVM Pattern-specific treatments combined with a conventional rescue drug and behavior modification improves CTA behaviors and suggests greater efficacy than conventional medical management only. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these preliminary findings.

Escenarios precursores de distrés canino en base a necesidades del paciente durante la consulta veterinaria

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Objetivo. Evaluar los escenarios precursores de distrés, en base a las necesidades del paciente durante la primo vacunación en la consulta veterinaria, para lo cual se examinaron 24 pacientes (n=24) de todas las edades, sin diferencia de sexo o raza, procedentes de la ciudad de Loja, Ecuador. Metodología. Se examinó los signos indicadores de distrés, estrés, confort y fisiológicos en tres tiempos (previo, durante, después) por 15 minutos cada uno; se ejecutó el mismo procedimiento en tres distintas sesiones, con la diferencia de escenarios en cada consulta (tradicional, enriquecimiento ambiental y domicilio). Resultados. Se evidenció que la consulta tradicional (S3), induce mayor estrés canino en la vacunación con un 9.36 (p<0.05), frente a los demás escenarios, ya que las circunstancias que se percibieron fueron estresantes, influyendo en signos: rascar 0.44%, masticar 0.27%, gruñir 0.23% y bostezar 0.21%, haciendo que la consulta de rutina sea amenazante; la consulta con enriquecimiento (S1) tiene un porcentaje minoritario 4.74, haciéndolo más favorable para tratar a pacientes, los cuales se vio reflejado en signos de confort y fisiológicos: sonrisa real 0.38%, mover la cola 0.28%, frecuencia cardiaca 0.32% y temperatura 0.29%. Conclusiones. Los datos indicaron que S3, seguido de la consulta domiciliaria (S2) tienen mayor prevalencia de estrés, por lo cual son escenarios menos convenientes para relacionarse con las mascotas; en cambio se ha verificado que S1 es óptimo para cumplir con las necesidades que el paciente requiere al momento de la consulta.

Behavioral Rehabilitation of Extremely Fearful Dogs: Report on the Efficacy of a Treatment Protocol

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Some dogs entering shelters exhibit extreme fearfulness, often after experiencing cruelty or neglect. Dogs displaying extreme fearfulness are difficult to assess and treat using the tools and protocols available in most shelters. Without effective treatment, these dogs have an unacceptably poor quality of life and are unlikely to be successfully adopted. Treatment protocols using behavior modification techniques such as desensitization, counterconditioning and operant conditioning were developed to reduce fear of stimuli that pet dogs typically experience in adoptive homes. From 2013–2020, outcomes were recorded for dogs that went through this behavioral rehabilitation program. The graduation rate from the program was 86% (380/441). Graduated dogs spent an average of 98 (SD=55) days in the program, experiencing an average of 78 specific treatment sessions. They showed a significant improvement in behavior in a standardized behavior assessment (df=440, t=28.3836, p=0.001) before meeting criteria for placement. Once offered for adoption, they had a 99% adoption rate and a 96% adopter satisfaction rate. These results indicate that an appropriately designed behavioral rehabilitation program for dogs displaying extreme fear in a shelter setting can prove highly successful, resulting in improved quality of life and reduced need for behavioral euthanasia.

How Environmental Conditions Affect Sleep? An Investigation in Domestic Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Article

May 2022
BEHAV PROCESS

Studies with humans and some other animal species have shown that sleep is compromised when the presence of external factors such as light, sound, and temperature surpass normal levels. This study investigated the effects of these environmental conditions on 13 kennelled laboratory dogs, assessing whether each variable interfered with their sleep behaviour and/or increased stress responses, which could further compromise sleep quality. The behaviour of dogs was video recorded for eight months. Diurnal and nocturnal behaviour were recorded, along with naturally occurring levels of temperature, light and sound in the dogs’ kennel environment. Faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM), from samples collected every morning, were used to monitor the dogs’ adrenocortical activity. GLMM models and non-parametric tests were conducted to evaluate the relationship between sleeping patterns, environmental variables, and stress on the studied dogs. Nocturnal sleep decreased in response to increases in temperature and in day light duration. No effects of sound and FCM levels on dogs’ sleep were observed. However, diurnal sleep was affected by sound and FCM levels, decreasing when both factors increased. Additionally, noisier days increased stress responses, especially in male dogs. Increased FCM levels were associated with changes in the diurnal behaviour of dogs; for example, decreased activity. The decrease in daily activities and increased physiological stress responses could be associated with maladaptation to the environment, which could indicate poor welfare. Our study suggests that mitigating the impact of environmental conditions in the kennels could improve sleep quality and the overall quality of life of the dogs.

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Sudden, loud noises are one of the most common triggers for fearful behaviors in dogs, and many companion dogs suffer from noise sensitivity. Existing research focuses on dramatic infrequent sounds (e.g., thunderstorms, fireworks). Anecdotally, and based on reports of undesirable behaviors in response to noises in the home, many common household noises may also be causing fear and anxiety in companion dogs. However, these responses have not yet been studied in home environments. We surveyed 386 dog owners about their dogs' responses to household sounds, and recorded dog behaviors and human reactions from 62 videos and compilations available on an online video sharing platform, featuring dogs reacting to common household noises. Numerous signs of canine fear and anxiety were reported by survey respondents and observed in the videos, in response to both daily, and irregular but “normal,” household noises. Responses were significantly stronger to sounds characterized as high frequency intermittent than to sounds characterized as low frequency continuous. Respondents appeared to underestimate their dogs' fearfulness, and the majority of humans in the videos responded to their dogs' behaviors with amusement; welfare concerns were rarely expressed. While these videos cannot be used to calculate actual prevalence of these issues, our data support that some owners are underestimating fearfulness in their dogs in response to household noises, and responding inappropriately to dogs' expressions of fear and anxiety. Better education is required for dog owners to accurately interpret canine body language, to both safeguard dogs' welfare and minimize development of anxiety-related behavior problems.

Greyhound Racing Track Lure Systems—Acoustical Measurements Within and Adjacent to the Starting Boxes

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

This study investigates and compares the acoustic signatures of a traditional wire-cable-pulled lure system and two alternative battery-operated lure systems jointly developed by Covey Associates Pty. Ltd. and Steriline Pty. Ltd. to eliminate the hazardous steel-wire cable and make the sport of greyhound racing safer for greyhounds, participants and spectators. The acoustical measurements of these three lure systems were conducted at the Murray Bridge greyhound racing track. The lure sounds were measured by the high-frequency Brüel & Kjær (B&K) Type 4191 microphones for the 395 m and 455 m starts at two positions: within the starting box and on the track adjacent to the starting boxes. The measurements capture the sounds that the greyhounds hear before and after the opening of the starting box gate. The frequency-domain analysis and sound quality analysis were conducted to compare the lure sounds. It was found when the battery-lure was installed with all nylon rollers, it presented less sound energy and lower frequency than the traditional wire-cable-pulled lure. When two of the nylon rollers were replaced with steel rollers, the battery-operated lure emitted a louder and higher frequency sound than the traditional wire-cable-pulled lure. The different acoustic characteristics of these lure systems suggest future research is warranted on the reaction of greyhounds to different lure sounds, particularly their excitement level within the starting box as the lure approaches. This initial research also suggests some greyhounds may not clearly hear the battery-operated lure with all nylon rollers approaching the starting boxes and the timing of these greyhounds to jump may be delayed, particularly during high wind conditions.

3D Insights into the Effects of Captivity on Wolf Mastication and Their Tooth Marks; Implications in Ecological Studies of Both the Past and Present

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Simple Summary Recent years have seen major advances in the analysis of carnivore modifications to bone during feeding, based on the integration of 3D modeling and data science techniques, and with special attention being paid to tooth marks. From this perspective, carnivore tooth scores and pits have slowly converted into a protagonist in the identification of the carnivores producing them. The present study confronts the intra-species variability of tooth mark morphologies produced by Iberian wolves, taking into account not only different populations but also whether wild and captive wolves produce different shaped tooth marks. Here we show how, in the case of tooth scores, differences are notable and should thus be treated with caution. Further conclusions reveal that carnivore tooth pits are currently the most diagnostic elements for the study of carnivore feeding traces on bone, pending future studies that compare closely related taxa with sufficient intraspecific variability. In light of this, further investigation into the possible stress captivity may cause on these animals could be of great importance for both the study of past and present. If differences were to exist, these results could implicate a larger margin of error than previously perceived for some experimental samples, affecting both prehistoric and modern-day ecological studies. Abstract Human populations have been known to develop complex relationships with large carnivore species throughout time, with evidence of both competition and collaboration to obtain resources throughout the Pleistocene. From this perspective, many archaeological and palaeontological sites present evidence of carnivore modifications to bone. In response to this, specialists in the study of microscopic bone surface modifications have resorted to the use of 3D modeling and data science techniques for the inspection of these elements, reaching novel limits for the discerning of carnivore agencies. The present research analyzes the tooth mark variability produced by multiple Iberian wolf individuals, with the aim of studying how captivity may affect the nature of tooth marks left on bone. In addition to this, four different populations of both wild and captive Iberian wolves are also compared for a more in-depth comparison of intra-species variability. This research statistically shows that large canid tooth pits are the least affected by captivity, while tooth scores appear more superficial when produced by captive wolves. The superficial nature of captive wolf tooth scores is additionally seen to correlate with other metric features, thus influencing overall mark morphologies. In light of this, the present study opens a new dialogue on the reasons behind this, advising caution when using tooth scores for carnivore identification and contemplating how elements such as stress may be affecting the wolves under study.

Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial

Article

May 2021

Background: Storm phobia in companion dogs is a common disorder that significantly impacts dogs' welfare. Gabapentin, the action of which is only partially understood, is widely used for its antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Only recently, the veterinary community began to use gabapentin to address phobia and anxiety in dogs. This study tested gabapentin to lower fear responses of dogs during a thunderstorm event. Methods: Eighteen dogs suffering from storm phobia completed our double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Each dog's behaviour was evaluated twice by his owner: once under placebo, once under gabapentin. The treatment was orally administered at least 90 min before the exposure. Gabapentin was given at a dose ranging from 25 to 30 mg/kg. Results: Our results indicate a significant reduction of the fear responses of dogs under gabapentin. The adverse effects were rare, and the most frequent amongst them was ataxia. Conclusion: In this trial, gabapentin appears to be an efficient and safe molecule that should be considered as part of the treatment plan of storm phobia in dogs.

Reliability and Validity of a Dog Personality and Unwanted Behavior Survey

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

Simple Summary Dogs have distinct personalities, meaning differences between individuals that persist throughout their lives. However, it is still unclear what traits are required to define the whole personality of dogs. Personality and unwanted behavior are often studied using behavioral questionnaires, but researchers should ensure that these questionnaires are reliable and valid, meaning that they measure the behavior traits they were intended to measure. In this study, we first examined what traits define a dog’s personality. We discovered seven personality traits: Insecurity, Training focus, Energy, Aggressiveness/dominance, Human sociability, Dog sociability and Perseverance. We also studied six unwanted behavior traits: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, aggression (including barking, stranger directed aggression, owner directed aggression and dog directed aggression), fear of surfaces and heights, separation anxiety, and impulsivity/inattention (including hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention). We examined the reliability of these traits by asking some dog owners to answer to the questionnaire twice, several weeks apart, and by asking another family member to answer the questionnaire of the same dog. Furthermore, we studied the validity of these traits by forming predictions based on previous literature. Based on our results, this personality and unwanted behavior questionnaire is a good tool to study dog behavior. Abstract Dogs have distinct, consistent personalities, but the structure of dog personality is still unclear. Dog personality and unwanted behavior are often studied with behavioral questionnaires. Even though many questionnaires are reliable and valid measures of behavior, all new questionnaire tools should be extensively validated. Here, we examined the structure of personality and six unwanted behavior questionnaire sections: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, aggression, fear of surfaces and heights, separation anxiety and impulsivity/inattention with factor analyses. Personality consisted of seven factors: Insecurity, Training focus, Energy, Aggressiveness/dominance, Human sociability, Dog sociability and Perseverance. Most unwanted behavior sections included only one factor, but the impulsivity/inattention section divided into two factors (Hyperactivity/impulsivity and Inattention) and the aggression section into four factors (Barking, Stranger directed aggression, Owner directed aggression and Dog directed aggression). We also examined the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability and convergent validity of the 17 personality and unwanted behavior traits and discovered excellent reliability and validity. Finally, we investigated the discriminant validity of the personality traits, which was good. Our findings indicate that this personality and unwanted behavior questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool that can be used to study personality and behavior extensively.

Fear expressions of dogs during New Year fireworks: a video analysis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2020

A high proportion of pet dogs show fear-related behavioural problems, with noise fears being most prevalent. Nonetheless, few studies have objectively evaluated fear expression in this species. Using owner-provided video recordings, we coded behavioural expressions of pet dogs during a real-life firework situation at New Year’s Eve and compared them to behaviour of the same dogs on a different evening without fireworks (control condition), using Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. A backwards-directed ear position, measured at the base of the ear, was most strongly associated with the fireworks condition (effect size: Cohen’s d = 0.69). Durations of locomotion (d = 0.54) and panting (d = 0.45) were also higher during fireworks than during the control condition. Vocalisations (d = 0.40), blinking (d = 0.37), and hiding (d = 0.37) were increased during fireworks, but this was not significant after sequential Bonferroni correction. This could possibly be attributed to the high inter-individual variability in the frequency of blinking and the majority of subjects not vocalising or hiding at all. Thus, individual differences must be taken into account when aiming to assess an individual’s level of fear, as relevant measures may not be the same for all individuals. Firework exposure was not associated with an elevated rate of other so-called ‘stress signals’, lip licking and yawning.

Active and social life is associated with lower non-social fearfulness in pet dogs

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Behavioural problems are leading welfare issues in domestic dogs. In particular, anxiety-related behavioural problems, such as fearfulness and noise sensitivity are highly prevalent conditions that cause distress to fearful dogs. To better understand the environmental factors associated with non-social fear, including noise sensitivity, fear of novel situations, and fear of surfaces and heights, a large online survey including data on 13,700 Finnish pet dogs was performed by the dog owners. After fulfilling inclusion criteria, this data consisted of 9,613 dogs with fear of fireworks, 9,513 dogs with fear of thunder, 6,945 dogs with fear of novel situations, and 2,932 dogs with fear of surfaces and heights. Logistic regression analyses revealed that dogs with frequent non-social fear had experienced less socialisation during puppyhood, were more often neutered, had inexperienced owners, lived without conspecifics, participated less frequently in activities or training, and lived in more urban environments. In addition, we identified several breed differences, and a tendency of more common non-social fear in small dog breeds, which suggests a genetic background. Non-social fearfulness has a negative effect on well-being of the dogs. Our findings suggest that the socialisation and the living environment and the value of other dogs’ company and owner interaction via activities and training may improve the well-being of the dogs.

A survey investigating owner perceptions and management of firework-associated fear in dogs in the Greater Sydney area

Article

Jul 2024
AUST VET J

Objective To investigate the prevalence of firework‐associated fear in dogs in Sydney, owner perception of their dog's response to fireworks, perceived efficacy of interventions to manage fearful behaviours and the frequency of dog owners seeking professional advice for these behaviours. Methods Dog owners in the Greater Sydney area were invited to complete an anonymous online survey. Results From 387 valid responses, 44.4% (171 of 385) reported their dogs were fearful of fireworks. The most common fear‐related behaviour was seeking an owner or caretaker (120 of 161, 74.5%). Most owners responded by bringing their dog inside or trying to comfort or reassure their dog. Only 22.5% of owners sought professional advice for their dog's fear of fireworks, but of these, 65.5% considered that advice to be effective. Source and breed group were significantly associated with fear of fireworks (P = 0.011, P = 0.036 respectively). Fear of fireworks was also significantly associated with fear of thunder (P < 0.0001), gunshots (P < 0.0001) and vehicles (P = 0.0009). Conclusion Fear of fireworks and other loud noises negatively impacts canine welfare, yet only a small percentage of owners sought professional advice. There is scope for veterinarians to educate owners and raise awareness about the identification and management of noise‐associated fear and reduce the risk of escalation of fearful behaviours.

Turn the Volume Down: Noise Sensitivity in Dogs (Preprint)

Preprint

Full-text available

Jan 2024

It is commonly reported that many companion dogs are sensitive to sudden, loud noises (e.g., fireworks, thunderstorms). However, sensitivities towards other noises in a dog’s home and environment are not well understood. This study aimed to further investigate the types of noises that evoke a negative reaction in dogs and the associated risk factors. An online survey was circulated globally through social media platforms and veterinary clinics. The survey consisted of demographic information, measures (0 to 100 scale) for responses to Aversive Sounds (AS; e.g., fireworks), Human Sounds (HS; e.g., coughing), and Environmental Sounds (ES; e.g., vacuum cleaner). Descriptive analyses and general linear models were conducted to determine factors associated with reactions to the different sound categories. Dogs had a significantly higher reaction score toward AS and ES compared to HS. Dogs with anxiety and of an older age showed stronger reactions towards AS. Female owners, owners aged 65+, and dogs with anxiety showed stronger reactions to ES. No factors were associated with reaction to HS. Some dogs showed severe reactions to everyday sounds, such as vacuum cleaners and coughing, suggesting significant negative effects on their welfare. Understanding the types of everyday sounds that dogs are fearful of as well as the risk factors that contribute to them can help owners improve the welfare of their dogs, as well as strengthen the human-animal bond.

A Multidimensional Evaluation of the Factors in the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) That Are Associated with, and Predictive of, Behaviour Disorders in Dogs

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Simple Summary Behaviour problems can impact the wellbeing of dogs. In this study, the researchers aimed to investigate the individual factors that influence behavioural disorders in dogs and how these impact their welfare. Dog professionals used an online welfare assessment tool, the animal welfare assessment grid (AWAG), to score dogs with behaviour problems. The researchers found that dogs’ clinical assessment, mobility, eating and drinking, aggression towards the caregiver, aggression towards unfamiliar people, reaction to stressors, the frequency at which they encounter fears and anxieties, choice, control, and predictability, use of enrichment, social interactions, beahvioural and handling during assessment, and change in daily routine as a result of a procedure or management event were scored poorer in dogs with behavioural disorders compared to healthy dogs. In addition, the dogs’ aggression towards the caregiver, fears and anxieties frequency, and choice, control, and predictability may predict behaviour problems. We suggest that veterinary and animal welfare staff should consider these as important indicators of emotional health in dogs. Abstract Behavioural disorders in dogs are common and have severe welfare consequences for dogs. This study aimed to assess the factors that are significant and predictive of behaviour problems in dogs using the animal welfare assessment grid (AWAG) to further understand what factors influence their welfare. 177 AWAG assessments were undertaken across 129 dogs that clinicians deemed to have a behavioural disorder. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to assess the difference in scores between dogs with behaviour disorders and a cohort of healthy dogs (n = 117). This analysis showed that all physical factors besides body condition, all procedural factors besides procedure pain, and all psychological, and environmental factors were significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with behaviour disorders. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (RS) revealed several significant strong positive correlations including the procedural impact on the dog’s daily routine with aggression towards unfamiliar people and procedure pain, as well as other correlations between the dog’s behaviour during assessment with the frequency at which they encounter fears and anxieties, clinical assessment and procedure pain, and reaction to stressors and social interactions. These findings highlight the interdependent nature of the various influences of welfare. Logistic regression analysis identified that aggression towards the caregiver, fears and anxieties frequency, and choice, control, and predictability were all significant predictors of behaviour disorders. The findings have important implications for veterinary, behaviour, and animal welfare professionals as any changes across these factors may indicate poor welfare linked to emotional disorders in dogs.

Noise aversion

Chapter

Jan 2024

Kelly C. Ballantyne

Factors Influencing the Development of Canine Fear of Thunder

Article

Dec 2023
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN DOGS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL STATE

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

The physical and mental effects of the full-scale war in Ukraine have affected not only people's lives, but also the lives of their pets, who these days are often seen as members of the family. Studies of dog cognition and behavior are recent and have proliferated since the early twenty-first century, when these animals began to be considered "true companions" worthy of study as pets adapted to life in an urbanized environment rather than mere human accessories. Life during a full-scale war, this life is full of stresses, which are primarily constant irritants, namely explosions and sirens. This has a negative impact on the psycho-emotional state of not only people, but also companion animals who may experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Taking into account the relevance of this issue, the article presents a literature review of scientific works related to the topic of post-traumatic stress disorder in dogs against the background of stress due to military operations, namely, the formed etiological hypothesis of the development of the pathology, its prognosis, the clinical features of the manifestations are highlighted in detail. Driving predictors and contributing factors stimulating post-traumatic syndrome have been established. Taking into account the experience of foreign and domestic scientists, a list of drugs that should be used not only for treatment, but also for prevention has been defined. It has been proven that post-traumatic stress disorder often arises as a result of mental destabilization under wartime conditions and can happen to almost every person directly or indirectly involved in the war.

Canine separation–related problem behaviours – part 1: social living and owner absence

Article

Sep 2023

Claire Hargrave

Members of the veterinary profession will have noticed the demise of the term ‘separation anxiety’, along with the previous assumption that all canine separation problems boil down to an excessive intensity of the human-canine bond. A range of replacement terms for separation anxiety have materialised: ‘separation disorder’, ‘separation syndrome’, ‘separation-related problems’ and ‘separation-related behaviours’ are just some, all of which are now regularly used to replace the term ‘separation anxiety’. This article produces a summary of the profession's current understanding of the issues associated with owner absence-related problems in dogs. Further articles will consider options for behavioural modification to support the needs of dogs whilst owners are absent.

Noisy technology, unhappy dogs: where technology might support caregiving in the home

Conference Paper

Mar 2023

Factors Correlating with Dog Barking Towards Various Stimuli and Circumstances

Article

Jan 2023

Sound sensitivity in dogs: protecting emotional welfare and the human–pet bond

Article

Jul 2022

Claire Hargrave

The dog's auditory system is designed in such a way that it will be aware of sounds that are sudden or presented in an unusual manner, and it is reasonable to suggest that sound sensitivity is adaptive in dogs. Studies of sound sensitivity in dogs have mainly focused on intense but occasional sounds, such as fireworks, thunder and gunshots; these studies suggest that almost half of the domestic canine population suffer a depletion in emotional welfare when exposed to such sounds. A dog's early learning period is largely intended to ensure that it learns to ignore stimuli that are inconsequential to its safety. However, both the environment within and outside human homes can be intensely noisy and unpredictable, regularly exposing many dogs to inescapable sounds that they did not meet during their early developmental period, which can initiate emotional responses of anxiety, fear and frustration and a motivation for avoiding sound-producing stimuli. This article discusses the issue of sound sensitivity in dogs, and considers the extent to which sensitivity to everyday soundscapes will become an increasing emotional health problem in the domestic canine population.

Factors influencing the expression of behavior in the domestic dog

Chapter

Jan 2022

Deborah L. Wells

Domestic dogs differ enormously in both their morphology and behavior. Numerous factors can influence the development and expression of canine behavior and, more generally, determine the success of the pet–owner relationship. This chapter considers the role of nature and nurture in shaping canine behavior. The influence of factors intrinsic to the animal is outlined, focusing on research that has explored the role of breed, sex, and cerebral lateralization in guiding canine behavior and cognitive functioning. The chapter goes on to consider the role of more extrinsic factors that can influence the development of dog behavior, discussing the contribution of early experience, source of acquisition, training techniques, and owner-related traits including personality and attachment style. The article points to the enormous amount of individual variation that exists between dogs and the myriad of factors that can work together to shape the behavior and functioning of the animal we see before us.

Trazodone succinate — new opportunities for pharmacological correction of situational behavioral abnormalities in dogs and cats

Article

Nov 2021

Currently, the interest of veterinarians and owners in the pharmacological correction of situational behavioral disorders in companion animals has increased significantly. To quickly correct deviant behavior in dogs and cats, veterinarians use some of the psychotropic drugs used in humane medicine, in particular, trazodone, an antidepressant antagonist / serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Based on the analysis of literature sources, data on the history of creation and pharmacological properties, assessment of the safety and efficacy of drugs based on trazodone hydrochloride in behavioral medicine of small pets are provided. The data on the prerequisites for the development, pharmaco-toxicological and clinical evaluation of a new drug for the modification of abnormal behavior in dogs and cats, Express Uspokoin® tablets based on trazodone succinate, which, with a high efficiency of the target action, made it possible to achieve the absence of side effects and significantly increase the tolerance of the dosage form by animals, are analyzed. compared with preparations based on trazodone hydrochloride.

Digital Dogsitter® reduces vocalization in dogs suffering from separation-related problems

Article

Sep 2021
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Katriina Tiira

Separation-related behaviour problems are common in domestic dogs. Vocalization is one of the most common symptoms in dogs, and neighbors often complain about dog barking and howling. We investigated the effect of digital application Digital Dogsitter® on the dogs’ vocalization (barking, howling, whining) when left alone. Digital Dogsitter® is an application, used via laptop or pc, and it activates as a reaction to the dog’s vocalization and then plays a short owner-recorded feedback. Altogether 40 participants who had a laptop/pc at home and a dog that suffered from separation related symptoms, specifically vocalization, completed the study. Dogs’ vocalization (when alone at home) was recorded before and after using Digital Dogsitter® for two weeks, in order to investigate whether Digital Dogsitter® reduces dog’s vocalization. The amount of total dog vocalization noise (in milliseconds) was significantly reduced (P < 0.001, N = 40) after using Digital Dogsitter® for two weeks. The reduction in the dogs’ vocalization after Digital Dogsitter® was 95.7%, which is very large compared to earlier studies. Owners’ opinions were also asked, and only 9.4% of the owners felt that no improvement was seen. Finally, we wanted to know, whether the effect of Digital Dogsitter® was long lasting, and sent a questionnaire to participants an average of eight months after the first study. Out of 35 participants that responded, 68.7% felt that Digital Dogsitter® did reduce the vocalization either rather well / extremely well, and only 14.3% felt, that no long-lasting effect was noticed. In addition, after eight months the owners also reported significantly less dogs’ destructive behavior compared to the starting situation. Digital Dogsitter® clearly reduces dogs’ vocalization, possibly also alleviating the separation-related stress.

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, assessing the effect of a nutraceutical tablet in the management of stress in pet dogs

Article

Aug 2021
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Canine stress-related behavioural issues are common welfare problems that can have negative implications on the quality of life of both the dog and owner. The effective management of canine stress is multifaceted, with emphasis on appropriate training, addressing environmental factors and the provision of supporting therapies such as nutraceuticals. In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 52 pet dogs with a history of stress behaviour, the nutraceutical CALMEX® was shown to significantly improve stress-related behavioural responses in dogs after 14 days of supplementation as determined by an owner-assessed questionnaire, with no significant change seen in the placebo group. Specifically, there was a significant difference found between placebo and CALMEX® in response to loud noise, with CALMEX® reducing owner-assessed stress scores by over a third in the 14 day study period. The results of this study suggest that CALMEX® is an effective product in the management of stress in pet dogs.

Bangers, rockets and fireworks – oh my! Fireworks reactivity as a behaviour concern for pet-dogs

Article

Dec 2020

Lesley Townsend

Fireworks are the most common cause of noise aversion in pet-dogs, eliciting potentially severe and prolonged behavioural responses, yet owners rarely seek treatment. This article discusses the scale of the problem, aetiology and differential diagnoses. By educating clients on prevention, management and modification of firework reactivity, an opportunity exists for registered veterinary nurses to improve pet-dog welfare during firework season, and throughout the year.

Influence of breed, gender, reproductive status and origin on noise related fears in the Belgrade population of dogs

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

The prevalence of canine noise-related fears was studied by the questionnaire method of dogs' owners from different part of Belgrade. Dog-owners (N=147) were chosen from a variety of sources (permissive municipal areas and parks for walking of dogs, dog shows and exhibitions and veterinary surgeries for small animal practice). Owners indicated noise-related fears in 59 dogs (40.14%). Twenty-six (17.69%) of them were mixed breed dogs and 33 (22.45%) were pure breed dogs. Noise-related fears were indicated in 25 females (17.01%) and in 34 (23.13%) males and, in 27 (18.37%) intact and 32 (21.77%) neutered dogs. From 59 dogs with noise-related fears 13 of them (8.84%) were directly purchased from breeders and 46 (31.30%) were obtained from other sources. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in the rate of noise-related fears between the dogs directly purchased from breeders and dogs obtained from other sources.

The epidemiology of behavioural problems in dogs and cats: A survey of veterinary practitioners

Article

Full-text available

May 2006

Behavioural problems directly affect the welfare of dogs and cats. The existence of a behavioural problem is a factor in the euthanasia and relinquishment of animals to shelters — a significant proportion of companion animals that are abandoned and euthanased are attributed to behavioural problems. Some behavioural problems are linked to stress and anxiety. In order to prevent and treat behavioural problems it is essential to have good epidemiological data. Most studies regarding the prevalence of behavioural problems use data from veterinary behaviourists. To our knowledge, no studies regarding the prevalence of small animal behavioural problems have been conducted in Spain. Therefore, a study was designed to estimate different aspects of canine and feline behavioural problems in Spain from the perspective of the veterinary practitioner. Of 433 valid questionnaires returned during a six month period, 46.2% of veterinarians referred cases to veterinary behaviourists and 12.3% to dog trainers; 34.7% never referred cases. Destructiveness, aggression and house soiling were the most frequent complaints regarding behavioural problems in dogs, whereas house soiling was clearly considered the main behavioural complaint in cats, followed by furniture scratching and excessive vocalisation. Behavioural modification was considered the most effective treatment for dogs, followed by drugs and castration. In cats the most effective treatment was castration, followed by drug therapy and behavioural modification.

Management of noise fears and phobias in pets

Article

Full-text available

May 2005

Daniel Mills

THE American Veterinary Medical Association has suggested that 15 per cent of clients are lost to a practice due to unresolved behavioural problems in their animals. It is therefore important that the general practitioner appreciates the basics of animal behaviour and its effective management. Noise fears and phobias are among the most common behavioural problems, but are frequently left untreated or ineffectively managed. In both humans and dogs, it seems that the treatment of fears and phobias is often left until they have developed into multiple problems. This further compromises an animal's welfare and also limits the prognosis. Early identification and intervention is essential and screening for these and other common behavioural problems should form part of an annual health check. Expertise in behaviour is not a prerequisite for this — simply asking an owner whether their animal has developed any fears or problem behaviours in the past year, and having appropriate procedures in place to deal with a positive response to this question, would be a useful routine in general practice. This article reviews current understanding about noise fears in pets, and provides guidance for the practitioner on how short-term alleviation and, where possible, longer-term resolution may be achieved.

A survey of owners' perceptions of fear of fireworks in a sample of dogs and cats in New Zealand

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2010

To establish reliable information regarding the behavioural responses of dogs and cats to fireworks in New Zealand; record interventions used by owners, and their perceived efficacies; and establish the prevalence of firework-related injury, and quantify owners' attitudes towards fireworks. A questionnaire targeting dog and cat ownerswas distributed via the Auckland Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) Animals Voice magazine and 25 veterinary clinics. The questionnaire covered demographics of animals, fear of fireworks, severity of the fear, and behaviours exhibited. Also included were treatments tried, source and perceived efficacy, prevalence of injury, and owners' attitudes towards the sale of fireworks for private use. From a total of 8,966 questionnaires distributed, 1,007 valid questionnaires were returned, representing 3,527 animals. Of these 1,635 (46%) animals displayed a level of fear of fireworks recognisable to their owners. Owners of dogs identified a significantly higher fear response than owners of cats but the duration of these fear responses did not differ between species. Fear of fireworks frequently resulted in dogs exhibiting active fear behaviours, whereas cats were more likely to exhibit hiding and cowering behaviours. A significantly increased severity and duration of fear response over time in dogs and cats was associated with owners who comforted them when they displayed a fearful response. Only 141/890 (15.8%) of owners sought professional treatment from a veterinarian, animal behaviourist or animal trainer for their animals, with variable efficacy. Six percent (51/923) of animals had received physical injuries from fireworks. The majority (837/1,007; 83%) of respondents, regardless of whether they owned a fearful animal or not, supported a ban on the sale of fireworks for private use. The results provide valuable information that is, as yet, unsubstantiated in New Zealand, although potential biases exist due to the non-random selection of respondents. Differences between dogs and cats were likely due to differing responses to fear-provoking stimuli between the species. Owner-reported increase in fearful response over time for comforted animals may indicate a negative impact on the longer-term psychological welfare of their animal. The greater the awareness of effective treatment plans for animals that suffer from a fear of fireworks, the greater the possibility that this fear can be reduced. Wider dissemination of effective owner behaviour and treatment programmes for firework fears is needed to improve levels of professional treatment for dogs and cats.

Thunderstorm phobia in dogs: An internet survey of 69 cases

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2001

To learn more about predispositions for, signs, and progression of canine thunderstorm phobia, a survey for owners was posted on the Internet. Questions addressed signalment, age of onset, behavior during storms, and treatments tried. Sixty-nine responses were received. Herding dogs and herding crossbreeds accounted for the majority of dogs. Seventeen of 41 dogs with a known age of onset began exhibiting thunderstorm phobia <1 year of age. Various characteristic responses of dogs to storms were described. Improved knowledge of the demographics of thunderstorm phobia, its development, and presentation will assist in understanding the genesis and progression of the condition.

Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2001
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To determine the frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, noise phobia, or any combination of these conditions and determine whether these conditions are associated in dogs. Case series. 141 dogs. Diagnoses were established using specific criteria. Owners of dogs completed a questionnaire on how frequently their dogs exhibited destructive behavior, urination, defecation, vocalization, and salivation when the owners were absent and the types and frequency of reactions to thunderstorms, fireworks, and other noises. Associations of the 3 conditions and of various nonspecific clinical signs within and between diagnoses were nonrandom. The probability that a dog would have separation anxiety given that it had noise phobia was high (0.88) and approximately the same as the probability it would have separation anxiety given that it had thunderstorm phobia (0.86). However, the probability that a dog would have noise phobia given that it had separation anxiety (0.63) was higher than the probability that it would have thunderstorm phobia given that it had separation anxiety (0.52). The probability that a dog would have noise phobia given that it had thunderstorm phobia (0.90) was not equivalent to the converse (0.76). Results suggested that dogs with any of these conditions should be screened for the others. Interactions among these conditions are important in the assessment and treatment of dogs with > 1 of these conditions. Responses to noise were different from those to thunderstorms, possibly because of the unpredictability and uncertainty of thunderstorms.

Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2003
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To develop and validate a questionnaire to assess behavior and temperament traits of pet dogs. Cross-sectional survey of dog owners. Animals-1,851 dogs belonging to clients of a veterinary teaching hospital or members of national breed clubs and 203 dogs examined by canine behavior practitioners because of behavior problems. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 152 items eliciting information on how dogs responded to specific events and situations in their usual environment. Data from completed questionnaires were subjected to factor analysis, and the resulting factors were tested for reliability and validity. Factor analysis yielded 11 factors from 68 of the original questionnaire items that together accounted for 57% of the common variance in questionnaire item scores. Reliability was acceptable for all but 1 of these factors. Behavior problems in 200 of the 203 dogs with behavior problems could be assigned to 7 diagnostic categories that matched 7 of the factors identified during factor analysis of questionnaire responses. Dogs assigned to particular diagnostic categories had significantly higher scores for corresponding questionnaire factors than did those assigned to unrelated diagnostic categories, indicating that the factors were valid. Validity of the remaining 4 factors could not be examined because of a lack of information on dogs with behavior problems related to these factors. Findings suggest that the resulting 68-item questionnaire is a reliable and valid method of assessing behavior and temperament traits in dogs. The questionnaire may be useful in screening dogs for behavior problems and in evaluating the clinical effects of various treatments for behavior problems.

Sound sensitivities

Chapter

Jan 2009

Emily D. Levine

Noise sensitivities

Article

Jan 2009

E.D. Levine

Situational sensitivities

Article

Jan 2009

Clara Palestrini

Reliability and validity of a questionnaire survey in canine anxiety research

Article

Jun 2014
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Fear responses to noises in domestic dogs: Prevalence, risk factors and co-occurrence with other fear related behaviour

Article

Apr 2013
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Behavioural signs of fear or anxiety on exposure to noises in owned domestic dogs have been suggested in clinical studies to be common and a significant welfare concern. In this study two approaches were taken to investigate the occurrence of, and risk factors for, these behaviours: a postal survey of dog owners to investigate general demographic factors (n = 3897), and a structured interview of a sub-set of owners to gather more detailed information (n = 383). Almost half of owners in the structured interview reported that their dog showed at least one behavioural sign typical of fear when exposed to noises, even though only a quarter had reported their dog as ‘fearful’ in the general survey. This difference indicates that even where owners recognise behavioural responses to noises, they may not interpret these as associated with altered subjective state in their dog. The difference in reported prevalence between the studies highlights the importance of methodological approach in owner questionnaire studies investigating behavioural signs.

The use of a behaviour test for the selection of dogs for service and breeding, I: Method of testing and evaluating test results in the adult dog, demands on different kinds of service dogs, sex and breed differences

Article

Jul 1997
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

The behaviour test results of 1310 German shepherds and 797 Labrador retrievers, 450–600 days of age, were evaluated. The purpose was to investigate whether the behaviour tests, previously used at the Swedish Dog Training Centre, could be used to select dogs for different kinds of work and for breeding. Ten behavioural characteristics were scored based on the dogs' reactions in seven different test situations. All tests were conducted by one experienced person.Marked differences in mental characteristics were found between breeds and sexes, but particularly between various categories of service dogs. Regardless of differences in the behaviour profiles of these service categories, there were marked similarities between different categories of service dogs compared with dogs found to be unsuitable for training as service dogs. To interpret the data, an index value was created, based on the test results for each individual dog, and was found to be an excellent instrument for selecting dogs for different types of work.For both breeds the factor analysis resulted in four factors. In comparing the different characteristics, the same pattern was found in both breeds, with the exception of the characteristic prey drive, which seems to be irrelevant for Labrador retrievers. The conclusion is that a subjective evaluation of complex behaviour parameters can be used as a tool for selecting dogs suitable as service dogs. The results also show that the use and correct interpretation of behaviour tests can be enhanced by adjusting the results for each breed and planned service category.

Canine Anxieties and Phobias: An Update on Separation Anxiety and Noise Aversions

Article

Oct 2008
VET CLIN N AM-SMALL

Companion dogs commonly experience states of anxiety, fears, and phobias. Separation anxiety and noise aversions, as discussed in this article, are especially prevalent. Veterinarians are encouraged to recognize and treat such conditions on first presentation to address welfare issues and optimize successful management. New data suggest new treatment modalities, including behavioral management, pharmacotherapy, and species-specific pheromone use. Failure to treat can result in disruption of the human-animal bond and subsequent abandonment, relinquishment, or even euthanasia of the affected dog.

Prevalence of behavior problems reported by owners of dogs purchased from an animal rescue shelter

Article

Sep 2000
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

This study examined the prevalence of behaviour problems exhibited by dogs within 4 weeks of acquisition from a rescue shelter in Northern Ireland. One thousand five hundred and forty-seven people who had purchased a dog from a rescue shelter in Northern Ireland were sent a postal questionnaire designed to collect information on the behaviours exhibited by their dog within the first month of acquisition. Five hundred and fifty-six people responded to the survey, representing a response rate of 37%. The majority of respondents (68.3%) reported that their dog exhibited a behaviour problem, the most common being fearfulness. Most of those respondents (89.7%) who returned their dog to the shelter did so because the animal exhibited behaviour that they considered undesirable. Male dogs showed more unacceptable behaviours than females, specifically inter-male aggression, sexual problems and straying tendencies. More stray dogs displayed undesirable behaviour than unwanteds, specifically straying tendencies. Puppies were less likely to exhibit unacceptable behaviours than juveniles or adults, particularly fearfulness, sexual problems and straying tendencies. More juvenile dogs showed excessive activity and excessive barking than puppies or adults. More adult dogs displayed aggression towards other dogs than juveniles or puppies. Findings indicate that dogs purchased from rescue shelters do exhibit behaviour problems that may lead to their return. The number of dogs admitted or returned to rescue shelters with behaviour problems may be reduced by raising public awareness regarding the value of behaviour therapy and introducing behaviour therapy schemes to rescue shelters.

Risk factors associated with interdog aggression and shooting phobias among purebred dogs in Denmark

Article

May 2003
PREV VET MED

The prevalence of behaviour problems is reported from a questionnaire study among members of the Danish Kennel Club (DKC). In total, 4359 dog owners were included in the analyses. With logistic regression, we analysed four behaviour problems: dominance towards the owner, interdog dominance aggression, separation anxiety and shooting phobia. Compared to Labrador Retrievers, the following breeds and breed groups had higher odds of being reported to have interdog dominance aggression: Belgian Sheepdogs, Dachshunds, Dalmatians, German Shepherds, Hovawarts, Pinschers, Rottweilers, Scent dogs and Spitz dogs. Poodles, retrieving/flushing dogs, Sheepdogs, Spitz dogs and terriers had higher odds of shooting phobia. The odds of interdog dominance aggression were higher among dogs owned by younger dog owners compared to dogs owned by older dog owners. Dogs living in the capital area of Copenhagen had increased odds of interdog dominance aggression as compared to dogs living in other parts of Denmark. Dogs belonging to owners with limited knowledge of the breed before acquiring the dog had higher odds of interdog dominance aggression. Dogs attending obedience training classes had reduced odds of shooting phobia. Dogs belonging to dog breeders had reduced odds of being reported to have the investigated behaviour problems.

Firework Fears and Phobias in the Domestic Dog

Jan 2005

E Blackwell
R Casey
J Bradshaw

Blackwell, E., Casey, R., Bradshaw, J., 2005. Firework Fears and Phobias in the Domestic Dog. RSPCA, Horsham, UK.

The Nature of Noise Fear in Domestic Dogs

Jan 2006

K Iimura

Iimura, K., 2006. The Nature of Noise Fear in Domestic Dogs. University of Lincoln, Lincoln.

In: Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat

Jan 2013
181-210

G Landsberg
W Hunthausen
L Ackerman

Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., Ackerman, L., 2013. Fears, phobias, and anxiety disorders. In: Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat. Elsevier Health Sciences UK, Edinburgh, pp. 181-210.

Jan 2015
152-160

M Storengen

M. Storengen, F. Lingaas / Applied Animal Behaviour Science 171 (2015) 152–160

Jan 2015
152-160

L M Storengen
F Lingaas

L.M. Storengen, F. Lingaas / Applied Animal Behaviour Science 171 (2015) 152–160

Situational sensitivites. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine

Jan 2009
169-181

C Palestrini

Palestrini, C., 2009. Situational sensitivites. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Quedgeley, pp. 169-181.

A survey of owners' perceptions of fear of fireworks in a sample of dogs and cats in New Zealand

Jan 2010
286-291

A Dale
J Walker
M Farnworth
S Morrissey
N Waran

Dale, A., Walker, J., Farnworth, M., Morrissey, S., Waran, N., 2010. A survey of owners' perceptions of fear of fireworks in a sample of dogs and cats in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 58, 286-291, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2010. 69403.

Risk factors associated with interdog aggression and shooting phobias among purebred dogs in Denmark

Jan 2003
PREV VET MED
11-14

H Rugbjerg
H F Proschowsky
A K Ersbøll
J D Lund

Rugbjerg, H., Proschowsky, H.F., Ersbøll, A.K., Lund, J.D., 2003. Risk factors associated with interdog aggression and shooting phobias among purebred dogs in Denmark. Prev. Vet. Med. 58, 85-100, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00011-4.

Prevalence of behaviour problems reported by owners of dogs purchased from an animal rescue shelter

Jan 2000
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI
55-65

D Wells
P Hepper

Wells, D., Hepper, P., 2000. Prevalence of behaviour problems reported by owners of dogs purchased from an animal rescue shelter. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 69, 55-65, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00118-0.

Fears, phobias, and anxiety disorders

Jan 2013
181

Landsberg

Noise sensitivity in 17 dog breeds: Prevalence, breed risk and correlation with fear in other situations

Abstract

No full-text available

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