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The dark figure of money laundering. Full text can be accessed using this URL: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JFC-07-2015-0035/full/html

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Abstract

Full text can be accessed using this URL: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JFC-07-2015-0035/full/html

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To date, scholars have rarely applied institutional anomie theory to gambling-related crime. Using time series data on the rates of illegal gambling, money laundering, organized crime, and drug-related crime, as well as various indicators of the economy and noneconomic social institutions, this study tested the applicability of institutional anomie theory to gambling-related crime. The study found that unemployment positively related to organized crime and drug-related crime. GDP per capita is positively associated with illegal gambling crime, organized crime, and drug-related crime. However, all social institutional variables failed to predict gambling-related crime. Moreover, for the interaction effects, this finding also provided limited and mixed support for the theory. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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There have been a number of studies that have examined the relationship between Anderson’s code of the street and criminogenic behavior. However, little research has been done on the potential relationship between street code adherence and the dark figure of crime. Using a sample of 299 institutionalized individuals the authors examine the relationship between street code adherence and official and unofficial records of assaults and motor vehicle theft. Results official records indicated that street code adherence was not significantly related to either offense type. However, when self-report data for assaults and motor vehicle theft was analyzed, there was strong evidence that street code adherence was a significant predictor. The results suggest that street code adherence is a better predictor of self-report offenses than those measured by official records. Thus, street code adherence may be key to shedding light on the dark figure of crime.
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Money laundering is the process of hiding or disguising the unlawful origin of property and hiding or disguising the true nature, origin, source, location, disposal, ownership or title of property. In other words, money laundering means “laundering” dirty money until it becomes clean. Corrupt officials and other criminals use money laundering techniques to hide the true nature of their income. Research shows that cigarette smuggling is linked to money laundering. The purpose of the article is to determine how money laundering is related to cigarette smuggling and which public authorities have a key role in combating these phenomena in Georgia and Serbia. Methods used in the study: literature analysis and focus group methodology. In addition, the EU member states were clustered into three categories by their HDI, CPI, GDP per capita and transaction reports indicators. Clustering indicated that the states attributed to the third cluster are most vulnerable to money laundering. An effective factor in the fight against smuggling is to increase the population’s intolerance to illicit goods and services, therefore, it will seek to extend the empirical study to the population’s perspective on money laundering and cigarette smuggling.
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Purpose: Advance debate and prompt new strategies to substantially improve the capacity to disrupt serious profit-motivated crime. Design/methodology/approach: Using interdiction rates (the proportion of criminal funds seized or forfeited) as an interim proxy effectiveness indicator, this article challenges elements of the dominant AML/CFT narrative, and reflects on policy effectiveness and outcomes. Research limitations: With such research at an early stage, some data are poorly substantiated, and methodological inconsistencies rife. Findings: Interdiction rates hardly constitute a rounding error in the accounts of profit-motivated criminal enterprises. The current AML/CFT model appears almost completely ineffective in disrupting illicit finances and serious crime. Originality/value: Scholars have exposed a paucity of meaningful links between AML/CFT controls and crime and terrorism prevention, yet the dominant narrative persists largely unchecked. This article examines components of that narrative in the context of scholarship on “bullshit”. Practical implications: For policy interventions with a reasonable prospect for crime not to pay, beyond rhetoric, frank evaluation of results, and a potential step-change in policy, regulatory and enforcement vision and capability, may be required. Link to brief summary: https://goo.gl/huS9Lm Related article ("AML effectiveness: Assessing outcomes or ticking boxes?", summary at: https://goo.gl/BkK8ja).
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