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The Use of Designed and Prefabricated Artificial Reefs in he United States
Abstract and Figures
ABSTRACT-Designed and prefabricated
artificial reel's have been used with great
success to promote fisheries development in
Japan and Taiwan and have been tested on
several occasions in the United States. Although
efforts in the early 1960's to test
Japanese-style reefs in California. New York.
and Florida met with problems due to lack or
experience with that type of reef: those units
which were properly placed proved effective
in attracting fish. Pumice concrete shelters
designed for lobsters were tested in Rhode
Island in the 1970's and were shown to increase
significantly the abundance o(resident
lobsters in areas previously devoid of shelter.
The Japanese have recently developed a new
generation of large-scale. advanced-technology
artificial reefs. To introduce this technology
in the United Slates. Japanese FRP
(fiberglass reinforced plastic) reefs have been
installed off Florida as part of a demonstration/
research project funded by the National
Marine Fisheries Service. Their cost-effectiveness
will be evaluated by comparing them
with concrete culvert reefs.
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... Such was the success of these structures that, by 1930, the Japanese Government began subsidising the research and development of artificial reefs and designing purpose-built structures in 1952 , Grove et al., 1994. Regulations stipulating that only those HES which pass stringent design protocols to ensure longevity were passed and, as of 2000, there were 6,400 HES sites in Japanese waters, which cumulatively covered an area of ~20 million m 3 (1,800 km 2 ) (Sheehy, 1982;. ...
... HES or artificial reef development has increased rapidly in the past 40 years. The United States of America, Taiwan, Korea and Europe started developing artificial reefs programs in the early 1960's and the first Australian artificial reefs were placed in 1965 (Sheehy, 1982;Kerr, 1992;Kim et al., 1994). However, unlike Japan, most other countries initially constructed artificial reefs with waste materials, or Materials of Opportunity (MOP), such as tyres, car bodies, culvert pipes and building rubble. ...
... The need to design HES that target particular species has been extensively developed in Japan, where over 130 different reef module designs targeting particular species have been constructed since 1952 . Many authors have agreed that to achieve the desired objectives from the installation of an HES, integrating specific biological requirements of target species with engineering components will often lead to a more successful outcome (Sheehy, 1982;Sato, 1985;Seaman et al., 1989;Seaman, 2008;Guner et al., 2009;Fabi et al., 2011;Koeck et al., 2014). ...
This report investigated the application, needs, costs, monitoring methods and benefits of Habitat Enhancement Structure(s) (HES) in Western Australia (WA). The project designed, validated and established a world first monitoring method using recreational fishers to survey artificial reefs with Baited Remote Underwater Video system (BRUVs). It also produced a guide to assist industry, researchers, managers and the community with the HES development process.
Peer-reviewed and grey literature on HES from around the world was reviewed and used to evaluate the benefits for recreational and commercial fisheries, aquaculture industries and the environment. Consultation was undertaken with stakeholders and beneficiaries, particularly within the seafood industry to identify the most effective HES designs, application and locations, however, this had limited uptake by the commercial fishing sector in WA. Various monitoring methods were explored through a desktop study to evaluate cost-effectiveness, and some of the more feasible options the subject of physical trials. All of the investigated aspects of HES were then combined into the HES guide for business, industry and community groups that have a desire to invest in HES developments.
Monitoring methods were tested on the South West Artificial Reef Trial (i.e. the Dunsborough and Bunbury Artificial Reefs) in Geographe Bay from October 2015 – 2017. During this period the range of community-based monitoring methods tested included logbooks, manual and automatic observation posts, benthic mapping, and Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV). Each of these methods involved members of the public playing a role in collecting data. The BRUV component of Reef Vision was determined to be extremely effective and has gone on to become the primary monitoring method now being expanded to other HES developments state-wide.
The HES guide is a tool that provides direction to a range of stakeholders and decision makers looking to undertake new HES projects. It has been promoted around WA and Australia and has already been an essential component in the development of five HES installations that will be deployed 2018 – 2020. The guide provides a background to the different types of HES, considerations for HES development (including purpose, target species, stakeholder engagement, approvals, design, location, configuration, cost/benefit analysis and many more) and the seven-step habitat enhancement process designed in this project which includes purpose, constraints mapping, finalisation of reef site, consultation, approvals, installation (procurement, construction and deployment) and post-deployment activities (monitoring, reporting and extension).
... United States, agencies have played a leading role in the research and development of urban fishing opportunities. Artificial reefs, an integral part of some urban fishing programs, were used for more than 200 years in the U.S. and Japan to expand marine fish habitat (Stone, 1982;Sheehy, 1982 Aquatic environments of all types have been used for urban fisheries. ...
... Howard andCrompton (1980) andMalizia (1985) state that corporate assistance can include loaned manpower; use of corporate facilities, equipment and services; corporate operations and investment decisions; and corporate reputation and "clout". The price of reef construction, for example, is an important obstacle because the costs are high for labour and for hiring cranes and barges to place the materials in the ocean (Woodhead et al., 1982 fishery projects to offset the cost of materials (Sheehy, 1982). As noted above "in-kind" contributions of material has also been important in the success of the Semiahmoo fish and game club's construction of hatchery facilities on the Little Campbell River. ...
... We chose cube-type ARs because these were installed via free falls from vessels over nearly 139,413 ha (≅ 1394 km 2 ) of Korean coastal waters from 1971 to 2013 (Kim et al., 2017), accounting for 64.5% of the total AR area and 67.4% of the volume (Kim et al., 2016b). Cube-type ARs are popular in Korea and elsewhere because of their simple shape, good workability, and relatively low cost (Sheehy, 1982;Chua and Chou, 1994;Lök et al., 2002;Jan et al., 2003). It is worthwhile to explore free-fall settlement (e.g., Kim et al., 2010;Yoon et al., 2016). ...
Several studies have identified stability issues related to artificial reefs (ARs) installed on the seabed. However, initial AR settlement during free-fall installation has not been well examined. We performed a laboratory-scale experiment, regression analysis, and numerical simulation to evaluate the initial settlements of two cube-type AR models during free-fall installation into soft soil. Settlement tended to increase by impact velocity and AR mass but to decrease as soil density increased. The most significant parameter controlling settlement was soil density, followed by the impact velocity and the AR mass. Of the 56 cases examined, 76.79, 71.43, and 98.21% exhibited relative differences of ±20% as revealed experimentally, and by regression analysis and simulation. Given the terminal velocities of the two AR models, the corresponding settlement ranges were 2.12–5.36 mm and 4.56–11.56 mm, respectively. Thus, the effective useable volumes of the AR models fell by approximately 4–12% (depending on clay composition) if the models attained their terminal velocities during free-fall installation. These initial settlement data indicate that free-fall installation negatively affects both AR stability and functionality.
... Various structures have been designed using different materials including concrete manufactured products, steel hulled vessels, aircrafts(crashing at sea), railroad, subway and street cars and other designed structures (Ronald and Carrie 2004) . The artificial reefs are constructed mostly in the floor of the sea for enhancing coastal fishery (Sheehy, 1982). Artificial reef has been recognised as one of the tool to aggregate fish and to improve the income of artisanal fisherman (Bergstrom, 1983;Philipose et val. ...
Artificial Reefs (ARs) are those manmade structures (including marine jetties) which can support a
number of native populations both moving and sessile in marine ecosystem. The present study investigated the fish assemblage structure in the marine jetties at Marina Park (MP), Panighat (PG), Chatham (CT) and Dundus Point (DP) around Port Blair, South Andaman coast. The most number of pillars in the water was found in CT (26) and MP (22) while the longest marine jetties in length were MP and PG (60m). The average temperature ranged between 32 to 35 ˚C while average salinity varied from 30 to 33psu. The average pH was found to be alkaline (8.43 to 8.60), whereas the dissolved Oxygen (ml/l) varied from 4.42 - 5.78 and Biological Oxygen Demand (ml/l) was found to be highest in Dundus Point i.e. 1.07 and lowest was in Panighat (0.75). Sedentary organisms like oysters, barnacles, chiton, gastropods, algae etc. were recorded in all the stations, while soft corals were present only in Marina Park and Panighat. A total of 1971 individuals of fishes belonging to 38 species, 29 genera and 22 families were observed during the study. Lutjanids, Pomacentrids and Chaetodontids were the abundant in all the jetties. The diversity indices viz. Shannon Weaver’s species diversity index, Margalef’s species richness index, Simpson’s species evenness index and Pielou Species evenness index have shown that Marina Park Jetty is more diverse as well as abundant in fish species (1.82, 4.27, 0.72, and 0.54 respectively) even though the anthropogenic activities like tourism were observed very high compared to other jetties, while the lowest in diversity and abundance was Dundus Point Jetty (0.71, 0.74, 0.37, and 0.44 respectively). The percentage of plastic waste was maximum in all the study sites i.e. 61.1 (MP), 15.5 (PG), 71.4 (CT) and 54.5 (DP). While the minimum percentage was found to be of fishing nets i.e. 2.7 (MP), 3.8 (PG), 1.8 (DP) and Nil in Chatham. The other waste items included glass bottles, footwear, polythene covers and clothes. The results of the present study have shown that the abundance and species diversity of fishes is related mostly to the length of the jetty as well as number of pillars in the water which can act as an artificial habitat
Artificial reefs (AR) for diving must have certain characteristics that are not activity-limiting. Likewise, these characteristics are generally fundamental for good diving experiences. In this aspect, AR must not be at a great depth, and they must have a diverse bio-colonization by several species of various taxa and attract diver interest. In Portugal, Algarve (South) and Nazaré (Centre) reef modules were deployed at depths that can be considered as potential for diving. In this chapter, an approach is made using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy logic (a method called fuzzy analytic hierarchy process: FAHP) defining what is the likely interest for potential diving tourism activities in each of the locations presenting AR modules. The results obtained by using these methods allowed to further discover the importance of AR in Algarve and Nazaré.
Southern Wonder explores Alabama's amazing biological diversity, the reasons for the large number of species in the state, and the importance of their preservation. Alabama ranks fifth in the nation in number of species of plants and animals found in the state, surpassed only by the much larger western states of California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. When all the species of birds, trees, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, wildflowers, dragonflies, tiger beetles, and ants are tallied, Alabama harbors more species than 90 percent of the other states in the United States. Alabamais particularly rich in aquatic biodiversity, leading the nation in species of freshwater fishes, turtles, mussels, crayfish, snails, damselflies, and carnivorous plants. The state also hosts an exceptional number of endemic species-those not found beyond its borders-ranking seventh in the nation with 144 species. The state's 4,533 species, with more being inventoried and discovered each year, are supported by no less than 64 distinct ecological systems-each a unique blend of soil, water, sunlight, heat, and natural disturbance regimes. Habitats include dry forests, moist forests, swamp forests, sunny prairies, grassy barrens, scorching glades, rolling dunes, and bogs filled with pitcher plants and sundews. The state also includes a region of subterranean ecosystems that are more elaborate and species rich than any other place on the continent. Although Alabama is teeming with life, the state's prominence as a refuge for plants and animals is poorly appreciated. Even among Alabama's citizens, few outside a small circle of biologists, advocates, and other naturalists understand the special quality of the state's natural heritage. R. Scot Duncan rectifies this situation in Southern Wonder by providing a well-written, comprehensive overview that the general public, policy makers, and teachers can understand and use. Readers are taken on an exploratory journey of the state's varied landscapes-from the Tennessee River Valley to the coastal dunes-and are introduced to remarkable species, such as the cave salamander and the beach mouse. By interweaving the disciplines of ecology, evolution, meteorology, and geology into an accessible whole, Duncan explains clearly why Alabama is so biotically rich and champions efforts for its careful preservation.
Age old indigenous traditional knowledge on artificial reef has been used as the base for the development of three types of concrete artificial reef structures namely grouper module, reef fish module and well ring module, by improving their longevity and ecosystem services to suit the modern requirements so that it will serve not only as biological, biodiversity enhancement tool but also a technology to improve livelihood options and socio economic conditions of the poor traditional coastal fishers. These artificial reef structures each 70 in number have been deployed in the near shore water of Tamil Nadu coasts and their impact on the ecosystem have been studied. Maturation process of artificial reef structures, such as the biological processes, composition of sessile benthic organisms, fouling biomass, assemblage of fauna, predation on the fouling organisms, succession of different species and enhancement value of biomass have been described. Various ecosystem services provided by the artificial reef structures have been reported. This study reveal a total of 137 taxas were identified living within the artificial reef habitats and were colonized by on an average 423,948 individuals of marine organisms and had a total mean biomass of individual and colonial organisms of 5,.835g per m². Comparatively the artificial reef structures were more complex and had greater surface area than most other reef structures and consequently had a greater density of marine life. There were considerable year-to-year fluctuations in sampling unit total biomass and dominant species. The artificial reef habitats provided refuge cover for a large numbers of small and bigger fish (135.3/m²), crab (3,445.9/m²) and lobster (22.9/m²). The biomass enhancement ratios of the artificial reef structures broadly ranged between 123 and 2,195 times. Fossil fuel is saved and CO2 emission is reduced leading to a nominal contribution to the reduction if global warming and a considerable savings on fuel cost. Robust economic benefit is recorded with a short duration payback period coupled with gain in empowerment of the fisher community which enjoys a series of social benefits also. Hence this environment friendly technology is strongly recommended for implementation all along the Indian coastal waters to improve the inshore ecosystem and the livelihoods of traditional fishers and other coastal community.
Indian coastal water is overfished by our myriad fishing fleet and the over capacity has lead to a drastic decline in the fishery resources affecting the livelihoods of the fishers critically. All the maritime states are striving to enhance the coastal fishery resources and improve the socioeconomic status of the fishers. This paper deals with the biological resource enhancement by artificial reefs made of 3 different concrete structure which provide the essential hard substrata for the bottom living flora and funa, help them proliferate in geometrical proportion. This attracts various fishery resources as they offer a very good feeding ground and highly protective shelters also. This interventions various benefits are dealt in deteils.
As a part of reasearch on introduction of lobster Homarus americanus into Japan, a preparatory release was achieved in Koshiki Islands near Kyushu in July 1982. Before releasing, 100 concrete blocks were laid on sandy bottom in 4 parallel lines with a 2m space between each block. 97 one year old lobsters (XI-XV stage) were introduced under each block one by one. Monitoring was carried out for 11 days by diving. Survival rate was 2.7% and 25.0% for the lobsters released close to the stony-coral substrate and the others respectively. Movement of lobsters between blocks was rather frequent. Roughly 20-40% lobsters disappeared and 10-15% new ones appeared under the blocks. These facts suggest that the number of lobsters decreased mainly due to aggression by fishes which inhabit the stony-coral substrate. A net cage (3m×3m×hight 0.3m) without bottom was immersed into the sandy substrate for another experiment. About 500 oyster shells were placed inside the cage. 156 three week old lobsters (IV-V stage) were released into the cage. Survival rate was 68% just after release and 25% agter 9 days. Degree of movement for IV or V stage lobsters was rather similar to that of one year old lobsters.
Limited agricultural land has led Asians to rely on the sea for animal protein, but they now need to increase production of fish and shellfish. Considers engineering, biology and management advances in Japan, Korea and Taiwan for the aquaculture of abalone, scallops, oysters, milkfish and prawns.-B.Walls
This article reflects the state-of-the-art in Japanese artificial reef technology (1980) and was based on research conducted during a post doctoral fellowship sponsored by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
It describes the range of designed and prefabricated reef modules developed in Japan and the application of this technology in support of commercial fishing and extensive aquaculture. The potential for transferring aspects of this technology to the US is suggested and was subsequently conducted on a demonstration basis.
Artificial shelters, fabricated of pumice concrete and placed in areas devoid of natural shelter, were readily colonized by American lobsters (Homarus americanus). Two designs, single chamber and triple chamber, were used for the shelters. Although they both afforded approximately the same available volume, it was demonstrated that those of triple chamber design were utilized by a larger number of lobsters per shelter. Spacing and orientation also had a significant effect on occupancy. Lobster abundance and biomass observed on shelter sites were equal to or greater than those reported for good natural grounds. The shelters were used by both juvenile and adult lobsters.
Thesis--University of Connecticut. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80). Microfilm of typescript.
The use of old automobile tires as artificial reefs is discussed. Design, construction and monitoring the growth of attached biota, as well as analyzing the effectiveness of tires as an artificial substrate are explored. The results indicate that artificial reefs prove of use in colonizing an otherwise barren area by providing a solid substrate to which organisms can adhere and congregate. The reefs afford an increased biomass to the immediate area, as well as providing shelter and food for organisms.
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Connecticut, 1970. Includes bibliographical references. Adviser: William A. Lund, Jr., Dept. of Zoology.
Artificial habitat in the marine environment . Calif. Dep. Fish Game
- J G Cariisle
- C H Jr
- E E Turner
- Ebert
Cariisle,J. G.. Jr., C. H. Turner. and E. E. Ebert.
1964. Artificial habitat in the marine environment. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 124.
93 p.
An experimental artificial reef in Humboldt Bay, California
- C M Dewees
Dewees, C. M., and D. W. Gotshall. 1974. An
experimental artificial reef in Humboldt Bay,
California. Calif. Fish Game 60(3):109-127.