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Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis
... software. Initially, we familiarized ourselves with the data by reading transcripts and creating first memos (Charmaz & Belgrave, 2012). During open coding, we identified text excerpts and labeled them to describe their content closely related to the transcripts (Charmaz & Belgrave, 2012). ...
... Initially, we familiarized ourselves with the data by reading transcripts and creating first memos (Charmaz & Belgrave, 2012). During open coding, we identified text excerpts and labeled them to describe their content closely related to the transcripts (Charmaz & Belgrave, 2012). ...
... Our initial findings indicated that while these groups contribute to process improvement, the primary responsibility for improvement typically lies within the business departments. As part of theoretical sampling (Charmaz & Belgrave 2012), we adjusted our recruitment strategy and explicitly focused on experts from business departments actively involved in process improvement. ...
Process mining currently receives tremendous attention from practice. Many organizations have already adopted process mining or are considering doing so. The increasing adoption of process mining in practice is mirrored by the interest of academia to understand how organizations use this technology. Research on the use of process mining in organizations has found that process mining creates process transparency and studied how organizations use this technology to generate business value. Even though a key goal of the use of process mining is process improvement, there are currently no studies that investigate how organizations employ process mining to do so. In this paper, we address this limitation by means of a qualitative study design. We conducted a total of 30 interviews with process mining experts, which we analyzed using the lenses of reflective and experimental spaces. We develop two models that describe how organizations use process mining to change organizational processes.
... To address the research question, we employed a constant comparative approach to data analysis as it allows us to identify findings through the concurrent reference of literature and data (Charmaz, 2002). Consequently, our data analysis to identify teachers' actual approaches to AI-integrated science instructions will consider not only the broad categories of integrative approaches as elaborated by literature but also the variation in AI integration displayed by analyzed data. ...
... We employed a constant comparative data analysis in a grounded theory tradition (Charmaz, 2002). Our data analysis consisted of three phases (Saldaña, 2013) of open, axial, and selective coding. ...
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into K-12 education is gaining momentum for its potential to enhance AI literacy among students. This study, conducted in a professional development program context, analyzed the approaches teachers took to integrate task-specific AIs into science instructions based on what they learned through PD experiences. Specifically, we focused on the approaches teachers highlighted and discussed in their individual Peer Teaching Videos (PTVs), created as the final learning outcomes of the PD. PTVs are 15–20 min videos showcasing their AI-integrated science instruction for fellow teachers, produced with guidance from the PD instructor and shared on an online platform. Using constant comparative content analysis of PTVs, along with data from surveys and interviews, we identified three approaches teachers used to engage students with AI. These approaches differed in the positionality and depth of integrating AI in students’ science learning: (1) Trying out AI as a digital tool, (2) Training and testing AI as an inquiry practice partner, and (3) Exploring AI as an epistemic system. Although these approaches were initially developed for integrating task-specific AIs, they hold significant relevance in the context of the current surge in the use of generative AI. Specifically, these findings offer instructional implications for integrating AI not only as a technological tool but also in ways that promote a critical understanding of the epistemic processes and outcomes fostered by engaging with both science and AI.
... Our interview protocol was structured to examine how mentors enact different aspects of the cognitive apprenticeship framework without being leading. The coding scheme was developed deductively using identity and cognitive apprenticeship constructs while allowing for emergent themes (Charmaz, 2003). ...
... The interview was developed by two coauthors in close collaboration using a constructivist approach by Charmaz (2003) which explored and defined processes. Questions were developed based on our research questions, discussed, and refined in consultation with other members of the research group. ...
Peer-review and publication are important parts of the scientific enterprise, and research has shown that engaging students in such scholarly practices helps build their sense of belonging and scientific identity. Yet, these disciplinary literacy skills and professional practices are often part of the hidden curriculum of science research, thus excluding students and others from fully understanding ways in which scientific knowledge is constructed, refined, and disseminated even though students are participating in such activities. Secondary students are increasingly involved in scientific research projects that include authentic disciplinary literacy components such as research proposals, posters, videos, and scientific research papers. More and more, students are also engaging in professional practice of publishing their scientific research papers through dedicated secondary science journals. How teachers and other mentors support the development of professional disciplinary literacies in students is critical to understand as part of supporting more student participation in research. To this end, we used a mixed-methods study of interviews and surveys to examine the experience and conceptions of the mentors (teachers and professional scientists) who guided pre-college students through the writing and publication of their scientific research projects. Analyzing our data from a lens of cognitive apprenticeship, we find that mentors encourage independence by primarily employing the method of “exploration”. We also find that mentors have divergent views on the value of publication within science, versus for student scientists specifically. Our findings suggest that mentors could work to explicitly reveal their own thinking within science writing to provide more sequenced support for student scientists.
... Collected interviews were inductively analyzed with a grounded theory approach, where saturation is achieved by means of constant comparison throughout the study process (Charmaz, 2003(Charmaz, , 2006. According to Charmaz (2003), this approach particularly well fits interviewing's flexible, emergent exploration process. ...
... Collected interviews were inductively analyzed with a grounded theory approach, where saturation is achieved by means of constant comparison throughout the study process (Charmaz, 2003(Charmaz, , 2006. According to Charmaz (2003), this approach particularly well fits interviewing's flexible, emergent exploration process. Transcripts were iteratively coded to readjust and refine the themes that emerged during the interview process, first to understand present themes and then to sort and analyze data, guided by the research questions. ...
This article recenters physical contexts in mediated communication, drawing on scholarship on communication and space and interviews with gay dating app (GDA) users in Seoul, South Korea. Findings suggested that GDAs virtually expanded the heavily stigmatized population’s everyday capacity to navigate and co-construct (parts of) Seoul as a fluctuating gay place(s) but with ongoing contextualizations through their physical situatedness. Physical gayborhoods’ boundedness shifted as GDAs enabled them to hybridly merge spatial contexts. Rather than simple virtualization, negotiations around societal and in-group stigmas and desires for physically grounded belonging were observed, and the gayborhoods importantly constituted the hybrid space by materially and discursively congregating diverse users. Based on the findings, I propose “layerability,” a topologically specified approach to visibility affordance.
... 2022), that is often employed for this sort of qualitative analysis. Coding and subsequent content analysis followed the principles of Grounded Theory (Gt) (Charmaz and Belgrave, 2012). 1 Following the procedure as illustrated in figure In the next step, axial coding was conducted. Axial coding helps create linkages and relations among the collected data. ...
... elaboration based onCharmaz and Belgrave (2012). ...
Este artículo explora el futuro del desarrollo sustentable México al 2030 a través de planificación de escenarios; basado en métodos cualitativos de prospectiva: el método Delphi, análisis de impacto cruzado y planificación de escenarios. Los datos primarios provienen de entrevistar a treinta expertos. Los resultados indican convergencia de opinión de expertos respecto a incertidumbres que incluyen mayor riesgo político, empeoramiento de seguridad pública y lento crecimiento económico. Usando metodología de matriz cruzada, se desarrollaron cuatro escenarios que presentan diferentes futuros potenciales para 2030. El más probable es que México incumpla los Objetivos de la Agenda 2030 de la ONU.
... It is a systematic method that aims to create theory from data, inductive, and construct theories based on empirical observations (Brinkmann and Kvale, 2015). Grounded theory is iterative and shall not be standardised (Charmaz and Belgrave, 2012). The gathering of data and the coding of collected data are finished when theoretical saturation is reached, i.e. when the analysis seems to conclude in several certain and definitive understandings, themes, and dimensions, as shown in Fig. 1. ...
... The methodological framework employed for the qualitative analysis of empirical data was developed by Gioia (Gioia et al., 2013). The analysis is performed in a three-step open coding process by dissecting and reviewing the data before it is compared, understood and put in context (Charmaz and Belgrave, 2012). The Gioia method is based on several analyses to develop a data structure that shows how the analysis has developed from first-level coding of interviews, 1st Order Concepts, to second-level coding, 2nd Order Themes, and lately to a more superior abstract level, Aggregated Dimensions (Gioia et al., 2013). ...
In the context of the circular economy, there is an urgent need for transformation into circular material flows by avoiding waste, reducing extraction of virgin raw materials, and extending product life cycles. Within the construction and real estate industry, the reuse of building materials stands out as a critical strategy for value retention. The objective of this paper is to localise the forefront of the practical implementation of reused materials within the Swedish construction and real estate industry. To achieve this, the current state of reuse practices through the perspective of property companies as clients in decision-making positions was conducted through semi-structured interviews to identify key barriers and enablers associated with reuse. The three most significant barriers that emerged were a lack of measurable economic incentives, the absence of a professional reuse market, and obsolete project management. Conversely, the three most significant enablers were new and improved project management methods, enhancing competence and learning within and beyond organisations, and introduce reuse at an early stage. The results emphasise the need for project management to develop and adopt circular economy principles. This is further understood due to responders highlighting the industry's linear approach as a major obstacle to circularity together with uncertainties related to product performance, responsibilities and economics characterising reuse efforts. However, an industry in transition is witnessed, e.g. by the emergence of new roles which suggests a continued need for focused research in organisational matters.
... This qualitative study used inductive and emergent data collection methods rooted in phenomenology and grounded theory approaches (Charmaz, 2000;Charmaz & Belgrave, 2012;Guest et al., 2013b). Grounded theory guided the data analysis, and we used multidimensional thematic analysis to surface significant ideas and themes in the data (Charmaz, 2000;Guest et al., 2013a). ...
... We conducted a thematic analysis using Nvivo (Saldaña, 2013). Interviews and reflection session transcripts as well as field notes were coded line-by-line during a first round of open coding both for theoretical concepts that shaped research questions (Saldaña, 2013) and for emergent concepts (Charmaz & Belgrave 2002). Terms taken from students' conversation were used as code labels to bring student voice into the coding process. ...
This paper presents a case study of an environmental stewardship program run by Rocking the Boat (RTB), a Bronx-based positive youth development organization. We sought to understand how youth identity development during participation in environmental stewardship activities links to processes of shifting social representations. We examine how stewardship activities offer youth opportunities to re-script a wider narrative that contests racialized stigmatization of their city. We used an engaged scholarship approach and a variety of qualitative methods to investigate these questions. We found that youth who participated in environmental stewardship activities at Rocking the Boat engaged in a process of identity construction that enabled them to contest the hegemonic, racialized representations of Bronx-based stigma. Environmental activities, alongside other crucial positive youth development activities at RTB, serve as “loci of resistance” (Sisson Prog Hum Geogr 45:659–681, 2021) against territorial stigmatization of the Bronx.
... We continued to probe the data by engaging in an iterative lineby-line coding of our data to ensure the relevance of our BSPs, since we had not elaborated any a priori hypotheses. In addition, recurrent phrases were identified and 'analytically converted' (Charmaz, 2002;Thomas, 2006) to fit into these categories. ...
In this paper, we examine how managers 'make meaning' of business tournament rituals (BTRs)-recognition-based contests in which participating firms get social endorsements and winners receive prestigious awards. In exploring two UK BTRs, we found that managerial orienting systems, made up of beliefs about the identity of their firm, competitors, and customers, and what it takes to compete in their environments, drive managers to compete in BTRs. Their interpretive view of BTRs as sources of strategic capabilities and hard market power, we argue, is constructed, and projected to the viewing public through a set of four distinct but 'durationally indi-visible' temporal frames: validating identity and values, competence signalling, product/service differentiation, and market and industry visibility; these may operate in combination or serially account for the observed managerial preoccupation with BTRs. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory, practice, and future research.
... Lawrence Venuti gave the concept of two techniques employed by the translators, foreignization and domestication (Venuti, 1995). Additionally, (Charmaz and Belgrave, 2012) propounds a method of analysis of interviews taken by a researcher. She goes on to say that interviews for data collection is a plausible way to validate your data. ...
The following study aims to find out the attitudes of the undergraduate students of 8th semester, studying at National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, about the two techniques of translation, foreignization and domestication. The concept of foreignization and domestication was put forwarded by an American translation theorist, Lawrence Venuti, in 1995 in his work A Translator’s Invisibility. Two translated paragraphs of Ismat Chughtai’s short story, Do Hath, are given to the students. One is written using domestication, and the other is written leaving imprints of the source culture. The research is exploratory as interviews are conducted to corroborate the study. For analysis of interviews, Kathy Charmaz’s model of interview analysis is used. The model was given in 2012 in Charmaz’s book about the Grounded Theory. It is found that the students of the English Department of NUML, Islamabad, who have studied Translation Studies as a subject in their previous semester (7th semester), asserts that the technique of foreignization should be prioritized while translating texts from Urdu to English.
... According to Charmaz (2012), interviews allow for participants to define what they mean and explain their point of view, and as such she recommended the use of multiple sequential interviews in grounded theory studies as they allow the researcher to revisit discussions and check the interpretations about 'what is happening'. The data collection itself consisted of three semi-structured interviews that lasted between 26 and 87 min. ...
High-quality health education in schools plays a critical role in the formation of young people by developing the attitudes, beliefs, and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviours throughout their lives. Curriculum reform processes ensure that health education is adequately preparing adolescents for the world today and in the future. However, there is little consideration given to the teachers implementing these curriculum reforms, and their ability to integrate changes as they shape their learning and teaching. In this paper, we discuss the worldviews and beliefs of the teachers delivering health education in Western Australia. We present findings from a doctoral grounded theory study within secondary schools to explain the process teachers use as they approach curriculum, particularly after a reform. We investigate how teachers struggle to decide how to present themselves and the new curriculum content in class. Our findings evidence that teachers have determined gender and sexuality content to be controversial, uncomfortable, difficult to teach but also a favourite to teach. Teachers have expressed uncertainty as to what to say in class and have called for further guidance to teach these important life lessons. Curriculums need to constantly change to keep pace with a changing world, so how do we do this in a way that supports teachers and ultimately produces the best education for young people?
... Constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz 2006) assumes a relativist approach, acknowledges multiple standpoints and realities, and takes a reflexive stance towards actions, situations, and participants. Constructivist grounded theory acknowledges that qualitative interviewing can provide an in-depth exploration of an aspect of life about which the interviewee has substantial experience and can elicit views of the person's subjective world (Charmaz 2003). ...
Dzieci w rodzinach z doświadczeniem migracji często są rozdarte między zachowaniem języka odziedziczonego/ojczystego a nabyciem biegłości w języku kraju, w którym obecnie mieszkają. Znajomość języka społeczeństwa goszczącego pomaga dzieciom odnieść sukces w szkole i później znaleźć dobrą pracę, a umiejętność posługiwania się językiem odziedziczonym ułatwia komunikację w rodzinie. Zdobycie kompetencji w obu językach jednak nie zawsze jest łatwe. Jest to szczególnie skomplikowane w rodzinach wielopokoleniowych i takich, w których rodzice posługują się różnymi językami odziedziczonymi/ojczystymi. W szkołach dynamika jest zróżnicowana w zależności od liczby osób posługujących się poszczególnymi językami. W artykule analizujemy dynamikę w rodzinach i szkołach dzieci, których co najmniej jedno z rodziców urodziło się poza Polską. Pytamy, kto jest odpowiedzialny za umiejętność posługiwania się przez dzieci jednym lub obydwoma językami i analizujemy sposoby integracji i/lub wykluczenia dzieci-migrantów ze względu na język, którym się posługują. Badamy te kwestie w ramach teorii ugruntowanej (grounded theory). Dane empiryczne pochodzą z badań etnograficznych prowadzonych w Poznaniu i Wrocławiu z udziałem dzieci migrujących i ich rodzin, nauczycieli i asystentów międzykulturowych.
... To maintain reflectivity in the research process, reflective notes were made, and the researcher also recorded observational experiences. In addition, writing notes, observational notes, and methodological notes were done to accurately interpret the data as expressed by the participants [10] . The interviewers were a number of university members who had received the necessary trainings to create a more friendly relationship with the participants. ...
BACKGROUND
Classroom behavior is one of the important variables for the curriculum in the learning path of learners. The aim of this study was to explain the classroom behavior process of medical sciences students.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a qualitative study using the grounded theory approach, the classroom behavior of 21 students from different medical fields was assessed. Purposeful and theoretical sampling methods were used. Data collection tools were semi-structured interviews. Sampling was continued until saturation, and data analysis was performed according to the Corbin and Strauss 2015 approach. The study was done from 2020 until 2023.
RESULTS
The results of the data analysis were divided into three main categories (representation scene, behavioral representation, and representation effect) and nine subcategories. The representation scene consisted of the following subcategories: learner features, teacher and teaching features, classroom environment, and educational content. Behavioral representation was the second category and included groupism, the behavioral continuum, and students’ expectations. The representation effect was the third category and included academic progress and positive and negative emotions.
CONCLUSION
Students’ classroom behavior is affected by various factors. Professors and policymakers of educational programs can strengthen the positive classroom behaviors of medical students in the shadow of learning theories by recognizing, paying attention, and planning to get closer to educating students with professional behavior and performance.
... Data sources consisted of audiotapes, videotapes, and transcriptions of the study sessions. Initial emic, open coding was employed to identify themes in students' responses (Charmaz, 2002(Charmaz, , 2006Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Two researchers independently watched session videos and documented insights regarding students' responses to study scenarios. ...
Action at a distance describes causal relationships in which causes and effects act at a distance. Many concepts in life and in science involve action at a distance, such as a remote control activating a television or magnets repelling each other without touching. Some forms occur within the same attentional frame, such as two magnets on a table, making it possible to observe the covariation relationships between them. Others occur at an attentional distance, obscured by space or other variables that make it difficult to perceive covariation. The term action at an attentional distance (A@AD) underscores this distinction (Grotzer & Solis, 2015). Previous research demonstrated that elementary students experience difficulties in interpreting A@AD but can reason about it through mediating mechanisms. The present study extended this work to characterize kindergarteners’ reasoning about A@AD within familiar and unfamiliar contexts. Twenty-five kindergarteners participated in two interview sessions where they were presented with hypothetical scenarios and asked to reason about the possibility of A@AD. Results revealed that in certain cases young students accepted and described A@AD, and this was informed by their familiarity with the context, availability of possible explanatory mechanisms, access to covariation information, and attention to their own interventions.
... We did this by balancing between objectivist and constructivist assumptions in order to safeguard against any risk of dismissing prior theory to the point of ignoring the links between data and sensitizing concepts. At the same time, however, we refrained from preconceptions that would shape the data analysis (Charmaz & Belgrave, 2012). ...
The job crafting theory implies, but does not explicitly present the relationship between the self and the job. To fill the gap, we theorize upon the holistic view of the self, and selfergy, a new concept reflecting the unique manner by which employees craft their jobs. Based on the principles of the self‐determination theory, we have advanced the job crafting theory by incorporating the concept of ‘selfergy’ to capture the integration of the self in the job crafting process. We conducted an inductive qualitative study, based on the Gioia methodology, consisted of 29 semi‐structured interviews, within the field of education. The findings highlight that selfergy is a bi‐dimensional concept manifested through personalized crafting and self‐revelation. It is immersed in all job crafting forms (cognitive, task, relationship) and further expressed as selfergetic job crafting. By adopting a sensemaking approach, we present a process model that shows the transition from cognitive to behavioral crafting and the way selfergy is integrated within those. The study introduces the role of emerging themes in the job crafting theory, such as the role of practical wisdom and other/me orientations in the judgment phase as well as the outcome of the personal mark. The findings shed light on the importance of selfergy at work and provide insights to facilitate employees' transition to the selfergetic job crafting process. The outcomes are applicable to the education sector, as well as others with deeper ethical, emotional, and societal implications enabling employees to align with the requirements of the future workplace.
... After this, I narrowed in on IBEC, inquiring into their experiences of the given program, and how they see themselves applying any knowledge gained into their futures. Interviews at both institutions frequently resulted in personal narratives, alongside reflective and interactive discussions led by the participants' themes of interest (see Charmez, 2002). Interviews averaged around two hours-with a few doubling this length-and took place online inside personal environments (e.g., apartments, familial property). ...
This article examines everyday International Baccalaureate Educator Certificate (IBEC) environments in Japanese higher education through a theoretical framework of whiteness. Exploring dissonances shaped by English and constructivism at two universities, I argue that communities challenge Anglo-American and Euro-American epistemologies imbued within globalist education. I call for scholarship on whiteness to better prioritize decloaking its plethora of still concealed artifacts, an issue I elucidate with two examples in language and pedagogy.
... Data collection and analysis were conducted concurrently. First, utilising an inductive interpretative analysis based on constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz 1990;Charmaz and Belgrave 2012), IH (re)familiarised herself with the transcripts by mapping out the social, relational and discursive elements of each interview (Clarke 2003;Clarke and Friese 2007). This involved writing memos which outlined the ideas that had come Other auto-immune conditions Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Type 1 diabetes Auto-immune skin conditions (e.g. ...
Young adults living with chronic illness often experience considerable uncertainty across the emotional, cultural and medical spheres of their everyday lives. The process of seeking, receiving and reckoning with a diagnosis has frequently been an in‐road for qualitative examinations of these experiences. As a result, the biomedical diagnosis has often taken centre stage in research concerning how uncertainty is managed and/or more stability is found. However, the significance of diagnosis can shift over time, and in many cases, the promise of diagnosis deteriorates as life unfolds. This study draws on a series of in‐depth qualitative interviews with 33 young adults (ages 19–29) living with a range of chronic illnesses, which include auto‐immune illnesses, fatigue syndromes and neurological conditions. Undertaking an inductive interpretative analysis based on constructivist grounded theory, we examine the role and meaning of diagnosis for our participants and find that they iteratively de‐centre diagnosis in various circumstances. We suggest that while the way young adults manage chronic illness may involve seeking a diagnosis, navigating the shortcomings of diagnosis takes a significant emotional toll, and a failure to recognise this work is one important way that the experience of chronic illness when young can be misunderstood.
... To determine what tactics are pro-Ukrainian cyber-actors using on Telegram to resist Russia's invasion, we conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of sampled posts inspired by "process coding," an analytical framework that defines codes as "gerunds ("-ing" words) exclusively to connote action in the data" (Charmaz, 2002 as cited by Saldaña, 2009, p. 77) that is particularly suited to action "in response to situations, or problems, often with the purpose of reaching a goal or handling a problem" (Strauss & Corbin, 2003, pp. 96-97). ...
... The research team followed Charmaz's focused coding methodology [10] to select codes that effectively captured the principal themes present in the data as well as the processes observed during the FDGs. Themes that identified active processes, interactions, and discussions leading to overarching participant groupings and defining generic intelligence analysts' values in technological systems were of particular interest. ...
Intelligence analysis involves gathering, analyzing, and interpreting vast amounts of information from diverse sources to generate accurate and timely insights. Tailored tools hold great promise in providing individualized support, enhancing efficiency, and facilitating the identification of crucial intelligence gaps and trends where traditional tools fail. The effectiveness of tailored tools depends on an analyst’s unique needs and motivations, as well as the broader context in which they operate. This paper describes a series of focus discovery exercises that revealed a distinct hierarchy of needs for intelligence analysts. This reflection on the balance between competing needs is of particular value in the context of intelligence analysis, where the compartmentalization required for security can make it difficult to group design patterns in stakeholder values. We hope that this study will enable the development of more effective tools, supporting the well-being and performance of intelligence analysts as well as the organizations they serve.
Despite the growing recognition of gendered approaches to artistic and creative work, research exploring how men perform their gender through artistic work, or how work in the arts intersects with masculinity, remains limited. This article aims to fill this gap. Drawing on biographical interviews with Japanese classical musicians, it explores how men construct their gender identity through work in a feminized environment, navigating the oppressions of the father-provider model of masculinity prevalent in Japanese society. I show that by embodying behaviors and attitudes coded as feminine and unmanly, Japanese musicians hybridize their masculinities. Man and masculinity scholars have found that while the hybridization of masculinity is a manifestation of social change in gender relations, it tends to obscure existing inequalities and reproduce systems of power and dominance. This article examines whether hybrid masculinities also entail a reworking of gender, thereby promoting a more equitable gender order. To account for the potential change in the system of inequalities, I bring the concept of hybrid masculinity into conversation with a performative theory of (re)doing gender. I show that while the enactments of hybrid (hegemonic) masculinities among Japanese musicians often result in the restoration of the system of dominance, some performances can be interpreted as anticipating change, especially in the realm of reproduction. I argue that in order to make sense of the hybridization of masculinities, we should also consider the socio-cultural context in which they are situated.
Drawing on a series of interviews of teacher residents, this study investigates residents’ foundational beliefs, the influences that shaped them, and the extent to which they changed during their residencies. This study has three primary findings. First, residents developed a more sophisticated understanding of what relational teaching entails. Second, residents increasingly recognized the importance of making real-world connections as a motivator, though they did not fully recognize the extent to which students’ individual or cultural knowledge could be as an instructional resource. Third, residents increasingly asserted their teacherly identities and used their university courses as tools for reflection, rather than as dictates to be followed.
Immigrant integration governance in Europe increasingly requires migranticized subjects to respect constitutional values. This paper examines the knowledge production on integration by street-level bureaucrats in Switzerland, combining a moral economies approach with a governmentality perspective. The empirical analysis builds on problem-centred interviews and participant observations of public authorities and caseworkers in the fields of immigration and naturalization, disclosing the norms, values and emotions guiding the knowledge production on integration by street-level bureaucrats. The analysis reveals a moral economy of integration in which caseworkers struggle with the application of the value requirement as a ‘mindset paragraph’. The tensions and negotiations in everyday knowledge practices revolve around the value of gentleness and, simultaneously, keeping a tight grip on the subjects’ intimacy and the imperative urge to know and ‘feel’ their integration. This evaluation of inner values and feelings by the state inevitably produces knowledge practices of suspicion and doubt. The prism of governmentality allows us to grasp how this moral economy of integration might have shifted the workings of power but not its disciplining nature. The paper suggests understanding integration governance as a totalizing institution in that it seeks to govern all aspects and spheres of life.
Stakeholders need to understand the factors influencing the diffusion of mobile point of sale (mPOS) among small enterprises in socio-economically unstable developing contexts. Consequently, the study was conducted in a metropolis in Northeast Nigeria given that it provides a good example of a socio-economically unstable developing context. The inductive reasoning and inferring approach, and subtle realist ontology were used to inform the study. The approach and ontology were combined with the methodological and epistemological assumptions postulated in the constructionist grounded theory. The small enterprises and the people studied, namely, small enterprise owners were selected using the purposive, convenience and snowball sampling techniques. The unstructured in depth interview and participatory observation were adopted as the data collection techniques. The thematic data analysis technique was used to analyze the data collected for the study. The study findings show how socio-technical factors influenced mPOS diffusion among small enterprises and how the factors influenced the extent mPOS served as a means and end to sustainable development in the research context. We conclude that new theoretical insights were derived from the study and recommend that more studies be conducted to provide more information on mPOS diffusion and how it promotes sustainable development.
Historic fabric are increasingly at risk because they disregard the sense of place in urban regeneration projects, which jeopardises regional identities and customs. This study explores the processes underlying the creation of place meanings among users in historic urban bazaars, examining the attributes of lived space that contribute to the development of a sense of place and generate meaning through behavioural practices. Using the lived space of spatial triad theory as a theoretical framework, this research employs a hybrid methodological approach that combines phenomenological and grounded theory methods. Data are collected through semistructured interviews, onsite observations, and questionnaires, with analysis conducted via N-Vivo. By employing the lived space of spatial triad theory, this research offers a nuanced perspective on how historic urban bazaars function as living museums that foster pluralistic societies, cultural innovation, and economic fluidity within a contemplative environment. These insights underscore the importance of incorporating local memories and feelings into heritage conservation and urban regeneration projects, as these elements are crucial for maintaining the unique identity and vibrancy of historic sites.
This study contributes to international scholarship on the lived space of historical sites by providing a focused examination of the dynamic forces shaping sense of place identity over time in historic bazaars.
در سالهای اخیر استفاده از روش نظریه زمینهای در نظامهای علمی مرتبط با محیط ساخته شده و به طور خاص طراحی و برنامهریزی شهری افزایش یافته است. از طرفی، عدم توجه کافی پژوهشگران به مبانی و ملاحظات روششناختی نظریه زمینهای و خوانشهای آن، گاهی به گونهای از روششناسی با خوانشهای التقاطی منجر شده که فاقد و ناقض ماهیت روش نظریه زمینهای و ملاحظات اولیه خوانش موردنظر از آن بوده است. با این وجود، بررسی و ارزیابی کیفیت اینگونه پژوهشها در نظامهای علمی مرتبط با محیط ساخته شده و به طور خاص طراحی و برنامهریزی شهری کمتر انجام شده است. از این رو هدف مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی نظاممندِ مطالعههای انجام شده با استفاده از روش نظریه زمینهای در برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری به منظور شناخت استفاده اصولی از این روش در این عرصه از دانش و ارائه پیشنهاداتی برای کاربردهای آتی است. در این راستا انتخاب پژوهشهای مورد بررسی با جست وجوی نظاممند مقالات منتشر شده در پایگاههای معتبر علمی فارسیزبان با استفاده از روش مرور نظاممند انجام شده است. پس از غربالگری مطالعات موجود بر اساس معیارهای مشخص شده، 44 مطالعه منتشر شده تا سال 1399 انتخاب و بر اساس معیارهای ارزیابی روش نظریه زمینهای مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نتایج ارزیابی روششناختی پژوهشهای انجام شده مبتنی بر روش نظریه زمینهای نشان داد با وجود اقبال فزاینده به استفاده از این روش در مطالعات حوزه برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری، بسیاری از این پژوهشها در کاربست کامل و دقیق اصول و مراحل روش نظریه زمینهای و خوانشهای آن ناموفق بودهاند و نتیجه آنها به جای نظریه به عنوان دستاورد مورد انتظار از کاربست این روش به صورت دیاگرام، مدل و چارچوب مفهومی تنزل پیدا کرده است. همچنین نتایج بررسی حاضر نشان داد بهرهگیری صرف برخی پژوهشها از مجموعهای از تکنیکهای روش نظریه زمینهای مانند کدگذاری و یا نگارش یادداشتهای تحلیلی و غفلت از فرایندهای مهمی از قبیل نمونهگیری نظری، مقایسه مستمر و تحلیل عمیق مقولهها موجب شده تا این مطالعهها از عرصه توصیف فراتر نرفته و ضمن اکتفا به ارائه تمها و روایتهای تشریحی، کمتر به تولید نظریه به عنوان هدف روش نظریه زمینهای دست یابند. بر اساس یافتههای این مقاله، ارتقای کیفیت پژوهشهای مبتنی بر روش نظریه زمینهای در حوزه برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری نیازمند شناخت صحیح پژوهشگران از ماهیت، ویژگیها و اصول نظریه زمینهای و آگاهی عمیق از خوانشهای این روش و تفاوتهای آنها به منظور تناسبسنجی و توجیه انتخاب خوانش مناسب بر اساس اهداف و ویژگیهای پژوهش است.
A aplicação da colaboração na Gestão do Design, particularmente no complexo contexto de projetos voltados às exportações, demanda atividades específicas do gestor do design, resultando em mais estímulo para o desenvolvimento de projetos. O presente estudo reúne informações sobre as percepções de especialistas com experiência em projetos de design para o mercado internacional. A abordagem metodológica utilizando uma lógica indutiva a partir da Grounded Theory se deu após análise da literatura sobre o estado da arte dos temas: Gestão do Design, Colaboração e Exportações. O resultado da pesquisa apresenta a perspectiva de profissionais acerca da relação entre a colaboração, a gestão do design e o design para exportação, especificamente a partir da experiência num programa governamental de incentivo ao uso do design para as exportações.
From the onset of chronic illness, a variety of challenges emerge—challenges that both persist and evolve as life progresses. For young adults living with chronic illness, the age-specific difficulties of becoming ill while young form a foundation that shapes their experience of illness in enduring ways. This paper draws on a series of in-depth qualitative interviews with 33 young adults (aged 19–29 years old) living with a range of chronic illnesses, including fatigue syndromes, auto-immune diseases, and neurological conditions. Participants demonstrated an emergent chronic consciousness of how others perceived their health, which created a series of fraught affective tussles centered on relational recognition and feared judgment. This article explores the difficulties and concerns participants had when communicating the nature and realities of illness; the emotional toll of attempting to avoid attention and judgment from others regarding their conditions; and the ways in which others could productively and sensitively acknowledge participants’ illness experiences. We demonstrate that the process of learning how to navigate these issues was one important way that participants began to integrate their illness (and its implications) into their emerging sense of self and adult life.
This introductory chapter explains the research context, conceptualization, and methodology employed in this research. I first briefly introduce a discussion of mobility politics and highlight the significance of mobility in understanding societal changes, especially in the context of China’s globalization. I then explain the intersection of technological, gender, and labor dynamics to understand the complexities of the daigou industry. The last two sections of the chapter elaborate upon the ethnographic methodology and structure of the book.
Given intensified calls to attend to mental health in academia, we
sought to understand how graduate students in the
communication discipline anticipate, respond to, and resist
institutional stressors via their resilience processes. Drawing on
interviews with 50 graduate students, we examined how
graduate students’ resilience communication processes enacted
adaptive-transformative possibilities for resistance across micro,
meso, and macro organizational levels in higher education. Our
findings show how participants’ resilience processes, in response
to co-occurring stressors of academic norms, institutional
restraints, and experiences of marginalization, aligned with
specific modes of resistance (viz., individual infrapolitics,
insubordination, collective infrapolitics, insurrection). Ultimately,
we extend theorizing on resilience to illuminate its intersections
with resistance and offer practical interventions to build both
individual and collective resilience among graduate students in
higher education.
Purpose
This study links the notion of responsible strategic communication to the field of lobbying at the European (EU) level. It provides empirical findings on the relevance of informal interaction and communication in EU public affairs (PA). Focusing on functional expectations and uses tied to informality from an actors’ perspective, this study not only includes lobbyists and their attempts to gain influence on political actors but also attempts of lobbyists to control journalistic output through informal relationships and exchange mechanisms. The results are discussed with a view to further inform the concept of “responsible lobbying.”
Design/methodology/approach
Building on a theoretical background from strategic communication, informal politics and interest group research, findings from a qualitative content analysis of 43 semi-structured interviews with actors from PA ( n = 27) and journalism ( n = 16) at the EU level are reported, focusing on one policy case.
Findings
The study shows motives for establishing and using informality for both actor types. Functional expectations relate to a range of tasks at the core of the respective actors’ day-to-day activities: monitoring political developments, pre-negotiating policy options in protected, confidential spaces with political decision-makers, receiving relevant sectoral background information and “technical coaching” on legislative dossiers directed to journalists.
Originality/value
Studies on lobbying have rarely been conducted from a strategic communications perspective, especially focusing the EU level. Albeit widely accepted, the understanding of lobbying and PA as an informal activity has not been scrutinized by academic research.
Arranging safe and secure child care is necessary for parents of dependent children to maintain their participation in the labor force. This article uncovered the extreme version of work–childcare conflict faced by low‐income mothers. The constant, underlying threat of the loss of income and unsafe conditions for children influences child care and work, hindering their ability to move out of poverty even when employed. This qualitative study uses interview and focus group data collected from low‐income mothers in Colorado, Georgia, and Massachusetts from 2009 to 2020 to explore the obstacles as well as the strategies for finding and keeping child care. The data are the mother's voices as they describe their experiences negotiating care arrangements while working or looking for work. Factors that contributed to this extreme version of work–childcare conflict included: difficult conditions at work and mixed experience relying on care from family and friends. Also uncovered were problems affording paid care and utilizing public vouchers, which may undermine assistance programs. Child care from schools, family, and public programs were greatly diminished during the Covid‐19 pandemic, further exacerbating work–childcare conflict for low‐income mothers. Policy implications and the effects of the pandemic on childcare arrangements were also considered.
Impact investors are supposed to generate financial returns alongside social and environmental benefits. Increasingly, they must also measure these benefits as a form of performance management to provide robust evidence of impact. However, it is an “open secret” that because of inconsistencies and fragmentation in the applied means of impact measurement, ends are imperfectly met. In this article, we probe how and why means–ends decoupling occurs in impact investing in plain sight. We apply a qualitative and interpretative approach, drawing on 135 interviews and 102 documents gathered from impact investors. We find that impact measurement is not primarily used for performance management but plays a relational role between stakeholders. We uncover and conceptualize three mechanisms that drive decoupling between the ideal and actual functions of impact measurement, namely impact measurement as: (1) communication, (2) categorization, and (3) construction of the domain. We also find an important contingency: decoupling becomes more likely with increasing systemic opacity in an investment field. We outline contributions to the organizational decoupling literature and the sociology of quantification, and we show how the problems that arise from means-ends decoupling could be overcome.
Focusing on German-speaking progressive Catholic women, the present study aims at investigating religious women’s feminist activism on social media in relation to questions of agency. It does so by focusing on women’s own experiences of approval and empowerment on the one hand and criticism and disempowerment on the other, attending to the possible role of specific social media platforms’ affordances in this context. Taking an actor-centered approach, this article draws on in-depth interviews that are analyzed through a cgt -framework. Attention is paid to how different social media ‘bubbles’ and platform-specific affordances and vernaculars impact the responses the women receive and their possibilities of reacting thereto as their content moves between different platforms beyond their control. The results are discussed against the background of theories of agency in the context of gender, religion, and digital media, arguing for an understanding of agency as relational, situated, and dispersed.
Social robots are rarely confined to a task-specific or problem-specific work envelope. For instance, an assistive robot working in a senior center can incidentally become a companion or even a trusted confidante. Increasingly operating in public spaces, social robots can be easily caught in mundane yet morally ambivalent urban situations that are often dynamic, complex, and unpredictable, presenting novel factors and agencies that can quickly exceed the scope of any projected human-robot interaction. Anticipating how a robot should respond in these situations may mitigate interaction failures. To improve foresight in these situations, we propose the frame of “Situated Ethics for Urban Encounters” (SEUE) and probe this frame through 18 mundane yet morally ambivalent scenarios of human-robot interaction in a public library using the speed- dating research method with storyboards. Our findings suggest: (i) There are ambiguous but morally important interactions even in a public library; (ii) Unlike humans, robots are expected to do many things at once and some actions may risk deception; (iii) The importance of children’s rights in these situations; (iv) A need for creatively opportunistic interaction when responding to the ethical challenges of the situation; and (v) Residual risks exist even in a perceived ethical response on the part of the robot. We contribute to empirical HRI ethics by demonstrating how the speed-dating technique in a participatory design setting could be used to unpack, interpret, discuss, and elicit possible HRI responses in urban situations, which are expected to only become more important as robots show up in cities.
Methodological issues raised by recent attempts to refine the process of generating grounded theory are examined in this article. First, the historical context of grounded theory method is reviewed, then several issues of importance to grounded theory methodologists are discussed. Finally, dimensional analysis, described by Schatzman in 1991 as a method for the generation of grounded theory, is proposed.
This article proposes the use of two qualitative research methodologies-Heideggerian hermeneutics and grounded theory-as a way to understand complex human phenomena. The hermeneutic method uses "thick description," "paradigm cases," "exemplars," and "the-matic analysis" to discover meanings and ways of being (practices) in lived experiences. The aim of grounded theory methodology is to generate an analytic schema called "a substantive grounded theory' that conceptually explains basic social processes at a higher level of abstraction. While each has its own integrity and yields different outcomes, triangulation of these two qualitative methods in one study can illuminate clinical realities that elude alternative approaches. Hermeneutics reveals the uniqueness of shared meanings and common practices that can inform the way we think about our practice; grounded theory provides a conceptual framework useful for planning interventions and further quantitative research.
This article seeks to shed some light on the difference of opinion that has developed between the cooriginators of the grounded theory approach to qualitative data analysis. The author has worked with grounded theory and has followed the developments in the methods books written independently by Glaser and Strauss since the publication of The Discovery of Grounded Theory in 1967. What had to date appeared to be an ongoing process of refinement of the strategies for the handling of data and the development of theory has developed into nothing short of a head on clash between Glaser and Strauss.
examine interpretivism, beginning with a general sketch of some critical issues in social science epistemology that shape this family of persuasions / single out several particular interpretivist approaches for a close look at how each defines the purpose of human inquiry / these include Clifford Geertz's view of interpretive anthropology, the Herbert Blumer-G. H. Mead version of symbolic interactionism, and Norman Denzin's reformulation of interpretive interactionism
introduce constructivist thinking through the work of Nelson Goodman [on cognition] / discuss Ernst von Glasersfeld's radical constructivism, Kenneth Gergen's social constructionism, feminist standpoint epistemologies, Egon Guba and Yvonna Lincoln's constructivist paradigm, and Elliot Eisner's aesthetic approach to educational inquiry as illustrations of constructivist thinking / conclude . . . with an overview of several kinds of criticisms often made of both constructivist and interpretivist approaches (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write, Writing With Power speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. In a new introduction, he offers his reflections on the original edition, discusses the responses from people who have followed his techniques, how his methods may differ from other processes, and how his original topics are still pertinent to today’s writer. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalities--the production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, non planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, conscious control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper.
Voice, the animus of storytelling, the author's presence in written works, concerns both sides of the modernist fence. Authors are urged to restrain and regulate their voices in deference to disciplinary expectations. We advocate developing an audible writer's voice that reflects our empirical experiences. Voice ranges from the evocative to the analytic and varies according to: (a) the freshness of the inquiry, (b) relationships with respondents, and (c) the place of the studied phenomena in larger systems of meaning and practice. Two different examples of our writing illustrate how fieldwork influenced the emergence of evocative and analytic voices.
There is a remarkable absence of discussion in sociology about the nature of (grounded) theories, how to generate them, and go about verifying them (witness the recent Handbook of Qualitative Research). Most theories are substantive. Differences among types of theories along various dimensions are discussed. A stand is taken against the usual oversimplified hierarchization of them by "levels," using an analysis of how theories appear in Science articles. For social scientists, this use constitutes models to be learned from, but not slavishly followed. Extended illustration is given from the author's research on the control of information, including guarding secrets, giving misleading information, engaging in suspicion searches, and the like. From this research, several innovative procedures are discussed relative to developing, checking, and linking general theories, both with each other and with substantive theories.
This article is an attempt to reconstruct and analyze the process of conducting a collaborative, interpretive study of the experience of Hurricane Andrew. Study data consist of accounts, including in-depth and focus-group interviews, collected in the months following the storm. The current inquiry addresses validity, with a focus on the impact of the investigators' biographies and theoretical orientations on the collection and analysis of qualitative data. We found that our interviews differed in terms of style, level of detail sought, and the degree of taken-for-granted knowledge shared by interviewer and respondent. In analysis, we found different aspects of the data interesting and, initially, produced different stories. These proved to be complementary, rather than contradictory. Collaboration made it possible to identify some of the biases we brought to the task and yielded a richer interpretation of the hurricane experience than either of us would have produced alone.
give an overview of the origins, purposes, uses, and contributions of grounded theory methodology / grounded theory is a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Obra sobre las características y métodos de la investigación cualitativa, desde la planeación del proyecto hasta la interpretación del material. Incluye un panorama sobre los desarrollos recientes en la materia.
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