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Lexicon Embedded Syntax
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Résumé Cet article décrit des modifications du dictionnaire de valence des verbes du français DICOVALENCE qui visent à le rendre neutre par rapport aux modèles syntaxiques, à expliciter certaines informations sur le cadre de sous-catégorisation et à le rendre ainsi directement utilisable en TAL. Les informations explicitées sont les suivantes : (a) les fonctions syntaxiques des arguments verbaux, (b) les restrictions de sélection portant sur ces arguments et (c) leurs réalisations syntagmatiques possibles. Les restrictions sont exprimées à l'aide de traits sémantiques. L'article décrit aussi le calcul de ces traits sémantiques à partir des paradigmes des pronoms (et d'éléments similaires) associés aux arguments. On obtient un format indépendant du modèle syntaxique, dont l'interprétation est transparente. Abstract This paper describes modifications to the verbal valency dictionary for French, known as DICOVALENCE, in order to obtain a theory-independent syntactic lexicon, to make explicit certain information about the slots in the valency frame, to facilitate the use of the lexicon in natural language processing. The modifications make explicit the following aspects: (a) the syntactic function of the slots, (b) the selection restrictions on these verbal arguments, (c) their possible phrasal realizations. Selection restrictions are expressed using semantic features. The article describes how these features are obtained from the paradigms of pronouns (and similar elements) associated with the valency slots. This results in a format which is theory-independent, with a transparent interpretation.
In this paper we present a general parsing strategy that arose from the development of an Earley-type parsing algorithm for TAGs (Schabes and Joshi 1988) and from recent linguistic work in TAGs (Abeille 1988).In our approach elementary structures are associated with their lexical heads. These structures specify extended domains of locality (as compared to a context-free grammar) over which constraints can be stated. These constraints either hold within the elementary structure itself or specify what other structures can be composed with a given elementary structure.We state the conditions under which context-free based grammars can be 'lexicalized' without changing the linguistic structures originally produced. We argue that even if one extends the domain of locality of CFGs to trees, using only substitution does not give the freedom to choose the head of each structure. We show how adjunction allows us to 'lexicalize' a CFG freely.We then show how a 'lexicalized' grammar naturally follows from the extended domain of locality of TAGs and present some of the linguistic advantages of our approach.A novel general parsing strategy for 'lexicalized' grammars is discussed. In a first stage, the parser builds a set structures corresponding to the input sentence and in a second stage, the sentence is parsed with respect to this set. The strategy is independent of the linguistic theory adopted and of the underlying grammar formalism. However, we focus our attention on TAGs. Since the set of trees needed to parse an input sentence is supposed to be finite, the parser can use in principle any search strategy. Thus, in particular, a top-down strategy can be used since problems due to recursive structures are eliminated. The parser is also able to use non-local information to guide the search.We then explain how the Earley-type parser for TAGs can be modified to take advantage of this approach.
This paper deals with the lexical-grammatical distinction in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), addressing such issues as the nature of linguistic categorization (strict versus gradual) and the possibility of representing gradience in underlying representation. It will be shown that both FDG and its predecessor, Functional Grammar (FG), are ambivalent with regard to the lexical-grammatical distinction. On the one hand, both models seem to accept the possibility of strict categorization, making ‘a rather sharp distinction between lexical (or content) elements and grammatical (or form) elements in the structure of linguistic expressions’ (DIK, 1997, p.159), whereby lexical elements are captured by predicates and grammatical elements are analysed as operators or functions. At the same time, however, it is implicitly accepted that categorization is not always an all-or-nothing affair (e.g. DIK, 1997, p.194). The aim of the present paper is, first, to resolve this ambivalence by offering an inventory of criteria (pragmatic, semantic, morphosyntactic and phonological) for the classification of (English) linguistic elements as lexical or grammatical. Secondly, it is argued that, although both distinctions are useful and justifiable, there is no one-to-one relationship between the lexical-grammatical dichotomy and the distinction between predicates and operators/functions. Finally, a proposal is made for an FDG-representation of a particular group of linguistic elements (including pronouns, demonstratives, numerals and prepositions) which do not clearly belong to either category but combine lexical and grammatical features.
We present a reinterpretation of lexical information embedded in the English WordNet in an alternate type of structure called lexical system. First, we characterize lexical systems as graphs of lexical units (word senses) connected mainly by Meaning-Text lexical function relations, then introduce a hand-built lexical system: the French Lexical Network or fr-LN, a lexical resource that implements a new lexicography of virtual dictionaries. We later explain how a corresponding en-LN has been generated from the English WordNet. Finally, we propose a topological contrastive analysis of the two graphs showing that both structures can be characterized as being Hierarchical Small World Networks.
Dictionaries are designed as huge texts made up of a collection of much smaller texts, i.e. lexicographic articles. To put
it differently, dictionaries are two-dimensional textual models of natural language lexicons. Lexicographers, however, are
well aware of the fact that their task is to account for a truly multidimensional entity: a gigantic graph of lexical units
connected by various paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. The most significant advance that computer science will bring
to the future of lexicography is therefore not the ability to better store, search and manipulate textual lexicographic data;
it will be to allow lexicographers to bypass the text as a formal representation of lexicons and to directly work on lexical
networks. Such networks are more suitable to the lexicographic endeavour because they are better formal metaphors of the “natural”
structure we are trying to account for. This paper presents lexical systems as graph models of lexicons and introduces the
corresponding lexicography of virtual dictionaries. It is based on extensive lexicographic work that is being conducted on
the French Lexical Network, a lexical database built according to theoretical and methodological principles borrowed from
Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology.
The paper presents a new type of dictionary—Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary [= ECD], which is a formalized semantically-based lexicon designed to be part of a linguistic model of natural language. After stating ECD's main properties (1), we describe an ECD lexical entry (2), then groupings of lexical entries (3), and, finally, principles for compiling ECDs (4); a series of entries for an English ECD is given as an illustration (5).
This article presents general background information about the FrameNet project, including an introduction to its basic assumptions and goals, a description of its precursors, and information about its evolution during the six years of the project. The companion articles in this special issue of IJL describe various aspects of the project in greater detail.
Theoretical linguists have in recent years concentrated their attention on the productive aspect of language, wherein utterances are formed combinatorically from units the size of words or smaller. This paper will focus on the contrary aspect of language, wherein utterances are formed by repetition, modification, and concatenation of previously-known phrases consisting of more than one word. I suspect that we speak mostly by stitching together swatches of text that we have heard before; productive processes have the secondary role of adapting the old phrases to the new situation. The advantage of this point of view is that it has the potential to account for the observed linguistic behavior of native speakers, rather than discounting their actual behavior as irrelevant to their language. In particular, this point of view allows us to concede that most utterances are produced in stereotyped social situations, where the communicative and ritualistic functions of language demand not novelty, but rather an appropriate combination of formulas, cliches, idioms, allusions, slogans, and so forth. Language must have originated in such constrained social contexts, and they are still the predominant arena for language production. Therefore an understanding of the use of phrases is basic to the understanding of language as a whole.You are currently reading a much-abridged version of a paper that will be published elsewhere later.
We present a new lexicographic enterprise that aims at producing a French Lexical Network or FLN. We begin by introducing the project as such and then proceed with a characterization of the FLN: the FLN as a generic lexical model, its network structure and the different types of lexical entities it models. Finally, we focus on two aspects of our lexicographic methodology: the incremental identification of the FLN's wordlist and our editing tool.
We introduce a new type of lexical structure called lexical system, an interoperable model that can feed both monolingual and multilingual language resources. We begin with a formal characterization
of lexical systems as simple directed graphs, solely made up of nodes corresponding to lexical entities and links. To illustrate
our approach, we present data borrowed from a lexical system that has been generated from the French DiCo database. We later
explain how the compilation of the original dictionary-like database into a net-like one has been made possible. Finally,
we discuss the potential of the proposed lexical structure for designing multilingual lexical resources.
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