Understanding of Evolution and Inheritance at KS1 and KS2: Review of literature and resources

Abstract

This bibliography is one aspect of a project designed to develop practical guidance for teaching Evolution and Inheritance at KS1 and KS2. Some findings are presented in a series of articles in the Association for Science Education's journal, Primary Science. In addition, the authors have produced a full report and project summary, a report on feedback from KS3-­‐KS4 biology teachers and formative assessment probes for classroom use. All of these are available at www.nuffieldfoundation.org/primary-­‐pupils-­‐understanding-­‐evolution-­‐and-­‐inheritance Project remit and limits 'Evolution and Inheritance' is a potentially vast field to review, even when limited to considerations of teaching and learning in schools for the KS1-­‐2 age range. This review of literature and resources is, therefore, selectively limited in particular ways. The target audience is those teachers and educators interested in enhancing young pupils' understanding of the science in this conceptual domain. Our project undertook to conduct research that would inform and support the teaching and learning of Evolution and Inheritance in the National Curriculum KS1-­‐2, a new area in the 2014 curriculum. Research with teachers set out to identify learners' difficulties and to suggest teaching and learning sequences across the 4-­‐11 age range. Throughout, the emphasis was on 'working scientifically', promoting pupils' engagement and science discourse as the means for exchanging their evidence-­‐ based ideas. A design-­‐based research approach ('DBR', Anderson, & Shattuck, 2012) generated, observed and recorded evidence of useful classroom strategies to inform optimal learning and teaching sequences. Formative assessment and tailored interventions could be developed collaboratively on the back of these activities (see formative assessment probes developed as outcomes of this project on the Nuffield Foundation site http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/primary-­‐pupils-­‐understanding-­‐evolution-­‐and-­‐inheritance. The procedures adopted ensured a sufficient quality and quantity of data to be generated from cross-­‐ sectional samples by age to describe how understandings and misunderstandings typically develop; equally importantly, we explored what management of learning experiences would be of particular relevance and value. Dissemination would use findings primarily to inform teachers' practices with the longer-­‐term objective of facilitating and enhancing learning outcomes. In the manner of action research procedures, teachers never stepped entirely out of their conventional teaching role and the project was always mindful of how all activities might enable learning to be facilitated by using targeted interventions. These emerging messages have been published as a series of articles in the Association for Science Education's journal, 'Primary Science' (Russell and McGuigan, 2014a, 2014b, 2015a, 2015b & 2015c). Main issues for teaching and learning The theory of evolution is agreed by biologists and biology educators to have a necessarily central and foundational role in all students' and professionals' conceptualisation of the study of biology. Equally obvious is the fact that there have been historically, and remain, serious impediments to the understanding of the theory and secondly, its acceptance. The literature identifies three kinds of impediment: 1. The theory of evolution synthesises a huge volume and breadth of accumulated empirical data from diverse disciplines, spanning geology and palaeontology, etc. " Despite the elegance of the theory, it is a notoriously difficult and challenging set of concepts to understand, to learn, and to teach. Some attribute this to the inherent complexity of the subject

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