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Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method American Political Science Review
... Considering the style, Bryman (1999) also claims that, "qualitative research" has been sometimes taken to imply and appears to social research, where quantitative data has not been collected or generated (Bryman & Burgess 1999). Arend Lijphart (1971) claimed that all empirical research is performed on a shared logic of inference, where inference is the process of using the facts we know to learn about the facts we do not know (Lijphart 1971). So, we can find the facts by focusing on the verification of a causal relationship between single variables while isolating the others. ...
... Considering the style, Bryman (1999) also claims that, "qualitative research" has been sometimes taken to imply and appears to social research, where quantitative data has not been collected or generated (Bryman & Burgess 1999). Arend Lijphart (1971) claimed that all empirical research is performed on a shared logic of inference, where inference is the process of using the facts we know to learn about the facts we do not know (Lijphart 1971). So, we can find the facts by focusing on the verification of a causal relationship between single variables while isolating the others. ...
... Moreover, A case study as a research design draws upon a shared logic of inference . Lijphart (1971) contends that all empirical research focuses on the verification of a causal relationship between single variables while isolating the effect of others (Lijphart 1971:683). Since I must mostly limit myself to focus on description and understanding of complicated and rarely researched processes before considering possible casual relationships, I feel more at home with the argument by George and Bennett (2004) that "[A] case study is more about finding the condition under which specified outcomes occur, through the mechanisms they occur rather disentangling the frequency of the terms and consequences (George & Bennett 2005:31). ...
In short, my research interest aims to identify, describe and analyze Bangladesh`s policy approaches as well actual politics towards the Rohingyas after the massive exodus in Bangladesh on 25 August 2017. The central finding of the study revolves around three interconnected outcomes. First, Bangladesh has not given refugee status to the Rohingyas after the 2017 exodus. Although Bangladesh is a non-signatory of the 1951 refugee convention, the complementary protection law can overweigh the convention refugee status and protect the Rohingyas through the principle of non-refoulement. Bangladesh on the other hand, can claim the 2017 repatriation agreement as a legal document for the repatriation of Rohingyas in Myanmar. The second finding is that the local integration of Rohingyas in Bangladesh is not a viable option considering the challenges and the weak state capacity of Bangladesh. Considering the local integration of Rohingyas, state and society will fail together with the extra burden of the huge Rohingya population. Therefore, the solution of the crisis is more repatriation oriented. The third findings suggest that, protection through the principle of non-refoulement or the premature repatriation of Rohingyas will leave the Rohingyas in a protracted displacement either in Bangladesh or in Myanmar. Therefore, the study suggests the importance of citizenship of the Rohingyas in Myanmar. The descriptive study analyzed the stratification of the citizenship and describes how the inclusion of the Rohingyas can be achieved by preventing different forms of injustice: maldistribution, misrecognition and misrepresentation within the idea of the politics of citizenship.
... Although diachronic comparison reduces this bias, by focusing on the same unit at different times, it is not sufficient because the same unit is not really the same at different times (Lijphart, 1971). ...
... 4. The terminology of synchronic and diachronic goes back to (Lijphart, 1971). ...
... Therefore, a careful evaluation of GI policy requires controlling for covariates in order to maximise comparability and reduce the risk of confounding the effect of GI with other factors. Although diachronic comparison reduces this bias, by focusing on the same unit at different times, it is not sufficient because the same unit is not really the same at different times (Lijphart, 1971). This paper uses the synthetic comparison methods and a large panel of coffee producing countries to evaluate the impact of PGI adoption on price paid to coffee growers in Colombia. ...
This thesis evaluates the economic impact of quality-related-to-origin policies using evaluation methods adapted to the specificity of such certifications, in particular, the spatial dimension. First, we analyze the effect of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) adoption on price and production costs of PDO milk producers in Franche-Comté using a Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design. Secondly, we use propensity matching methods to analyze regional heterogeneity in Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, and Franche-Comté before focusing on the effect of the PDO adoption at a national level. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the adoption of a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) on prices paid to Colombian coffee producers using synthetic control methods. Overall, we find that PDO and/or PGI adoption is associated with positive effects on farmers' economic performances. However, these effects are not homogeneously distributed.
... The work of Mill (1843) has been foundational and has contributed to the method with two distinct designs of comparative method that are the method of agreement which looks at similar cases in order to find the causes, and the method of differences looking at the contrasting characteristics. Lijphart (1971) proposed the comparative method to overcome small-N problems in political studies, and the method significantly improved over the few decades as many innovations were proposed (Collier, 1993) to improve the scientific validity; most notably in qualitative settings such as the use of thick and thin descriptions, improving the sample to increase validity, and focusing on limiting variables for reliability. ...
... Comparative method has a similar motive with the attempts to control for other explanations in experimental and statistical analysis, however, its main difference is that it is used when there is not sufficient cases to use the statistical method. Lijphart (1971) promotes CM for the first stage of research in which there is an inductive form of formulating hypotheses which later can help to move towards a statistical analysis. Comparative method can be applied under synchronic forms that look at the countries, groups or individuals from the same spatiotemporal settings, or alternatively a single case can be looked at from a longitudinal (diachronic) perspective which is often referred as "withincase" method. ...
... There is a great debate among scholars for selection and the use of various methodologies for political and social research. Lijphart (1971) compared the weaknesses, merits and potential solutions of a few important major methods such as case study, comparative, experimental and statistical method. He distinguished the comparative method defining it as "systematic analysis of small number (small-N) of cases, with the merit: "Given inevitable scarcity of time, energy, and financial resources, the intensive analysis of a few cases may be more promising than the superficial statistical analysis of many cases," (Lijphart, 1971, p.685). ...
Conflict management has become a key factor for mergers and
acquisitions in the contemporary global economy. Although firms may do well in general in terms of financial due diligence, the human factor in mergers still remain as a primary source of conflict, impacting firms at all levels significantly. Following an extensive review of the literature
and previous research, this paper unfolds a series of relevant theories
that deal with the sources, course, and outcomes of the conflict at
organizational settings during mergers and acquisitions. Through the use of the comparative method with a small-N sample and secondary data for triangulation, this study describes a preliminary typology for successful or failed mergers notably focusing on industry-specific causes and outcomes of the conflict, and potential strategies to be developed by firms’ management. While industry-specific complexity, incompatible business culture and interests, unpreparedness and lack of planning and prior competition between firms have explanatory power over the failure of investigated firms notably playing a role in the organizational integration and cohesion between parties; compatible mutual interests, well-prepared organizational integration processes and synergy-creating [mostly vertical] business models that represent strategic and effective HRM and management practices appear to be more successful.
... The study of world-system pertaining to data in global capitalism will be carried out as a comparative case study, where world-systems analysis offers the explanatory frame. A comparative study is understood here loosely following the definitions by Lijphart (1971) and Wallerstein and Hopkins (1967). Accordingly, a comparative design of pluri-national studies generally involves observations on two or more national societies. ...
... The cases of Thailand and Africa will be inspected through the lens of semi-periphery and periphery, respectively. As such, world-systems remains as the 'ultimate' unit of analysis with the aim of revealing interrelations of structural elements of total systems by incorporating empirics from different levels (Lijphart, 1971). The context of this research is still rather descriptive, as the guiding question "How does data ! ...
The digital age is witnessing an emergence of data practices, which pertain to the extraction and commodification of data within global capitalism. While there remains conceptual confusion over this phenomenon, critical studies have began to identify emerging issues related to digital development. Few accounts have attempted to frame the wide societal transformation in a holistic manner. This research employs world-systems analysis to investigate how data extraction affects global capitalism through a comparative case study of Computer Crime Act in Thailand; data relations in Africa; and development cooperation. The analysis and discussion of this research explores the core-periphery dynamics of data extraction in the Global South and discusses their potential interconnectedness within the capitalist world-economy. The findings suggest that current data practices are witnessed in various ways in different parts of the system, that essentially constitute a connected world-economy. It is further suggested that in this point of time the system reproduces certain inequalities inherent to its function, and that the associated data practices are bringing fundamental changes to the world-system.
... Voters from the lower income groups will vote for left-wing parties. In comparison, right-wing parties were voted by higher income groups in developed countries, but Rose and Urwin (1970), Lijphart (1971) believed otherwise, arguing that religion is essential in eleven European countries. Only Lancelot (1975) confirmed the importance and strength of both cleavages. ...
This study attempts to answer the question of how demographic changes shape what a country’s party system is, as little research has been done on youth wing and youth quota. In particular, party system changes and party system stability literature never studied loyalty of young voters and perceived activities of youth wing “Zhastar Rukhy” and youth quota and vice versa. Therefore, this study looks at whether and how youth wing and youth quota, party system stability and party system change relate to one another.
Empirical evidence has been gathered using mixed-method research to study the issue of youth voting in Kazakhstan.
... Em tal situação, a abordagem mais frutífera seria considerar a análise comparativa como o primeiro estágio da pesquisa, no qual as hipóteses são cuidadosamente formuladas. (Lijphart, 1971, p. 685 apud Collier, 1993 Outrossim, o presente artigo possui algumas limitações. A escassez de bibliografia específica sobre Diplomacia Aeroespacial e a rápida evolução tecnológica no setor de eVTOL impõem desafios à análise. ...
This article investigates the emerging Brazilian Aerospace Diplomacy, employing a comparative methodology with Naval Diplomacy. The study seeks to analyze the potential of Aerospace Diplomacy for Brazil's power projection in the 21st century, particularly in the context of the growing relevance of Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Vehicles (eVTOLs). The research is based on a bibliographical review of classic and contemporary authors in International Relations, such as Alfred Mahan, Herbert Richmond, Giulio Douhet and Joseph Nye, and a case study of the Brazilian Aerospace Technical Mission (MTAB) in Asunción, Paraguay. From the comparative analysis, the article argues that Brazilian dominance in eVTOL air traffic control, coupled with a Soft Power strategy, can consolidate the country's regional leadership, boost its aerospace industry, and contribute to a cooperative security environment in South America.
... A metodologia mobilizada é a de estudo de casos comparados: com base na técnica de process tracing (George;Bennett, 2005), é analisada a configuração e evolução dos regimes gerais de previdência que compõem três sistemas de seguridade pioneiros -argentino, brasileiro e cubano -na etapa anterior às reformas previdenciárias sistêmicas; o desenho institucional estabelecido nas conjunturas críticas dessas reformas; e os nexos causais entre esse desenho e eventuais mudanças incrementais reativas. Em linha com as diretrizes do método comparativo (Lijphart, 1971;Mahoney, 2007), os três casos se assemelham em dimensões estruturantes: são sistemas pioneiros, possuem previdência organizada em regime financeiro de repartição 4 e realizaram reformas sistêmicas restritivas. ...
Resumo: O artigo contribui para a explicação das tendências divergentes na evolução recente da seguridade social latino-americana: retração e ampliação. A partir da análise institucionalista histórica dos casos argentino, brasileiro e cubano, argumenta-se que essas tendências estão inter-relacionadas: são sequências de reforço da retração estabelecida pelas reformas sistêmicas e de reação ao aumento da exclusão por elas provocado. Nos casos argentino e brasileiro, os achados alinham-se com a hipótese, evidenciando associação entre o nível da retração promovida pelas reformas, a existência de medidas reativas e mobilização do aprendizado de políticas prévias em sua modelagem, mas especificidades do caso cubano não permitem inferir que reformas que provocaram retração baixa não desencadeiam mudanças reativas.
... Essa escolha está baseada na relevância de se estudar de forma comparativa, com foco na obtenção de reflexões acerca da investigação de semelhanças ou divergências. O exercício da comparação pode ser com foco em diferenças em contextos iguais ou analogias em contextos diferentes, sendo o objetivo desse artigo o segundo, a semelhança de ser orientação da política externa brasileira em um universo de diferenças (LIJPHART, 1971;SARTORI, 1994). Sartori (1994, p. 35, tradução nossa) fala que "comparar implica assimilar e diferenciar nos limites", ou seja, compreender que as unidades de análise não podem ser iguais em tudo, mas também não podem ser totalmente diferentes. ...
O governo Lula, a partir de 2023, ascende em um país com a economia desorganizada e a política polarizada. O país presenciou quatro anos de conservadores no poder, com forte discurso pautado em nacionalismo religioso, anticomunismo e antiglobalismo. Como a política externa entre 2003 e 2010 foi considerada uma política de sucesso, há grandes expectativas nacionais e internacionais sobre como ocorrerá esse mandato. Neste artigo buscou-se compreender como foi a política externa de Lula em seus primeiros 100 dias de mandato, frente a um legado tão difícil. Foram selecionadas matérias de jornal e artigos de opinião de pesquisadores sobre esse início de governo, com foco nas pautas regionais, a guerra na Ucrânia, a relação do Brasil com os Estados Unidos (EUA) e com a China e meio ambiente. Foi possível compreender com essa pesquisa que nesse período o governo de Lula implementou muitas mudanças, tanto a nível do discurso quanto de suas ações. Se a política externa brasileira tem uma tradição de relativa continuidade, essa passagem de um a outro governo representa transformações no modelo brasileiro de inserção internacional.
... Desde comienzos de la década de los setenta, la comparación en la investigación ha quedado establecida firmemente como un procedimiento analítico central en las ciencias sociales. Es especialmente apropiada en situaciones en las que el número de casos bajo estudio es demasiado pequeño para permitir la utilización del análisis estadístico (Lijphart, 1971). ...
Este estudio comparado analiza quince diarios digitales locales de Chile, Perú y Colombia con el objetivo de investigar cómo el feedback de las audiencias influye las decisiones editoriales. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a directores o editores de los portales Web más leídos de las cinco ciudades con mayor población de cada país. Los resultados más destacados revelan similitudes notables entre los medios de cada nación, evidenciando una fuerte influencia del feedback de las audiencias en las decisiones editoriales, los cambios en los modelos de negocio a partir de la transformación digital y el uso de herramientas para la medición de resultados, recopilación de insights y contacto con los usuarios. Este hallazgo sugiere la importancia de comprender y responder a las preferencias y opiniones de las audiencias para los medios digitales locales en la región, destacando la necesidad de estrategias editoriales que fomenten la participación y el compromiso del público.
... More precisely, a qualitative cross-country case study methodology was used, for which we have adapted the approach of Breaugh et al. (2023). Following the authors recommendations, a cross-country case study methodology has been developed to dive deeper into individual cases (Yin, 2018;Mergel et al., 2019) without losing sight of the bigger picture (Lijphart, 1971). Exploratory case studies are especially useful when there is a need to develop new hypotheses and propositions, particularly when the issue of study is contemporary with limited empirical information available (Chopard and Przybylski, 2021;Eisenhardt, 1989;Yin, 2018). ...
Open Government Data (OGD) plays a pivotal role in fostering data-driven innovation and sustainability across various sectors. Despite its potential, many public organizations are reluctant to share their data openly. While existing research has explored factors impacting the public organizations intention to share OGD, there is a paucity of research applying theoretical models to investigate the resistance by public organizations to making government data publicly available. This study addresses the gap by developing an Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT) model tailored to OGD that allows identifying predictors of resistance among public agencies. We develop an initial model based on literature and refine it through interviews with 21 public agencies across six countries. The final model describes 39 barriers related to usage, value, risks, tradition, and image. The findings contribute to the literature by adapting IRT to the context of OGD, an area where its application has been notably limited. As such, this study addresses the growing demand for novel theoretical frameworks to examine OGD adoption barriers. Practical insights are provided to support policymakers in creating data ecosystems that encourage data openness and address challenges in OGD adoption.
... Se pretende, además, analizar algunos de los problemas de la fragmentación institucional de los programas sociales, así como los instrumentos de la coordinación institucional. Metodológicamente, se sigue la estrategia de análisis comparativo de estudios de caso (Lijphart, 1971; elen y Mahoney, 2015) con técnicas mixtas como el análisis documental, entrevistas y análisis de datos. Se analiza el diseño institucional de los tres órdenes de gobierno. ...
El propósito del artículo es realizar un análisis comparativo sobre los problemas de fragmentación y diseño institucional que ocurrieron como resultado de la implementación del Programa Hábitat en dos zonas metropolitanas: la de Mexicali en Baja California, y la de Guadalajara en Jalisco. Se analiza el diseño institucional de los tres órdenes de gobierno, así como los instrumentos de coordinación. Teórica y metodológicamente el artículo emplea el análisis institucional y una estrategia de comparación de estudios de caso. Las conclusiones resaltan los problemas derivados de la fragmentación institucional y proveen nuevas vías de investigación de la implementación de programas sociales desde un enfoque institucional y comparativo.
... As the title of this study implies, it is a case study that is interpretive in nature (Lijphart, 1971). This type of case study is characterised by allowing the researcher relative freedom in interpreting its findings. ...
This interpretive case study focused on Russian hybrid threats in two countries that are historically and culturally quite close to each other. While Moldova is perceived by Russia as part of the territory where the Kremlin has long exercised its power interests, the situation is quite the opposite in the case of Romania. This Balkan state has followed its own foreign policy path after the collapse of the world and is currently firmly anchored in the Euro-Atlantic integration structures. For this reason, the Kremlin is failing to promote its power interests. It is Moldova that has a major problem with hybrid threats from Russia, as Russia asserts its influence through interference in Moldova's internal political issues, energy supplies and, last but not least, through the spread of disinformation.
... After taking stock of what we have learned about VP functions in the intervening thirty-plus years, they assess the relative influence of economic and political factors-what Paldam memorably deemed the 'e' and 'p' fractions-on government popularity based on the country-specific evidence compiled in this volume. Drawing on Arend Lijphart's (1971) typology and considering whether the country case study chapters are consistent with classic economic-voting theories, they classify the lion's share of this volume's country chapters as theory confirming, either fully (Japan, Britain, Portugal, and France) or partially (Spain, Greece, Canada, Italy, and Denmark). The US case is theory infirming, in that the economy is shown to have weak and inconsistent effects, while the German study, with its comparison of vintage and revised data, appears both as a deviant and partially confirming case. ...
Representative democracy requires the consent of the governed. But what drives public support for government? This book provides the most comprehensive treatment of approval dynamics in the advanced democracies to date. Drawing on data from the Executive Approval Project (EAP), a cross-nationally comparable data set on leader popularity, authors examine the dynamics of government support in advanced industrial democracies. Eleven country-specific chapters, each written by experts in the politics of the country, examine the role of economic performance in generating leader support in each country. Chapter authors show that the economy matters for popularity. However, the economy–popularity link is stronger in some countries than others. Further, chapters leverage EAP series to highlight changes in this relationship within countries over time. Pooled analyses extend these findings, highlighting how the public’s responses to the economy are reduced when political campaigns shift to non-economic issues and when parties are polarized on non-economic issues. Collectively, the volume highlights how evolving issue agendas are changing the nature of political accountability in advanced industrialized democracies. While the economy remains important, the book calls on students of political accountability to give greater attention to how non-economic issues and political dispositions shape the dynamics of government popularity.
... This can pertain to variables, for instance, like scale (selecting cities or countries) or size (measured in population or economic productivity). Some primary forms of comparative strategies with the aim to determine causal explanation are individualizing, universalizing, encompassing or variation-finding (Brenner, 2001;Lijphart, 1971;Pickvance, 1986;Robinson, 2011;Tilly, 1984). These strategies remain central to understanding the traditional logic of comparative work, often implicitly taken to be definitive requirements of what even counts as comparative. ...
... El diseño es cualitativo y comparativo (Ragin, 2004;Lijphart, 1971), exploratorio y descriptivo, bajo una perspectiva de la economía de los medios, particularmente en línea con el estudio de la gestión de medios (Albarrán, 1998). Combinamos métodos: Uno correspondió al análisis cualitativo de contenido a los perfiles y publicaciones de los casos estudiados en dos períodos de tiempo (octubre y noviembre de 2019 y febrero y marzo de 2020). ...
La radio multiplataforma incorpora a su universo artístico y comercial nuevos canales de comunicación y contacto con sus audiencias: plataformas de distribución audiovisual como Spotify, YouTube y agregadores radiofónicos, en combinación con redes sociales digitales. Este artículo analiza las decisiones que toman las radios (online y hertzianas) para gestionar las plataformas externas a los canales propios. En particular, compara 30 emisoras, en cuatro ciudades argentinas, a través de un análisis de contenidos y entrevistas semiestructuradas y propone una clasificación de estas estrategias multiplataformas. Estas plataformas de distribución de contenidos son concebidas como espacios de competencia y no de complementación por parte de las emisoras más importantes. Las redes sociales aparecen como una faceta de extensión de la vida y la narrativa de las emisoras, por lo que las estrategias informativas y promocionales son las más utilizadas.
... Para esto es necesario utilizar una herramienta metodológica, tal que permita realizar uno de los procesos centrales en el análisis de las ciencias sociales: la comparación. Este método resulta particularmente útil cuando se requiere analizar situaciones en que el bajo número de casos para estudio resulta demasiado pequeño para permitir la utilización del análisis estadístico (LIJPHART, 1971). En esta oportunidad se empleará la técnica de Análisis Comparativo Cualitativo (QCA), que tiene su sustento en el paradigma epistemológico constructivista de las ciencias sociales, en que los investigadores estudian los objetos en sus escenarios naturales, intentando dar sentido o interpretar los fenómenos en términos del significado que los agentes les dan 38 Por ejemplo Crisis de los Misiles de Cuba a los mismos (DANZIN & LINCOLN, 2003). ...
Como principal potencia del mundo contemporáneo, le corresponde a Estados Unidos fijar el orden de seguridad y estabilidad en el Sistema Internacional. Su "pivote" hacia el Indo-Pacífico hizo explícita una tendencia que se manifiesta hace bastante tiempo: el traslado del eje de las relaciones internacionales, desde una perspectiva transatlántica hacia transpacífica, manifestando la importancia que el retorno al poder de las economías asiáticas tiene en este núcleo.
De esta misma manera, en base al paradigma neorrealista y a una serie de indicadores de conflicto, respecto de la zona de estudio, las estrategias que se han esbozado en el último tiempo, los actores interesados y las épocas de comparación respecto a lo que se ha vivido en los últimos 40 años se consolida una pérdida de poder relativo de las potencias clásicas Europeas y Americanas, para dar cabida al auge de las economías asiáticas.
En la presente investigación se postula respecto de la influencia que la aparición de nuevas potencias medias en el ámbito regional tendrán en la resolución de las relaciones internacionales del Indo-Pacífico, la estabilidad en el sistema y su influencia en la ocurrencia de conflictos, lo que tendrá repercusiones en las percepciones de inseguridad que se pueden apreciar tanto a nivel Nacional, Humano y Colectivo. Esto se efectuó mediante el empleo de herramientas metodológicas y un análisis deductivo del tipo multidisciplinario, para lograr conclusiones válidas respecto de este tema que repercutirá en las relaciones internacionales del siglo XXI.
... This design searches for the causes of diverse outcomes in similar countries or, as Mill put it, "comparing instances in which [a] phenomenon does occur, with instances -in other respects similar -in which it does not". 30 In this research design, the selected case studies are very similar, except with regards to the variables whose relationship to each other is being examined. 31 This strategy helps narrow down the number of explanatory variables by holding many of the factors constant. ...
This book provides in-depth examination of the recent confrontation
between Islamists and secularists in Egypt and Tunisia. Presenting a new approach to understand Islamism and secularism, the research addresses the variables that could affect the outcome of transitional negotiations.
The secularist–Islamist conflict proved to be a major hindrance for
democratisation and a main source of political instability in the Middle
East. During the Arab Spring, disputes between both political trends
sparked shortly after getting rid of their common enemy: the autocratic rulers. First, they disagreed on how to lead the transitional period. Then, polarisation grew deeper with the political competition in the parliamentary and presidential elections and the ideological disagreements during the drafting of the constitution. Eventually, this conflict put Tunisia at a verge of civil strife in the summer of 2013 and led to collapse of the transitional process in Egypt after the military coup.
Examining the causes of the conflict between the secularists and the
Islamists during the transitional period, the work provides new insights from the Arab Spring experience. Updating the transition literature, the book is a key resource to academics and students interested in democratization theory and Middle East politics.
... The exploratory study in a comparison analysis is a general method, from which two or multiple samples are compared in a relation (Lijphart, 1971). The purpose of the comparison analysis is in the context of unmanned aircraft regulations, to identify commonalities and differences between the regulations. ...
This article provides a comparative analysis of unmanned aircraft flight regulatory documents to assist and support the construction and development of technology and innovation startups around unmanned aircraft in smart cities. The identification of the main research factor is based on countries with academic scientific production using the database of the Web of Science (WOS) platform. In summary of the results and contributions, a regulatory view and the non-standardization of documents between the countries that present the future trends for the sector was evidenced.
... Foreign policy comparative analysis, based on a limited number of cases, has as methodology, basically, the identification and description of the core variables involved at the problem (LIJPHART, 1971). Here, the main independent variable is the fact that both countries are considered emerging. ...
This research aims to compare the strategic interests and the positioning at the foreign policy level of Brazil and Turkey in the 21st century, considering the rise to power of, respectively, Workers’ Party (PT, in Portuguese) and Justice and Development’s Party (AKP, in Turkish). Methodologically, it was used bibliographical research and analysis of speeches in the General Debate of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) between 2010 and 2015. It was verified convergence between Brazil and Turkey in themes as the acknowledgment of the multipolarity of the World Order, the necessity of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform, the importance of the fortification of the global economic governance by G-20 and the compromise with the International Law, with the terrorism combat and with the Humans Right protections. As divergence point, it was verified the debates about the sort of reform to be implemented at the UNSC and some questions involving the Arab Spring, such as the military intervention at Libya in 2011. At last, some themes are more recurrent at one country’s foreign policy than another’s; as topics regarding Central Asia and Middle East, at Turkey’s case, and subjects regarding BRICS and south-american regional integration, at Brazil’s case.
... To that end, comparative analysis focuses on comparable cases. Comparable means both what is similar in many characteristics considered constant and different in relation to the variables that one wishes to relate to each other (Lijphart 2004). In this sense, comparative analysis focuses on key variables and, therefore, it avoids contextual analysis, which would require dealing with many other factors. ...
The objective of this article was to analyze contemporary museal configurations through a comparative study between two city museums: the historical Museum Abílio Barreto of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and the Amsterdam Museum (Netherlands). Our aim was to verify whether the transformations they have been undertaking have resulted in engaging a broader audience, one as diverse as the society they try to represent. The results found in this study, along with conclusions from other investigations, demonstrate that these transformations have limitations.
... It is also hoped that this programme will help return scholars to the concerns of the founders of comparative public policy in the 1960s. Both policy and comparative scholars at that time were deeply concerned with issues of causation (Przeworski and Teune 1966;Teune and Przeworski 1970;Lijphart 1971), justifying the use of the 450 comparative methods in terms of ruling out confounders with a language that takes the experiment as the ideal. The Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis has such classic works in its operating DNA, which makes it the right outlet for this argument. ...
Randomized controlled trials carried out in the field have not been deployed in the study of the comparative policy process. Recent field experiments in political science and public administration offer a model to follow with their insights into the classic topics of public policy, such as biases of decision-makers and responsiveness to citizen demands. This paper reviews the development of RCTs in policy evaluation and traces their impact more generally across the social sciences. Scholars in public policy have recently carried out several survey experiments, which suggests greater potential for making causal inferences from the field in future years.
... Given the particular aim of this study, we selected cases that are similar in environmental context but dissimilar in organizational characteristics. This allows us to examine the explanatory power of organizational characteristics regarding possible differences in terms of commercial income (Blatter & Blume, 2008;Lijphart, 1971Lijphart, , 1975. ...
Over the past decades, nonprofit organizations (NPOs) hybridizing towards the market domain by adopting business practices, knowledge and values arose to the forefront of the nonprofit management debate. Most prominently, NPOs can become more alike for-profit enterprises by generating earned income through the profitable sale of products and services (i.e., ‘commercial’ income), populate their board with corporate professionals because of their corporate management expertise and network, or rely extensively on corporate management tools (e.g., lean management) and performance measurement.
Typically, this phenomenon is viewed in the nonprofit management literature – and often, also in the public debate – as something that (a) increases, (b) results from external pressures such as policy reforms, fiscal austerity and/or resource uncertainty, and (c) is likely to produce a multitude of detrimental effects. Adopting an organizational lens, this dissertation examines the applicability of this ‘dominant narrative’ to the Flemish context by examining the presence of-, drivers behind- and effects of business practices in NPOs active in the human well-being-, social economy-, or the sociocultural sector. Doing so, data is drawn from published evidence-based articles (Chapter 1), survey data (Chapter 2, 4 and 5) and semi-structured interviews with nonprofit practitioners at the apex of the organization (Chapter 3 and 5).
... Analytic inferences based on comparative case studies has to address the many variables, small N problem. Lijphart (1971) proposes that this can be addressed using two strategies. One, by selecting comparable cases, cases that are matched on variables not central to the study, while they differ on variables that are the focus on analysis. ...
Modern mass schooling originated in 19th century Prussia and expanded first in the western world through policy borrowing in the context of political and economic competition, and to the global south through colonial expansion. Later, international funding organisations advanced the adoption of this model of schooling in newly independent post-colonial states. Benavot et al. (2006) argue that these diverse streams converged into “a relatively uniform model of mass, state sponsored schooling”. This raises the question as to whether a relatively uniform model of mass schooling that originated in a particular social, economic and political context of Western Europe is relevant in diverse social, economic, and political contexts across the world. The contexts in postcolonial societies are significantly different from western societies as a result of the economic exploitation, and cultural and political repression, by the colonial powers. They are often characterised by significant poverty and inequality, and cultural diversity. They also are in the process of state and nation building. In such a scenario, understanding the role of school in the pursuit of a good life becomes important. Postcolonial contexts challenge some of the foundational assumptions of the dominant models of schooling that have developed in the context of liberal democratic societies with market based economies. Framing this issue in terms of schooling for wellbeing in postcolonial contexts enables an analysis of the institution of schooling in a new conceptual language that allows for novel and insightful analysis.
Schooling is often justified as an enabler for the realisation of good life and a good society. This research analyses the role of schooling in promoting wellbeing in postcolonial contexts. Wellbeing refers to the state of people being able to lead a good life. It also assumes a good society that is a necessary for people to lead good lives. The negotiations for good life and good society in schools happen along four dimensions, (i) values, identities, and lifestyle, (ii) language and knowledge systems, (iii) livelihoods, and (iv) citizenship and building the nation-state. The theoretical frame of this research deploys the Bernstein’s (1999) concept of a pedagogic device and the conceptual tools of the Capabilities Approach (Sen, 1999; Robeyns, 2017) in a complementary fashion. This conceptual enquiry is deepened through comparative case studies of two sites, Bhilpur, an Adivasi community in Gujarat, India and AmaFengu Locations in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Comparative research allows for an analysis of the institution of schooling in a general way that while abstracting from singularities of given contexts is nevertheless sensitive to those contexts.
Conceptual and empirical analysis of this research support the following claims. First, working with wellbeing as a principal aim of schooling refocuses the understanding of schools as institutions that serve particular personal and political purposes, that of promoting good life and good society. Second, this research establishes that the negotiation of different conceptions of good life and good society are contextually contingent and multidimensional. Third, the liberal conception of a good society that is premised on all the members of that society being able to lead good lives is equally valid in postcolonial societies. However, the idea of liberal neutrality towards conceptions of good life is challenged as postcolonial state is compelled to respond to these contexts through policies of welfare and multiculturalism in order to maintain its legitimacy. Fourth, while liberal states are modernising states, weak state capacities restrict their ability to transform traditional ways of life. This results in a continuing hybridity of traditional and modern in cultural and material aspects of life for a majority of the population in these societies. This hybridity is often projected as a transitory phase, but it is very resilient on the ground. Each of these claims influence how schools can promote opportunities for a good life and have implications for design of the institution of schooling.
In the short run, the welfare measures inside schools directly contribute to wellbeing of children. These measures ensure that children are safe, nourished, and healthy. In the medium term, schools influence realisation of good life by shaping subjectivities and personal capacities of students. These subjectivities influence the identities and desires. Personal capacities interacting with contexts influence which of these desires can be realised in real life. At any given time, the opportunities for good life increase when personal subjectivities and capacities align with each other, and further when each of these are aligned with the contexts. Finally, in the long run, subjectivities influence the contexts. Under right conditions, they can help shift the contexts towards the conceptions of a good society.
... Grundlegend ist die Unterscheidung von quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden, wobei diese keineswegs zwingend in einem antagonistischen Verhältnis zueinander stehen. Vielmehr verhalten sie sich grundsätzlich komplementär zueinander und können auch innerhalb einer Untersuchung miteinander kombiniert werden (Peters D., 2007, S. 832-834 (Lijphart, 1971;Lauth, Pickel, & Pickel, 2015, S. 76). Charakteristisch für die Fallstudienmethode ist die kleine Fallzahl (Gschwend & Schimmelfennig, 2007, S. 24). ...
... Para Lijphart (1971), uma explicação científica tem dois elementos básicos: o estabelecimento de relações empíricas entre duas ou mais variáveis selecionadas, enquanto o impacto das outras sobre o objeto de estudo é controlado. Ou seja, seria o estabelecimento de um relacionamento entre variáveis com uma "cláusula" ceteris paribus. ...
No campo da Análise da Política Externa (APE), um dos principais objetivos de pesquisadores é conseguir tipificar e explicar quando e como podem ocorrer inflexões em política externa. Um dos principais trabalhos dentro do campo voltados a esse objetivo é o de Charles Hermann, Changing Course: when governments choose to redirect foreign policy, de 1990. Este artigo propõe um teste do potencial analítico da teoria de Hermann para a análise de mudanças em política exterior. Para isso, testaremos a teoria com uma análise das diferenças entre as políticas externas de Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016) e Michel Temer (2016-2018), bem como dos principais fatores determinantes para as alterações de curso adotadas pelo governo Temer. Para alcançarmos nosso objetivo, utilizaremos discursos, notas diplomáticas, artigos em jornais, e fontes bibliográficas para basear nossa análise. Nosso trabalho indica que a teoria de Hermann é capaz de explicar a existência de mudanças no comportamento externo dos dois governos, bem como as principais causas dessas inflexões.
... A análise comparada de política externa, a partir de um número limitado de casos, tem como metodologia, basicamente, identificar e descrever as variáveis centrais envolvidas no problema (LIJPHART, 1971). Nesta pesquisa, a principal variável independente é o fato de esses países serem considerados "emergentes". ...
Research and analyses on the BRICS often point to a possible lack of convergence between these countries' and Brazilian foreign policy's strategic interests that may affect the cohesion and coordination of the group on various international issues. Moreover, criticism of Brazil as an "emerging power" also points to the lack of articulation between Brazilian strategic interests and Argentina's, its most important regional partner. This work has as its main goal to discuss precisely those two issues, by comparing Brazilian strategic interests to those of the other BRICS countries and Argentina, identifying convergences and divergences on specific issues of the international agenda. In order to develop a comparative framework to analyze Brazil's strategic interests and Argentina's and the other BRICS countries' positions, the following subjects of the international agenda were identified: a) development model; b) relations with the United States; c) expansion of the UN Security Council; d) development and climate change; e) terrorism and human rights; f) nuclear research development; g) defense of multipolarity; h) WTO - trade liberalization and the Doha Round; i) global economic governance (G20); j) South-South cooperation; k) regional integration. The observed results demonstrate that despite structural differences between its members (GDP, military capacity, domestic variables), there is a convergence of interests and positions between the five BRICS countries concerning central themes of the Brazilian international agenda, which has also informed the official positions of the BRICS. In this context, Argentina, although not currently endowed with the necessary material capabilities to ensure a global presence, converges with the positions of the BRICS and with some of the Brazilian strategic interests in the international system. However, political differences can also be observed, as in the case of the proposed expansion of the UN Security Council.
... Sin embargo, una importante recomendación de Lijphart (1971) en torno a este método consiste en tratar de analizar los casos comparables. En este caso, el término "comparativo" significa "similar" en un considerable número de características importantes (variables) que el investigador tratará como constantes, pero a la vez intentando encontrar lo desemejante, pues dichas variables están relacionadas con lo que el investigador intenta relacionar entre sí. ...
... Sin embargo, una importante recomendación de Lijphart (1971) en torno a este método consiste en tratar de analizar los casos comparables. En este caso, el término "comparativo" significa "similar" en un considerable número de características importantes (variables) que el investigador tratará como constantes, pero a la vez intentando encontrar lo desemejante, pues dichas variables están relacionadas con lo que el investigador intenta relacionar entre sí. ...
En este libro se abordan temáticas que destacan la adaptación de los distintos
sectores de población a los cambios ambientales y territoriales, la cual muestra
las respuestas a la incidencia de los estímulos del entorno, económico, social y
ambiental. Así, se destaca la exposición de la población a los efectos destructivos
de las amenazas y peligros naturales, lo que ha despertado interés en conocer sus
causas, prevenir y mitigar el daño. A través de la revisión de estudios se induce la
aprehensión de un tema que adquiere importancia en el contexto de los impactos
globales, regionales y locales que se producen como consecuencia de la vulnerabilidad
estructural característica de los países en desarrollo.
... O primeiro passo para responder a essa questão é definir o que se entende por método comparado. Lijphart (1971) define o método comparativo como um dos métodos básicos -sendo os demais o experimental, o estatístico (N-grande) e o estudo de caso -para estabe-lecer proposições empíricas gerais (LIJPHART, 1971, p. 682). 21 Similarmente, Ragin (1987) argumenta que a comparação fornece ao pesquisador a possibilidade de fazer afirmações sobre regularidades empíricas e avaliar casos a partir de critérios teóricos e substantivos. ...
Este artigo analisa o sistema protecionista no âmbito do direito do consumidor em perspectiva comparada a partir de uma abordagem jurimétrica. Examinamos a legislação vigente e os mecanismos institucionais existentes na América Latina, focalizando nos seguintes países: Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai. O desenho de pesquisa utiliza a técnica de análise aninhada, combinando estatística descritiva com estudo de caso. Os principais resultados indicam que a maior parte dos países apresenta níveis elevados de proteção aos direitos do consumidor. Comparativamente, o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro apresenta grau máximo de proteção. Este trabalho espera contribuir para aperfeiçoar a efetividade do sistema protetivo, já que a adoção de práticas eficientes depende do conhecimento da legislação comparada. Além disso, esperamos difundir a jurimetria na pesquisa empírica em Direito.
... Primero, construcción y análisis de la Matriz de Información de Política Pública (MIPP), que el Manifesto Project permite construir con su esquema de clasificación estándar de las preferencias sobre el sistema político, política y políticas en siete áreas de actuación gubernamental: Relaciones exteriores, Libertad y democracia, Gobierno, Economía, Bienestar y calidad de vida, Tejido social y Grupos sociales, (Budge, Robertson y Hearl 1987; Klingemann, Hofferbert y Budge 1994; Budge et al. 2001). A través de este análisis, se deducen las semejanzas y diferencias en términos de política pública del objeto de estudio, como lo propone el método comparado, Lijphart (1971), Sartori (1992), Mackie y March (1997) en Marsh y Stoker (1997), capitulo nueve, y Blondel (1999). Segundo, estudio del posicionamiento de los PP que gobernaron estas economías durante los 35 años de estudio a través del indicador RILE (Right-Left), que también es un dato obtenido del Manifesto Project. ...
Este documento presenta un análisis de política comparada dividido en dos secciones: La primera contiene un análisis de las políticas propuestas en los Planes Electorales de siete economías para el período 1980-2015; la segunda presenta el estudio del posicionamiento en el espectro izquierda-derecha de los Partidos Políticos a través del indicador RILE. Ambos objetivos se desarrollan bajo la metodología del Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP), con la cual se genera una matriz de información de política pública. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de que en estos 35 años de estudio ha imperado el modelo neoliberal para el conjunto de economías, estas no priorizan en el mismo orden las áreas identificadas por el CMP como dominios de actuación gubernamental. En cuanto al posicionamiento de los partidos políticos, se concluye que impera el sistema bipartidista en las 7 economías, y que, aunque estos se auto-posicionan de acuerdo a su ideología en el espectro izquierda-derecha, durante el período de estudio se observa como ambos tipos de partidos navegan de un lado al otro.
... Thus, development in Korea is more successful than in Indonesia. In addition, this paper adopts Lijphart (1971) guidance to minimize problems with small-N as the following: ...
Abstrak Artikel ini melakukan analisis empiris dan komparatif terhadap penentu-penentu ekonomi politik pada percepatan pertumbuhan di Korea dan Indonesia. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang keberhasilan pembangunan Korea dibandingkan dengan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi mendalam bersamaan dengan studi kasus dengan menggunakan variabel yang sebanding. Faktor pnentu yang digunakan adalah kondisi awal, kualitas lembaga, inovasi kebijakan publik, keadaan sosial-politik, dan akses ke sumber daya eksternal. Bukti menunjukkan bahwa Korea memiliki kondisi yang lebih baik di semua penentu. Pelajaran dari pengalaman pembangunan mereka dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas bantuan pembangunan dari Korea. Abstract This paper conducts an empirical and comparative analysis in political economy of growth acceleration determinants in Korea and Indonesia. It aims to reveal plausible explanations on Korean development success compared to Indonesia. This research provides an in-depth study parallel to a case study by using comparable variables. It examines five determinants namely initial conditions, quality of institutions, public policy innovations, socio-political circumstances, and access to external resources. The evidence exhibits Korea has better conditions in all determinants. Lesson learned from its development experiences could improve the effectiveness of the Korea official development aid.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a transferência internacional de políticas públicas brasileiras dentro da lógica da política externa no que diz respeito às ações paralelas à Missão das Nações Unidas para a Estabilização no Haiti (Mission des Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation en Haïti – Minustah), de 2004 a 2017. Busca-se compreender como a agenda nacional foi articulada para o plano externo, tendo o Haiti como destino, bem como identificar os principais pontos críticos desse processo de integração. A hipótese é que o Ministério das Relações Exteriores (MRE) procurou aproveitar a janela de oportunidades aberta pela missão de paz, dada a importância do Brasil para a operação, como forma de ampliar a cooperação internacional com o Haiti, por meio da transferência de políticas públicas, para, assim, demonstrar capacidade de solucionar as causas primárias que produzem conflitos, como a pobreza – ainda que os resultados sejam passíveis de críticas. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir do método de process tracing, com a adoção das metodologias de estudo de caso, análise documental e técnica de entrevista discursiva semiestruturada.
The book presents the achievements, issues and limitations of the methodology of comparative cross-national social surveys. It starts from the discussion on why we need to compare countries and cultures, the reasons for expanding growth of cross-country comparisons based on survey data. The author suggests the definition of comparative cross-country surveys, explores the concept of comparability of survey data and the classification of comparative surveys. The book provides a detailed history of comparative cross-national surveys, starting from its beginning in the late 1940s until large global and regional comparative time-series surveys of recent decades including the unique description of comparative surveys in the USSR and post-Soviet countries. The chapters of the book cover key components and stages of the comparative cross-country survey methodology – designing a questionnaire for comparative survey, translation of the survey tools into different languages and adaptation to different socio-cultural contexts, advanced methods for testing and verifying translations, choice of languages for interviews in a multilingual environment, constructing comparable samples of population in different countries, administration of interviews, comparative measurement of contextual variables – education, profession, age etc. Most examples in the book have been drawn from the experience and data of comparative cross-country surveys in countries of the former Soviet Union, which will be of special interest to academic and broader audiences in Russia and other post�Soviet countries.
Se realizó una investigación sobre la política turística de marca territorial, que ha sido implementada como una estrategia para incentivar el desarrollo local, a través de la promoción del lugar, mediante el aprovechamiento de sus atributos, valores histórico – patrimoniales y culturales de las localidades que integran una red de pueblos, generando también atracción de turistas, inversiones, migrantes, entre otros públicos. En este sentido, los gobiernos locales participan en convocatorias para lograr el reconocimiento una vez que cumplen los requisitos exigidos.
Teniendo en cuenta que los estudios sobre marca territorial han señalado que esta estrategia de marketing contribuye con el desarrollo local, la cual ha sido abordada a través de investigaciones empíricas, generalmente para incentivar el turismo.
Sin embargo, se visionan varios cuestionamientos y críticas frente a las políticas establecidas para el desarrollo de las localidades que promueven el turismo, concretamente desde la construcción de marca territorial, dado que, aunque contemplan el involucramiento de diversos actores, tiene límites en su implementación, teniendo en cuenta que los lineamientos de la política no son conocidos por toda la población, así como en propiciar un trabajo colaborativo y en red, puesto que se trata de una marca colectiva, y no de un solo lugar en específico, al nombrar varias localidades con este distintivo tanto para México con los Pueblos Mágicos, como para Colombia con la Red de Pueblos Patrimonio.
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo explicar la política turística de marca territorial en el desarrollo local de los Pueblos Mágicos en México y la Red de Pueblos Patrimonio en Colombia, cuya metodología fue mixta, con mayor énfasis en el enfoque cuantitativo, mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar estas políticas; encontrando que fallan en su implementación, debido a que no se perciben verdaderos procesos de desarrollo local coherentes con los objetivos de las mismas, dado que tanto los actores del lado de la oferta (hoteleros, restauranteros, comerciantes) como del lado de la demanda (residentes y turistas) no identifican los beneficios en materia de bienestar en términos de educación, salud, vivienda, servicios básicos, empleo, los cuales son concentrados en unos pocos, aumentando la brecha social existente.
En esta investigación se realizan varias contribuciones, entre ellas, una metodología de medición de las políticas turísticas mediante el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, la cual se pudo aplicar a dos contextos diferentes, generando un ámbito de estudio más amplio capaz de generalizar los resultados y definir acciones concretas de mejora en su implementación. Además, se realiza la propuesta de un modelo conceptual para la gestión de las políticas turísticas, que al ser aplicado en otros contextos también puede contribuir a interesantes análisis para visibilizar esta problemática.
Finalmente, quedan algunas líneas futuras por explorar en relación con el estudio de las políticas turísticas de marca territorial, marca única o marca de red, para profundizar en estas áreas, generando conocimiento en la particularidad de los territorios dadas sus características diferenciadas, con el fin de que éstas se formulen en función de sus singularidades, teniendo en cuenta que los nuevos paradigmas del desarrollo regional abogan por un enfoque de abajo hacia arriba.
El estudio de la co-creación de valor continúa teniendo un atractivo para las investigaciones futuras, más aún en el ámbito de la construcción de ecosistemas de marca territorial, puesto que las tendencias actuales apuntan hacia las redes para lograr el involucramiento de múltiples actores, hacia un desarrollo local holístico en un marco de sostenibilidad, incorporando otros casos aplicando los mismos métodos de investigación e identificar similitudes y diferencias en los resultados. De igual manera, el contraste entre los postulados del paradigma emergente Service Dominant Logic y el tema de capital social, diferencias y similitudes teóricas.
Palabras clave: Marca Territorial, política turística, desarrollo local, co-creación de valor, red de interrelaciones
The problem raised by causality in comparative policy analysis is twofold. First, how can we be sure there is actually a causal relationship between two variables, factors or events? Second, what do we really know about the causal forces, the individual motivations and the institutions at work between the alleged explanandum and the explanans (and vice versa)? The answer to these questions depends on whether we intend to predict what can or will happen if the same cause is present at different points in time or space, or whether we are willing to explain a causal process linking a trigger (i.e. a cause, a factor or a determinant) to an outcome, a result or an effect. To contribute to the discussion, we build on a typology of models of causation, coined as “regularity” (if causality is about generalizations based on constant variations), “necessity” (if it is about causal powers at work in contingent situations), “ideal-type” (if it is about historical patterns or chains of events), and “social construction” (if it is about actor's frames and values). Each model fulfills a different purpose when addressing causality. We explain how these models work and command the selection and utilization of our methods. We discuss the contribution to the discussion, made by the four articles included in this special issue, which are organized by model of causation.
Este livro apresenta sugestões de modelos de soluções de conflitos fundiários urbanos a partir de um diagnóstico de conflitos judiciais pela posse e propriedade de imóveis de uma determinada cidade e Comarca do Poder Judiciário. É incontestável o cenário de ilegalidade e irregularidade de imóveis nas cidades brasileiras levando ao aumento de litigiosidade contida de conflitos pelo acesso ao direito mínimo de moradia nos órgãos judiciais. A autora descreve uma nova metodologia científica de pesquisa de dados primários de órgãos públicos do Poder Executivo e Poder Judiciário, com o objetivo de oferecer instrumentos e validar os resultados, para conferir uma visão interdisciplinar de resolução de conflitos fundiários urbanos. Do mesmo modo, os testes de validade durante a análise factual e empírica dos processos em números, conteúdo e rito processual demonstram a urgência de alterações legislativas apontando a análise estrutural e funcional dos ritos e órgãos públicos, no Brasil. Essa vertente de pesquisa traz a conduta assertiva de sugestões de conceitos teóricos e formatos de procedimentos de resolução de conflitos fundiários urbanos judicializados e não-judicializados no Poder Judiciário, com uma visão estratégica e preventiva de soluções de problemas ambientais e fundiários urbanos, e, principalmente, a proposta de descentralização administrativa de serviços ambientais e fundiários oferecidos por agentes habilitados e instituições, em um sistema integrado dos entes federativos, desde que, mantida a regulação mínima da legalidade registral e regularização ambiental e fundiária dos imóveis urbanos, pelo Estado. É uma proposta inovadora de gestão pública administrativa e forense com potencial de implantação nos órgãos judiciais e executivos vinculados aos Estados e Munícipios, contribuindo com a distribuição equitativa de moradia, com o planejamento urbano e o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades brasileiras.
https://www.travessa.com.br/propostas-de-modelos-de-solucoes-de-problemas-fundiarios-urbanos-1-ed-2021/artigo/0798f762-0b2d-485f-8133-3e7245d26a91
Background
To slow down climate warming and achieve sustainable development, the Paris Agreement establishes Cooperative Approaches (CAs) and Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) for carbon trading. However, deficiencies in implementation exist due to a lack of systematic execution regulations and an integrated management system. The study's primary purpose is to propose a proposal of effective implementation of CAs and SDM for alleviating global warming. Based on international regime theory in global climate change and the nine elements of the market mechanism, the article analyzes the type of mechanism, coverage of the system, operational framework, and governance framework of CAs and SDM. The paper combines the operational framework with the governance framework to form an implementation framework of CAs and SDM, developing the nine elements of the market mechanism.ResultsCAs are considered as project-based and quota-/ credit-based carbon market mechanisms. Under CAs, trading units should be authorized at the international-regional/ sub-regional level. CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, HFCs, PFCs, SF 6, and NF 3 shall be covered and function as subject matters. The unit of CO 2 -eq shall account for them. CAs can transfer verified ITMOs through bilateral/ multilateral cooperation agreements or ITMOs information disclosure platform. The governance of CAs shall keep up with both international and regional/ sub-regional rules and regulations.SDM is an industry-based and credit-based carbon market framework. Under SDM, trading units should be authorized at the international level. CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and PFCs work in SDM as subject matters. The unit of gases shall be CO 2 -eq. SDM is designed to transfer carbon reductions via an industry-level platform. A fully-centralized scenario is suggested as the governance model of SDM.Conclusions
This study proposes the rules and implementation framework of CAs and SDM, which can work as a guideline for the early implementation stage of CAs and SDM. The implementation framework of CAs ought to follow three stages: project preparation, project submission & auditing, and Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) transfer. The implementation framework of SDM ought to contain three phases: project development & review, project implementation & monitoring, and project acceptance & unit transfer.
This study concerns the relationship that the severity of punishment and the dominance of penal legislation in societal regulation have with the institutions of welfare state, political economy, and democratic politics. It consists of four independent research articles (three in English and one in Finnish) and an overview (Finnish). All articles are included as attachments.
Article 1 (Finnish) introduces the neo-institutionalist explanatory penal theory. Contemporary research on penal policy widely accepts the connection between the strength of the welfare state and penal severity. It is understood that economic deregulation and welfare state retrenchment led to mass imprisonment and a culture of control from the 1970s onwards, especially in the United States. Comparative research shows that the punitive turn has had a less significant impact on countries with welfare states that have proven to be more durable, such as Finland. Differing political institutions may be an underlying independent predictor for determining both the strength of a welfare state and penal severity.
Article 2 combines neo-institutionalist and neo-Durkheimian perspectives to construct a causal hypothesis concerning the effect of democratic corporatism and the welfare state on punishment in society. Corporatist unionization and organization increase market regulation and indirectly push a state to create social security. Society’s increased welfarist regulation decreases its emotional motivation to employ harsh punishment.
Article 3 applies this hypothesis to the development of Finnish criminal justice before and after the Second World War. Pre-war Finnish criminal justice was exceptionally harsh. Corporatist interest representation was recognized in the 1940s, the labour market regulation increased, and by the 1960s, the central government had created a comprehensive system of social insurance. Welfare state development continued from the 1970s to 1980s. Overall, throughout this period, penal severity decreased.
Article 4 is a longitudinal content analysis of crime control politics in the Finnish parliament from the 1970s to 2010s. An economic recession and geopolitical change shocked the preceding social order, causing the expansive phase of welfare state development to end and an ambivalent phase in criminal justice politics to begin.
El proceso de conformación de la agenda política se ha descrito como una interacción entre las agendas de los medios de comunicación y la agenda denominada “ciudadana”. En todo este proceso se ha estudiado en qué medida se imponen unas u otras agendas a la hora de conformarse la agenda pública. No obstante, cuando atendemos a los niveles infraestatales, observamos que ciudadanos y medios incorporan como parte de sus agendas cuestiones referenciales que no tienen un correlato directo con su entorno. En este artículo estudiamos en qué medida, para el caso de Castilla y León, la agenda ciudadana está al margen de las agendas mediática y política de su región, conformando una situación de disgregación y distanciamiento que tiene un efecto directo en el desempeño percibido de su comunidad autónoma.
RESUMO
CHACUR, Rachel Lopes Queiroz Chacur – Propostas de modelos de soluções de problemas fundiários à partir de dados dos órgãos públicos da Cidade de São Carlos – SP. 2020– 497p: Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, São Carlos – 2020.
Esta tese aborda a problemática da litigiosidade das ações judiciais de conflitos fundiários urbanos e propõe modelos de soluções dos mesmos, nos órgãos públicos e delegados. Os objetivos foram identificar e analisar os conflitos fundiários urbanos institucionalizados distribuídos nos órgãos públicos no Município de São Carlos SP, mapear a localização geográfica e sugerir modelos de Mediação. O método utilizado foi a abordagem quanti-qualitativo, com análise descritiva de dados, com observação e ação de pesquisa empírica, na linha transversal, no período de cinco anos (2013/2017) dos processos da base de dados do Ministério Público estadual, Justiça Estadual e Justiça Federal da adotada circunscrição local. Foi utilizado a plataforma Excell para tabular os dados em categorias previamente elaboradas, por assuntos de interesse da temática urbanística, compondo um conjunto de resultados dos processos judiciais, de cada orgão. Esse novo procedimento metodológico demonstrou uma sequência lógica das etapas de coleta de dados do rito procedimental, em cada órgão público, com suas especificidades apresentadas, discutidas e contempla o aprofundamento de assuntos, com a vantagem de chegar ao diagnóstico da efetividade dos processos e eficiência das gestões institucionais. Para o registro da localidade de ocorrência de cada conflito foi utilizado a plataforma de Sistema de Informações Geográficas, a qual representa a união de hardware e de software capazes de armazenar, analisar e processar dados georreferenciados, contendo os arquivos digitais no formato raster (imagens de satélite) ou vetorial (pontos, linhas ou polígonos), com o suporte de utilização do software Google Earth on-line e Google Earth PRO, para a produção de mosaicos, com o desenho manual de recortes aleatórios da cartografia. Os resultados evidenciam a difusão da ilegalidade ambiental e urbanística da área de estudo mostrando a necessidade de mudanças de paradigmas teóricos da propriedade, uma nova teoria de conflito e modelos de resolução de conflitos ambientais e fundiários urbanos, para evitar o represamento litigioso nos órgãos públicos, extrapolando para a esfera administrativa de soluções de problemas fundiários. O implemento desta metodologia otimiza a comunicação interna e externa de informações de atos vinculativos do sistema informatizado entre os órgãos públicos judiciais e extrajudiciais. Confere múltiplas formas de soluções de legalização imobiliária e equações de preço de serviços de regularização fundiária mediante registros. Apresenta novas formas e classificações de mediação administrativa, ambiental, comunitária e fundiária, em seu caráter puro, misto ou híbrido, a depender da complexidade de solução do problema fundiário pendente de resolução de conflitos. Propõe escalas invertidas e cíclicas de participação popular nos eixos sistêmicos das fases de processamento de solução conflitiva. O novo diagrama estrutural e complexo possibilita a governança interfederativa compartilhada desconcentrando os serviços públicos e descentralizando os protocolos e sua regulação. Essa nova visão de mecanismos alternativos reduz a litigiosidade e favorece políticas públicas de regularização fundiária urbana local, com potencial de emprego em todas as cidades brasileiras.
Palavras-chave: Propriedade. Conflitos Fundiários urbanos. Regularização fundiária. Mediação.
https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/13062
O principal objetivo deste relatório é contribuir com o processo de tomada de decisão a partir da análise dos dados disponíveis. Metodologicamente, o desenho de pesquisa combina estatística descritiva e modelos de séries temporais para estimar a quantidade esperada de casos no Brasil e no mundo até o dia 08 de abril. Com o objetivo de aumentar a transparência dos resultados, materiais de replicação estão disponíveis na plataforma do Open Science Framework (OSF)
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