ArticlePDF Available

Abstract

Turkey is a rich country, of terrestrial orchids. There are approximately 150 orchid species in Turkey. Most of them (% 85) are tuberous. Tuberous orchids have been used to obtain salep since centuries. Salep powder, in Turkey, is used to prepare either ice cream or a hot drink prepared with milk. Most of the tuberous orchids (% 90) are used to obtain Salep in Anatolia. Around 120 species belonging the genera Ophrys, Orchis, Himantoglossum, Serapias, Anacamptis, Comperia, Barlia, Dactylorhiza, Aceras, Neotinea are used to obtain Salep in different regions of Anatolia. Every year approximately 15-20 tons of Salep obtained and used for domestic purposes and to export. That means around 30-40 million orchids have been destroyed. The richest orchid area is Muǧla region. Most of the Ophrys, Orchis and the endemic species are found in the Region. For this reason, orchids are destroyed in large quantities in this area.
... Ertekin (2002), Karacadağ'ın bitki çeşitliliği araştırma projesi sonucunda yayınlanan "Karacadağ bitki çeşitliliği" isimli kitapta 39 petaloid monokotiledon geofit saptanmıştır. Sezik (2002), "Türk orkideleri ve salep" isimli çalışmada, Türkiye'de %85'i yumrulu 150'ye yakın orkide türü rapor edilmiştir. Yumrulu orkidelerin çoğunun (%90) Anadolu'da salep elde etmek için kullanıldığı belirtilmektedir. ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Apilarnil, erkek arı larvalarından elde edilen bir arı ürünüdür ve yüksek biyolojik aktif madde içeriği sayesinde tıbbın birçok alanında alternatif bir ürün olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Ancak, güncel bir ürün olan apilarnilin antimikrobiyal faaliyeti ile ilgili çok az çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, liyofilize apilarnilin su ve etanol bazlı preparatlarının Pyrenophora teres’e karşı inhibisyon etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, biyolojik mücadele etmeni Trichoderma harzianum ile birlikte apilarnil ekstraktları da test edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, liyofilize apilarnilin su bazlı ekstraktlarının tüm dozlarda fitopatojen fungusun miselyum gelişimini inhibe ettiğini göstermiştir. Buna karşın, etanol ekstraktları aynı başarıyı göstermemiştir. Apilarnil ekstraktlarının biyolojik mücadele etmeni Trichoderma harzianum ile birlikte Pyrenophora teres’e karşı yapılan testler, apilarnilin biyolojik savaş etkinliğini artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Özetle, apilarnilin bitki patojenlerine karşı inhibisyon aktivitesi, onun tarımsal uygulamalarda biyolojik kontrol ajanı olarak kullanılabilirliğini desteklemektedir. Bu potansiyelin daha iyi anlaşılması için, farklı bitki patojenlerine karşı apilarnilin etkilerini inceleyen daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu tür araştırmalar, apilarnilin etkili ve sürdürülebilir bir bitki koruma stratejisi olarak kullanılmasına yönelik önemli veriler sağlayacaktır.
... Ertekin (2002), Karacadağ'ın bitki çeşitliliği araştırma projesi sonucunda yayınlanan "Karacadağ bitki çeşitliliği" isimli kitapta 39 petaloid monokotiledon geofit saptanmıştır. Sezik (2002), "Türk orkideleri ve salep" isimli çalışmada, Türkiye'de %85'i yumrulu 150'ye yakın orkide türü rapor edilmiştir. Yumrulu orkidelerin çoğunun (%90) Anadolu'da salep elde etmek için kullanıldığı belirtilmektedir. ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Apilarnil, erkek arı larvalarından elde edilen bir arı ürünü olup, yüksek biyolojik aktif bileşen içeriği sayesinde tıbbın birçok alanında alternatif bir ürün olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, yeni bir ürün olan apilarnilin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi hakkında oldukça az sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, liyofilize apilarnilin su ve etanol bazlı preparatlarının Fusarium oxysporuma’a karşı inhibisyon etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, biyolojik kontrol ajanı Trichoderma harzianum ile birlikte apilarnil ekstraktları da test edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, liyofilize apilarnilin su veya etanol bazlı ekstraktlarının tüm dozlarda fitopatojen fungusun miselyum gelişimine olumlu ya da olumsuz herhangi bir etki göstermediğini ortaya koymuştur. Apilarnil ekstraktlarının T. harzianum ile birlikte F. oxysporum’a karşı yapılan testler de benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Apilarnilin bitki patojenlerine karşı inhibisyon aktivitesi olup olmadığının anlaşılması ve tarımsal uygulamalarda biyolojik kontrol ajanı olarak kullanılabilirliğinin desteklenmesi için apilarnilin farklı dozlarının veya farklı çözücüdeki solüsyonlarının gelecek çalışmalarda araştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu tür araştırmalar, apilarnilin etkili ve sürdürülebilir bir bitki koruma stratejisi olarak kullanılmasına yönelik önemli veriler sağlayacaktır.
... Salep, derived from grinding the tubers of select orchid genera, finds application in traditional beverages, ice creams, and medicinal formulations (10). Many of the Dactylorhiza genera are used to produce salep in Turkey (11). Its historical use in Anatolia spans treatments for malaria, arthritis, dysentery, cough, headache, and wounds (12). ...
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter overviewed the applications and various pharmacological properties of the species of Dactylorhiza in traditional and modern medicine in the world and Türkiye. Upon analyzing all research findings on Dactylorhiza species, it was found that most data were gathered concerning its anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties.
... Presently, Turkey is home to at least 20 endemic orchid species, representing approximately 13% of the total orchid population in the country (Kreutz, 2002). Salep production in Turkey utilizes around 120 orchid species belonging to Ophrys, Orchis, Himantoglossum, Serapias, Anacamptis, Comperia, Barlia, Dactylorhiza, Aceras, Neotinea, and other genera growing in various regions of Anatolia (Sezik, 2002). ...
Article
Full-text available
Salep, a traditional Turkish beverage, derives its name from its primary component: salep powder (SP), which is sourced from the tubers of certain orchid species. This study investigated various physicochemical attributes (including dry matter, protein content, pH, titration acidity, water activity, color, serum separation, and zeta potential), as well as rheological and sensory characteristics of salep beverages. These drinks were prepared by substituting SP with chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed mucilage powder (MP) with different ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The substitution of SP with MP did not influence the dry matter and protein contents or the pH and acidity values of the drinks significantly (p > .05). The inclusion of MP in the formulation of salep drinks resulted in a decrease in lightness (L*) and a* color values while increasing the b* color values. However, consumer perception, as indicated by color difference values (∆E*), showed no distinguishable difference between drinks containing MP and control drinks. Furthermore, higher ratios of MP led to increased apparent viscosity values in the drinks and effectively prevented or significantly reduced serum separation observed in control drinks (p < .05). Remarkably, sensory evaluations revealed that substituting up to 30% of SP with MP did not negatively impact the overall sensory properties of the drinks (p > .05), suggesting that MP could be recommended as a feasible alternative. This substitution has the potential to contribute to the conservation of orchid plants, the primary source of salep, while also offering cost‐saving benefits in the production of salep drinks.
... Tubers of Euroasian orchids are over-harvested, especially in Türkiye, Greece, Iran, and some Middle Eastern countries for the salep beverage and ice cream additive production. The harvesting of these orchids is so extreme that all orchid species are now protected by law, but unfortunately, the illegal collection continues extensively (Ghorbani, 2014;Kreziou et al., 2016;Sezik, 2002). In the last 30 years, orchids and the related ecosystem have become more vulnerable to extinction, especially due to the extreme pressure brought on by human activities. ...
Article
Full-text available
(1) Background: Anacamptis coriophora (Orchidaceae) is a highly endangered orchid in Turkey due to its excessive collection and the continuing deterioration of its habitat. In this study, the cultivation conditions of A. coriophora were determined. (2) Methods: a sterile soil mixture was filled into jars, and the fungal isolate (previously isolated from A. coriophora roots), Ceratobasidiaceae MG762693, was inoculated in separate glass jars, producing fungal compost when hyphae were developed. This fungal compost was then filled into pots where A. coriophora seed packs (0.001 g) were placed and subsequently moistened with sterile liquid nutrient medium. After 45 days of germination, fifty seedlings of approximately equal size were transferred directly to a natural environment, and after 6 months of development, the measuring of the tubers was done. The phenological process was then monitored until flowering. (3) Results: After 45 days, germination and developmental stage rates were determined from the seed packs in the pots inoculated with the Ceratobasidiaceae MG762693 fungal isolate, and 64.3% germination and 11.75% leaf-rooted seedlings (stage 4) occurred. Plants flowered in June the following year, and the seeds ripened in July. The largest tuber in adult individuals was about 3 times the weight of first-year tubers. Each individual formed 2 or 3 tubers, thus increasing the number of tubers approximately 2.5 times in 2 years. (4) Conclusions: In this study, ex vitro symbiotic seedlings were planted in the natural environment, and a small population was formed over a 2-year period. The results revealed that orchids can be grown on a large scale with this method, both economically and for conservation and reintroduction.
... The main reason for this is that orchid species (e.g. Orchis, Ophry, Anacamptis species) have been utilized in traditional turkish medicine and salep production for an extended period (Sezik 2002). These risks can also disrupt the symbiotic relationship between orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi, making it difficult for orchids to grow and reproduce (Arditti and Ghani 2000;Batty et al. 2001). ...
Article
Full-text available
The conservation of threatened orchid species demands the use of effective propagation techniques to improve the processes of regeneration and reintroduction. While propagation and restoration techniques were primarily based on in vitro asymbiotic or symbiotic seed germination methods, their results demonstrated differing germination outcomes among various orchid species. This study investigates the impact of two different seed germination methods, in vitro and in situ, on the symbiotic germination of Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase an endangered terrestrial orchid in Turkey. We used mycorrhizal fungi from the tullasnelloid genus, isolated from A. papillionacea roots. Our findings indicated that the percentage of germination exhibited variability across different treatments. Among the tested treatments, we observed that the optimal treatment displayed the highest rate is the in situ seed germination up to the seedling stage (86.85%), while the in vitro seed germination method presented a lower germination rates (60.34%) up to the protocorm formation stage. Furthermore, additional research is necessary to comprehend the underlying mechanisms for this variation and to determine the extent of the impact of germination approaches on symbiotic germination in Orchidaceae and Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi species.
Book
Full-text available
Antioxidants protect against oxidative degradation in food and pharmaceutical products, oxidative stress-mediated pathological processes in the body, and free radicals. Antioxidants are therefore used in the treatment of more than a hundred diseases. Antioxidants are divided into two categories: natural and synthetic. Due to the damage caused by synthetic antioxidants, interest in natural antioxidants is quite high. Screening the antioxidant properties of natural foods, plants, and plant-derived compounds requires appropriate methods that address the mechanism of antioxidant activity and focus on the kinetics of reactions involving antioxidants. Many scientific studies have been carried out in food and human health, evaluating the antioxidant activity of various samples under investigation using different methods. In this book, these methods are classified, described, and discussed. For this purpose, the most common methods used for in vitro determination of the antioxidant capacity of food ingredients were reviewed. Furthermore, a selection of chemical testing methods is critically examined and highlighted. In addition, it also explained what natural antioxidants are and which in vitro methods are used to determine the activity of these antioxidants. This book is anticipated to provide important contributions to scientists working on antioxidants in fields such as medicine, pharmacy, food, chemistry, and cosmetics.
Chapter
Türkiye, officially the Republic of Türkiye, as of 2022 Türkiye, is a country located between Europe and Asia, at the crossroads of the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, and eastern Mediterranean. This huge territory of land surface is divided into seven geographical regions, with most varied topographic characteristics, though Türkiye is predominantly a mountainous country. The extremely rich flora of the country abounds in endemic plant species: one third of some 9,000 medicinal and aromatic plants species is endemic. The present chapter presents various aspects of MAP production and utilization in Türkiye. These are, including geographic characters and vegetation of Türkiye, biodiversity, wild-crafting, natural conservation, cultivation. Aspects of MAP trade as well as their role in the healthcare system are also introduced. Despite its rich natural flora, MAPs in Türkiye generate only 250–300 million USD worth of export revenue, annually. Although a limited number is already cultivated, still most of the MAP species are sourced from wildcrafting. Natural conservation, therefore, is an important issue. Intensive R&D studies that are essential for such patented products with high added values have already been started to ameliorate this situation.
Chapter
Turkey (Türkiye) is one of the top 20 countries in the world in the production and trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Currently, it is one of the main producers of the MAPs such as anise, black cumin, cumin, coriander, fennel, fenugreek, laurel, lavender, mahaleb, oil-bearing rose, oregano, poppy, sage, sumac and tea. Turkey’s rich biodiversity is under threat, as many of the valuable species are still wild collected from nature. For this reason, it has gained importance to domesticate and cultivate the species that are gathered from nature intensively, and the Turkish state provides support for MAP cultivation on the condition that good agricultural practices (GAP) are applied. As a result, Anatolian sage, blessed thistle, buckwheat, blueberry, caper, chamomile, corn mint, echinacea, garden mint, laurel, lavender, lemon balm, mountain tea, nettle, Passiflora (passion flowers), peppermint, rosehip, rosemary, salep orchids, sandy everlasting, savory, stevia, St. John’s Wort, tarragon, thyme, quinoa, and yarrow began to be produced in the large-scale agricultural fields. There seems to be a need for increasing the cultivated area of bulbous, tuberous and rhizome plants, such as gentian, gypsophila, licorice, madder, snowdrop and summer snowdrop, whose generations are in danger, should also be widespread. In Turkey, especially in the first quarter of the twenty-first century, there has been a remarkable increase in both the breeding studies and the release of registered varieties. In the national list of registered and licensed varieties published by the Seed Registration and Certification Centre (TTSM), out of a total of 84 registered and permitted cultivars, 43 were registered by Agricultural Research Institutes, 35 by the private seed sector, and 6 by universities. Considerable activities are also carried out on in vitro micropropagation and in vitro secondary metabolite production of MAPs in Turkey.
Article
This study aims to investigate the functional groups and phytochemical profile of Anacamptis coriophora seeds, tubers, and flowers. Symbiotic seedlings produced using the ex vitro method were transferred to their natural habitat and grown to analyze the functional groups and phytochemical profiles of tubers and flowers. The life cycles of the transferred seedlings were monitored, and tubers and flowers were harvested for analysis. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups such as polysaccharides, lignin, and proteins in both tubers and flowers. Differences in spectral frequencies between first‐year and second‐year tubers were observed. Fatty acid analysis identified 30 different compounds in seeds, flowers, and tubers, with linoleic acid being the most abundant (27% in seeds, 33% in tubers), and palmitic acid present in flowers (24%). GC‐MS analysis of ethanol extracts from these components highlighted the presence of 32 compounds, including hydroxyacetic acid, hydrazide, cytidine (Z)‐7‐hexadecenal, 2,2‐dimethoxyethane, 2,5,6‐trimethyldecane, and butanamide, 4‐amino‐N‐hydroxy. A. coriophora's tubers, flowers, and seeds may contain active metabolites with therapeutic potential. These results are valuable for the commercial cultivation of the plant.
Article
Full-text available
The use of salep (ground orchid bulbs') has a long history in Turkey. The analysis of its trade revealed that it is still used there as medicine, drink and as binder in so-called Maras Ice cream. Substitutes, however, increasingly enter the market. Export figures unfortunately do not distinguish between true salep and substitutes. The officially recorded Turkish export of 75 100 kg salep in 1993 almost certainly refers more to substitutes than to true salep. Major countries of destination are Germany, the Netherlands, and northern Cyprus. Drug importers in Germany have imported true salep for medicinal purposes for years, CITES documents were not applied for and not issued. Five medicines containing true salep could be identified on the German market for medicinal products. It is estimated that about 10-20 million orchid bulbs are collected annually in Turkey. Information to the impact of such a harvest on the population status on the species concerned are somehow contradictory. Recommendations are made for a better control of salep trade, for reducing the use of genuine salep and for better protection of orchid populations in Turkey.