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The Polyphenolic Composition of Cistus incanus Herbal Tea and Its Antibacterial and Anti-adherent Activity against Streptococcus mutans
Abstract
The Mediterranean plant Cistus incanus is rich in polyphenols and has shown several pharmacological activities, mainly antibacterial effects. Furthermore, in situ studies revealed that a C. incanus infusion reduces the initial bacterial adhesion in the oral cavity due to the polyphenols, an indication that C. incanus might reduce the risk of caries disease. In the present study, the polyphenols from four different commercial C. incanus herbal teas were extracted by standardized accelerated solvent extraction for in vitro tests and by an infusion for in situ tests. Both extracts were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography and only the polyphenol content differed slightly. By means of diode array detection and mass spectrometry, 29 polyphenols, including ellagitannins, flavanols, and glycosylated flavonols, were identified. Thereby, only quantitative but no qualitative differences between the four samples were detected. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the C. incanus accelerated solvent extracts against Streptococcus mutans, one of the primary cariogenic bacterial species, was examined using a live/dead assay (BacLight®). With this approach, C. incanus yielded antibacterial properties. Additional in situ experiments indicated that rinses with a C. incanus infusion reduced the initial bacterial colonization of enamel samples exposed to oral fluids for over eight hours. Furthermore, it was shown by transmission electron microscopy that the application of a C. incanus infusion modifies the ultrastructure of the acquired enamel pellicle, yielding a more electron-dense morphology. It can be assumed that the polyphenols are responsible for the observed effects.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
... Rock-rose is also a source of many polyphenols, but their profile has not been fully defined, especially for materials of diverse origins [5,13,15,16,18,20,21]. Therefore, we carried out a detailed study of the polyphenol profile in 52 commercial C. incanus teas, of which 23 were of Turkish origin, 10 were from Albania, and 3 were from Greece (the data obtained for these materials may not be precise due to the small number of samples). ...
... The following common flavonols were identified by HRMS and MS/MS together with NMR: myricetin-3-O-β-galactoside (=gmelinoside-I), myricetin-3-Oβ-rhamnoside (=myricitrin) and myricetin-3-O-α-arabinoside. Of them, myricetin-3-O-βgalactoside was isolated by Gürbuz et al. [41] from C. salviifolius and reported by Riehle et al. [42] in C. incanus, myricetin-3-O-α-arabinoside was not confirmed in C. incanus previously while myricetin-3-O-β-rhamnoside was reported in the genus Cistus by Wittpahl et al. [15]. The other observed compounds with a myricetin core were myricetin-O-hexoside gallate and minor pentoside. ...
... The main quercetin glycosides-3-O-β-galactoside (=hyperoside), 3-O-β-glucoside (=isoquercitrin), and 3-O-β-rhamnoside (=quercitrin)-from fractions were additionally compared with authentic standards. Of them, hyperoside was isolated by Gürbuz et al. [41] from C. salviifolius and reported by Wittpahl et al. [15] and Riehle et al. [42]. Among quercetin pentosides, the main isomer was presumed as 3-α-L-arabinopyranoside due to its highest intensity in this group and a previous report of this compound [41], and above its MS/MS typical for 3-O-substituted flavonols; quercetin-O-pentoside at 12.10 min with MS/MS in the manner of 3-O-substituted flavonols was presumed to be 3-O-xyloside of quercetin, following co-chromatography with its known source, i.e., pear and apple skin extracts [29], while the slower isomer at 12.35 min was confirmed to be avicularin (quercetin-3-α-L-arabinofuranoside) by co-chromatography with Polygonum aviculare extract [28]. ...
The European Food Safety Authority recommends C. incanus as a natural source of antioxidants. Its activity is essentially determined by polyphenols, although specific compounds are not finally indicated. The available plant material comes from different subspecies and locations, which can lead to differences in chemical composition and potency. For this reason, we conducted a detailed analysis of the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of 52 different C. incanus teas from Turkey, Albania, Greece, and unspecified regions. We focused special attention on ellagitannins, which have not been properly determined so far. Besides oxidative stress, hyperglycemia is an essential component of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, in subsequent experiments, we evaluated the ability of C. incanus extracts and individual polyphenols to inhibit α-glucosidase. Using statistical methods, we analyzed how differences in chemical composition affect activity. The results showed that C. incanus is a rich source of ellagitannins (2.5–19%), which dominate among polyphenols (5.5–23%). Turkish-origin products had higher ellagitannin content and a greater antioxidant effect (FRAP, ABTS) than Albanian and Greek products. In contrast, the flavonoid and phenolic acid contents and DPPH values were at similar levels in all products. An in-depth analysis of their composition indicated that all groups of polyphenols are involved in the antioxidant effect, but a significant contribution can be attributed to ellagitannins and flavonoids. C. incanus extracts showed a high capacity to inhibit α-glucosidase activity (IC50 125–145 μg/mL). Ellagitannins were the most effective inhibitors (IC50 0.7–1.1 μM), with a potency exceeding acarbose (3.3 mM). In conclusion, C. incanus, due to the presence of ellagitannins and flavonoids, exhibits powerful antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects.
... The resin "ladano" exuded from these secretory structures was used since olden days for its medicinal and scented properties Gülz et al., 1996;Szeremeta et al., 2017a). Additionally, C. creticus is used in food industry as flavouring agent, as Cistus tea, or dietary supplement (Papaefthimiou et al., 2014;Wittpahl et al., 2015;Viapiana et al., 2017;Szeremeta et al., 2017a). Various pharmacological effects of C. creticus extracts and resin are due to the presence of different types of phytochemicals with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza, anticancer, antiaflatoxigenic, anti-leishmania and anti-dengue virus activity Fokialakis et al., 2006;Skorić et al., 2012;Papaefthimiou et al., 2014;Kalli et al., 2018;Kuchta et al., 2020;Carev et al., 2020;Zalegh et al., 2021). ...
... In addition, some of these compounds exhibited antimicrobial activities, preferentially antibacterial (Chinou et al., 1994;Demetzos et al., 1995Demetzos et al., , 1999Güvenç et al., 2005;Rauwald et al., 2019). Other studies also indicated that polyphenols and flavonoids are highly responsible for antioxidant and/or antimicrobial effects of C. creticus leaf extracts (Wittpahl et al., 2015;Viapiana et al., 2017;Móricz et al., 2018;Carev et al., 2020). Within the same context, leaves' extracts rich in phenolic content displayed effective activity against influenza virus Ehrhardt et al., 2007;Ludwig, 2011;Khoufache et al., 2013;) and HIV (Rebensburg et al., 2016). ...
... In addition to above mentioned terpenoids, phenolic compounds are also constituents of C. creticus resin and leaves extracts ( Table 2). As is already indicated by numerous studies, plants belonging to the genus Cistus are good source of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids and tannins (Güvenç et al., 2005;Barrajón-Catalán et al., 2010, 2011Riehle et al., 2012;Barros et al., 2013;Tomás-Menor et al., 2013;Wittpahl et al., 2015;Gori et al., 2016;Viapiana et al., 2017;Zalegh et al., 2021). Variable gallic acid-derived hydrolysable ellagitannins were previously identified in leaves of some Cistus species, including C. albidus, C. clusii, C. crispus, C. creticus, C. ladanifer, C. laurifolius, C. monspeliensis, C. populifolius, and C. salviifolius (Santagati et al., 2008;Barrajón-Catalán et al., 2011). ...
Cistus creticus subsp. creticus is a shrubby Mediterranean plant used since ancient times in folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases. C. creticus extracts and resin contain different types of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids (predominantly labdane type diterpenoids), and phenylpropanoids. Growth conditions seem to influence the content of labdane-type diterpenes and flavan-3-ols in leaves of C. creticus subsp. creticus. Histochemical staining of leaves’ trichomes and comprehensive phytochemical characterization of resin, leaves and their exudates, indicated that long-stalked capitate trichomes of C. creticus subsp. creticus, grown both in vitro (IV) and in greenhouse (GH), are capable of producing bioactive oleoresin-related terpenoids and phenylpropanoids compounds. Bioactivity-guided approach was implemented in search for the major antibacterial compound in C. creticus resin against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus flavus). Bioautographic assay on TLC plates with separated components of Cistus resin extract, revealed a pronounced zone of microbial growth inhibition, corresponded to a highly active compound with Rf values of 0.45, structurally characterized and identified as ent-3β-acetoxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide. This finding opens the route for focusing on isolation and functional characterization of genes involved in the biosynthesis of ent-3β-acetoxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide and its precursor ent-3β-hydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide, with the aim to establish sustainable in vitro biotechnological protocols for its large-scale production in homologous and heterologous plant and microbial hosts.
... The water infusions prepared from C. incanus leaves are considered as a source of polyphenols, including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, ellagitannins, and phenolic acid [18,27]. The total phenolic content was calculated as an equivalent of gallic acid (GAE) because galloyl residues are components of tannins. ...
... The difference may be due to the relatively high concentration of tannins in samples including high TPC but low TFC. The presence of compounds classified into the group of ellagitannins (for instance punicalin, punicalagin, terflavin A, and cistusin) in C. incanus infusions had been reported in some previous publications [18,23] and is confirmed in Section 3.2. ...
... Apart from flavonols, the presence of ellagic acid and ellagitannins-punicalin, punicalagin, terflavin A and cistusin-was also detected. The results obtained support previous reports on the phytochemical composition of C. incanus leaves [18,20,23,[50][51][52][53][54]. DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP are frequently used spectrophotometric methods to measure antioxidant action. ...
Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species promote oxidative and carbonyl stress, and the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The traditional herb Cistus × incanus is known for its antioxidant properties; therefore, the current study aimed to assess how the chemical composition of a C. incanus water infusion corresponds with its antioxidative and antiglycative effects in vitro. The composition of infusions prepared from commercial products was analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid polyphenols were determined. Antioxidant activity of infusions and selected polyphenols was investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Fluorometric measurements and methylglyoxal capture were performed to investigate the antiglycation activity. PCA and PLS-DA models were applied to explore the correlation between chemical and antioxidant results. The principal flavonoids in C. incanus were flavonols. In vitro tests revealed that a stronger antioxidant effect was demonstrated by plant material from Turkey rich in flavonoids, followed by Albania and Greece. Flavonols and ellagic acid displayed stronger antiradical and reducing power than EA-derived urolithins. Hyperoside was the most potent inhibitor of glycation. The results indicate that flavonoids are primarily responsible for rock rose antioxidant and antiglycation properties. PLS-DA modeling can be used to identify the origin of plant material with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 86%.
... Barrajón-Catalán et al. [32] and Riehle et al. [33] identified flavan-3-ols in C. incanus extracts, and found various flavanols, especially the compounds myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Wittpahl et al. [19] also identified tannins: punicalin isomers, punicalagin isomers, and cornusin B. ...
... According to the literature, C. incanus extracts inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria [19,34]. Rajnbar [35] studied the antimicrobial activity of lycopene oleoresin against the pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus ureuse, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus licheniformis. ...
... In a study by Kuchta et al., who also tested the aqueous extract of Cistus incanus for antimicrobial activity, it was observed that the aqueous extract of C. incanus showed no activity against Gram negative bacteria [40]. The previous studies also confirm the good activity of aqueous extracts of Cistus incanus against Gram positive and to a lesser extent against Gram negative [19,41]. Our study is in agreement with literature data which indicate that Gram positive bacteria are more sensitive to polyphenols than Gram negative bacteria [42]. ...
This study evaluates the effects of polyphenolic extract of Cistus incanus, lycopene dye from tomatoes, and betanin dye from red beet on selected parameters of model meat products with reduced nitrate contents. The polyphenolic composition and activity of the C. incanus extract was analyzed, revealing the presence of elagotannins, flavanols, and glycosylated flavanols. We studied the effects of the extract and dyes as well as of mixtures of the extract and dyes on the growth of bacteria characteristic of the meat environment: E. coli, S. enterica, P. fragi, L. monocytogenes, B. thermosphacta, and L. sakei. We studied the effects of the extract and dyes on the lipid oxidation, color, and microbiological quality of pork sausages with reduced nitrate content over 28 days of storage. During storage, the amounts of malon dialdehyde reduced, which indicates that the extract and dyes exhibited antioxidant activity and slowed lipid oxidation in the sausages. An increase in red color was also observed in the sausages with natural additives, despite their decreased nitrate content. It was found that the C. incanus extract combined with coloring agents positively influenced the selected parameters of the analyzed pork sausages.
... Cistus incanus polyphenols can be divided into three groups: ellagitannins (including gallic acid), flavanols, and flavonoles. Wittpahl et al. (2015) [63] determined the main elagitannins in cistus incanus. Punicalagin, punicalin, punicalagin-gallate and cornusiin B were thereby identified. ...
... The study of Wittpahl et al. (2015) [63] investigated different types of cistus incanus tea. They detected that especially the types rich in polyphenols had significant antibacterial effects in the in vitro-Live/Dead assay. ...
... On the other side, Naz et al. (2007) [202] report that polyphenols like quercetin, myrecetin and gallic acid are responsible for the antibacterial effect, whereas Hamilton- Miller et al. (2001) [203] and Otake et al. (1991) [204] assume that catechins inhibt the bacterial adherence to the tooth surface ( Table 3). The study of Wittpahl et al. (2015) [63] shows in the in situ part of their examination that the antiadherent effect of cistus incanus cannot be attributed to single fractions of the polyphenolic plant compound but to the whole extract. Thus the ingredients of the whole extract display synergistic effects leading to a strong antiadherent and antibacterial effect. ...
Polyphenols are natural substances that have been shown to provide various health benefits. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects have been described. At the same time, they inhibit the actions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Thus, studies have also examined their effects within the oral cavity. This review provides an overview on the different polyphenols, and their structure and interactions with the tooth surface and the pellicle. In particular, the effects of various tea polyphenols on bioadhesion and erosion have been reviewed. The current research confirms that polyphenols can reduce the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, they can decrease the adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface and improve the erosion-protective properties of the acquired enamel pellicle. Tea polyphenols, especially, have the potential to contribute to an oral health-related diet. However, in vitro studies have mainly been conducted. In situ studies and clinical studies need to be extended and supplemented in order to significantly contribute to additive prevention measures in caries prophylaxis.
... Do najczęściej identyfikowanych glikozydów mirycetyny zalicza się: 3-O-glukozyd mirycetyny [29][30][31], 3-O-ramnozyd mirycetyny (mirycytryna) [30], 3-O-galaktozyd mirycetyny [31,33] oraz bliżej niezidentyfikowane: ksylozyd mirycetyny [31] i ramnozylo-heksozyd mirycetyny [33]. Wśród glikozydów kwercetyny wyróżnia się: 3-O-glukozyd kwercetyny (izokwercytryna) [30], 3-O-ramnozyd kwercetyny (kwercytryna), 3-O-galaktozyd kwercetyny (hiperozyd), 3-O-ksylozyd kwercetyny, 3-O-arabinozyd kwercetyny [30,33], 3-O-rutynozyd kwercetyny (rutozyd, rutyna) oraz 7-O-heksozydo-3-O-rutynozyd kwercetyny [34]. ...
... Do najczęściej identyfikowanych glikozydów mirycetyny zalicza się: 3-O-glukozyd mirycetyny [29][30][31], 3-O-ramnozyd mirycetyny (mirycytryna) [30], 3-O-galaktozyd mirycetyny [31,33] oraz bliżej niezidentyfikowane: ksylozyd mirycetyny [31] i ramnozylo-heksozyd mirycetyny [33]. Wśród glikozydów kwercetyny wyróżnia się: 3-O-glukozyd kwercetyny (izokwercytryna) [30], 3-O-ramnozyd kwercetyny (kwercytryna), 3-O-galaktozyd kwercetyny (hiperozyd), 3-O-ksylozyd kwercetyny, 3-O-arabinozyd kwercetyny [30,33], 3-O-rutynozyd kwercetyny (rutozyd, rutyna) oraz 7-O-heksozydo-3-O-rutynozyd kwercetyny [34]. ...
... Do najczęściej identyfikowanych glikozydów mirycetyny zalicza się: 3-O-glukozyd mirycetyny [29][30][31], 3-O-ramnozyd mirycetyny (mirycytryna) [30], 3-O-galaktozyd mirycetyny [31,33] oraz bliżej niezidentyfikowane: ksylozyd mirycetyny [31] i ramnozylo-heksozyd mirycetyny [33]. Wśród glikozydów kwercetyny wyróżnia się: 3-O-glukozyd kwercetyny (izokwercytryna) [30], 3-O-ramnozyd kwercetyny (kwercytryna), 3-O-galaktozyd kwercetyny (hiperozyd), 3-O-ksylozyd kwercetyny, 3-O-arabinozyd kwercetyny [30,33], 3-O-rutynozyd kwercetyny (rutozyd, rutyna) oraz 7-O-heksozydo-3-O-rutynozyd kwercetyny [34]. Do glikozydów kemferolu występujących w czystku szarym należą: 3-O-glukozyd kemferolu (astragalina) [33], 3-O-galaktozd kemferolu (trifolina), 3-O-rutynozyd kemferolu (nikotyfloryna) [34,35], bliżej niezidentyfikowany O-ramnozydo-O-heksozyd kemferolu [23]. ...
One of the modern nutritional trends is to enthusiastically look for natural products that can be considered functional food and be a source of ingredients with a health-promoting effect. Today, many food manufacturers offer Cistus × incanus leaves to prepare common self-preparations (e.g., infusions) or as ready-to-use dietary supplements. Cistus × incanus (rock rose, pink rock-rose, hoary rock-rose), belonging to the family Cistaceae, is widespread in Mediterranean countries. For many years, cistus extracts and its aromatic resin have been used in traditional Middle East medicine to treat, among others, colds, fever, stomach problems, and skin wounds. In past years, this plant was rediscovered by the public. Due to the growing popularity of Cistus products, the most recent scientific literature on this subject is reviewed here. This article aims to present the latest research results on the phytochemical composition of Cistus × incanus and the impact of its consumption on human health. Particular emphasis is put on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiproliferative activities and support of digestive system functions. Studies have shown that the main active ingredients of Cistus × incanus are flavonoid compounds, including flavonol glycosides (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol), flavan-3-ols, and tannins. It was demonstrated that the presence of these compounds determines the therapeutic and health-promoting properties of cistus leaves and its products. That applies primarily to a strong antioxidant effect, which may reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Cistus preparations are also recommended as immunostimulants, supporting the treatment of bacterial and viral infections. Labdanum oleoresin and essential oil are a valuable source of substances with strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used in the future in the production of pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, and also serve as a natural food preservative.
... The presence of flavonols such as glycosides of myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol; monomeric flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, hydrolyzable tannins and other polyphenolics including simple phenolic acids (e.g. gallic, ellagic, gentisinic) was described as typical for Cistus plants ( Gaweł-Bęben et al., 2020;Gori et al., 2016;Jeszka-Skowron et al., 2018;Móricz et al., 2018;Petereit et al., 1991;Riehle et al., 2013Riehle et al., , 2014Wittpahl et al., 2015). Additionally, leaves and stems of all Cistus species contain essential oils (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and brown resin, which mostly consists of labdane-type diterpenes (Gori et al., 2016;Mansoor et al., 2016;Szeremeta et al., 2017). ...
... Preparations of Cistus × incanus L. leaves, e.g., infusions, hydromethanolic and hydroacetonic extracts, can be characterized by a high concentration of water-soluble polyphenolics ( Figs. 1 and S4), including glycosides of flavonols, monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols, as well as ellagitannins (Barrajón-Catalán et al., 2011;Gürbüz et al., 2018;Petereit et al., 1991). Using the LC-MS n method, more than thirty compounds have been identified in pink rock-rose by some authors (Gaweł-Bęben et al., 2020;Gori et al., 2016;Riehle et al., 2013Riehle et al., , 2014Wittpahl et al., 2015). Previously, several ellagitannins, except hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose (HHDP-glucose) isomers, were tentatively identified in C.incanus by Wittpahl et al. (2015). ...
... Using the LC-MS n method, more than thirty compounds have been identified in pink rock-rose by some authors (Gaweł-Bęben et al., 2020;Gori et al., 2016;Riehle et al., 2013Riehle et al., , 2014Wittpahl et al., 2015). Previously, several ellagitannins, except hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose (HHDP-glucose) isomers, were tentatively identified in C.incanus by Wittpahl et al. (2015). Punicalin and punicalagin are predominant monomeric ellagitannins isolated at first as yellow-colored hydrolyzable tannins from the pomegranate pericarp (peel of Punica granatum L., Punicaceae) by Mayer et al. (1977). ...
The leaves of Cistus × incanus L. (pink rock-rose) are used as plant material rich in antioxidants by the pharmaceutical and food industry. The main components which occur in pink rock-rose are polyphenols, especially flavonoids (glycosides of flavonols) and tannins (proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins). Derivatives of flavonols and flavan-3-ols as bioactive compounds of this species were identified previously. However, the full composition of ellagitannins has not been characterized yet. In this context, the study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of pink rock-rose ellagitannins and to identify and elucidate structures of major compounds from this group. In conclusion, the new ellagitannin cistusin together with well-known terflavin A and punicalagin from C. incanus leaves were isolated. Their structures, including the gallagyl, flavogallonyl, valoneoyl, and hexahydroxydiphenoyl acyl groups, were revealed by spectroscopic evidence (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR).
... This study examined two wild growing Croatian Cistus species, Cistus salviifolius (CS) and Cistus creticus (CC), known to be used in herbal tea preparation in human diet [34]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first UPLC-MS/MS phytochemical phenolic profile analysis of C. creticus and C. salvifolius aqueous extract. ...
... According to ethno-pharmacology, the Cistus species has been used due to its antimicrobial, antiproliferative, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic activity . It is also known that some Cistus species have been used in human and animal diets, such as goats, lamb and beef [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
... The antimicrobial effect of various extracts, including the aqueous ones, derived from plants of the Cistaceae family have long been in the focus of scientific interest [72]. Most recently, C. incanus herbal tea has demonstrated antibacterial and anti-adherent effects against Streptococcus mutans, a causative agent of caries disease [34]. Moreover, C. ladanifer and C. populifolius leaf aqueous extracts were found to be active against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC50 from 0.123 to 0.9 mg/mL) [66]. ...
Aqueous extracts of two Cistus species wild growing in Croatia—Cistus creticus (CC) and Cistus salviifolius (CS)—have been assessed with UPLC-MS/MS, showing 43 different phytochemicals, with flavonol glycosides: myricetin-3-hexoside and myricetin-rhamnoside, predominate ones in CC and myricetin-3-hexoside in CS. Antioxidant potential tested with the FRAP method showed no difference between CS and CC aqueous extracts, while higher phenolic content of CC comparing to CS, determined with a Folin–Cicolateu reagent correlated to its higher antioxidant capacity observed by the DPPH method. Both extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activity, using disc-diffusion and broth microdilution assays, targeting the opportunistic pathogens, associated with food poisoning, urinary, respiratory tract, blood stream and wound infections in humans. Antimicrobial assays revealed that fungi were in general more sensitive to both Cistus aqueous extracts, comparing to the bacteria where two extracts showed very similar activity. The most potent activity was observed against A. baumannii for both extracts. The extracts were tested on human lung cancer (A549) cell line using the MTT assay, showing very similar antiproliferative activity. After 72 h treatment with CC and CS aqueous extracts in concentration of 0.5 g/L, the viability of the cells were 37% and 50% respectively, compared to non-treated cells.
... creticus, and their tests were carried out upon a vast selection of different bacteria (which included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, etc.). In paper two, [20] the authors demonstrate a well pronounced antibacterial and antiadherent activity of the C. incanus infusion against Streptococcus mutans. However, a conclusion as to a limited number of studies carried out upon C. incanus is misleading and for the following reason. ...
... The formed fluorescent yellow zones most probably correspond to flavonoids. [34] Likewise, identical polyphenolic composition only with quantitative differences was observed in all C. incanus samples from the recently investigated German market [20] that supports our results. ...
... In general, all tested extracts demonstrated very similar anticancer activity levels, which is rather understandable with one and the same plant, although originating from different Mediterranean countries and acquired from different commercial sources. The low variability in anticancer activity of the crude extracts harmonizes with their similar chemical (phenolics) and antibacterial profiles obtained by the TLC-based experiments and also with the recently published statement [20] about the identical polyphenolic composition of C. incanus samples purchased from the German market. These observations also suggest that cytotoxicity is probably polyphenol-dependent. ...
Cistus incanus L. (hairy rockrose) is a medicinal plant which belongs to the Cistaceae family and the Cistus genus, with a well established position in traditional medicine of the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East. It was the aim of this study to compare antibacterial activity of the phenolics derived from fourteen C. incanus samples of different origin (Turkey, Albania, Greece, and an unknown geographical location) obtained as herbal teas from a local market of diet supplements. This activity was assessed with the use of thin-layer chromatography–direct bioautography (TLC-DB) applied to crude extracts against the Gram negative naturally luminescent marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and the Gram positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis as the test microorganisms. It was established that in spite of different origin of the investigated herbal samples, in qualitative terms their antibacterial activity was closely comparable and more strongly pronounced against the Gram positive than the Gram negative bacterium. Crude extract originating from one herbal specimen labelled A3 (sample no. 3 from Albania) underwent selective multi-step extraction of the phenolics, dividing them into six fractions (I to VI) that expectedly contain flavonoid aglycons, free phenolic acids, non-polar flavonoid glycosides, polar flavonoid glycosides, and phenolic acids obtained through the acidic and basic hydrolysis from the respective glycosides. Antibacterial activity of each A3 fraction was then assessed with the use of the same TLC-DB approach and it was established that the strongest effect was exerted by fractions I and II (flavonoid aglycons and free phenolic acids). Moreover, cytotoxic assay was performed for the crude C. incanus extracts against the human colon adenocarcinoma cells and a moderate yet well measurable cytotoxic effect was observed with all investigated C. incanus samples. In analogy to antibacterial activity, also in this case cytotoxic potential of all investigated crude C. incanus extracts was similar.
... This medicinal plant is very popular in its natural habitats: eastern parts of the Mediterranean basin (including Greek Islands) and the Middle East [17], and it has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiulcerogenic, wound-healing, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agent [18]. Antimicrobial potential of the non-polar organic [19][20][21], methanolic [22] and the aqueous methanolic [23,24] extracts as well as essential oil [19,25,26] derived from C. incanus leaves and flowers had been investigated in a number of studies carried out against the Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. It has been established that the main activity of the essential oil can be attributed to monoterpenes and diterpenes. ...
... It has been established that the main activity of the essential oil can be attributed to monoterpenes and diterpenes. Direct antibacterial potential of the aqueous methanol extracts was demonstrated against Streptococcus mutans [23], Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis [24]. Additional in situ experiments showed that rinses with the C. incanus infusion reduced an initial bacterial colonization of the tooth enamel samples. ...
... Moreover, infusions acted as growth inhibitors of yeast (e.g., Candida albicans and C. glabrata, [25]) and of fungi such as the Aspergillus molds [27,28]. As the aqueous methanol provided high extraction yields with the phenolic compounds including ellagitannins, flavanols, and glycosylated flavonols, a strong correlation was demonstrated between the antimicrobial activity of the C. incanus extracts and phenolic contents of this plant [23,24,27,28]. ...
... This medicinal plant is very popular in its natural habitats: eastern parts of the Mediterranean basin (including Greek Islands) and the Middle East [17], and it has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiulcerogenic, wound-healing, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agent [18]. Antimicrobial potential of the non-polar organic [19][20][21], methanolic [22] and the aqueous methanolic [23,24] extracts as well as essential oil [19,25,26] derived from C. incanus leaves and flowers had been investigated in a number of studies carried out against the Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. It has been established that the main activity of the essential oil can be attributed to monoterpenes and diterpenes. ...
... It has been established that the main activity of the essential oil can be attributed to monoterpenes and diterpenes. Direct antibacterial potential of the aqueous methanol extracts was demonstrated against Streptococcus mutans [23], Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis [24]. Additional in situ experiments showed that rinses with the C. incanus infusion reduced an initial bacterial colonization of the tooth enamel samples. ...
... Moreover, infusions acted as growth inhibitors of yeast (e.g., Candida albicans and C. glabrata, [25]) and of fungi such as the Aspergillus molds [27,28]. As the aqueous methanol provided high extraction yields with the phenolic compounds including ellagitannins, flavanols, and glycosylated flavonols, a strong correlation was demonstrated between the antimicrobial activity of the C. incanus extracts and phenolic contents of this plant [23,24,27,28]. ...
The main aim of this study was to detect and identify antibacterial components of fraction I derived from eleven commercial C. incanus herbal teas. Fraction I obtained by a well-established phytochemical protocol of a multi-step extraction was expected to contain flavonoid aglycons alone. Antibacterial profile of fraction I was demonstrated by means of thin-layer chromatography - direct bioautography (TLC-DB) using a Gram positive B. subtilis and a Gram negative A. fischeri strain. Six chromatographic zones of fraction I exhibited a well pronounced antibacterial potential. In qualitative terms, a good agreement was observed among chromatographic fingerprints and the corresponding bioautograms of the eleven samples. The compounds isolated from the six zones were analyzed by HPLC- diode array detector (DAD)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. High numerical m/z values valid for certain constituents of these isolates suggested that some selected antibacterial components are, unexpectedly, flavonoid glycosides. In order to confirm this suggestion, three independent HPTLC methods (multi-development on amino phase and two two-dimensional developments on silica gel phase) were devised to in situ hydrolyze flavonoid glycosides and then separate and visualize the liberated glucose and some other building blocks of the zones' components. Additionally, the sensitivity of glucose detection with p-aminobenzoic acid reagent was enhanced by paraffin. In that way, the presence of the kaempferol glycosides (and not only the aglycones alone) in fraction I was confirmed. Beside kaempferol, p-coumaric acid as a building block unit was shown by HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of the hydrolyzed isolates. Results proved apigenin, kaempferide and acylated kaempferol glycosides (cis- and trans-tiliroside and their conjugates with p-coumaric acid) to be antibacterial components of fraction I. Because isomers of the coumaric acid conjugated tiliroside were detected only in fraction I and not in the crude C. incanus extract, they are regarded as artifacts produced through fractionation.
... In traditional medicine, C. incanus herbal infusions have been used as anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of various skin diseases [15,16]. Furthermore, C. incanus polyphenolic-rich extracts have been reported to possess antimycotic, antibacterial and antiviral properties [17][18][19][20][21]. Recently, aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of this plant have been demonstrated to exert intense antioxidant capacities that could be attributed to their high polyphenol content [22,23]. ...
... This fragmentation pattern is characteristic of flavonol rutinosides, in which the linkage 1–6 between rhamnose and glucose, that forms rutinose, allows for free rotation and a more accessible fragmentation than other disaccharides [35,36]. In accordance with [19] , peak 19 was assigned as kaempferol-3- (3″,6″-dicoumaroyl)-glucose with a molecular ion at m/z 739 and a fragment at m/z 285. Other flavonols have been tentatively identified as myricetin derivatives (peaks 9 and 11) and as quercetin derivatives (peaks 16 and 17) based on their retention times and their UV–VIS spectra, in the absence of conclusive mass-spectrometric data. ...
... This fragmentation pattern is characteristic of flavonol rutinosides, in which the linkage 1–6 between rhamnose and glucose, that forms rutinose, allows for free rotation and a more accessible fragmentation than other disaccharides [35,36]. In accordance with [19], peak 19 was assigned as kaempferol-3-(3 " ,6 " -dicoumaroyl)-glucose with a molecular ion at m/z 739 and a fragment at m/z 285. Other flavonols have been tentatively identified as myricetin derivatives (peaks 9 and 11) and as quercetin derivatives (peaks 16 and 17) based on their retention times and their UV–VIS spectra, in the absence of conclusive mass-spectrometric data. ...
... In traditional medicine, C. incanus herbal infusions have been used as anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of various skin diseases [15,16]. Furthermore, C. incanus polyphenolic-rich extracts have been reported to possess antimycotic, antibacterial and antiviral properties [17][18][19][20][21]. Recently, aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of this plant have been demonstrated to exert intense antioxidant capacities that could be attributed to their high polyphenol content [22,23]. ...
... The MS data obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of the most representative phenolics present in the CEE of C. incanus are listed in Table 1, identified with the numbers 1-19 according to their elution order. The compounds identified were classified in to three main classes: gallic acid derivatives (peaks 1, 2), condensed tannins (peaks [3][4][5][6][7][8], also known as proanthocyanidins, and flavonol glycosides (peaks [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Peak 1 was identified as monogalloyl glucose (m/z at 331), with the main fragments at m/z 169 (gallic acid) and 125 (loss of CO 2 from gallic acid). ...
... This fragmentation pattern is characteristic of flavonol rutinosides, in which the linkage 1-6 between rhamnose and glucose, that forms rutinose, allows for free rotation and a more accessible fragmentation than other disaccharides [35,36]. In accordance with [19], peak 19 was assigned as kaempferol-3-(3″,6″-dicoumaroyl)-glucose with a molecular ion at m/z 739 and a fragment at m/z 285. ...
Cistus incanus (Cistaceae) is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub. Cistus incanus herbal teas have been used as a general remedy in traditional medicine since ancient times. Recent studies on the antioxidant properties of its aqueous extracts have indicated polyphenols to be the most active compounds. However, a whole chemical characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in leaves of Cistus incanus (C. incanus) is still lacking. Moreover, limited data is available on the contribution of different polyphenolic compounds towards the total antioxidant capacity of its extracts. The purpose of this study was to characterise the major polyphenolic compounds present in a crude ethanolic leaf extract (CEE) of C. incanus and develop a method for their fractionation. Superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assays were also performed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the obtained fractions. Three different polyphenolic enriched extracts, namely EAC (Ethyl Acetate Fraction), AF1 and AF2 (Aqueos Fractions), were obtained from CEE. Our results indicated that the EAC, enriched in flavonols, exhibited a higher antiradical activity compared to the tannin enriched fractions (AF1 and AF2). These findings provide new perspectives for the use of the EAC as a source of antioxidant compounds with potential uses in pharmaceutical preparations.
... Поради тази причина представителите на Cistus incanus, растящи на различна географска ширина, имат различен фитохимичен и в частност фенолен състав [128]. Въпреки естественият полиморфизъм, който притежава растението, в голяма част от изследваните, от различни географски райони, Cistus incanus, основните идентифицирани фитокомпоненти са рутин, кверцетин, кeмпферол, мирицетин, лутеолин, елагова киселина, галова киселина, (+) катехин, (-) -галокатехин, (-) -галокатехин, епикатехин-3-галат, както някои видове проантоцианидини и елагитанини [115,[129][130][131] [132,133]. В състава на смолата, произвеждана от листата (около 20 %) и младите стъбла (около 9-10 %), във всички видове Cistus са идентифицирани предимно лабданов тип дитерпеноиди, флавоноидни агликони и гликозиди [107,114]. Към днешна дата етеричното масло от Cistus incanus е одобрено в САЩ от Агенцията по храните и лекарствата (FDA), като неговите ароматични съставки намират приложение в хранително-вкусовата промишленост -за ароматизиране на напитки, цигари и сладкарски изделия [134]. ...
... Дължината на вълната от 278 nm беше определена като най-подходяща за идентифицирането на трите катехина (мономерни флаван-3-ола) и двете фенолни киселини, а дължината на вълната от 368 nm -за флавонолите (рутин, мирицетин, кверцетин и кемпферол). Дължините на вълните са използвани и от други изследователи при анализ на подобен тип съединения [133,364]. Освен това те кореспондираха с максималната площ и чистота на елуираните пикове, както и на абсорбционните максимуми, снети от характеристичните им UV-спектри. След определяне на най-подходящите дължини на вълната за провеждане на метода, бяха определени стъпките в градиентната програма, скоростта на потока, обемът на инжектиране и температурата на колонната пещ. ...
Дисертационният труд представлява обемно и подробно проведено изследване, което включва, освен оценка на влиянието на основните екстракционни параметри върху добива на фенолни съединения от диворастящите, нетрадиционни за България, растителни видове - Cistus incanus L. (памуклийка), Trachystemon orientalis L. (източен лопох) и Phyllirea latifolia L. (грипа) от Странджа планина, така и качествено и количествено определяне на някои антиоксиданти в техни екстракти с разработен и валидиран за целта течнохроматографски метод за анализ. В допълнение за първи път е моделирана и кинетиката на ултразвукова екстракция на листа и на стъбла от Cistus incanus спрямо най-значимите параметри на екстракция. Освен от работните условия по време на екстракция, количеството на полезните компоненти в екстрактите от Cistus incanus се влияе от вида екстрахирана надземна част, географския произход, сезонната изменчивост и начина на съхранение на суровината. Като цяло системното и задълбочено изследване на екстракцията на фенолни компоненти от Cistus incanus, Trachystemon orientalis и Phyllirea latifolia, както и установените високи количества на антиоксиданти в техните екстракти, демонстрират възможностите на приложение на непроучените досега български находища на диворастящите видове в областта на храните, козметиката и лекарствата.
... Cystus ® tea is often used for prevention and treatment of infections in the upper respiratory tract [11,13]. A reduction of the initial bacterial colonization and adherence to enamel in the oral cavity could be demonstrated after mouthrinses with Cystus ® tea [10,14] providing a rationale for its use. In addition, the tea has a mild flavor and it contains no ingredients which could be expected to cause any noteworthy side effects. ...
... Regular mouthrinses neither with sage tea nor with Cystus ® tea could prevent the occurrence of carious lesions (DMF S) or gingival inflammation (SBI) during the investigated time period of up to 3 months after radiation treatment, despite Cystus ® tea being rich in polyphenols. It has been shown that polyphenols inhibits streptococcus mutans' adherence and viability as well as to alter the initial salivary protein adsorption on the tooth [14,31]. However, rinsing alone does not hamper biofilm formation at the tooth surface as is confirmed by the constantly high plaque scores (>65%) in both study groups. ...
Purpose:
To determine the effect of Cystus® tea (Naturprodukte Dr. Pandalis GmbH & Co. KG) as mouthwash compared to sage tea on oral mucositis in patients undergoing radio(chemo)therapy for head and neck cancer.
Methods:
In this randomized, prospective phase III study, 60 head and neck cancer patients with primary or postoperative radio(chemo)therapy were included between 04/2012 and 06/2014. They received either sage or Cystus® tea for daily mouthwash under therapy. Mucositis was scored twice a week following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment Cancer (RTOG/EORTC) scoring system. Dental parameters were also recorded. Statistical evaluation of the primary endpoint was performed using t‑test and log rank test.
Results:
Data from 57 patients could be evaluated. Patient characteristics showed no significant difference between the two groups (n = 27 sage; n = 30 Cystus®). A total of 55 patients received the prescribed dose (60-66 Gy postoperative; 70-76.8 Gy primary). Mucositis grade 3 was observed in 23 patients (n = 11 sage; n = 12 Cystus®) and occurred between day 16 and 50 after start of therapy. There was no significant difference between the two groups in latency (p = 0.75) and frequency (p = 0.85) of the occurrence of mucositis grade 3. The self-assessment of the oral mucosa and the tolerability of the tea also showed no significant differences. Occurrence of dental pathologies appeared to increase over time after radiotherapy.
Conclusion:
Cystus® and sage tea have a similar effect on the occurrence of radiation-induced mucositis regarding latency and incidence. Cystus® tea mouthwash solution is tolerated well and can be applied in addition to intensive oral care and hygiene along with the application of fluorides.
... Several studies have attempted to elucidate the phenolic composition of Cistus incanus [34][35][36][37]. Viapiana et al. [20] in their earlier work assessed the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of 15 commercially available samples of Cistus incanus, and showed that the place of the origin was the main factor in differentiating the Cistus incanus samples. ...
... However, Konieczynski et al. [39] determined individual phenolic compounds in green and black teas and their total levels were higher than that obtained in the Cistus incanus infusions. In earlier studies it was established that aqueous extracts of Cistus exhibit good antimicrobial activity, particularly against bacteria G (+), and to a much lesser extent, affecting the growth of bacteria G (-) [20,37]. Therefore, in this work it was decided to perform tests mainly in relation to selected G (+) bacteria. ...
Background:
Oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a critical role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular intake of polyphenol-rich diets is associated with a reduced risk of CVDs.
Methods:
The present study was a pilot study with 24 healthy volunteers and was designed to determine if a 12-week administration of Cistus incanus herbal tea, containing phenolic acids and flavonoids, reduces cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in healthy adults. Phenolic compounds profile and antibacterial activity of Cistus incanus infusion were also measured.
Results:
Herbal infusion led to improvement in lipid profile by increase (D4%, p = 0.033) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and decrease triglyceride (D14%, p = 0.013) concentrations. In addition, the Cistus incanus diet was associated with decreased serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (D16%, p < 0.01) and advanced oxidation protein products (D18%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Cistus incanus administration decreases cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia and this action supports the idea of using Cistus incanus tea on a daily basis as an effective dietary component for prevention of atherosclerotic CVD.
... Several studies have attempted to elucidate the phenolic composition of Cistus incanus [34][35][36][37]. Viapiana and Wesolowski [20] in their earlier work assessed the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of 15 commercially available samples of Cistus incanus, and showed that the place of the origin was the main factor in differentiating the Cistus incanus samples. ...
... However, Konieczyński et al. [39] determined individual phenolic compounds in green and black teas and their total levels were higher than that obtained in the Cistus incanus infusions. In earlier studies it was established that aqueous extracts of Cistus exhibit good antimicrobial activity, particularly against bacteria G (+), and to a much lesser extent, affecting the growth of bacteria G (-) [20,37]. Therefore, in this work it was decided to perform tests mainly in relation to selected G (+) bacteria. ...
... However, the knowledge of the effects of polyphenols in relation to the prevention of dental diseases is still at an early stage. Recent discoveries related the intake of specific polyphenol-rich beverages and foods to the maintenance of oral health and prevention of disease status (Hannig, Sorg, Spitzmüller, Hannig, & Al-Ahmad, 2009;Signoretto et al., 2010;Signoretto, Canepari, Pruzzo, & Gazzani, 2009;Wittpahl et al., 2015). Wine polyphenols and oenological extracts, mainly derived from red wine and grape seed by-products, have previously demonstrated to be effective antimicrobials against certain bacterial species isolated from the oral cavity (Furiga, Lonvaud-Funel, & Badet, 2009;Muñoz-Gonz alez, Thurnheer, Bartolom e, & Moreno-Arribas, 2014;Thimothe, Bonsi, Padilla-Zakour, & Koo, 2007). ...
... Reduction of the initial bacterial colonization of enamel, alteration in the pellicle and antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. (Wittpahl et al., 2015) Flavonoids Lingonberry Antimicrobial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation of certain flavonoid-rich fractions of lingonberry extract against S. mutans and F. nucleatum. (Riihinen et al., 2014) Non-dialysable material (NDM) ...
... Cistus incanus (Ci) is native to Mediterranean regions of Southern Europe and North Africa and belongs to a different taxonomic order (Malvales) than Pelargonium sidoides (Geraniales). Ci extracts have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimycotic and antibacterial activities [16][17][18][19] . Ci is rich in polyphenols [18][19][20][21][22][23] , a chemical class of compounds that includes many representatives with antimicrobial/antiviral activities 24,25 . ...
... Ci extracts have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimycotic and antibacterial activities [16][17][18][19] . Ci is rich in polyphenols [18][19][20][21][22][23] , a chemical class of compounds that includes many representatives with antimicrobial/antiviral activities 24,25 . Furthermore, Ci extracts were demonstrated to inhibit infection by influenza A virus 21,26 . ...
Novel therapeutic options are urgently needed to improve global treatment of virus infections. Herbal products with confirmed clinical safety features are attractive starting material for the identification of new antiviral activities. Here we demonstrate that Cistus incanus (Ci) herbal products inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in vitro. Ci extract inhibited clinical HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates, and, importantly, a virus isolate with multiple drug resistances, confirming broad anti-HIV activity. Antiviral activity was highly selective for virus particles, preventing primary attachment of the virus to the cell surface and viral envelope proteins from binding to heparin. Bioassay-guided fractionation indicated that Ci extract contains numerous antiviral compounds and therefore has favorably low propensity to induce virus resistance. Indeed, no resistant viruses emerged during 24 weeks of continuous propagation of the virus in the presence of Ci extracts. Finally, Ci extracts also inhibited infection by virus particles pseudotyped with Ebola and Marburg virus envelope proteins, indicating that antiviral activity of Ci extract extends to emerging viral pathogens. These results demonstrate that Ci extracts show potent and broad in vitro antiviral activity against viruses that cause life-threatening diseases in humans and are promising sources of agents that target virus particles.
... Molecules 2023, 28, 161 2 of 12 and tannins are the main groups of phenolic compounds found in the C. incanus leaves or herb [19]. Flavonoids include derivatives of flavonols (myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol) [20,21] and their glycosides (myricitrin, quercitin, hyperoside, tiliroside and others), proanthocyanidins [22] and hydrolyzed tannins, such as ellagitannins (punicalagin and cistusin) [23]. ...
Cistus is a plant that has been used in natural medicine for hundreds of years; it works primarily as an antioxidant and cleansing agent. Cistus × incanus leaves or herb can be an attractive source of polyphenols and flavonoids. The official protocols of active compound analysis relies on the extraction of compounds of interest from plant matter, which makes their determination long and costly. An analysis of plant material in its native state can be performed using vibrational spectroscopy. This paper presents a comparison of Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection in mid-infrared and diffuse reflectance technique in the near-infrared region for the simultaneous quantification of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TF) content, as well as the determination of FRAP antioxidant activity of C. incanus material. Utilizing vibrational spectra and using partial least squares algorithm, TPC and TF were quantified with the RSEPVAL errors in the 2.7–5.4% range, while FRAP antioxidant activity for validation sets was determined with relative errors ranged from 5.2 to 9.3%. For the analyzed parameters, the lowest errors of predictions were computed for models constructed using Raman data. The developed models allow for fast and precise quantification of the studied active compounds in C. incanus material without any chemical sample treatment.
... Neuere Studien zeigten jedoch auch einen Einfluss des Zuckers auf Zahnfleischentzündungen, derätiologisch sowohl mit lokalen als auch systemischen Effekten wie erhöhtem Blutzucker (Hujoel, 2009;Woelber and Tennert, 2020) in Zusammenhang stehen könnte. Zweitens kann die Ernährung antibakterielle und biofilmhemmende Eigenschaften haben, die auf Polyphenole (Wittpahl et al., 2015) zurückgeführt werden können. Darüber hinaus können Nitrate sowohl antikariogene als auch entzündungshemmende Wirkungen auf Gingivitis haben (Scoffield et al., 2019;Jockel-Schneider et al., 2016). ...
... Cistus incanus aqueous solutions contain important bioactive compounds such as rutin, gallic acid, flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, glycoside), catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin (Dimcheva and Karsheva, 2017). It is recorded by several studies that Cistus incanus extraxts have antibacterial and antifungal activity (Simeray et al., 1982;Chinou et al., 1994;Bouamama et al., 1999;Hannig et al., 2008;Barrajón-Catalán et al., 2010;Barros et al., 2013;Wittpahl et al., 2015;) and anti-cancer (Chinou et al., 1994;Dimas et al., 1998;Dimas et al., 2006;Hatziantoniou et al., 2006;Barrajón-Catalán et al., 2010;Skoric et al., 2012), also protective effects against DNA cleavage in cell culture (Attaguile et al., 2000). Therefore, anti-influenza virus activities in mice Ehrhardt et al., 2007;Kalusa et al., 2009) and antiviral activity against HIV and Filoviruses (Rebensburg et al., 2016) of Cistus incanus were confirmed. ...
... The leaf extracts of this species were used for treating skin diseases and gastric problems (Riehle et al., 2014). Furthermore, polyphenol-containing aqueous extracts of its leaves have been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-mycotic effects (Wittpahl et al., 2015;Gori et al., 2016;D'Ambrosio et al., 2020). In addition, the CYSTUS052 aqueous extract derived from C. × incanus aerial parts has shown to have a potent anti-influenza virus activity in mice (Droebner et al., 2007) and to inhibit human immune deficiency virus (HIV) in vitro (Rebensburb et al., 2016). ...
The Mediterranean basin represents one of the key hotspots in terms of biodiversity and endemic floristic richness in the world (i.e., a reservoir of plant biodiversity). With ongoing climate change, the Mediterranean vegetation is increasingly exposed to different sources of environmental stresses, such as drought, heat, and solar irradiance. To cope with these severe abiotic stresses, beside morpho-anatomical traits, Mediterranean endemic species enhance the production of secondary metabolites, especially terpenes and polyphenols. These compounds have different roles in plants. Terpene and polyphenol compounds play a key antioxidant function (quenching Reactive Oxygen Species) thus improving ozone and drought tolerance, while also acting as pollinator attractors and repellents for dangerous herbivorous insects (contributing to the taste and odour of different plant tissues). In addition to their roles in plants, these bioactive compounds provide multiple health-promoting benefits for humans. Indeed, they can be used in different types of industries, such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, green (as supplements to fossil fuel and insecticides) and cosmetic industries. In conclusion, these compounds may be considered as key innovative components in different technological domains
... Es wurde eine 5%ige Lösung verwendet, die einen pH-Wert von pH = 2,5 aufwies. Die Spülung mit der Lösung resultierte im Spülprotokoll 1 in einer signifikant (p < 0,05) reduzierten Bedeckung (4,6%) der Schmelzoberfläche mit Biofilm.Damit wirkt die Tanninsäure an Schmelz-PK antiadhärent, was mit den Ergebnissen der Literatur übereinstimmt[52,54,65,125,144].Mit Ausnahme von Hertel et al. (2017) wurden in den Studien andere Polyphenole als die Tanninsäure verwendet. Zwar haben sich die aufgeführten Studien bezüglich der Applikationsdauer, Tragedauer sowie Konzentration und Volumen der verwendeten Mittel untereinander und zu dem vorliegenden Versuch unterschieden, sie konnten aber allesamt eine antiadhärente Wirkung von polyphenolhaltigen Mundspüllösungen nachweisen. ...
... Apart from the high antioxidant potential phenolic extracts of Cistus originating from various species, in relation to organisms, also show a number of pro-health properties. They are i.e., anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal [17][18][19][20]. In recent years, were conducted an intensive research on the phenolic composition of individual cistus species and their biological activity. ...
Long-term high fat-carbohydrates diet (HF-CD) contributes to the formation of irreversible changes in the organism that lead to the emergence of civilization diseases. In this study, the impact of three-month high-fat diet on the physical properties of erythrocytes (RBCs) was studied. Furthermore, the biological activity of Cistus Incanus L.extracts, plant known with high pro-health potential, in relation to normal and HF-CD RBCs, was determined. Obtained results have shown that, applied HF-CD modified shape, membrane potential and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes causing changes in membrane lipid composition and the distribution of lipids. The impact of HF-CD on physical properties of RBCs along with atherosclerotic lesions of the artery was visible, despite the lack of statistically significant changes in blood morphology and plasma lipid profile. This suggests that erythrocytes may be good markers of obesity-related diseases. The studies of biological activity of Cistus Incanus L. extracts have demonstrated that they may ameliorate the effect of HF-CD on erythrocytes through the membrane-modifying and antioxidant activity.
... The tannic acid used in the present study was obtained from gall apples of Quercus infectoria oak. Rinsing with a 5% solution, which had a pH of 2.5, resulted in a significantly reduced coverage in the first protocol that was in accordance with the literature [24,36,[55][56][57]. Except to Hertel et al. (2017), other polyphenols than tannic acid were used, and the study designs differed from each other, but they were all able to demonstrate an anti-adherent effect. ...
Chitosan and tannic acid are known for their antibacterial properties. In the present in-situ study, their antibacterial and anti-adherent effects on biofilm formation on enamel were investigated. Six subjects carried upper jaw splints with bovine enamel specimens, allowing in-situ biofilm formation. During the two-day trial, subjects rinsed with experimental solutions that contained either chitosan, tannic acid (pH = 2.5), tannic acid (pH = 7) or hydrochloric acid. Water served as the negative and chlorhexidine as the positive control. Rinsing occurred four or five times following two different rinsing protocols to investigate both the immediate and long-lasting effects. After 48 h of intraoral exposure, the dental plaque was stained with LIVE/DEAD® BacLight, and fluorescence micrographs were evaluated by using the software ImageJ. The results were verified by scanning electron microscopy. Rinsing with chitosan resulted in little immediate antibacterial and anti-adherent effects but failed to show any long-lasting effect, while rinsing with tannic acid resulted in strong immediate and long-lasting effects. Except for a slightly lower antibacterial effect, the neutral solution of tannic acid was as good as the acidic solution. Hydrochloric acid showed neither an antibacterial nor an anti-adherent effect on dental biofilm formation. Experimental solutions containing tannic acid are promising anti-biofilm agents, irrespective of the pH values of the solutions. Chitosan, on the other hand, was not able to prevent biofilm formation.
... Many other plants including Aloe vera, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Cimicifuga foetida, Cinnamomum cassia, Citrus aurantiifolia, Cistus incanus, Citrus Limon, Eucalyptus globulus, Galla chinensis, Houttuynia cordata, Mentha arvensis, Mimusops elengi, Mangifera indica, Mentha piperita, Origanum dubium, Psidium guajava, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Scrophularia striata, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Toddalia asiatica Lycii Radicis, Trachyspermum ammi, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vaccinium vitisidaea and Zingiber officinale could be classified as the herbs for this indication. Inhibition of ATP production or energy metabolism (Karioti et al., 2006), increasing the cell membrane permeability (Babaeekhou and Ghane, 2020;Marchese et al., 2016;Saad et al., 2013), changing pH homeostasis (Duarte et al., 2006), cell morphology deterioration (Azizan et al., 2017) ( Fig. 1), cytoplasmic deregulation (Kim et al., 2017), enamel remineralization enhancement , inhibition of colony formation Anand et al., 2015;Banavar Ravi et al., 2017;Dadpe et al., 2018;Hagh et al., 2019;Jain et al., 2016;Karadaglıoglu et al., 2019;Kokubu et al., 2019;Lekshmi et al., 2012;Mahboubi et al., 2013;Mathai et al., 2017;Mistry et al., 2015;Patri and Sahu, 2017;Raghavan et al., 2018;Sekita et al., 2016;Shaheena et al., 2019;Shahriari et al., 2019;Thomas et al., 2015;Valones et al., 2016;Wittpahl et al., 2015;Yang et al., 2016) and colony adhesion (Bhadoria et al., 2019;Khan et al., 2010;Megalaa et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2015), are the observed mechanism of action for their natural compounds. ...
Since the time that human population comprehended the importance of general health maintenance and the burden of disease, there has been a search for healing properties in the natural environment. Herbal medicine is the use of plants with medical properties for prevention and treatment of conditions that can affect general health. Recently, a growing interest has been observed toward the use of traditional herbal medicine alongside synthetic modern drugs. Around 80% of the population, especially in developing countries relies on it for healthcare. Oral healthcare is considered a major part of general health. According to the world health organization (WHO), oral health is considered an important part of general health and quality of life. The utilization of natural medications for the management of pathologic oro-dental conditions can be a logical alternative to pharmaceutical methods due to their availability, low costs, and lower side effects. The current literature review aimed at exploration of the variety and extent of herbal products application in oral health maintenance including different fields of oral healthcare such as dental caries, periodontal maintenance, microbial infections, oral cancers, and inflammatory conditions.
... All these commercial products are especially promoted for their high polyphenolic content [13]. Indeed, leaves of C. incanus are rich in proanthocyanidins and flavonols with strong antioxidant activity [6,14,15]. ...
Cistus x incanus L. is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We therefore investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from C. x incanus L. leaves on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. HPLC analysis revealed myricetin and quercetin derivatives to be the major compounds in EAF; EAF up to 1 µM of total phenolic content, was not cytotoxic and inhibited the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (p < 0.05) and the production of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, EAF triggered the mRNA expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and elicited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as the expression of its main target gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (p < 0.05). These data indicate that EAF attenuates experimental inflammation via the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators and at least in part, by the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These effects are likely due to myricetin and quercetin derivatives but the role of other, less abundant components cannot be excluded. Further studies to confirm the relevance of our findings in animal models and to highlight the relative contribution of each component to the anti-inflammatory activity of EAF should be conducted.
... (8,9) The anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic activities of tea polyphenols are mostly due to their powerful scavenging and antioxidant activity, which inactivates direct carcinogens and inhibits the activation of indirect carcinogens extracellularly. Polyphenols are used to treat a wide range of diseases such as diabetic retinitis, ecchymosis, gingivitis, pyorrhea, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia, Rh incompatibility, influenza etc. (10) The polyphenols present in tea leaves constitute the catechin group of the flavanols. There are six flavanol compounds present in fresh tea leaves in high concentrations. ...
Background: Natural products are rich sources of therapeutic agents for remedy, prevention and cure of diseases. Currently, many strains of bacteria have become resistant to many of the conventional antibiotics. So, in-depth researches should be focused on the antibacterial activity of natural compounds derived from natural sources.
Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the antibacterial activity of polyphenols extracted from fresh young tea leaves against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus.
Methods: Antibacterial activity of young and fresh leaves of tea was evaluated by disc diffusion method and well diffusion method. The results were reported in zone diameter in millimeter as mean ± standard deviation of triplicates (n = 3).
Results: We found that polyphenols extracted from fresh young tea leaves showed potential inhibitory activity against bacterial growth. The diameters of the inhibition zone found for extracted polyphenols from young fresh tea leaves showed satisfactory antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial isolates. In disc diffusion method, polyphenol extracts have shown effective results against Pseudomonas spp. (19.33 ± 2.52 at 100 mg/ml concentration) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.00 ± 3.61 at 75 mg/ml concentration). In well diffusion method, the polyphenol extracts have shown effective results against Pseudomonas spp. (17.00 ± 2.65 at 100 mg/ml) and E. coli (15.00 ± 2 at 100 mg/ml).
Conclusion: Polyphenols extracted from fresh young tea leaves have potential inhibitive effects against growth of the selected bacterial isolates and can be used as an antibacterial agent.
... The antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the polyphenols compounds contained in Paullina cupana (caffeine, epicatechin and catechin) [141], Oenothera biennis [142], Sida urens L. (Malvaceae) [143], Cistus incanus Herbal (flavonols, glycosylated flavonol, catechin, gallic acid) [144], Ziziphus jujuba (quercitrin, catechin, gallocatechin) [145], and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) [146] showed that these plants could be used to inhibit activities of S. mutans; thus, in the prevention of dental caries. ...
(1) Background: polyphenols are a broad class of molecules extracted from plants and have a large repertoire of biological activities. Biomimetic inspiration from the effects of tea or red wine on the surface of cups or glass lead to the emergence of versatile surface chemistry with polyphenols. Owing to their hydrogen bonding abilities, coordination chemistry with metallic cations and redox properties, polyphenols are able to interact, covalently or not, with a large repertoire of chemical moieties, and can hence be used to modify the surface chemistry of almost all classes of materials. (2) Methods: the use of polyphenols to modify the surface properties of dental materials, mostly enamel and dentin, to afford them with better adhesion to resins and improved biological properties, such as antimicrobial activity, started more than 20 years ago, but no general overview has been written to our knowledge. (3) Results: the present review is aimed to show that molecules from all the major classes of polyphenolics allow for low coast improvements of dental materials and engineering of dental tissues.
... The anti-microbial potential of different extracts was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [1]. Other studies demonstrated that CI has the ability to reduce the risk of caries disease caused by Streptococcus mutans [8]. The anti-aflatoxigenic efficacy of the CI plant against Aspergillus parasiticus was also studied [9]. ...
Cistus incanus L. (CI) has been proposed as an innovative functional supplement of food products, and hence the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of dried CI on the properties of bread. Bread was prepared from white wheat flour supplemented with the addition of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of ground CI. After the completion of baking process, various characteristics of the obtained bread product, such as yield, volume, porosity, acidity, color, and texture, were evaluated. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, chelating power (CHEL), and ability to quench OH∙ radicals were measured. The results showed that the addition of CI to bread caused a reduction in the volume of bread, but texture of the crumbs was acceptable. Acidity and moisture content of bread were found to be increased following CI enrichment. Significant changes in the ash content and the color of bread crumbs were also observed. Bread incorporated with CI was characterized by significantly higher TPC and much higher antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS, CHEL, and OH∙ radicals, compared to control bread. Supplementation of bread with 3% CI produced a product with desirable characteristics which was also favored by consumers.
... Punicalagins are found in a few plants such as Terminalia chebula Retz. 36,37 and Cistus incanus L., 38 but are not present in fruit crops other than pomegranate. Punicalagin is an ellagitannin composed of an ellagic acid moiety linked to a gallagic acid by glucose (Fig. 1). ...
Background
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) – a delicious fruit once used in ayurvedic medicine, now is largely known for the antioxidant properties of the juice, which has also been considered to have health benefits against diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These beneficial effects are associated with the fruit’s high content of polyphenolic compounds. High demand and lower production levels drive pomegranate prices up, which leads to the possibility of pomegranate products being adulterated, diluted or substituted. To ensure the presence of pomegranate in various preparations labelled as containing pomegranate, a simple method was developed to screen and quantify the specific punicalagins by mass spectrometry.
Results
The present method was used to analyze several pure and mixed beverages from the U.S. market, and also to quantify the punicalagins in the juice of 14 pomegranate cultivars. Punicalagins were detected in all cultivars, with higher concentrations in whole fruit juices compared with aril juices. Amongst the 20 commercial beverages, punicalagins were not detected in 4 preparations.
Conclusion
The LC‐MS method presented herein enables an easy and rapid quantification of the specific punicalagins. The latter was detected in all cultivar samples, thus confirming that punicalagin is a good marker to confirm the presence of any of these 14 pomegranate cultivars in commercial juices.
The absence of the specific marker in four commercial preparations shows the necessity to have simple and rapid methods to confirm the presence of pomegranate in preparations.
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... Staphylococcus aureus ve Escherichia coli gibi bakterilerin çoğalmasını inhibe ettiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca yeşil çay içinde bulunan polifenoller sıklıkla çürüğe neden olabilen Streptococcus mutans'ın oral kaviteye bağlanmasını, çoğalmasını engellemekte ve bakterisidal etki gösterebilmektedir (9) . ...
Dünyada en yaygın hastalık olan üst solunum yolu enfeksi-yonları (ÜSYE) yüksek morbidite, mortalite ve ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. ÜSYE etiyolojisinde en sık sapta-nan patojenler viruslardır. Korunma ve tedavi amaçlı bir-çok antiviral özellikte madde geliştirilmiştir. Cystus052, Cistus incanus bitkisinden elde edilen bir bitki özütü olup, polimerik polifenollerden zengindir ve antiviral etkinliği gösterilmiştir. Bu makalede Cistus incanus bitki özütünün özellikleri ve etkinliği değerlendirilmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Cistus, polifenoller, üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonları, antiviral ajanlar Çocuk Dergisi 2017; 17(1):1-3
Anti-infective Properties of Cistus Incanus, a Plant Extract The most common diseases in the world are upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and financial loss. Viruses are reported to be the most important pathogens involved in URT etiology. Several antiviral compounds have been developed for treatment , and prophylaxis. Cystus052, a an extract from a special variety of Cistus incanus plant that is rich in poly-meric polyphenols, has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity. In this article, the properties and efficacy of Cistus incanus are reviewed.
... The CHCl 3 extract contains naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, and procyanidin, but flavonoids was detected only in the n-BuOH extract for presence of organic acid (21,22,25,28,43). Some of the polyphenols isolated from plants exhibit anti-carious effects such as growth inhibition and inhibition of glucosyltransferases against mutans streptococci (44)(45)(46). Flavonoid complexes attach with extracellular soluble proteins and the bacterial cell wall, and exhibit antibacterial activity (47,48). As DFCF is composed of many flavonoids, it may exhibit strong antibacterial activity against oral bacteria. ...
Drynaria fortunei (D. fortunei), widely used in traditional Korean medicine, is reportedly effective in treating inflammation, hyperlipidemia, bone fractures, oxidative damage, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and gynecological diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the chloroform fraction of D. fortunei (DFCF) and assess the synergistic effects of DFCF with antibiotics against bacterial pathogens. This was carried out by calculating the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and performing checkerboard dilution test and time-kill assays. The MICs/MBCs for DFCF, ampicillin, and gentamicin against all oral strains were >39-2,500/5,000 μg/mL, 0.25-64/0.25-64 µg/mL, and 0.5-256/1-512 µg/mL, respectively. DFCF exhibited the highest activity against the periodontic pathogens Prevotella intermedia and Porphylomonas gingivalis. DFCF in combination with ampicillin showed a strong synergistic effect against oral bacteria (fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index ≤0.5), whereas on combining with gentamicin, it reduced the on half-eighth times than used alone (FICI ≤ 0.5). DFCF combined with ampicillin or gentamicin killed 100% of most tested bacteria within 3-4 h. The results of this study demonstrate the antimicrobial and synergistic activity of DFCF and antibiotics against oral pathogens.
... Peek 11 (RT 32.891 min, m/z 729.1476) also presented the typical fragment ion 289.0726, and exhibited similar MS 2 pattern as peek 3, was tentatively characterised as gallocatechin-(4a->8)catechin, which has been found in natural products previously (Bicker et al., 2009 (Kimura et al., 2015). The deprotonated ion of peak 16 (RT 52.868 min) was at m/z 593.1298, and in its MS 2 spectrum, ions at m/z 285.0404, 284.0325, 255.0299, 227.0349 were detected, which showed the same pattern as kaempferol-3-O-b-D-(6″-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside, which was found previously in natural products (Riffault et al., 2014;Wittpahl et al., 2015). Peek 19 (RT 58.586 min) was identified as kaempferol by comparing with standard. ...
The content of bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Rosa roxburghii were determined. Yellow fruits of cultivated R. roxburghii showed the highest phenolic content (154.81 mg gallic acid g−1), and the green fruits of wild R. roxburghii showed higher content of flavonoid and triterpenoid. Rosa roxburghii fruits from different cultivars and maturity stages all demonstrated as good antioxidant agents and tyrosinase inhibitors, with IC50 value about twice of the positive standard in the DPPH assay and triple of the standard in the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay. Nineteen compounds, mainly ellagic acids and its derivatives, flavonoids and their glycosides were identified by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis. As the first study of bioactive phytochemicals of R. roxburghii by UPLC-MS, the present research may provide valuable information for fulfilling the potential of R. roxburghii in the functional food area.
Polyphenols are plant secondary products with health-promoting properties against various degenerative or infectious diseases, and thus may help in the prevention of oral diseases. The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate polyphenols as a possible adjuvant in inhibiting dental biofilm formation, which is an important precondition for the most prevalent oral disease - caries and periodontitis. A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, CENTRAL and Scopus. Only studies with oral healthy participants and plaque level as outcome were included. Data search and extraction was conducted by two authors independently. Of the 211 initially identified studies, only six met all inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed with five studies using the random effect model. Treatment with polyphenols reduced the plaque level in comparison to a negative control, but not significantly. Strong evidence of heterogeneity was observed. The diversity and complexity of polyphenols and their preparation need to be considered. There is no clear evidence that clinical use of polyphenols can prevent dental biofilm formation. Additional research with more and larger randomized controlled trials are required.
In 1683, Antony van Leeuwenhoek made drawings of “little animals” taken from scrapings from the teeth observed under his newly invented microscope. As such, oral biofilms were the first studied polymicrobial biofilms.The oral environment is a complex bio-system that consists of up to 800 different bacterial species. Collectively referred to as the oral microbiota, the ecosystem has distinct environments that are affected by inter alia, redox potential, pH, and saliva flow.Oral diseases are primarily the result of a shift in oral biofilm homeostasis to dysbiosis as the microbial composition of the biofilm reacts to changes in the local environment. These changes lead to an imbalance in biofilm composition as low-level commensal organisms proliferate in response to exposure to dietary sugars, acids, poor saliva flow, or an abnormal host inflammatory response. Here, we describe current clinical treatments for dental caries, periodontal and endodontic diseases, and denture stomatitis. We also discuss the advantage of fluoride and the use of oral antiseptics as adjuncts to clinical intervention. The use of new innovative treatments such as D-amino acids, quorum sensing inhibitors, probiotics, and oral microbiome transplantation is also discussed along with nanotechnology and advances in endodontics that will influence modern dentistry.KeywordsMicrobiomePolymicrobial biofilmPeriodontal diseaseDental cariesDenture stomatitisEndodontic infectionsSilver nanoparticlesProbioticsOral microbiome transplantationD-amino acidsQuorum sensing
The guideline of this thesis is to add polyphenols to the liquid used for the setting of dental root canal repair cements with the assumption that this family of molecules, known for their ability to adsorb on the surface of all types of materials, promote interparticle interactions within the cement and a part remains available to promote biological effects. The addition of tannic acid (TA) to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cements decreases their setting time, reduces the average grain size and increases the hydrophilicity of the composite materials as well as their mechanical properties in the dry state. But the fact that the polyphenol is strongly hydrophilic with a certain release in water, induces a decrease of the compression resistance at break of the composites doped with TA compared to the 100% hydrated MTA cement. To better understand the effects of polyphenol addition on the properties of this material, the modification of plaster of Paris with different mass fractions of tannic acid and pyrogallol was also studied. The incorporation of active molecules in calcium-based composites could have a positive effect on their mechanical and biological properties. But further studies are still needed with other polyphenols and other composite materials.
Aromatic plants and their essential oils have been used therapeutically for centuries. Μany published scientific studies have described their remarkable healing properties. The antimicrobial activity of plant species, such as Origanum dictamnus, commonly known as “cretan dittany”, Sideritis sp. (Lamiaceae), Cistus creticus (Cistaceae), and Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae), has been reported by several researchers. These plants are used since antiquity and in this chapter, the authors attempt to present comprehensive information of their ethnopharmacological uses and chemical composition, together with data extracted from published antimicrobial studies (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical ones). Novel information and reports of medicinal uses not previously described in relevant ethnobotanical and pharmacological literature are highlighted. It is also noteworthy, that except Cistus, all selected species have been approved as traditional herbal medicines, based on their longstanding medicinal use in European Union, by the European Medicines Agency, and Herbal Monographs on them have been developed recently by Herbal Medicinal Products Committee (HMPC).
The dental afflictions are indubitably the most important global infectious diseases affecting both children and adults. The most significant dental illness is dental caries and periodontal pathologies. The major reason of oral health troubles is more inhabitants with pathogenic bacteria and for this reason, conservative treatment can often be in efficient because of bacterial resistance or may have unpleasant side effects.For that reason, studies in the field have focused on finding new therapeutic alternatives.The use of natural medicines for dental care is an ancient cross-cultural practice that persists in the majority of cultures today.Over the past decade, interest in drugs derived from medicinal plants has markedly increased. This study was designed at a literature review focusing on studies investigating herbal drugs and their therapeutic application, mechanism of action, side effects, toxicities and probable drug interactions. A small number of studies were established to hold their rational employ in dentistry. Because there is a rising employ of phytotherapeutic agents in dentistry, additional studies are required to evaluate their safety and efficacy for clinical use. Keywords: Herbal medicine, Oral health, Dentistry, Caries, Infections
This investigation focused on the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphe-nolic compounds of Mediterranean northern shore Cistus creticus and six further, partly sympatric Cistus species (C. albidus, C. crispus, C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus, C. salviifolius). Aque-ous extracts of 1153 individual plants from 13 countries were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extracts of C. creticus were primarily composed of two ellagitannins (punicalagin and punicalagin gallate) and nine flavonol glycosides (myricetin and quercetin glyco-sides, with m-3-O-rhamnoside as the dominant main compound). Differences in the proportions of punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides allowed the classification into two chemovariants. Plants containing punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides were especially abundant in the western and central Mediterranean areas and in Cyprus. From Albania eastwards, punicalagin and punicalagin gallate were of much lesser importance and the predominant chemovariant there was a nearly pure flavonol type. With its two chemovariants, C. creticus takes a central position between the flavonol-rich, purple-flowered clade (besides C. creticus, here represented by C. albidus and C. crispus) and the more ellagitannin-rich, white-or whitish-pink-flowered clade (here represented by C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus and C. salviifolius). The median antioxidative capacity of C. creticus plant material was, with 166 mg Trolox equivalents/g dry wt, about half of the antioxida-tive capacity of C. ladanifer (301 mg te/g dry wt), the species with the highest antioxidative potential.
The influence of a change in nutrition on the oral microbiota are discussed in literature, but usually only changes of population mean values are reported. This paper introduces simple methods to also analyse and report the variability of patients’ reactions considering data from the culture analysis of oral biofilm. The framework was illustrated by an experimental study exposing eleven participants to different nutrition schemes in five consecutive phases. Substantial inter-individual variations in the individual reactions were observed. A new coherence index made it possible to identify 14 instances where the direction of individual changes tended to coincide with the direction of the mean change with more than 95% probability. The heterogeneity in variability across different bacteria species was limited. This allowed us to develop recommendations for sample sizes in future studies. For studies measuring the concentration change of bacteria as a reaction to nutrition change, the use of replications and analysis of the variability is recommended. In order to detect moderate effects of a change in nutrition on the concentration of single bacterial taxa, 30 participants with three repetitions are often adequate. Insights into the relationship between nutrition and the microbial composition can be helpful for the development of dietary habits that promote the establishment of a healthy microbial flora and can therefore prevent the initiation of oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis.
Objective
The presentin situ study aims to examine the influence of the polyphenolic tea drugs fragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil on the initial oral bioadhesion.
Design
Initial biofilm formation was performed on bovine enamel slabs which were carried intraorally by 12 subjects. After 1 min of intraoral pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with fragaria vesca, tormentil (0.8 mg/8 ml) and hamamelis (0.2 mg/8 ml) for 10 min. Tap water served as negative control, 0.2% CHX as positive control. The investigations took place on different days (wash-out: 2 days). Afterwards, fluorescence microscopy has been performed per test solution (n = 5) and per subject (n = 12) to visualize bacterial adhesion and glucan formation (8 h oral exposition) with DAPI, ConA and BacLight. Additionally, TEM was used to visualize the pellicle ultrastructure and expectorate samples. Statistical evaluation was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis- (p < 0.5), Mann–Whitney U-test (p < 0.5) and Bonferroni-Holm-correction (p < 0.1).
Results
Rinsing with the polyphenolic tea extracts reduced significantly initial bacterial colonization (DAPI) compared to the negative control. There was no significant difference betweenfragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil. All solutions showed a reducing effect on the glucan formation. No significant difference was observed between fragaria vesca and CHX. Considerable alterations of the pellicle’s ultrastructure manifested by an increase in thickness and electron density resulted from rinsing with the three polyphenolic aqueous extracts.
Conclusions
Fragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil significantly reduce initial bioadhesion and glucan formation in situ and are therefore recommended as adjuvant antibacterial oral therapeutics.
Objective:
This study evaluated the influence of the addition of fillers and/or protease inhibitors [(epigallocatechin gallate - EGCG) or (chlorhexidine - CHX)] in experimental resins in the protein profile of the acquired pellicle (AP) formed in situ on enamel-resin specimens.
Design:
324 samples of bovine enamel were prepared (6 × 6 × 2 mm). The center of each sample was added with one of the following experimental resins (Bis-GMA+TEGDMA): no filler, no inhibitor (NF-NI); filler no inhibitor (F-NI); no filler plus CHX (NF-CHX); filler plus CHX (F-CHX); no filler plus EGCG (NF-EGCG); filler plus EGCG (F-EGCG). Nine subjects used a removable jaw appliance (BISPM - Bauru in situ pellicle model) with 2 slabs from each group. The AP was formed for 120 min, in 9 days and collected with electrode filter paper soaked in 3% citric acid. The pellicles collected were processed for analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Results:
A total of 140 proteins were found in the AP collected from all the substrates. Among them, 16 proteins were found in common in all the groups: 2 isoforms of Basic salivary proline-rich protein, Cystatin-S, Cystatin-AS, Cystatin-SN, Histatin-1, Ig alpha-1 chain C region, Lysozyme C, Mucin-7, Proline-rich protein 4, Protein S100-A9, Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein ½ and Statherin. Proteins with other functions, such as metabolism and transport, were also identified.
Conclusion:
The composition of the experimental resins influenced the protein profile of the AP. This opens a new avenue for the development of new materials able to guide for AP engineering, thus conferring protection to the adjacent teeth.
Cistus incanus L. (CI) has been proposed as an innovative functional supplement of food products, and hence the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of dried CI on the properties of bread. Bread was prepared from white wheat flour supplemented with the addition of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of ground CI. After the completion of baking process, various characteristics of the obtained bread product, such as yield, volume, porosity, acidity, color, and texture, were evaluated. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), ABTS radical scavenging activity, CHEL chelating power, and ability to quench OH∙ radicals were measured. The results showed that the addition of CI to bread caused a reduction in the volume of bread, but texture of the crumbs was acceptable. Acidity and moisture content of bread were found to be increased following CI enrichment. Significant changes in the ash content and the color of bread crumbs were also observed. Bread incorporated with CI was characterized by significantly higher TPC and much higher antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS, CHEL, and OH∙ radicals, compared to control bread. Supplementation of bread with 3% CI produced a product with desirable characteristics which was also favored by consumers.
Some information about Cistus creticus L.
Among flavonoid derivatives, tiliroside is a flavonoid contained in several edible plants or specific plant parts (fruits, leaves, or roots). These parts are often widely used as both food and medicines, in the treatment of various ailments and, in some cases, as food supplements. Considering the easy access to many publications concerning tiliroside and the lack of a review that summarizes the current progress in studies on its safety, efficacy, and presence in the plant kingdom, we present here a review paper on tiliroside and its principal derivatives. The paper also highlights the basic knowledge regarding this molecule, its derivatives, and the analytical approaches used for extraction and quantification, as well as reports on the biological activities against different key enzymes linked to various human diseases. The reported information is also devoted to highlighting the concept “learn from nature to discover new products,” particularly in the development of new drugs, food supplements, and nutraceuticals, starting from a natural lead compound such as tiliroside and improving its biological activities (and selectivities) against a specific target for therapeutic purposes.
A rapid and inexpensive HPLC method has been developed for simultaneous separation of the three main classes of polyphenol in the leaves of Cistus salvifolius L. Time devoted to extraction of polyphenols, which was performed using small volume of solvent, did not exceed 120 min. We identified three ellagitannins (punicalagin and related compounds), a total of ten glycosyl derivatives of quercetin and myricetin, and two coumaroyl glucosyl kaempferols by use of both diode-array detection (DAD) and mass spectrometry. The polyphenol composition of C. salvifolius leaves, which may contribute to the metabolic plasticity of the species, may explain its distribution in infertile soils of the Mediterranean area, and may also indicate this shrub is an important source of metabolites of potential use in human health care.
Objective
Edible oils are an empiric approach for the prevention of oral diseases. The present in situ study investigated the effect of edible oils on initial bacterial colonization of enamel surfaces.
Methods and materials
Initial biofilm formation was performed on enamel specimens mounted on maxillary splints and carried by eight subjects. After 1 min of pellicle formation, rinses with safflower oil, olive oil and linseed oil were performed for 10 min. Application of chlorhexidine for 1 min served as positive control. Afterwards, the slabs were carried for 8 h overnight. Samples carried for 8 h without any rinse served as negative controls. The amount of adherent bacteria was determined by DAPI staining (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and live–dead staining (BacLight). Additionally, determination of colony forming units was performed after desorption of the bacteria. TEM evaluation was carried out after application of the rinses.
Results
The number of adherent bacteria on control samples was 6.1 ± 8.1 × 105/cm2 after 8 h (DAPI). Fluorescence microscopic data from DAPI staining and live–dead staining as well as from the determination of CFU revealed no significant effects of rinsing with oils on the amount of adherent bacteria compared to the non-rinsed control samples. However, with chlorhexidine a significant reduction in the number of bacteria by more than 85 % was achieved (DAPI, chlorhexidine: 8.2 ± 17.1 × 104/cm2). The ratio of viable to dead bacteria was almost equal (1:1) irrespective of the rinse adopted as recorded with BacLight. TEM indicated accumulation of oil micelles at the pellicle's surface and modification of its ultrastructure.
Conclusion
Rinses with edible oils have no significant impact on the initial pattern and amount of bacterial colonization on enamel over 8 h.
Clinical relevance
Rinses with edible oils cannot be recommended for efficient reduction of oral biofilm formation.
Dental caries is the most prevalent and costly oral infectious disease worldwide. Virulent biofilms firmly attached to tooth surfaces are prime biological factors associated with this disease. The formation of an exopolysaccharide-rich biofilm matrix, acidification of the milieu and persistent low pH at the tooth-biofilm interface are major controlling virulence factors that modulate dental caries pathogenesis. Each one offers a selective therapeutic target for prevention. Although fluoride, delivered in various modalities, remains the mainstay for the prevention of caries, additional approaches are required to enhance its effectiveness. Available antiplaque approaches are based on the use of broad-spectrum microbicidal agents, e.g. chlorhexidine. Natural products offer a rich source of structurally diverse substances with a wide range of biological activities, which could be useful for the development of alternative or adjunctive anticaries therapies. However, it is a challenging approach owing to complex chemistry and isolation procedures to derive active compounds from natural products. Furthermore, most of the studies have been focused on the general inhibitory effects on glucan synthesis as well as on bacterial metabolism and growth, often employing methods that do not address the pathophysiological aspects of the disease (e.g. bacteria in biofilms) and the length of exposure/retention in the mouth. Thus, the true value of natural products in caries prevention and/or their exact mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Nevertheless, natural substances potentially active against virulent properties of cariogenic organisms have been identified. This review focuses on gaps in the current knowledge and presents a model for investigating the use of natural products in anticaries chemotherapy.
The ethyl acetate extract of Punica granatum fruits was fractionated by chromatographic techniques to afford the ellagitannin punicalagin. The substance was found to be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and was identified by HPLC/UV and ¹HNMR. The antibacterial assays which guided the isolation of the tannin were conducted using the disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the dilution method according to NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) procedure.
The effects of the aqueous extract of Cistus ladaniferus leaves and stems were studied on the rodent isolated jejunum. The extract produced a reversible concentration dose-dependent (0.1-3 mg/ml) inhibition of the spontaneous motility of the rabbit jejunum. The inhibitory effects of the extract were not affected by pretreatment with the inhibitors of the alpha and beta adrenergic receptors yohimbine, prazosin or propranolol. The extract also inhibited K(+)-induced contractions in rabbit and rat jejunum at a similar concentration range. This result suggests that the antispasmodic action of the extract is mediated through calcium channel blockade. The results confirm the traditional use of C. ladaniferus in treating intestinal ache.
The Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) by-product POMx was partitioned between water, EtOAc and n-BuOH, and the EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts were purified by XAD-16 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography to afford ellagic acid (1), gallagic acid (2), punicalins (3), and punicalagins (4). Compounds 1 - 4 and the mixture of tannin fractions (XAD-16 eluates) were evaluated for antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and antimicrobial activities in cell-based assays. The mixture of tannins (TPT), XAD-EtOAc, XAD-H2O, XAD-PJ and XAD-BuOH, exhibited IC50 values against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at 0.8 - 19 microg/mL. Compounds 1 - 4 showed IC50 values of 1.1, 3.2, 2.3 and 1.4 microM, respectively, against ROS generation and no toxicity up to 31.25 microg/mL against HL-60 cells. Gallagic acid (2) and punicalagins (4) exhibited antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 clones with IC50 values of 10.9, 10.6, 7.5 and 8.8 microM, respectively. Fractions XAD-EtOAc, XAD-BuOH, XAD-H2O and XAD-PJ compounds 1 - 4 revealed antimicrobial activity when assayed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Aspergillus fumigatus and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Compounds 2 and 4 showed activity against P. aeruginosa, C. neoformans, and MRSA. This is the first report on the antioxidant, antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activities of POMx isolates, including structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the free radical inhibition activity of compounds 1 - 4. Our results suggest a beneficial effect from the daily intake of POMx and pomegranate juice (PJ) as dietary supplements to augment the human immune system's antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial capacities.
The lyophilized aqueous extracts from Cistus incanus L. (CI) and Cistus monspeliensis L. (CM) collected in Sicily were studied in order to evaluate their myorelaxant activity by using isolated smooth muscle of rat ileum and rat aorta. Both CI and CM extracts concentration-dependently inhibited the contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine (PE) and to 100 mM KCl. The concentration–contraction curves to ACh in ileum and to PE in aorta, were displaced to the right by Cistus extracts in a non-competitive manner, with a depression of the maximum contractile response. The EC50 (μg/ml) of CM and CI were: ileum/KCl, CM 457±99, CI 681±80; ileum/ACh 100 μM, CM 297±66, CI 335±41; aorta/KCl, CM 360±21, CI 843±36; and aorta/PE 10 μM, CM 287±33, CI 451±58. The two extracts resulted almost equi-active in ileum, whereas CM was more active than CI in aorta. These data indicate that Cistus extracts act as spasmolytic on intestinal and vascular smooth muscle. The antagonism they exert on ACh-, PE- and KCl-evoked contractions seems to be functional, because it is not specifically directed toward any particular receptor; furthermore, a calcium-antagonist activity seems unlikely, since the extracts are capable of completely block the contractile response to agonists.
Chemical investigation of the air-dried aerial parts of Cistus incanus L. ssp. tauricus has led to the isolation and characterization of protocatechuic and (−)-shikimic acid, epicatechin- (4β → 6)-catechin, the dimeric prodelphinidins, epigallocatechin-(4β → 8)-catechin and epigallocatechin-(4β → 8)-gallocatechin, and the structurally related novel galloylated isomers, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate-(4β → 8)-gallocatechin and epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate-(4β → 6)-gallocatechin, in addition to the trimer gallocatechin-(4α → 8)-gallocatechin-(4α → 8)-gallocatechin.
The life-threatening mycoses caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens (mainly species from the genus Candida) associated with nosocomial infections, are one of the major health problems in our days. Therefore, it is crucial to identify new compounds, especially natural ones, that are active against the most broaden spectrum of Candida species. Herein, a screening of the antifungal potential of a phenolic extract of Cistus ladanifer from Northeastern Portugal, against Candida species was performed. Furthermore, the extract was characterized by HPLC–DAD-ESI/MS. Phenolic acids and derivatives (3.96 mg/g extract), ellagic acid derivatives (30.34 mg/g extract), and flavonoids (4.15 mg/g extract), such as catechins, flavonols and flavones, were found in the sample. The most abundant group was ellagic acid derivatives in which punicalagin gallate, a derivative of punicalagin attached to gallic acid, was found in highest amount (15.99 ± 0.02 mg/g extract). These compounds (i.e., ellagitannins) could be related to the strong inhibition of Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis growth (MIC < 0.05 mg/mL). Moreover, the best antifungal activity was against C. glabrata, where the studied extract was able to cause at least 3 log of reduction at concentrations below 0.05 mg/mL and a total growth inhibition at concentrations above 0.625 mg/mL.
Aim:
The study aimed to investigate the effect of a customary fluoride solution, containing sodium fluoride and amine fluoride, on initial biofilm formation on enamel and dentin in situ compared directly to chlorhexidine.
Methods:
Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were mounted on maxillary splints carried by 9 subjects. After 1 min of pellicle formation, rinses with tap water (control), chlorhexidine (meridol med CHX 0.2%, GABA) and a fluoride mouthrinse (elmex, GABA) were performed for 1 min. Subsequently, the slabs were carried for another 8 h. The adherent bacteria were determined by DAPI staining, live-dead staining and determination of colony-forming units after desorption; glucan formation was visualized with concanavalin A. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the in situ biofilm layers was conducted, and contact angle measurements were performed. Statistical evaluation was performed by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05).
Results:
In the control group, significantly higher amounts of adherent bacteria were detected on dentin (4.8 × 10(6) ± 5.4 × 10(6) bacteria/cm(2)) than on enamel (1.2 × 10(6) ± 1.5 × 10(6) bacteria/cm(2), DAPI). Chlorhexidine significantly reduced the amount of adherent bacteria (dentin: 2.8 × 10(5) ± 3.4 × 10(5) bacteria/cm(2); enamel: 4.2 × 10(5) ± 8.7 × 10(5) bacteria/cm(2)). Rinses with the fluoride solution also significantly reduced bacterial adherence to dentin (8.1 × 10(5) ± 1.5 × 10(6) bacteria/cm(2)). Fluoride could not be detected by EDX analysis of the biofilms. Fluoride mouthrinsing did not influence the wettability of the pellicle-covered enamel surface.
Conclusion:
In addition to the reduction of demineralization and antibacterial effects, fluorides inhibit initial biofilm formation on dental hard tissues considerably, especially on dentin.
The antibacterial activity of seven labdane-type diterpenes is reported. Five were isolated from the resin of the plant Cistus creticus, from which 13(E)-labd-13-ene, 8α-ol-15-yl malonic acid (5) is a new natural product, while the two others were hemisynthetic derivatives.
The prevalence of dental erosion is still increasing. A possible preventive approach might be rinsing with edible oils to improve the protective properties of the pellicle layer. This was tested in the present in situ study using safflower oil.
Pellicle formation was carried out in situ on bovine enamel slabs fixed buccally to individual upper jaw splints (6 subjects). After 1 min of pellicle formation subjects rinsed with safflower oil for 10 min, subsequently the samples were exposed in the oral cavity for another 19 min. Enamel slabs without oral exposure and slabs exposed to the oral cavity for 30 min without any rinse served as controls. After pellicle formation in situ, slabs were incubated in HCl (pH 2; 2.3; 3) for 120 s, and kinetics of calcium and phosphate release were measured photometrically (arsenazo III, malachite green). Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the pellicles was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Pellicle alone reduced erosive calcium and phosphate release significantly at all pH values. Pellicle modification by safflower oil resulted in an enhanced calcium loss at all pH values and caused an enhanced phosphate loss at pH 2.3. TEM indicated scattered accumulation of lipid micelles and irregular vesicle-like structures attached to the oil-treated pellicle layer. Acid etching affected the ultrastructure of the pellicle irrespective of oil rinsing.
The protective properties of the pellicle layer against extensive erosive attacks are limited and mainly determined by pH. The protective effects are modified and reduced by rinses with safflower oil.
Objective
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of a new preparation in dental prophylaxis containing zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite microclusters (Biorepair) for oral biofilm management.
Methods and materials
Initial biofilm formation was carried out in situ with bovine enamel slabs fixed to individual upper jaw splints worn by six subjects. Rinses with the customary preparation as well as with subfractions (hydroxyapatite microclusters in saline solution; liquid phase without particles) were adopted for 1 min in situ after 1 min of pellicle formation, and the bacterial colonization was recorded after 6 h and 12 h, respectively. Rinses with chlorhexidine served as a reference. The adherent microorganisms were quantified and visualized using DAPI staining and live–dead staining (BacLight). Furthermore, the effects on Streptococcus mutans bacteria were tested in vitro (BacLight).
Results
Application of the customary preparation and of the separate components distinctly reduced the initial bacterial colonization of the enamel surface in situ as visualized and quantified with all techniques. After 12 h, 1.3 × 107 ± 2.0 × 107 bacteria/cm² were detected on unrinsed control samples with DAPI staining; 2.4 × 106 ± 3.3 × 106 after application of Biorepair (12 h after CHX-rinse; 1.3 × 105 ± 9.2 × 104). Also, pure hydroxyapatite microclusters in saline solution (2.1 × 106 ± 3.0 × 106) as well as the liquid phase without particles (5.1 × 105 ± 3.3 × 105) reduced the amount of adherent bacteria. Furthermore, antimicrobial effects on S. mutans were observed in vitro.
Conclusion
The preparation is an effective compound for biofilm management in the oral cavity due to antiadherent and antibacterial effects.
Clinical relevance
The tested mouthrinse seems to be a reasonable amendment for dental prophylaxis.
Tannin toxicity for fungi, bacteria and yeasts is reviewed and compared to toxicity of related lower molecular weight phenols. The dependence of toxicity on tannin structure is examined. The different mechanisms proposed so far to explain tannin antimicrobial activity include inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, deprivation of the substrates required for microbial growth or direct action on microbial metabolism through inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. A further mechanism involving iron deprivation is proposed. Many microorganisms can overcome plant defences based on tannins. They may detoxify tannins through synthesis of tannin- complexing polymers, oxidation, tannin biodegradation or synthesis of siderophores.
Four monomeric and seven oligomeric flavanoids have been identified from a Cistus incanus subspecies traditionally used for treatment of skin diseases in northern parts of Greece and identified as subsp. tauricus. Flavan-3-ols are (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, the novel (+)-gallocatechin 3-gallate and the rarely occurring (+)-catechin 3-O-α-β-rhamnoside; proanthocyanidins are procyanidins B1 and B3, gallocatechin-(4α → 8)-gallocatechin, its novel (4α → 6)-regioisomer, gallocatechin-(4α → 8)-catechin, the tentatively identified novel catechin-(4α → 8)-gallocatechin and the trimer gallocatechin-(4α → 8)-gallocatechin-(4α → 8)-catechin. The uncommon flavanone 2R,3R-dihydromyricetin was also obtained.
Cistaceae is a large family of shrubs widely spread over the Mediterranean area. It includes Helianthemum, Halimium and Cistus genus. Cistus genus contains approximately 20 species distributed in three subgenus. The essential oil of Cistus species has been thoroughly studied, but the polyphenolic composition of the aerial parts of the different Cistus species needs further characterisation.
To perform a comparative analysis of the qualitative and quantitative polyphenolic composition of the aerial parts of the most commonly distributed Spanish Cistus species in order to find a relationship between chemotype and subgenus.
Thirteen aqueous extracts derived from 10 different Cistus species were analysed by using HPLC with diode array-detection coupled to electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry technique (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Their major compounds were identified and ellagitannins were quantified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the most relevant compounds to find out the statistical association between chemotype and variety.
Three main groups of compounds were found, i.e. ellagitannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids derivatives. The polyphenolic profile was specific for each species, although the abundance of some compounds also varied depending on the soil type. Whereas C. ladanifer, C. salviifolius, C. populifolius and C. libanotis were specially rich in ellagitannins, C. clusii, C. laurifolius and C. monspeliensis contained significant amounts of flavonoids and much less ellagitannins. In contrast, C. crispus, C. incanus and C. albidus showed a polyphenolic profile mostly based on flavonoids. PCA analysis showed a strong relationship between Cistus subgenus and its chemotype based on the most relevant water-soluble polyphenolic compounds.
Chemical composition of the leaves' aqueous extracts from plants belonging to the Cistus genus is strongly related to their subgenus, in agreement to previous taxonomical and phylogenetic divisions. In contrast, soil and climate are less influencing factors. Leucocistus and Halimioides subgenus showed a higher content in ellagitannins. However, Cistus subgenus had higher flavonoid content.
Cistus ladanifer is an aromatic shrub that is widespread in the Mediterranean region. The labdanum exudate is used in the fragrance industry and has been characterised. However, there is not enough information about the phenolic content of the raw plant, the aerial part of it being a very rich source of bioactive compounds.
Characterisation of the bioactive compounds of the raw plant and its aerial parts.
High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection was used to carry out the comprehensive characterisation of a Cistus ladanifer shrub aqueous extract. Two different MS techniques were coupled to HPLC: time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry.
Many well-known compounds present in Cistus ladanifer were characterised, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, ellagitanins, hexahydroxydiphenoyl and derivatives, and other compounds.
The method described simultaneously separated a wide range of phenolic compounds and the proposed characterisation of the major compounds of this extract was carried out. It is important to highlight that, to our knowledge, this is the first time that a Cistus ladanifer aqueous extract from the raw plant has been characterised.
In this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study we aimed to investigate the clinical effect of a Cistus extract (CYSTUS052) in 160 patients with infections of the upper respiratory tract. The extract contains a high percentage of highly polymeric polyphenols. In cell culture and in a mouse model it exerts antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Principal active constituents of the genus Cistus are polyphenolic compounds. Plant-derived polyphenols have been shown to be strong antioxidants with potential health benefits. Various reports have appeared on the antiviral and antibacterial potential, including several reports describing the antiviral activity of polyphenols against influenza virus. Clinical studies on the effectiveness of Cistus incanus are scarce. Only one controlled application observation study demonstrated the effectiveness of a Cistus extract. The present randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study was designed to compare the symptom scores in patients with common cold treated either with CYSTUS052 or with placebo. A score of subjective symptoms decreased significantly over the course of treatment with Cistus, whereas treatment with placebo resulted in a less distinct decrease of symptoms. Among the inflammatory markers investigated, the C-reactive protein was mostly affected by Cistus and decreased significantly in the treatment group.
Examples of medicinal herbs that have been perpetuated along several generations based simply on a folk tradition are Cistus and green tea. The principal active constituents of the genus Cistus and green tea are polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenols exhibit a wide range of antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory effects.
The present work aimed to investigate the clinical effect of a Cistus extract (CYSTUS052®) in comparison with green tea on 300 patients with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Due to the lack of clinical study data on their efficacy in patients, this is a report of the findings of our study on the clinical efficacy of CYSTUS052® in patients with the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). This study observed a total of 300 patients (277 completers) treated with CYSTUS052® given in lozenges compared with treatment with an extract of green tea. The patients scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predefined scale.
The score of subjective symptoms decreased over the course of treatment with CYSTUS052®, whereas treatment with green tea resulted in a less significant decrease of symptoms. CYSTUS052® therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of respiratory infections. Copyright
The medicinal plant Cistus populifolius L., shows an important dose-dependent spasmolytic activity. The ability of the Cistus extract to inhibit both acetylcholine (ACh) (3.4 x 10(-8)-6.8 x 10(-5) M) and CaCl2 (2 x 10(-4)-1.28 x 10(-2) M)-induced contractions and the relaxing effect on K+ (75 mM)-induced contractions may indicate a non-specific receptor antagonist. However, this action may be related to the influx of extracellular Ca2+. These antispasmodic effects are partly consistent with the use of C. populifolius in folk medicine for certain gastrointestinal disorders.
Five novel polyphenols have been isolated from the air-dried herb of Cistus salvifolius; they were characterized as epigallocatechin-3-O-(4-hydroxybenzoate), epigallocatechin-(4 beta-->8)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-O- gallate-(4 beta-->8)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-(4 beta-->6)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and 1-O-beta-D- (6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxy-5-hydroxybenzene. In addition, the occurrence of several flavan-3-ols, epigallocatechin-(4 beta-->8)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxy-5-hydroxybenzene and betuloside (= rhododendrin) was demonstrated.
Seven labdane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the leaves of Cistus incanus subsp. creticus; their structures were established by spectroscopic means. All compounds were tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against three cell line systems: KB, P-388; and NSCLC-N6. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosae, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Torulopsis glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans as well.
Fractionation of the resin Ladano from Cistus creticus subsp. creticus and susceptibility testing using the chromatographic fractions showed that its antistaphylococcal activity was mainly due to the diterpene sclareol. The antimicrobial activity of its essential oil, of the chromatographic fractions, and of the isolated compounds was also evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus hominis.
The purpose of the present in vivo study was to examine salivary pellicle formation on enamel surfaces at two different intraoral sites for periods of 1 min up to 24 h by means of transmission electron microscopy. Bovine enamel specimens were attached to the buccal and lingual surfaces of the upper first molars in three subjects using removable intraoral splints. Specimens were carried over period of 1, 10, 30 and 60 min, 2, 6 and 24 h and were processed for transmission electron microscopy. After 1 min, an electron dense pellicle layer, 10-20 nm thick, was observed on the enamel surfaces. The subsequent adsorption of salivary biopolymers was governed by local influences of the oral cavity. Specimens located on the lingual aspect were covered within 2 h by a 20- to 80-nm-thick, homogeneous, predominantly granular-structured pellicle. The thickness of the surface coatings that were adsorbed on lingually carried specimens increased to 100-200 nm after 24 h. In contrast, on the buccally mounted specimen surfaces, a variably structured pellicle with granular and globular components could be detected after intraoral exposure for 2 h. The thickness of the 2-h buccal pellicles ranged between 200 and 700 nm. After 24 h, the buccally positioned specimens were covered by a dense globular pellicle layer varying in thickness from 1000 to 1300 nm. It is suggested that in vivo pellicle formation is initiated by adsorption of an electron-dense layer of salivary proteins. Further adsorption of salivary biopolymers leads to the formation of an outer loosely arranged pellicle layer. Under oral conditions, the locally available salivary biopolymers and the influence of locally effective shearing forces are of significance for the ultrastructural pattern and extent of pellicle formation.
The genus Cistus includes many typical species of Mediterranean flora; Cistus species are used as antidiarrhetics, as general remedies for treatment of various skin diseases in folk medicine and as anti-inflammatory agents. These species contain flavonoids that are considered to be chain-breaking antioxidants. In this work, we have investigated the effects of crude aqueous extracts from Cistus incanus and Cistus monspeliensis on DNA cleavage and their free-radical scavenging capacity. In addition, their effect on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes was evaluated. These extracts showed a protective effect on DNA cleavage and a dose-dependent free-radical scavenging capacity; Cistus monspeliensis was more active than Cistus incanus; these results were confirmed by a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. The experimental evidence, therefore, suggests that because of their antioxidant activity these extracts may offer excellent photoprotection for skin and may be useful in the treatment of human diseases where oxidative stress plays a key role.
The adsorption of black tea and red wine components onto a pellicle-like protein layer formed in vitro by adsorption from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs were studied by in situ ellipsometry. It was found that components from black tea readily adsorbed to the pellicle. Subsequent exposure to saliva led to further adsorption of salivary components to give an overall increase in the amounts adsorbed. The amounts adsorbed increased still further following a third tea and saliva exposure. Components of red wine gave significantly greater amounts of adsorption to the pellicle than black tea. The adsorption of components of black tea gave a concomitant increase in colour or stain as measured by a reflectance chromameter. In all cases, the black tea- and red wine-modified pellicles were not eluted by either phosphate buffer or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) rinses. Thus, black tea and red wine components have been shown to have a profound effect on in vitro pellicle maturation, causing thickened layers of stained material to build up, which are not readily removed.
The adsorption of components from black tea and of purified tea polyphenols onto a whole unstimulated salivary pellicle-like protein layer, formed in vitro on hydroxyapatite discs, was studied by in situ ellipsometry. It was found that components from black tea and the purified polyphenols epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and theaflavin readily adsorbed onto the pellicle. Further investigations showed that under the experimental conditions of this study, no black tea- or purified polyphenol-modified pellicles were eluted by either phosphate buffer or sodium dodecyl sulphate rinses. Therefore, black tea and its polyphenol components are indicated to have a profound effect on in vitro pellicle modification. Similar effects were observed for tannic acid.
We used the standard M27-T technique to study organic and aqueous leaf extracts of two Moroccan Cistus L. species: Cistus villosus L. and Cistus monspeliensis L. (Cistaceae L.) used in traditional medicine, for their antimicrobial properties against microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata and Aspergillus fumigatus. The broth dilution method M27-T, standardized by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) allowed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different extracts. Results showed that the different extracts differed clearly in their antimicrobial activities. Cistus villosus extracts exhibited more interesting activity than Cistus monspeliensis extracts when used on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=0.78 mg/ml) and Candida glabrata (MIC=0.19 mg/ml), which are the most susceptible microorganisms. On the other hand, Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus were the least susceptible microorganisms to all Cistus extracts. Comparison results were carried out using chloramphenicol, amoxicillin and amphotericin B as standard antibiotics.
Extracts obtained from the leaves and branches of various Cistus species have been used worldwide as folk remedy for the treatment of various inflammatory ailments including rheumatism and renal inflammations. Effects of the extracts and fractions from the leaves with non-woody branches of Cistus laurifolius L. (Cistaceae) were studied using two in vivo models of inflammation in mice. Model one was based on observed potent inhibitory activity against carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema and the second model used was acetic acid-induced, increased vascular permeability model. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures three flavonoids; 3-O-methylquercetin (1), 3,7-O-dimethylquercetin (2) and 3,7-O-dimethylkaempferol (3) were isolated as the main active ingredients from the ethanol extract. Later on, these flavonoids were shown to possess potent antinociceptive activity, which was assessed through inhibition of p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex. Results of the present study have clearly supported the utilization of Cistus laurifolius in Turkish traditional medicine. Subsequently, three flavonoids were shown to have strong antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage.