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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF LIMA BEAN SEEDS COAT
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Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) seeds coat was evaluated for its chemical composition, phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of seeds coat flour was investigated by measuring its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals scavenging ability as well as its ferric reducing property. The chemical analysis indicates that the coat have moisture (4.46%), protein (15.75%), fat (0.65%), crude fibre (33.56%), ash (2.57%), carbohydrate (47.52%) on dry weight basis; Zinc (5.6 mg/100 g), Calcium (17.56 mg/100 g), Potassium (398.41 mg/100 g), Sodium (82 20 mg/100 g), Magnesium (87.1mg/100g) and Iron (11.61 mg/100 g). The sample exhibited higher amounts of threonine, valine, isoleucine, tryptophan, leucine, lysine and histidine with total essential amino acid (TEAA) of 51.07 g/100 g protein. Phytochemical screening showed that flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compound are present and may be responsible for the activity. High performance liquid chromatography with diode detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis showed the presence of phenolics (gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol) and tocopherol. The seeds coat flour exhibited significant radical scavenging activity against DPPH (IC 50 value 0.37 mg/ml) and ABTS Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC value = 0.36) and considerable ferric reducing property (56.37± mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g seed coat powder). The seeds coat possesses both nutritional and health benefits due to its antioxidative property, as such a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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... Knowing phytate levels in foods is necessary because a high concentration of phytate could adversely affect the digestibility of foods [49]. The phytate contents of pretreated AYB and BG seed coats in Table 1 ranged from 2.06 to 6.59 mg/100g and 4.53 to 6.59 mg/100g, respectively. ...
... contents recorded in the present study are found to be lower than 11.12 mg/100g reported for lima bean seed coat [49] but agree with the 2 to 9 mg/100g safe range reported by [52]. Phytic acid binds to phosphorus and converts it to phytate, an indigestible substance, thereby decreasing the bioavailability of this element for absorption [52]. ...
The study focused on characterising pretreated African yam bean (AYB) and Bambara groundnut (BGN) seed coats for possible use in food formulations. The AYB and BG seed coats were dehulled to separate the seed coats from the cotyledon. The seed coats were pretreated using warm water, sodium bicarbonate solution, wild fermentation. The untreated served as control. The pre-treated seed coats were dried and milled to obtain their flours. The different flour samples were subjected to phytochemical, antinutrient, antioxidant and dietary fibre analyses using standard methods. The phytochemical result of the BG seed coat showed that phenol content ranged from 3.58 to 7.04 mgGAE/g and flavonoid ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 mgRUT/g, respectively. The phenol and flavonoid contents of AYB ranged from 3.68 to 17.07 mgGAE/g and 0.06 to 0.43 mgRUT/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the seed coats were obtained as FRAP (4.01-7.48; 5.88-23.70 mg/g), DPPH (21.16-86.35; 13.13-90.43%) and ABTS (0.01-0.03; 0.02 to 0.03 Mmol/g) for BG and AYB seed coats, respectively. The dietary fibre results showed that the BG seed coat had insoluble and soluble fibres of 26.70-49.91 and 17.40-18.28% when compared to 38.23-59.13 and 14.44-16.26% for the AYB seed coat, respectively. Besides, the phytate (4.53-6.18 mg/100g), oxalate (0.09-0.23 mg/g) and trypsin inhibitor (13.87-20.79%) contents of BG were significantly (p<0.05) similar to 2.06-6.59 mg/100g; 0.18-0.41 mg/100g and 18.96-27.45% obtained for AYB, respectively. The findings concluded that pretreatment methods had varying effects on the phytonutrients and anti-nutrient compositions of AYB and BG seed coats and that the seed coats of these legumes could be an essential raw material in functional food formulations.
... In addition, the medicinal values of plants lie in their phytochemical components, which produce definite physiological results on the human body. Polyphenolics for example appear to play a significant role as antioxidants in the protective effect of plant-derived foods and medicines and have become the focus of nutritional and therapeutic interest in recent years (6). ...
... The potassium content (918.30 mg/100 g) is also higher than 398.41 mg/100 g and 2.84 mg/100 g reported for lima beans seed coat (6,22). The seed contains 192.50 mg/100 g of S and 236.60 mg/100 g of Al. ...
The proximate, phytochemicals, minerals, and anti-nutritional content of Ficus thonningii seed obtained from Nasarawa, Nasarawa State, Nigeria were investigated. The proximate analysis revealed that the seed is abundant in ash (8.36 ± 0.77 %), protein (27.52 ± 0.17 %) and carbohydrate (40.02%) but contains low moisture (8.76 ± 0.06 %) and fibre (2.81 ± 0.09 %). The minerals analysis showed very high quantities of Ca (2067.50mg/100g), P (1985.40mg/100g), Mg (1184.10mg/100g), K (918.30mg/100g) S (192.50mg/100g), Al (236.60mg/100g), Fe (434.10mg/100g), Mn (39.30mg/100g), Cu (57.40mg/100g), and Zn (63.60mg/100g), Co (1.2mg/100g), Mo (1.10mg/100g) and Sn (3.40mg/100g). Phytochemicals analysis revealed that it contains more flavonoids (6.13 ± 0.02 g/100g) and phenolics (8.77 ± 0.01g/100g) than Saponins (1.73 ± 0.02 g/100g), tannins (4.37 ± 0.06 g/100g) and alkaloids (0.62 ± 0.01 g/100g). The study has shown that Ficus thonningii seed is highly nutritive with very high mineral content and low quantities of anti-nutrients which make it a good source of food for humans and animals. It also contains biologically active phytochemicals which could have medicinal uses.
... Traditionally, powdered seeds are prescribed to apply over wounds and abscesses on skin for therapeutic purpose [13]. Pharmacological properties of Phaseolus lunatus describing its antiulcerative [14], hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic, antifungal, anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity [13,15]. Our current study is aimed to evaluate concentrations and time-dependent effect of Phaseolus lunatus on α-amalyse, glucoamylase and maltase enzyme and found possible mechanism of hypoglycaemic effect of Phaseolus lunatus. ...
Introduction: Study was taken with an objective to investigate the inhibitory effect of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract on three enzymes (α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase) which are involved in diabetes. The disadvantages related with the use of synthetic drugs make it necessary to search for alternative drugs from medicinal plants. One therapeutic approach for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycaemia is to decrease the plasma glucose level which can be attained by lowering the starch hydrolysis by digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase. The use of synthetic antidiabetic agents caused gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: Hence, the research was aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract to inhibit α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemia caused by this plant with less side effects. Phaseolus lunatus, also known as Lima bean, is native to Tropical America and are grown throughout the world. Lima bean has been prescribed traditionally to treat different diseases including diabetes. Result: The results of the present study showed that Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract have exerted both time and concentration dependent significant inhibitory effect on these digestive enzymes which might be due to cumulative effect of phytoconstituents present in the plant extract. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the part of mechanisms by which Phaseolus lunatus exhibited its antidiabetic activity might be through the inhibition of these digestive enzyme.
... Traditionally, powdered seeds are prescribed to apply over wounds and abscesses on skin for therapeutic purpose [13]. Pharmacological properties of Phaseolus lunatus describing its antiulcerative [14], hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic, antifungal, anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity [13,15]. Our current study is aimed to evaluate concentrations and time-dependent effect of Phaseolus lunatus on α-amalyse, glucoamylase and maltase enzyme and found possible mechanism of hypoglycaemic effect of Phaseolus lunatus. ...
Introduction: Study was taken with an objective to investigate the inhibitory effect of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract on three enzymes (α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase) which are involved in diabetes. The disadvantages related with the use of synthetic drugs make it necessary to search for alternative drugs from medicinal plants. One therapeutic approach for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycaemia is to decrease the plasma glucose level which can be attained by lowering the starch hydrolysis by digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase. The use of synthetic antidiabetic agents caused gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: Hence, the research was aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract to inhibit α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemia caused by this plant with less side effects. Phaseolus lunatus, also known as Lima bean, is native to Tropical America and are grown throughout the world. Lima bean has been prescribed traditionally to treat different diseases including diabetes. Result: The results of the present study showed that Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract have exerted both time and concentration dependent significant inhibitory effect on these digestive enzymes which might be due to cumulative effect of phytoconstituents present in the plant extract. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the part of mechanisms by which Phaseolus lunatus exhibited its antidiabetic activity might be through the inhibition of these digestive enzyme.
... Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) is a tropical leguminous plant (Sandoval-Peraza, 2020) popularly recognized among rural dwellers of the South-Western and South-Eastern regions of Nigeria, hence ascribed locally as "Kapala" (Yoruba) and "Ukpa" (Igbo) (Ezeagu and Ibegbu, 2010;Seidu et al., 2014;Seidu et al., 2018). Nutritionally, Phaseolus lunatus are rated and scrutinized as an excellent source of nutrients (Jayalaxmi et al., 2016). ...
Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L) are recognized, vining leguminous plant with cyanide constituent. The effects of Lima beans cyanide on the glutathione (GSH) level and liver damage enzymes like Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine am inotransferase (ALP) and Alkaline phosphate (ALP) were investigated. Twenty-four (24) self-breed male albino Wistar rats were adopted for this study. The control (group 1) had 12 rats and the test animals categorized as groups 2-4 had 4 rats each. Test rats were fed for 21 days with a Lima beans diet containing 47.5 mg Cyanidekg-1 diet meal and a 10% protein supplement. Animal sacrifice was conducted thrice (on the 7day, 14day and 21day). After an overnight fast, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Biochemical analysis was conducted with urine and serum. The urine and serum cyanide and thiocyanate levels revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the test and the control groups. The mean serum and urinary cyanide (CN) were 2.51±3.70 and 22.49±1.18 μg mL-1 after 7 days; 7.77±3.56 and 29.32±3.10 μg mL-1 after 14 days; and 9.88±7.22 and 31.50±3.88 μg mL-1 after 21 days, respectively. Mean serum and urinary thiocyanate (SCN) were 14.86±0.61 and 36.59±1.66 μg mL-1 after 7 days; 15.08±0.94 and 39.13±1.77 μg mL-1 after 14 days; 19.64±0.87 and 43.07±2.31 μg mL-1 after 21 days, respectively. A progressive depletion in blood glutathione level by 41%, 54% and 72% (after 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively) compared to control, was observed. Increases in serum activity of ALT (172%), AST (112%) and ALP (93%) were quantified after 21 days of Phaseolus lunatus dieting. Total bilirubin level was elevated in the test animals, while total protein and albumin levels remained unchanged from normal. Significantly, this study elucidates that cyanide toxicity from diet intake or other sources might be conciliated via antioxidant depletion such as glutathione and increased liver damage biomarkers.
Background. As a food, groundnut is one of the most concentrated products, since it is very high in calories due to its high fat and protein content. One gram of groundnut supplies 6.03 kcal (25.2 kJ) compared with 4 kcal (16.7 kJ) for pure cane sugar, 3.6 kcal (15.1 kJ) for polished rice, 3.5 kcal (14.6 kJ) for maize flour and 2.7 kcal (11.3 kJ). Groundnut flour is used as food and 2.7 kcal (11.3 kJ). Groundnut flour is used as food in soup or stew, sauces, confectionaries, puddings, bakery products and in various other ways for human consumption. These uses of groundnut necessitate the determination of the general composition of groundnut.
Material and methods. About 1.0 kg dried seeds of groundnut was involved in the analysis of the sample. It was divided into three parts for the dry, dry cooked and dry roasted samples. Defatted groundnut seeds were used using standard analytical method in which chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v) was used as extraction solvent. Ion exchange chromatography method was used in the analysis of the amino acid composition using the Technicon Sequential Multisample (TSM) Amino Acid Analyser. Various methods were used to determine the quality parameters of the protein. Other parameters were the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER), essential amino acid index (EAAI) and the isoelectric point (pI). The statistical analysis was also carried out.
Results. Total amino acid was as follows: (g/100 g crude protein, cp): 83.5 (raw seeds, Rs), 85.9 (cooked seeds, Cs) and 66.8 (roasted seeds, Rt.s) with corresponding essential amino acids as: 39.4 or 47.2% (Rs), 38.3 or 44.6% (Cs) and 30.0 or 44.9% (Rt.s). Predicted protein efficiency ratios were 2.55 (Rs), 3.00 (Cs) and 2.31 (Rt.s) and essential amino acid index of 1.18 (Rs), 1.08 (Cs) and 0.83 (Rt.s). Cooking enhanced the amino acid levels of Asp, Ser, Glu, Pro, Arg, Ala, Cys, Val, Leu and Phe. The following essential amino acids were reduced by both cooking and roasting: Lys (15.9-27.6%), His (4.23-
-16.5%), Thr (40.1-60.6%), Met (38.0-63.4%) and Ile (13.3-31.8%). All the parameters between Rs/Cs and most of the parameters between Rs/Rt.s were significantly different at r=0.05.
Demand for functional foods that offer therapeutic and disease-prevention properties is globally increasing. Barley presents an opportunity in this regard due to its high antioxidants and dietary fiber contents. Barley wholegrain and milling fractions were investigated in terms of phenolic acids composition, scavenging capacity against DPPH and ABTS radicals and inhibition of human LDL oxidation in vitro. Ferulic and p-coumaric were the primary phenolic acids in wholegrain and pearled fractions accounting for 43-97% and 2-55% of total phenolic acids, respectively. This wide range demonstrates significant differences among barley wholegrain or pearled products. Antioxidant capacities also varied significantly among barleys with the hulless cultivars tested exhibiting the greatest. The outer layers fraction showed higher scavenging capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals and inhibitory effects toward LDL oxidation compared with the endosperm fractions. The results suggest that the outer layer and hull fractions would potentially provide promising sources of natural antioxidants.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Objective: To assess the oxidative stress in plasma and erythrocytes of prostate cancer patients by measuring the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants. Patients & methods: 20 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients and an equal number of age between 55-70 years and sex matched normal subjects from Guntur, AP, India were chosen for the study. Biochemical parameters like TBARS, enzymatic antioxidants, non enzymatic antioxidants were analyzed and monitored in plasma and erythrocyte membranes of normal and prostate cancer patients. Results: The subjects were ranging in age from 55-70 years. Changes observed from baseline expressed as mean ±SD in plasma of normal and prostate cancer patients are TBARS 3.8±0.2, 6.9±0.52(P<0.001), vitamin E 1.4±0.06,1.28±0.09,vitamin C 1.39±0.07, 1.29±0.06, reduced glutathione 52.7±4.2, 42.8±2.9 (p<0.01), glutathione peroxidase 189.8±23.4, 160±12.7(p<0.01), catalase 0.76±0.07, 0.56±0.04 (p<0.01)respectively and TBARS 0.33±0.04, 0.92±0.07(P<0.001)reduced glutathione 54.9±3.8, 44.8±2.7(p<0.01) vitamin E 2.31±0.19, 1.76±0.09(p<0.01) respectively in erythrocyte membrane. TBARS 4.3±0.51, 5.7±0.42(P<0.001) superoxide dismutase 4.71±0.52, 4.32±0.34, catalase 1.7±0.09, glutathione peroxidase 22.2±1.7, 20.6±1.7(p<0.01) in erythrocyte of normal and prostate cancer patients. Conclusion: The antioxidants and lipid peroxides levels in prostate cancer patients were altered when compared to normal patients. The picture of prostate cancer in India is potentially underestimated owing to scant data.
