Content uploaded by John Hunter
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by John Hunter on Aug 11, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
i
Summary
The vegetation of Barayamal National Park is described and mapped (scale 1:25 000).
Five communities are defined based on classification (Kulczynski association). These
six communities were mapped based on ground truthing, air photo interpretation and
landform. Much of the reserve is characterised by Lespedeza juncea was the most
ubiquitous species within the reserve. Overall the character of the vegetation within
the reserve can be described as being dominated by herbs and grasses and in particular
Lespedeza juncea, Themeda triandra, Dichanthium sericeum, Swainsona galegifolia,
Sorghum leiocladum and Bothriochloa macra. All communities described are of
conservation significance. The communities described and their status are:
Floristic Community
Area
Reservation Status
C1: Eucalyptus blakelyi –
Eucalyptus melliodora
50 ha
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C2: Eucalyptus viminalis –
Eucalyptus rubida –
Angophora floribunda
8 ha
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C3: Eucalyptus albens –
Eucalyptus melliodora
100 ha
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C4: Dichanthium sericeum –
Bothriochloa biloba
19 ha
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C5: Eucalyptus albens –
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
1 ha
Unusual variant, rare in the landscape and
rare within the reserve.
A total of 209 vascular plant taxa were found from 57 families and 147 genera. Five
taxa were found to be of conservation significance and these include Bothriochloa
biloba, Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum, Indigofera baileyi, Picris evae and
Thesium australe.
Most management issues are related to controlling weeds and preventing invasion
from weeds that at present are not within the reserve but are likely to enter due to the
proximity along nearby roads.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
ii
Contents
Summary ................................................................................................................ i
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Study area ...................................................................................... 2
2 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Survey design ................................................................................. 5
2.2 Site and species information ......................................................... 6
2.3 Data management ......................................................................... 7
2.4 Analysis of regional diversity ....................................................... 7
2.5 Multivariate analysis..................................................................... 7
2.6 Coleman curves ............................................................................. 8
2.7 Significant vascular plant taxa within the study area ............... 9
2.8 Structural information ................................................................. 9
3 Results .............................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Site stratification ......................................................................... 10
3.2 Floristics ....................................................................................... 10
3.3 Community definition ................................................................. 16
3.4 Coleman curves and richness estimation .................................. 19
3.5 Description of plant communities .............................................. 24
3.5.1 Red Gum – Yellow Box .......................................... 24
3.5.2 Manna Gum – Candlebark - Apple ......................... 31
3.5.3 White Box – Yellow Box ........................................ 38
3.5.4 Blue Grass – Red Grass .......................................... 44
3.5.5 White Box – Red Stringybark ................................. 49
3.6 Structural information ............................................................... 54
3.7 Reservation status of communities and comparison
with other studies ........................................................................ 57
3.8 Fire responses of individual taxa ............................................... 58
3.9 Description of taxa of conservation significance ...................... 85
3.9.1 Bothriochloa biloba ................................................ 85
3.9.2 Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum ................. 88
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
iii
3.9.3 Indigofera baileyi .................................................... 91
3.9.4 Picris evae ............................................................... 94
3.9.5 Thesium australe ..................................................... 97
4 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 101
4.1 General comments..................................................................... 101
4.2 Fire.............................................................................................. 101
4.3 Introduced species ..................................................................... 106
4.3.1 Coolatai grass ....................................................... 107
4.4 Management considerations ..................................................... 110
References & Bibliography .......................................................................... 111
Appendix A: Site record forms .................................................................... 144
Appendix B: Taxon list with authorities and common name ........... 146
Appendix C: Introduced taxa: life history, control & distribution .... 153
Appendix D: Two-way table: sp. occurrences in communities .......... 175
Appendix E: Locality and site information ............................................... 180
Appendix F: Uses of plants .......................................................................... 181
Appendix G: Original dendrogram ............................................................. 199
Appendix H: Structural information ................................................... 200
Acknowledgements ............................................................................. 204
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
iv
Tables
1 Dominant species ............................................................................................... 12
2 Comparison of sp. richness for other recently surveyed areas in region ..... 13
3 Diameter and number of hollows .................................................................... 56
4 Conservation status of communities................................................................ 57
5 Known fire responses and traits of taxa found in the study area ................. 58
6 Suggested fire regimes for each of the five defined communities ............... 106
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
v
Plates
1 Photographs of Community 1 .......................................................................... 29
2 Photograph of Community 1............................................................................ 30
3 Photographs of Community 2 .......................................................................... 36
4 Photograph of Community 2............................................................................ 37
5 Photographs of Community 3 .......................................................................... 43
6 Photograph of Community 4............................................................................ 48
7 Photograph of Community 5............................................................................ 53
8 Photograph of Thesium australe ...................................................................... 99
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
vi
Figures
1 Location of Barayamal National Park .............................................................. 3
2 SPOT5 image of Barayamal National Park...................................................... 4
3 Dendrogram of all Barayamal National Park ................................................ 16
5 Ordination scattergram of all sites sampled based on full floristics ............ 17
6 Comparison of rarefaction curves for other surveys ..................................... 18
7 Richness estimation ........................................................................................... 20
8 Location of all survey sties ............................................................................... 21
9 Location of sites within each community ........................................................ 22
10 Vegetation map of Barayamal National Park .............................................. 23
11 Placement of sites within Community 1 ........................................................ 27
12 Mapped distribution of Community 1 .......................................................... 28
13 Placement of sites within Community 2 ........................................................ 34
14 Mapped distribution of Community 2 .......................................................... 35
15 Placement of sites within Community 3 ........................................................ 41
16 Mapped distribution of Community 3 .......................................................... 52
17 Placement of sites within Community 4 ........................................................ 46
18 Mapped distribution of Community 4 .......................................................... 47
19 Placement of sites within Community 5 ........................................................ 51
20 Mapped distribution of Community 5 .......................................................... 52
21 Number of trees measured for DBH ............................................................. 55
22 Average DBH of trees measured ................................................................... 55
23 DBH size classes .............................................................................................. 56
24 Location of Bothriochloa biloba ..................................................................... 87
25 Location of Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum .................................... 90
26 Location of Indigofera baileyi ......................................................................... 93
27 Location of Picris evae .................................................................................... 96
28 Location of Thesium australe ....................................................................... 100
29 Potential distribution of Coolatai Grass ..................................................... 109
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
1
Introduction
1.1 Objectives
Dr John T. Hunter prepared this report of the vegetation of the Barayamal National
Park. Aims included the collation of existing information from previous floristic
surveys and that the survey of 10, 20 x 20 m stratified full vascular plant floristic sites
be carried out in order to complete a comprehensive investigation of the vegetation
and flora of Barayamal NP. This report represents the findings of this study. The
collated information is to be used as a guide for management purposes.
The requirements of the investigation were:
1. Collate existing information from previous vegetation surveys conducted within
the conservation areas.
2. Site placement to be based on selected environmental variables and be distributed
based on the area they occupy.
3. Identify weed species and their occurrence.
4. Identify RoTAP, EPB&C Act and TSC Act species and their occurrence.
5. Identify regionally significant species.
6. Provide known fire ecology information on species and communities.
7. Construction of a vegetation map based on communities as defined by
classification4 and ordination analyses.
8. Provide management recommendations.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
2
1.2 Study area
Barayamal National Park incorporates approximately 178 ha and lies within the
eastern outskirts of Inverell on the North Western Slopes Botanical District and the
New England Bioregion. The reserve is bounded on most sides by public lands.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
3
Figure 1: Location of Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
4
Figure 2: SPOT5 image of Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
5
Methodology
2.1 Survey design
The survey was carried out in a stratified random way in order to sample and replicate
the major environmental changes. As the reserve is small and only a small number of
sites were allocated for survey purposes only a limited number of strata could be used.
Rock type and aspect were used to stratify sites within the landscape. All sites were
permanently marked in all four corners of the 20 x 20 m plot with LANDMARKER
survey pegs.
2.2 Site and species information
Topological information was also collected along with measurements of altitude,
slope, aspect and horizontal elevation. Altitude was taken directly from topographic
maps. Slope and horizontal elevation were measured using a ‘SUUNTO Optical
Reading Clinometer’. Horizontal elevation was measured at eight equidistant compass
bearings. Aspect was measured using a compass with reference to magnetic north.
Information on soil, fires and other disturbances was also collected in a form
amenable to the site survey data sheets supplied by the New England Tablelands
Region of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (Appendix A). Site location was
derived from a Garmin GPSMap60CS with reference to topographic maps. Datum
used was AMG66.
Vegetation structure was derived using the system developed by Walker and Hopkins
(1990). This method uses growth form, height and crown cover of the dominant taxa
in each of the strata layers that are identifiable. Individual taxon data for each quadrat
was recorded using the species data forms supplied by the Glen Innes Area of the
National Parks and Wildlife Service (Appendix A). Species were scored in
accordance with a modified Braun-Blanquet (1982) cover abundance six ranking
scale. Cover codes are as follows:
Cover Code Projected Canopy Cover
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
6
1 <5% few individuals
2 <5% any number of individuals
3 6-25%
4 26-50%
5 51-75%
6 >75%
These methods will enable cross comparison of species records with other major
vegetation surveys carried out by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife
Service.
2.3 Data management
‘Paradox 12 for Windows’ (Corel 2006) a relational database, was used for data
management, validation, storage and retrieval. ‘Parent’ tables were created with
verified information that was used for data entry in ‘Child’ tables allowing
consistency in data entry (for example the spelling of species names (Campbell 1984;
McKenzie 1991; McKenzie et al. 1991)). Three ‘parent’ tables were created to store
information with six ‘child’ tables used for referential integrity, validation and data
entry. The three primary tables stored information relating to the taxa found and the
quadrats placed. The region number and site number were the relational fields used to
link the three main tables. These three record values are unique and duplicate values
were not accepted by the database. The system was designed to minimise the number
of keystrokes, and allow for subsequent specimen determinations and results of
analyses to be incorporated later without disruption. Field data collected during a
single field trip were added either at night in the field on a ‘note book’ computer or
immediately on the days after returning from the field on the main computer. Thus,
discrepancies could be sorted out while the relevant survey sites were fresh in the
mind. Sorted data was exported to EXCEL spreadsheets prior to analysis. All site and
species attributes are presented in EXCEL spreadsheets and included in the electronic
form of this document that is held with the Narrabri office of the New South Wales
National Parks and Wildlife Service and Information and Assessment Section Dubo
(along with copies of all field datasheets).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
7
2.4 Analysis of regional diversity
Regional diversity is calculated by assuming an exponential species-area curve
relationship exists. The regional diversity index is calculated by D=S/logA, where S is
the number of taxa in a region of A hectares. This is done for comparative purposes.
2.5 Multivariate Analysis
Initial exploratory analysis of sites was conducted using classification and ordination
techniques available in PATN: Pattern Analysis Package (Belbin 2004). PATN was
developed for manipulation, analysis and display of patterns in multivariate biological
data (Belbin 1995a). Both classification and ordination were performed on data as
each technique is complimentary and the use of both highlights anomalies produced
by the other (Gauch 1982). Ordination will detect natural clusters if they are present
and highlight overall trends clarifying relationships alluded to with classification
(Belbin 1991; Belbin 1995a). However, strong discontinuities in survey data can
affect the way ordination techniques display continuous variation (Faith 1991).
Classification techniques will impose groups on continuous data even if they are not
present (Belbin 1991; Faith 1991; Belbin 1995a). In such situations ‘chaining’ may
occur whereby samples grow by accretion one by one rather than by fusion with other
clusters (Goodall 1980). Even in such situations utility can be found in imposed
divisions (Gauch 1982). Classification is useful in detecting outliers that may affect
ordination procedures (strong discontinuity). This technique also aids in the detection
of smaller groupings or trends within the data that may be difficult to see from an
ordination where groupings may be less obvious (Faith 1991).
Site classification was achieved using the Kulczynski association measure that has
proven to be a superior measure of association with ecological data (Faith et al. 1987;
Belbin 1995b). Agglomerative hierarchical clustering using flexible UPGMA
(Unweighted Pair Group arithMetic Averaging) was used for group joining, this
optimises the hierarchy and not the groups. UPGMA gives equal weight to objects not
groups in the fusion process thereby groups are weighted proportionally to the number
of objects contained (Belbin 1995b). This method has been widely tested and is the
most frequently used classification technique (Gauch 1982; Belbin 1995b) and it
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
8
provides the best fit between the association measure and the distances implied from
the dendrogram (Belbin 1991). Flexible UPGMA enables the value of , which ranges
from –0.1 to 1.0 to be changed, this controls the amount of space dilation during the
fusion process (Belbin 1991; Belbin 1995b). A value of –0.1 was used to enable
slight dilation to occur; this has been shown to better recover known partitions
(Belbin 1995b).
Semi- Strong- Hybrid Multidimensional Scaling (SSH) was used as the ordination
technique. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) moves objects around in a space defined
by the number of dimensions chosen and the dissimilarities among sites in terms of
their composition (Faith 1991; Belbin 1991). SSH calculates the level of stress, which
is the miss-match between distances between points and the best estimate of the same
values (Belbin 1995b). Subsequently all points in the initial ordination are moved
slightly to reduce stress, this process is iterated a specified number of times or until a
minimum stress is achieved (Orloci 1978; Belbin 1995b). MDS has been shown to be
a robust method (Minchin 1987; Faith 1991). SSH has the advantage of being
designed to cope with unimodal responses of taxa replacing the assumption of
linearity used by many other ordination procedures (see e.g. Noy-Meir & Whittaker
1978; Orloci 1978; ter Braak & Prentice 1988; Faith 1991; Belbin 1995a).
The number of groups to be recognised can be based on a number of a priori methods.
The point at which a leveling of a scree plot of dissimilarity and number of fusion
points occurs can be an indication of the optimal cut off point. At such a point, many
clusters are formed at essentially the same linkage distance.
2.6 Coleman curves
Coleman curves represent the means of repeated sampling of all pooled samples. The
smoothed Colman curves thus represent the statistical expectation for the
corresponding acummunaltion curve. Coleman curves are different from
accumulation curves which record the total number of species found with addition
sampling (species area curves) as they are produced by repeated resampling of the
species pool at random. Sampling is done without replacement within each
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
9
resampling. This repeated randomised sampling produces a smooth rarefaction curve.
Here the algorithym of Incidence-Based Coverage Estimator of species richness was
used (ICE) to generate the data for estimating the potential total species richness (Lee
and Chao 1994). During these simulations 200 random samplings were used.
2.7 Significant vascular plant taxa within the conservation areas
Three main sources of information were used initially to assess the significance, in
terms of rarity, of any taxa found within the reserve. The national list of rare or
threatened Australian plants (RoTAP) (Briggs & Leigh 1996) along with the federal
Environmental Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act) and the New
South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) were used as a
primary indicator of national and state significance. The regional significance of taxa
was assessed with reference to other flora survey publications. Finally, local botanical
knowledge as expressed in unpublished survey reports and the personal experience of
the author and other botanists was used as a source of information.
2.8 Structural information
Within each 20 x 20 m plot an individual from the overstorey was chosen along the
fifteen nearest individuals to this central mark over 10 cm diameter at breast height
(DBH). The diameter at breast height (DBH) of all 16 individuals (< 10 cm DBH) was
measured in centimeters along with the distance of the 15 from the central individual
in meters. The height of all 16 was also estimated to the nearest meter along the
number of hollows.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
10
Results
3.1 Site stratification
Four sites had previously been placed within the reserve as contained with the YETTI
database (Sept. 2007). A total of 14 new sites were surveyed within the reserve on the
25th of February 2008, making a total of 14 sites that were used as the source data for
this report. During the entire survey an additional botanist was used to survey and
collect specimens from outside of plots to increase species capture and voucher
submission. These species have been included within the completed checklist of
plants found.
3.2 Floristics
A total of 209 vascular plant taxa were recorded during the collation of site data and
opportunistic sampling (23% exotic). The 209 taxa occurred in 57 families and 147
genera. The families with the greatest number of taxa are: Asteraceae (37), Poaceae
(34), Fabaceae (23), Myrtaceae (7), Cyperaceae (6) and Rosaceae (5). The richest
genera are: Acacia (6), Eucalyptus (6), Lomandra (4) and Verbena (4 all weeds).
The most dominant species in terms of summed cover/abundance scores are given in
Table 1. Of the top 17 taxa recorded none are trees (or tall shrubs), nine are herbs,
seven are grasses and only one is a shrub. Two of the most prominent species are
weeds (Bidens pilosa and Rosa rubiginosa). Lespedeza juncea was the most
ubiquitous species within the reserve. Overall the character of the vegetation within
the reserve can be described as being dominated by herbs and grasses and in particular
Lespedeza juncea, Themeda triandra, Dichanthium sericeum, Swainsona galegifolia,
Sorghum leiocladum and Bothriochloa macra.
Species diversity has many measures that are of importance to an overall
understanding of community dynamics and include richness and abundance. Richness
itself has a number of components which include species density (number of taxa per
defined area) and species turnover. A high richness of both are needed to maintain
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
11
overall regional or gamma diversity. In comparison to other surveys conducted within
western New South Wales (Table 2), the study area was found to have a very high of
richness per site, similar to that found for Kings Plains National Park which is highest
shown. In terms of regional diversity Barayamal was found to have a higher diversity
based on the area of reserve than most others within western New South Wales.
Barayamal showed a high diversity between sites (species turnover, Figure 6) and was
found have the 5th highest overall beta diversity compared to the 24 graphed in Figure
6.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
12
Table 1: List of the most dominant native species, in terms of summed cover, based
on the 14 sampled sites.
Taxa
Summed Cover
1: Lespedeza juncea (Herb)
33
2: Themeda triandra (Grass)
32
3: Dichanthium sericeum (Grass)
29
4: *Bidens pilosa (Herb)
27
5: Swainsona galegifolia (Herb)
22
6: Sorghum leiocladum (Grass)
22
7: Bothriochloa macra (Grass)
22
8: Rostellularia adscendens (Herb)
19
9: Desmodium brachypodum (Herb)
19
10: Carex inversa (Herb)
19
11: Dichondra sp. A (Herb)
18
12: Cymbopogon refractus (Grass)
18
13: Austrodanthonia racemosa (Grass)
18
14: *Rosa rubiginosa (Shrub)
17
15: Microlaena stipoides (Grass)
17
16: Desmodium varians (Herb)
17
17: Cyperus gracilis (Herb)
17
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
13
Table 2: Comparison of selected attributes between floristic surveys conducted within the Western Slopes, Plains and Far Western Plains.
Number
of Taxa
Introduced
Species
Number
of Sites
Mean
Richness
EPB&C – TSC –
RoTAP
Regional Diversity
Index
Area Covered by Survey
779
16%
133
30/0.04 ha
12
178
Warrumbungle National Park (Hunter 2008) 20 x 20 m sites.
752
5%
201
60/0.1 ha
34
168
Torrington State Conservation Area (Clarke et al. 1998). 0.1 ha sites. 152 species from
previous records.
657
8%
170
36/0.04 ha
11
144
Mt Kaputar National Park (Hunter & Alexander 2000a). 20 x 20 m sites.
507
31%
87
38/0.04
8
143
Warrabah National Park (Hosking & James 1998). Also 20 x 20 m sites Meanders over
many seasons and years.
477
9%
140
35/0.04 ha
10
142
Ironbark Nature Reserve & Bornhardtia VCA (Hunter & Hunter 2003). 20 x 20 m sites.
410
35%
None
NA
?
140
Attunga State Forest (Hosking & James 1998). Meanders over many seasons and years.
460
9%
48
38/0.04 ha
17
130
Severn River Nature Reserve (Hunter 2000f) 20 x 20 m sites.
434
21%
50
36/0.04 ha
9
123
Arakoola Nature Reserve (Hunter 2000d). 20 x 20 m sites.
503
20%
171
20/0.09 ha
108
Kinchega National Park (Westbrooke et al. 2001). 30 x 20 m sites.
407
17%
101
40/0.04 ha
5
116
Kwiambal National Park (Hunter 1998d). 20 x 20 m sites.
441
10%
75
51/0.04 ha
17
112
Kings Plains National Park (Hunter 2000h). 20 x 20 m sites.
209
23%
14
48/0.04. ha
3
93
Barayamal National Park (Hunter ibid.). 20 x 20 m sites.
358
11%
65
29/0.04 ha
2
89
Trinkey State Conservation Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites
325
11%
50
22/0.04 ha
2
89
Narran Lake Nature Reserve (Hunter et al. 2001). 20 x 20 m sites.
237
10%
21
34/0.04 ha
1
88
Boronga, Boomi & Boomi West Nature Reserves (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
422
14%
125
25/0.09 ha
?
85
Peery National Park (Westbrooke et al. 2002). 30 x 30 m sites.
175
14%
14
36/0.04 ha
1
85
Gamilaroi Nature Reserve (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
262
14%
29
39/0.04 ha
0
81
Wondoba State Conservation Area. 20 x 20 m sites.
371
13%
132
37/0.04 ha
?
80
Goobang National Park (Porteners 1997). 20 x 20 m sites.
210
15%
25
35/0.04 ha
1
74
Planchonella Nature Reserve (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
14
Number
of Taxa
Introduced
Species
Number
of Sites
Mean
Richness
EPB&C – TSC –
RoTAP
Regional Diversity
Index
Area Covered by Survey
186
8%
19
28/0.04 ha
1
72
‘Marrawah’ (Hunter 2007) 20 x 20 m sites.
185
8%
20
21/0.04 ha
0
71
‘Sandy Wells’ (Hunter 2007). 20 x 20 m sites.
241
13%
37
26/0.04 ha
0
68
Biddon State Conservation Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
202
6%
20
30/0.04 ha
1
68
Garrawilla National Park (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
235
15%
31
26/0.04 ha
1
67
Bobbiwaa State Conservation Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
224
14%
31
33/0.04 ha
2
67
Kelvin Aboriginal Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
217
13%
31
24/0.04 ha
0
66
Moema National Park (Hunter 2007). 20 x 20 m sites.
161
12%
15
25/0.04 ha
0
63
Midkin Nature Reserve (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
131
10%
9
33/0.04 ha
0
62
Bullawa Creek State Conservation Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
163
9%
16
24/0.04 ha
0
61
Couradda Community Conservation Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
192
7%
30
24/0.04 ha
0
59
Killarney State Conservation Area (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m.
170
12%
23
33/0.04 ha
0
59
Somerton National Park (Hunter 2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
166
10%
19
31/0.04 ha
1
56
Tinkrameanah National Park (Hunter (2008). 20 x 20 m sites.
199
11%
45
21/0.04 ha
2
55
Budelah Nature Reserve (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
503
10%
105
37/0.04 ha
?
53
1:100 000 Ashford Map Sheet (Le Brocque & Benson 1995). 20 x 20 m sites (290 taxa) and
all additional records (213 extra taxa).
240
8%
42
28/0.04 ha
1
51
Culgoa National Park (Hunter 2005). 20 x 20 m sites.
155
17%
22
37/0.1 ha
2
49
Kirramingly Nature Reserve (Clarke et al. 1998). 33 x 33 m nested sites.
129
14%
20
22/0.04 ha
1
49
Brigalow Park & Claremont Nature Reserves (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
235
26%
200
18/0.09 ha
?
48
Mungo National Park (Westbrooke & Miller 1995). 30 x 30 m sites.
200
?
?
?
?
47
Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve (NSW NPWS).
127
1%
16
32/0.04 ha
1
46
Weetalibah Nature Reserve (Porteners 1998). 20 x 20 m sites.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
15
Number
of Taxa
Introduced
Species
Number
of Sites
Mean
Richness
EPB&C – TSC –
RoTAP
Regional Diversity
Index
Area Covered by Survey
215
20%
92
?
?
45
Mallee Cliffs National Park (Morcom & Westbrooke 1990). 10 x 20 m sites.
185
5%
40
12/0.04 ha
1
44
Ledknapper Nature Reserve (Hunter & Fallavollita 2003). 20 x 20 m sites.
227
4%
184
?
?
44
Nombinnie NP & Round Hill NR (Cohn 1995). 30 x 30 m sites.
174
9%
59
15/0.04 ha
1
40
Thilta Karra section Paroo Darling NP (Hunter & Fallavollita 2003). 20 x 20 m sites
139
1%
30
31/0.04 ha
0
39
Binnaway Nature Reserve (Porteners 1998). 20 x 20 m sites.
133
7%
30
14/0.04 ha
0
39
‘Goonama’ (Hunter 2007). 20 x 20 m sites.
107
8%
15
25/0.04 ha
0
39
Careunga Nature Reserve (Hunter 2006). 20 x 20 m sites.
90
2%
7
27/0.04 ha
1
25
Derra Derra Ridge, Bingara (Benson et al. 1996). 20 x 20 m sites.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
16
3.3 Community definition
Five communities are recognised as occurring within the Barayamal National Park. These
assemblages were recognised at a dissimilarity of 0.6 (Figure 2).
C1: Eucalyptus blakelyi -
Eucalyptus melliodora
C2: Eucalyptus viminalis -
Eucalyptus rubida -
Angophora floribunda
C3: Eucalyptus albens -
Eucalyptus melliodora
C4: Dichanthium sericeum -
Bothriochloa biloba
C5: Eucalyptus albens -
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Figure 4: Summary dendrogram of dataset sites surveyed during this investigation using
Kulczynski association and flexible UPGMA fusion strategy. Communities are defined at
a dissociation of c. 0.6. This level of dissociation is a lower score than generally used for
delineating communities in the region (i.e. c. 0.7), which would have only delineated
three assemblages subsuming Communities 1, 2 and 3 in to a single unit.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
17
Figure 5: Ordination scattergram of all sites sampled based on full floristics and analysis by Flexible UPGMA association measure and Semi-
Strong-Hybrid Multi-Dimensional Scaling.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
18
Figure 6: Species accumulation curves for selected sampled areas in the northern plains and north western New South Wales.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
19
3.4 Coleman curves
Incident Based Estimator of species richness uses the turnover of species between
sites in order to estimate how many species may have been missed by the sampling
technique used. This estimate is based on the survey conditions at the time of
surveying and therefore is only an indicator of what was likely to be present at the
time of sampling based on the average difference is species between all sites. Based
on this analysis there was predicted to be potentially 245 taxa within the reserve
(Figure 7). The formal plot based sampling procedure and opportunistic sightings
captured 85% of species predicted to occur. This indicates that the sampling
procedure was sufficient and more effort would likely not have improved the capture
of species appreciably.
Compared to a number of other surveys conducted within the western districts of New
South Wales (Figure 6) the turnover between sites and thus the overall number of
species per sampling effort was rather high compared to other reserves in the general
management area.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
20
Figure 7: Comparison of richness observed in sites, total recorded and the number
predicted based on Incident Coverage Estimator of species richness, which is
calculated based on the turnover between sampled sites. 85% of the predicted number
of species was found during the survey. The predicted number is only an estimation
technique based on the differences between sites at time of survey and is only an
indication of the number of taxa that may have been missed.
199
209
245
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
In Sites
Found
Predicted
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
21
Figure 8: Location of vegetation survey sites.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
22
Figure 9: Location of sites within each community at Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
23
Figure 10: Mapped distribution of all communities within Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
24
3.5 Description of plant communities
3.5.1 Community 1: Blakely’s Red Gum – Yellow Box Grassy Woodland
Eucalyptus blakelyi (Blakely’s Red Gum) – Eucalyptus melliodora (Yellow Box)
Grassy Woodland
Benson et al. (2006): Eucalyptus Box Woodlands of the Tablelands and Western
Slopes (EBWT)
Keith (2004): Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands
Sample sites (5): 1, 2, 4, 11, 12.
Number of hectares: 50 Proportion of reserve: 28.1%
Environmental relationships: found on lower topographic positions from open
depressions to mid slopes. Soils are red brown or light brown to black and are clay
loam, loamy clay or cracking clays.
Distribution within reserve: restricted to the lower lying southern and eastern
sections of the reserve.
Structure: generally a grassy woodland.
Tree-layer: 10-25 m tall. 10-20% cover.
Tall shrub layer: 10-15 m tall. 15% cover. Usually absent.
Low shrub layer: 1-4 m tall. 15% cover. Sometimes absent.
Understorey layer: < 1 m tall. 80-90% cover.
No. of taxa: 137 No. of taxa per plot: 22-52-76.
Most common natives: listed in order of decreasing summed cover scores (fidelity x
cover).
Trees: Eucalytpus blakelyi, Eucalyptus melliodora, Angophora floribunda,
Eucalyptus albens, Callitris endlicheri.
Shrubs: Notelaea microcarpa, Bursaria spinosa, Indigofera baileyi, Acacia
filicifolia.
Climbers & trailers: Glycine clandestina, Glycine tabacina, Convolvulus
erubescens, Clematis microphylla.
Ground cover: Lespedeza juncea, Themeda triandra, Bothriochloa macra, Sorghum
leiocladum, Dichanthium sericeum, Rostellularia adscendens, Rhodanthe diffusa,
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
25
Wahlenbergia communis, Swainsona galegifolia, Senecio quadridentatus, Scleria
mackaviensis, Poa sieberiana, Microlaena stipoides, Fimbristylis dichotoma,
Euchiton sphaericus, Dichondra sp. A, Cyperus gracilis, Cyperus fulvus, Carex
inversa, Phyllanthus virgatus, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Chrysocephalum semipapposum,
Brachyscome heterodonta, Austrodanthonia racemosa, Asperula conferta, Aristida
caput-medusae, Velleia paradoxa, Sporobolus creber, Geranium solanderi, Viola
hederacea, Viola betonicifolia, Rumex brownii, Ranunculus lappaceus, Panicum
simile, Mentha satureioides, Lomandra longifolia, Haloragis heterophylla, Dichondra
repens, Desmodium brachypodum, Cymbopogon refractus, Commelina cyanea,
Austrodanthonia fulva, Ajuga australis.
Introduced taxa: Bidens pilosa, Hypochaeris radicata, Xanthium occidentale, Rosa
rubiginosa, Conyza bonariensis, Cirsium vulgare, Opuntia stricta, Lactuca serriola,
Bidens subalternans, Verbena bonariensis, Petrorhagia nanteuilii, Paspalum
dilatatum, Verbena officonalis, Taraxacum officinale, Sonchus oleraceus, Plantago
lanceolata, Hypericum perforatum, Heliotropium europaeum, Ciclospermum
leptophyllum, Anagallis arvensis, Vulpia bromoides, Verbena gaudichaudii, Verbena
aristigera, Verbascum virgatum, Rubus fruticosus, Medicago polymorpha,
Hyparrhenia hirta, geranium molle, Daucus carota, Cynodon dactylon.
Percent of species introduced: 22%
Taxa of conservation importance: Indigofera baileyi, Picris evae, Thesium australe.
Variability: little variability was recorded in terms of structure and most variation
was due to amount of recovery from past clearing practices.
Notes & conservation status: this assemblage is included within much more
widespread assemblages such as Blakely’s Red Gum Associations in broad scale
mapping or generally under Grassy Box-Red Gum Alliances. In this broad sense this
type of assemblage is common along the western side of the tablelands and along the
slopes from over the Queensland border south to northern Victoria. Similar
associations are described by Wall (2000) as being nearly 60% cleared with only
1.6% of their reservation target met. These type of Grassy Box-Gum woodlands are
usually the most intensively used all of this community would conform to the
endangered Box – Gum Woodland on the TSC Act and the endangered White Box –
Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Grasslands
of the EPBC Act. This assemblage should be considered poorly conserved across its
range and endangered
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
26
Management considerations: management actions listed for this endangered
community include:
The control of feral animals (rabbits, hares, foxes, pigs) using methods that do
not disturb the native plants and animals,
Excluding firewood harvesting.
Leaving fallen timber on the ground
Encouraging regeneration.
Erection of site markers and information to alert workers of the presence of an
endangered system.
Create and/or enhance connectivity.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
27
Figure 11: Placement of sites within Community 1 at Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
28
Figure 12: Mapped distribution of Community 1.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
29
Plate 1: Photographs of Community 1; above Site 1, below Site 2.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
30
Plate 2: Photograph of Community 1; above Site 4.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
31
3.5.2 Community 2: Manna Gum - Candle-bark – Rough-barked Apple Grassy
Woodland
Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna Gum) - Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum
(Candle-bark) – Angophora floribunda (Rough-barked Apple) Grassy Woodland
Benson et al. (2006): Eucalyptus Box Woodlands of the Tablelands and Western
Slopes (EBWT)
Keith (2004): Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands
Sample sites (4): 6, 7, 8, 13.
Number of hectares: 8 Proportion of reserve: 4.5%
Environmental relationships: found on lower to upper slopes on moist shallow dark
brown to black clay, loamy clay or sandy clay loam soils.
Distribution within reserve: found restricted to shallower soils on the western parts
of the reserve.
Structure: a grassy woodland.
Tree-layer: 10-20 m tall. 20% cover.
Low shrub layer: 1-3 m tall. 5-10% cover. Sometimes absent.
Understorey layer: < 1 m tall. 90% cover.
No. of taxa: 99 No. of taxa per plot: 35-46-54.
Most common natives: listed in order of decreasing summed cover scores (fidelity x
cover).
Trees: Eucalytpus viminalis, Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum, Angophora
floribunda, Eucalytpus albens.
Shrubs: Notelaea microcarpa, Bursaria spinosa.
Climbers & trailers: Glycine tabacina, Desmodium varians, Rubus parvifolius,
Glycine clandestina, Clematis microphylla, Glycine microphylla, Convolvulus
erubescens.
Ground cover: Themeda triandra, Sorghum leiocladum, Lespedeza juncea,
Swainsona galegifolia, Dichanthium sericeum, Carex inversa, Asperula conferta,
Plantago debilis, Euchiton sphaericus, Dianella longifolia, Desmodium
brachypodum, Bothriochloa macra, Austrodanthonia racemosa, Acaena ovina,
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
32
Sporobolus creber, Rhodanthe diffusa, Dichondra sp. A, Daucus glochidiatus,
Cymbopogon refractus, Velleia paradoxa, Scleria mackaviensis, Rostellularia
adscendens, Hypericum gramineum, Geranium solanderi, Cymbonotus lawsonianus,
Ajuga australis, Wahlenbergia communis, Senecio quadridentatus, Senecio
diaschides, Ranunculus lappaceus, Panicum effusum, Mentha diemenica, Dianella
revoluta, Chrysocephalum semipapposum, Chamaesyce drummondii, Brunoniella
australis.
Introduced taxa: Cirsium vulgare, Bidens pilosa, Rosa rubiginosa, Petrorhagia
nanteuilii, Lactuca serriola, Opuntia stricta, Conyza sumatrensis, Conyza
bonariensis, Ciclospermum leptophyllum, Verbena officonalis, Verbena aristigera,
Picris hieracioides, Pavonia hastata, Hypochaeris radicata, Hyparrhenia hirta,
Bidens subalternans, Verbena gaudichaudii, Verbascum virgatum, Taraxacum
officinale, Solanum nigrum, Rubus fruticosus, Crataegus monogyna, Centaurea
solstitialis, Bromus diandrus, Anagallis arvensis.
Percent of species introduced: 25%
Taxa of conservation importance: Indigofera baileyi, Eucalyptus rubida subsp.
barbigerorum.
Variability: little variability in structure was found within this community and most
variability was due to past clearing activities and subsequent recovery.
Notes & conservation status: as described this assemblage type has a mixed
overstorey with two of the sites being dominated by Eucalyptus viminalis one
previously surveyed site which may contain Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum
(though would need confirmation) and a site that was dominated by Eucalyptus
albens. The link between these sites in the understorey which is linked to the
shallower and drier soils on slightly more exposed ridges in these areas. Communities
1, 2 and 3 are very similar in their species compositions and vary largely due to
overstorey components and some minor differences in understorey floristics. The
determinations on box gum woodlands includes areas that are dominated by
Eucalyptus viminalis and Angophora floribunda, this along with the very close
floristic association would suggest this community should be considered to conform
to the endangered Box – Gum Woodland on the TSC Act and the endangered White
Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native
Grasslands of the EPBC Act. This assemblage should be considered poorly conserved
across its range and endangered
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
33
Management considerations: management actions listed for this endangered
community include:
The control of feral animals (rabbits, hares, foxes, pigs) using methods that do
not disturb the native plants and animals,
Excluding firewood harvesting.
Leaving fallen timber on the ground
Encouraging regeneration.
Erection of site markers and information to alert workers of the presence of an
endangered system.
Create and/or enhance connectivity.
Additional management should include verification of Eucalyptus rubida subsp.
barbigerorum occurrence and a survey of its population status.
.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
34
Figure 13: Placement of sites within Community 1 at Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
35
Figure 14: Mapped distribution of Community 1.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
36
Plate 3: Photographs of Community 2; above Site 6, below Site 7. Note Site 6 does
not contain Eucalytpus rubida subsp. barbigerorum.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
37
Plate 4: Photograph of Community 2; above Site 8.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
38
3.5.3 Community 3: White Box – Yellow Box Grassy Woodland
Eucalyptus albens (White Box) – Eucalyptus melliodora (Yellow Box) Grassy
Woodland
Benson et al. (2006): Eucalyptus Box Woodlands of the Tablelands and Western
Slopes (EBWT)
Keith (2004): Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands
Sample sites (3): 5, 10, 14.
Number of hectares: 100 Proportion of reserve: 56.2%
Environmental relationships: found on mid to uppers lopes on soils that are moist
and shallow. Soil colour is dark red brown and of a clay to loamy clay texture.
Distribution within reserve: found throughout the northern parts of the reserve.
Structure: a woodland.
Tree-layer: 15-24 m tall. 30% cover.
Low shrub layer: 1-5 m tall. 10-15-% cover.
Understorey layer: < 1 m tall. 60-70% cover.
No. of taxa: 108 No. of taxa per plot: 41-52-61.
Most common natives: listed in order of decreasing summed cover scores (fidelity x
cover).
Trees: Eucalytpus albens, Eucalyptus melliodora, Callitris glaucophylla, Eucalyptus
moluccana.
Shrubs: Notelaea microcarpa.
Climbers & trailers: Desmodium varians, Jasminum lineare, Rubus parvifolius,
Glycine tabacina, .
Ground cover: Dichanthium sericeum, Desmodium brachypodum, Cyperus gracilis,
Cymbopogon refractus, Swainsona galegifolia, Scleria mackaviensis, Sporobolus
creber, Rostellularia adscendens, Microlaena stipoides, Lespedeza juncea,
Brunoniella australis, Brachyscome heterodonta, Austrodanthonia racemosa,
Austrodanthonia fulva, Ajuga australis, Wahlenbergia communis, Velleia paradoxa,
Themeda triandra, Plantago debilis, Phyllanthus virgatus, Dichondra sp. A,
Commelina cyanea, Bothriochloa bladhii, Viola hederacea, Rhodanthe diffusa,
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
39
Digitaria brownii, Dichondra repens, Dichelachne micrantha, Chrysocephalum
semipapposum, Bothriochloa macra.
Introduced taxa: Bidens pilosa, Rosa rubiginosa, Ciclospermum leptophyllum,
Hyparrhenia hirta, Opuntia stricta, Bidens subalternans, Xanthium occidentale,
Trifolium campestre, Sonchus oleraceus, Solanum nigrum, Silybum marianum,
Petrorhagia nanteuilii, Maclura pomifera, Lactuca serriola, Hypochaeris radicata,
Hypericum perforatum, Conyza sumatrensis, Conyza bonariensis.
Percent of species introduced: 17%
Taxa of conservation importance: none apparent.
Variability: little variability in structure was found within this community and most
variability was due to past clearing activities and subsequent recovery.
Notes & conservation status: Communities 1, 2 and 3 are very similar in their
species compositions and vary largely due to overstorey components and some minor
differences in understorey floristics. This community type falls well within the
endangered Box – Gum Woodland on the TSC Act and the endangered White Box –
Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Grasslands
of the EPBC Act. This assemblage should be considered poorly conserved across its
range and endangered. The community includes Eucalyptus moluccana as well as
intergrades between it and Eucalyptus albens. The distinction between these two taxa
is often unclear, particularly where the two species introgress.
Management considerations: management actions listed for this endangered
community include:
The control of feral animals (rabbits, hares, foxes, pigs) using methods that do
not disturb the native plants and animals,
Excluding firewood harvesting.
Leaving fallen timber on the ground
Encouraging regeneration.
Erection of site markers and information to alert workers of the presence of an
endangered system.
Create and/or enhance connectivity.
This community abuts a main road and is heavily impacted upon by road
maintenance, telecom above and below ground maintenance as well and has a number
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
40
of trails used by local residents. Thus education of those who utilise these areas will
be of a high priority. There are a large number of significant weeds within this
community which are easily spread in highly trafficked areas, thus access and
frequency of use of vehicles and the general public will need to be considered
carefully in order not to exacerbate the already heavy infestations in some locations.
.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
41
Figure 15: Placement of sites within Community 3 at Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
42
Figure 16: Mapped distribution of Community 3.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
43
Plate 5: Photographs of Community 3; above Site 5, below Site 10.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
44
3.5.4 Community 4: Blue-grass – Red Grass Derived Grassland
Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland Blue Grass) – Bothriochloa biloba (Red Grass)
Derived Grassland
Benson et al. (2006): Eucalyptus Box Woodlands of the Tablelands and Western
Slopes (EBWT)
Keith (2004): Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands
Sample sites (1): 3.
Number of hectares: 19 Proportion of reserve: 10.6%
Environmental relationships: found on a mid-slope with moist and deep dark brown
to black cracking clay soils.
Distribution within reserve: throughout the reserve in heavily cleared areas that are
yet to regenerate.
Structure: a grassland.
Understorey layer: < 1 m tall. 90% cover.
No. of taxa: 30 No. of taxa per plot: 30.
Most common natives: listed in order of decreasing summed cover scores (fidelity x
cover).
Climbers & trailers: Glycine tabacina.
Ground cover: Dichanthium sericeum, Bothriochloa biloba, Viola hederacea,
Sporobolus elongatus, Panicum effusum, Lespedeza juncea, Austrodanthonia fulva,
Oxalis perennans, Microlaena stipoides, Hypericum gramineum, Geranium solanderi,
Euchiton sphaericus, Echinopogon ovatus, Cyperus gracilis, Carex inversa, Asperula
conferta, Velleia paradoxa, Panicum simile.
Introduced taxa: Paspalum dilatatum, Cuscuta campestris, Cirsium vulgare,
Ciclospermum leptophyllum, Centaurea melitensis, Verbena bonariensis, Rosa
rubiginosa, Petrorhagia nanteuilii, Lactuca serriola, Conyza sumatrensis, Bidens
pilosa.
Percent of species introduced: 37%
Taxa of conservation importance: Bothriochloa biloba.
Variability: only one site sampled this community and thus natural variation cannot
be described. It is likely to occurrences along cleared powerlines in the more north
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
45
western parts of the reserve will contain a difference composition of dominants and
addition sites would be of benefit.
Notes & conservation status: this community type is of a derived grassland and as
such still falls within the determination of the endangered Box – Gum Woodland on
the TSC Act and the endangered White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum
Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Grasslands of the EPBC Act. This assemblage
should be considered poorly conserved across its range and endangered. Regeneration
in some locations may not be possible due to the presence of overhead powerlines and
also changes in soil chemistry and structure may also impeded natural regeneration in
some locations.
Management considerations: management actions listed for this endangered
community include:
The control of feral animals (rabbits, hares, foxes, pigs) using methods that do
not disturb the native plants and animals,
Excluding firewood harvesting.
Leaving fallen timber on the ground
Encouraging regeneration.
Erection of site markers and information to alert workers of the presence of an
endangered system.
Create and/or enhance connectivity.
Assisted regeneration maybe required at some locations. Monitoring of the population
dynamics of the stands of Bothriochloa biloba may be of benefit, particularly as this
species may be reduced in numbers as regeneration of the overstorey occurs.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
46
Figure 17: Placement of sites within Community 4 at Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
47
Figure 18: Mapped distribution of Community 4.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
48
Plate 6: Photograph of Community 4; above Site 3.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
49
3.5.5 Community 5: White Box – Red Stringybark Woodland
Eucalyptus albens (White Box) – Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (Red Stringybark)
Woodland
Benson et al. (2006): Eucalyptus (Grassy or Shrubby) Woodlands and Forests on Low
Fertility Soils on the Western Slopes (ESWWS)
Keith (2004): ?North-west Slopes Dry Sclerophyll Woodlands
Sample sites (1): 9.
Number of hectares: 1 Proportion of reserve: 0.6%
Environmental relationships: found on a mid-slope on well drained shallow light
brown sandy loam soils.
Distribution within reserve: restricted to a single locality within the centre of the
reserve.
Structure: a woodland.
Tree-layer: 15-20 m tall. 30% cover.
Low shrub layer: 1-3 m tall. 15% cover. Sometimes absent.
Understorey layer: < 1 m tall. 30% cover.
No. of taxa: 49 No. of taxa per plot: 49.
Most common natives: listed in order of decreasing summed cover scores (fidelity x
cover).
Trees: Eucalytpus albens, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Brachychiton populneus.
Shrubs: Bursaria spinosa.
Climbers & trailers: Jasminum lineare, Desmodium varians, Eustrephus latifolius.
Ground cover: Eremophila debilis, Dichondra sp. A, Dichelachne micrantha,
Desmodium brachypodum, Cymbopogon refractus, Chloris truncata, Austrodanthonia
monticola, Wahlenbergia stricta, Vittadinia cuneata, Swainsona swainsonioides,
Sporobolus creber, Rostellularia adscendens, Panicum simile, Microlaena stipoides,
Lomandra multiflora, Lagenifera stipitata, Glossogyne tannensis, Euchiton
sphaericus, Cyperus gracilis, Carex inversa, Calotis lappulacea, Austrodanthonia
racemosa, Veronica calycina, Sida cunninghamii, Senecio quadridentatus, Lomandra
filiformis, Lespedeza juncea, Daucus glochidiatus, Cynoglossum australe, Crassula
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
50
sieberiana, Chamaesyce dallachyana, Brachyscome heterodonta, Bothriochloa
macra, Austrostipa scabra.
Introduced taxa: Opuntia stricta, Solanum nigrum, Conyza bonariensis, Cirsium
vulgare, Bidens subalternans, Bidens pilosa, Verbascum thapsus, Lactuca serriola.
Percent of species introduced: 16%
Taxa of conservation importance: none apparent.
Variability: only one site sampled this assemblage and its distribution is highly
limited so no variability can be described.
Notes & conservation status: Eucalyptus macrorhyncha primarily on the slopes and
drier parts of the lower tablelands with an annual rainfall of 600 mm on soils of low
fertility. At lower altitudes Eucalyptus macrorhyncha will often restrict itself to
eastern or more protected slopes. This community occurs on soils that are unlike other
areas within the reserve and are sandier and primarily a loam rather than clays. This
change in soil has allowed the minor occurrence of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha but as
the description above discusses this has occurred along a protected gully. The
combination of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha and Eucalyptus albens is not a common
one and this community should be considered more of a transition assemblage. Should
be considered an unusual and infrequent assemblage that is rare in the landscape but
probably should not be considered threatened. Within the context of the reserve this
highly restricted assemblage in a very small area is of conservation significance and
should be protected in order to maintain overall landscape diversity within the reserve.
This assemblage was the most highly discordant in terms of its floristics and a number
of taxa were not found elsewhere within the reserve.
Management considerations: appropriate fire regimes will be of importance.
Protection and monitoring of the site may be required.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
51
Figure 19: Placement of sites within Community 5 at Barayamal National Park.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
52
Figure 20: Mapped distribution of Community 5.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
53
Plate 7: Photograph of Community 1; above Site 10.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
54
3.6 Structural information
Only three trees of the 147 measured were found to contain hollows, this
approximates to 2%. In terms of actually counts of tree density Eucalyptus albens was
far the most common tree within Barayamal National Park (Table 22) however the
average DBH was only 30 cm. Very few trees reached any great size with 78% of all
measured being less than 40 cm DBH (Figure 24). Although width varies depending
on the variability of the seasons and a direct correlation between width and age is not
always apparent, this age can be deduced by comparison with widths from other
nearby areas and by age related functional attributes such as hollows. Few old trees
remain within the reserve.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
55
Figure 21: The distribution of the 147 trees measured for their DBH (minimum DBH
10 cm).
Figure 22: The average diameter of trees measured. Please reference the number of
trees of each type measured above.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
56
Figure 23: Distribution of measured trees in each 10 cm diameter class. Note 78% of
meared trees were below 40 cm DBH.
Table 3: Diameter and number of hollows in trees measured in plots. (ca. 2% of
measured trees had hollows).
Taxon
Diameter at Breast Height
No. of Visible Hollows
Angophora floribunda
72
1
Eucalyptus albens
72
1
Eucalyptus viminalis
60
2
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
57
3.7 Reservation status of communities and comparison with other
studies
Communities 1, 2, 3 and 4 would all fall within the determination of Box – Gum
Woodland on the TSC Act and White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum
Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Grasslands of the EPBC Act with Community
5 being considered of local importance. Thus all communities are of conservation
significance.
Table 4: Summary of reservation status of communities.
Floristic Community
Reservation Status
C1: Eucalyptus blakelyi –
Eucalyptus melliodora
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C2: Eucalyptus viminalis –
Eucalyptus rubida –
Angophora floribunda
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C3: Eucalyptus albens –
Eucalyptus melliodora
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C4: Dichanthium sericeum –
Bothriochloa biloba
Endangered on the TSC and EPBC Acts.
C5: Eucalyptus albens –
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
Unusual variant, rare in the landscape and rare
within the reserve.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
58
3.8 Fire responses of individual taxa
The following represents a review of the current knowledge of the fire responses of selected taxa found within the conservation areas.
Table 5: Known fire responses and traits of taxa found in Barayamal National Park. NPFR refers to National Fire Register. Fire responses are
based on published information, some of which is contradictory. Possible reasons for these contradictions are in the discussion.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Abutilon
oxycarpum
Resprouter
Fire
stimulates
recruitment
2-4
4-10
Killed by fire. Annual
pioneer species.
Mallick et al.
(1997), Williams
(1998).
Acacia
baileyana
Seed
Quick growing. Ant
dispersed.
3
20-30
Killed by high
intensity fire. Flowers
w/i 2.5yrs of high
intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1996)
Acacia deanei
Obligate
Seeder
Seed
Killed by high
intensity crown fire
with high after fire
germination from seed
bank at Tinkrameanah.
Pers. Obs.
Acacia decora
Obligate
Seeder
Seed
2-4
Williams (1998).
Acacia filicifolia
Resprouter
Soil stored
seedbank
Seed
Will germinate after
fires
2-4
Probably resprouts
from root suckers
Benson &
McDougall
(1996).
Acacia fimbriata
Resprouter
Optimum: 70
degrees C.,
10-200min -
80%
Seed
2-4
Floyd (1976).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
59
germination.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Acacia implexa
Resprouter
Reproduction
by sexual
means,
reproducing
by seed
propagation
between 1-5
years.
Seed
Dispersed by
expulsion
2-4
5-30
Stems killed, resprout
from base or root
suckers. Prominent in
soil seedbank in gaps.
Present throughout
gaps in unburnt Rf
communities. Root bud
suckers. 20-60% stems
killed low intensity fire
all killed by high. No
protected vegetative
buds.
Benson &
McDougall
(1996), Melick
& Ashton
(1991), Clarke
(1989), Morrison
& Renwick
(2000).
Acaena novae-
zelandiae
Resprouter
Fruit
Dispersed by
attachment to
animal fur, clothing
etc
First recorded 3m after
fire in wet forest, 4m
after fire in grassy
forest. Regeneration
greater 16-24m than 0-
16m after fire.
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987), Benson
& McDougall
(2000).
Acaena ovina
Fruit
Dispersed by
attachment to
animal fur, clothing
etc
Benson &
McDougall
(2000).
Ajuga australis
Resprouter
Fruit
(indehiscent 1
seeded)
Erect flowering
stems become
horizontal at
maturity, allowing
short distance
gravity dispersal of
se
Grows rapidly after
fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1997),
Lazarides &
Hince (1993).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
60
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Amyema
pendulum
Obligate
Seeder
Food plant (crimson
rosella, brushtail &
ringtail possums,
koala, blue
butterfly), Host
plant (beetle)
Killed by canopy
scorch/ high intensity
fire.
Reid (1997),
NPFR, Mallick
et al (1997).
Amyema
quandang
Obligate
Seeder
Anagallis
arvensis
Resprouter
1-2
Probably killed.
Benson &
McDougall
(1999).
Angophora
floribunda
Resprouter
No dormancy
mechanism,
germinates
without
special
treatment.
Growth rate
slow.
Coloniser,
open sites
Seed
No special
morphology.
Probably wind-
dispersed locally i.e.
20m.
5-8
100+
Resprouts from
epicormic shoots.
Prolific stem suckering
at Tinkrameanah.
Benson &
McDougall
(1998), Clarke
(1989).
Aristida caput-
medusae
Variable
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive fruit,
animal dispersed.
Killed by high
intensity crown fire at
Tinkrameanah.
Pers. Obs.
Aristida
jerichoensis
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive fruit,
animal dispersed.
Suggestion that
prescribed burning
may encourage less
desirable and more fire
tolerant grasses like A.
jerichoensis
Gill (1981),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Aristida ramosa
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
Adhesive fruit,
Facultative root
Purdie & Slatyer
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
61
indehiscent 1
seeded)
animal dispersed.
resprouter - fire
resistant decreaser.
(1976).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Arthropodium
milleflorum
Resprouter
First recorded 1m after
fire in grassy & wet
forests. Cover value
similar in areas burnt
by high & low
intensity fires.
Dickson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987).
Asperula
conferta
Resprouter
Fruit
No particular
mechanism for
dispersal.
Rhizomatous
vegetative spread.
1-2
Lunt (1990),
Benson &
McDougall
(2000).
Austrodanthonia
fulva
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, animal
dispersed & wind
dispersed.
Austrodanthonia
monticola
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, animal
dispersed & wind
dispersed.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Austrodanthonia
racemosa
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, animal
dispersed & wind
dispersed.
Austrostipa
scabra
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, animal
dispersed.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Bidens pilosa
Resprouter
Diaspore: fruit,
animal dispersed
(e.g. on human
clothing).
18wks
1yr
Probably killed,
vigorous recruitment
from seed after high-
intensity fire, most
likely from soil-stored
seed. Mature fruit
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
62
within 18wks of high
intensity fire.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Bidens
subalternans
Resprouter
Boerhavia
dominii
Obligate
Seeder
1-2
Williams (1998).
Bothriochloa
biloba
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, by
animals. Wind &
mud on cars.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Bothriochloa
bladhii
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, by
animals. Wind &
mud on cars.
Bothriochloa
macra
Resprouter
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive, by
animals. Wind &
mud on cars.
Flowers when
competition from other
vegetation is removed
by burning , grazing or
mowing.
Lunt (1990),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Brachychiton
populneus
Resprouter
4-9
Williams (1998).
Brachyloma
daphnoides
Resprouter
Within 1 yr of fire
1 yr
From ground level or
below
Fox (1988),
Hunter (1991),
Benson &
McDougall
(1995).
Brachyscome
heterodonta
Resprouter
Lunt (1991).
Bromus
diandrus
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit (Dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Diaspore adhesive,
animal, wind &
water dispersed.
<1
<1
Some flowering 41
weeks after high
intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Brunoniella
australis
Resprouter
< 1yr
At ground level,
flower within 1 month
Benson &
McDougall
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
63
of fire, probably fire
dependent on removal
from competition
(1993).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Bursaria
spinosa
Resprouter
3-5
Williams (1998).
Callitris
endlicheri
Obligate
Seeder
No soil-stored
seedbank.
100%
mortality
when stem cut
at ground
level.
Winged seed
Probably no
dormancy
mechanism.
3-7
100% scorch will kill.
Killed by fire (100%
scorch).
Benson &
McDougall
(1993).
Callitris
glaucophylla
Obligate
Seeder
Calotis
cuneifolia
Obligate
Seeder
Probably killed
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Calotis dentex
Obligate
Seeder
Carex
breviculmis
Resprouter
First recorded 1m after
fire in grassy forest.
Fluctuating
regeneration response.
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987).
Carex inversa
Resprouter
Lunt (1990).
Cassinia uncata
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit
(plumose)
Probably wind-
dispersed.
Centaurea
melitensis
Obligate
Seeder
Centaurea
solstitialis
Obligate
Seeder
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
64
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Chamaesyce
dallachyana
Obligate
Seeder
Diaspore: seed.
Chamaesyce
drummondii
Obligate
Seeder
Cheilanthes
distans
Resprouter
Spores
Wind dispersed.
Probably no
dormancy
mechanism.
1-2
Facultative resprouter.
NPFR, Williams
(1998).
Cheilanthes
sieberi
Resprouter
Spores
Wind-dispersed.
Probably no
dormancy
mechanism.
1-2
Facultative resprouter.
NPFR, Benson
& McDougall
(1993).
Chloris truncata
Resprouter
Viability
decreases 12-
30 m in
storage. Total
germination in
36 days. 30-
40%
germination
of wild seed.
Light assists
germination.
Seed (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Wind, adhesion to
animals & mud on
cars.
1
2-3
Flowers
opportunistically in
response to rain.
Lunt (1990),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Chrysocephalum
apiculatum
Variable
Germination
promoted by
light, strong
after ripening
requirement
(dormancy).
Dormancy broken
by high temperature
but not cold-
stratification or
gibberellic acid.
Resprouter. Minor
Obligate seeder
regeneration. 100%
scorch kills. Soil
stored seed.
Lunt (1990),
Lunt (1994),
NPFR.
Chrysocephalum
semipapposum
Resprouter
1
Resprouts from
rootstock suckers and
Purdie & Slatyer
(1976), Purdie
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
65
lateral roots, no
seedlings 1 yr after fire
(1977), NPFR.
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Ciclospermum
leptophyllum
Obligate
Seeder
1
Williams (1998).
Cirsium vulgare
Obligate
Seeder
Seedlings in
burnt and
unburnt sites
1yr after fire.
Appears after
disturbance,
probably soil-
stored
Seed dispersed by
wind. Diaspore:
fruit, wind-
dispersed. Also
animal and water
dispersed.
1
2
Post burn seed
coloniser. Obligate
seed regenerator -
therophyte. Possibly
resprouted after high
intensity fire, flower
buds within 26 wks.
Seedlings recorded
<1yr after fire, prob.
post-fire dispersal
Floyd (1966),
Purdie & Slatyer
(1976),
Chesterfield et
al. (1991),
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987), Bill
(1981), NPFR,
Purdie (1977).
Clematis
glycinoides
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit (achene)
Clematis
microphylla
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit (achene)
Wind dispersed.
Benson &
McDougall
(2000).
Commelina
cyanea
Resprouter
Reproduction
both sexual
and vegetative
means,
reproducing
by seed
propagation in
first year.
Seeds dispersed by
expulsion.
1-2
<5
Obligate seeder and
basal resprouter.
Survives 100% leaf
scorch.
NPFR, Williams
(1998).
Convolvulus
erubescens
Variable
1
Resprouter with minor
regeneration from seed
Lunt (1990).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
66
after autumn fire.
Seedlings did not
produce flowers within
9m of intense autumn
fire.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Conyza
bonariensis
Obligate
seeder
Coloniser of
disturbed
sites.
Diaspore: fruit,
wind-dispersed
locally and probably
long distance.
<1
1
100% scorch kills - no
seed stored in burnt
area. Probably killed,
fruit within 15wks of
high intensity fire.
Possibly resprouts
after low intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Conyza
sumatrensis
Obligate
Seeder
Diaspore: fruit.
Wind-dispersed
locally & wide-
spread, readily
colonising disturbed
sites.
<1
1-2
Killed. Seedlings
recorded <1yr after
fire, probably
recruiting from wind-
blown seed.
Purdie (1977),
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Crassula
sieberiana
Obligate
Seeder
Seedlings in
burnt and
unburnt areas
1yr after fire.
Diaspore: seed,
mobile. Growing in
winter.
< 1yr
Probably killed,
seedlings recorded
<1yr after fire,
flowering within 7m
after high intensity
fire.
Purdie (1977),
NPFR, Purdie
(1977), Benson
& McDougall
(1995).
Crataegus
monogyna
Diaspore: fruit.
Adapted for
dispersal by
ingestion, bird and
mammal dispersed.
Cryptandra
amara
Resprouter
Diaspore: seed with
food body ant-
3-5
Stems killed, resprouts
from base.
Benson &
McDougall
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
67
adapted for
dispersal.
(2000).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Cymbonotus
lawsonianus
Resprouter
Cymbopogon
refractus
Variable
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Diaspore adhesive ,
animal dispersed &
wind.
1
<1
Fruiting within 7 m of
high intensity fire.
Killed by high
intensity crown fire
and germination from
seed at Tinkrameanah.
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005), Pers.
Obs.
Cynodon
dactylon
Resprouter
Reproduction
sexual and
vegetative.
Reproducing
by seed
propagation
between 1-
5yrs.
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Dispersed by wind
& mud on cars,
animal, water &
vegetatively.
1
Indefinite
Clarke (1989),
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Cynoglossum
australe
Resprouter
Fruit
(mericarp)
Seedling
recruitment possibly
related to soil
disturbance. Seeds
dispersed by
animals.
1
<5
Clarke (1989),
Williams (1998).
Cyperus fulvus
Resprouter
Survives 100% scorch
- basal sprouts.
NPFR.
Cyperus gracilis
Obligate
Seeder
Daucus carota
2
Daucus
glochidiatus
Obligate
Seeder
<1 yr
Seedlings recorded <
1yr after fire
Benson &
McDougall
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
68
(1993), Purdie &
Slayter (1976),
Purdie (1977),
NPFR.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Desmodium
brachypodum
Resprouter
Soil stored
seedbank
pers. obs.
Desmodium
varians
Variable
Probably soil-
stored
seedbank.
Diaspore: 1-seeded
segments, shed at
maturity. Adhesive.
1-2
<1 yr
Flowering within 11
wks of high intensity
fire. Resprouted.
Killed by high
intensity crown fire at
Tinkrameanah.
Lunt (1990),
NPFR, Benson
& McDougall
(1996).
Dianella
longifolia
Resprouter
Fruit (Blue
Berry)
Vertebrates
2-3
Roche et al.
(1997), NPFR.
Dianella
revoluta
Resprouter
Germination
takes approx.
2 yrs. Seeds
should be
smoked for 1
hr. Viability
of fresh seed
80%.
Fruit (Blue
Berry)
Vertebrates
2-3
2
Resprouter from
rhizome after high
intensity crown fire at
Tinkrameanah.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Dichanthium
sericeum
Resprouter
Seed
dormancy up
to 60%.
Optimum
germination
20-30C, 50-
80% for seed
6-12 m old.
Substantially
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
3-4
Seed matures
intermittently. Rapid
recruitment in wet
warm conditions.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
69
reduced after
4-5 years.
Total germ.16
days.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Dichelachne
micrantha
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
1
NPFR, Williams
(1998), Benson
& McDougall
(2005).
Dichondra
repens
Variable
Reproduction
both sexual
and vegetative
means.
Reproducing
by seed
propagation in
the first year.
Stolons. Diaspore:
seed, no special
dispersal
morphology.
Dispersed in mud
on cars.
1
<5
Resprouter (7091),
Obligate Seeder
(NPFR). Did not
flower within 9m of
intense autumn fire.
Probably resprouts
from stolons.
Lunt (1990),
NPFR, Benson
& McDougall
(1995), Clarke
(1989).
Dichondra sp. A
Resprouter
1
Dichopogon
fimbriatus
Resprouter
Digitaria
breviglumis
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Found resprouting at
Tinkrameanah after
crown fire.
Pers. Obs.
Digitaria
brownii
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Diaspore adhesive,
animal dispersed.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Dodonaea
viscosa
Obligate
Seeder
100% scorch kills.
NPFR.
Echinopogon
ovatus
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Diaspore adhesive,
animal dispersed.
Survive 100% scorch.
Root suckers.
NPFR, Benson
& McDougall
(2005).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
70
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Einadia hastata
Obligate
Seeder
1
Williams (1998).
Einadia nutans
Obligate
Seeder
Epilobium
billardierianum
Variable
<3m
Obligate seeder
(NPFR-P). Resprouted
after high intensity fire
(P.Kubiak pers.comm)
NPFR, Benson
& McDougall
(1999).
Eragrostis
leptostachya
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Flowering within 2 m
of high intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Eremophila
debilis
Resprouter
Fruit
Resprouter from thick
root stocks.
Benson &
McDougall
(1997).
Eucalyptus
albens
Resprouter
No dormancy.
Seed
Dispersed locally by
wind or gravity.
4-7
100+
Williams (1998).
Eucalyptus
blakelyi
Resprouter
No dormancy.
Seed
Dispersed locally by
wind and gravity.
No dormancy
mechanism.
4-7
100+
Seedlings - remarkable
tolerance to being
burnt. Resprouts from
epicormic buds. Two-
year cycle of
reproduction &
replacement of foliage
or variable.
Leigh & Holgate
(1979), Gill
(1997), Benson
& McDougall
(1998).
Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha
Resprouter
Lignotubers
developed in
seedlings 9-12
weeks old in
greenhouse
conditions.
Seed
Dispersed locally by
wind or gravity. No
dormancy
mechanism.
100+
Regrows from
surviving rootstocks,
seedlings recorded
<1yr after fire.
Purdie (1977),
Benson &
McDougall
(1998).
Eucalyptus
Resprouter
No dormancy.
Seed
Dispersed locally.
5-9
100+
Seedlings remarkable
Gill (1997),
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
71
melliodora
tolerance for being
burnt.
Leigh & Holgate
(1979).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Eucalyptus
rubida
Resprouter
No dormancy.
Seed
Dispersed locally by
wind or gravity. No
dormancy
mechanism.
Euchiton
sphaericus
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit
Coloniser.
<1
1-2
Probably killed by fire
NPFR, Benson
& McDougall
(1994).
Eulalia aurea
Resprouter
Eustrephus
latifolius
Resprouter
Seed
Bird dispersed.
3-5
3 m
Facultative resprouter.
NPFR, Williams
(1998), Benson
& McDougall
(2005).
Exocarpos
cupressiformis
Resprouter
Hard seed is
difficult to
germinate.
Fruit.
Limited root
suckering. Hemi-
parasite on roots of
other plants,
commonly eucalypts
but also other
species.
5-9
Indefinite.
Facultative resprouter.
Fire resistant increaser.
Survives 100% scorch
by root suckers and
basal sprouts.
Resprouts with
numerous suckers
from lateral roots and
from rootstock.
Seedlings recorded
<1y after fire.
NPFR; Benson
& McDougall
(2001).
Fimbristylis
dichotoma
Resprouter
Resprouter.
Benwell (1998).
Galium migrans
Obligate
Seeder
Geranium molle
?Seed
<2
Weed of lawns,
cultivated areas, waste
Muenster (1936).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
72
places.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Geranium
solanderi
Obligate
Seeder
1-2
Williams (1998).
Glossogyne
tannensis
Resprouter
Probably resprouts
from ground level after
low intensity fires:
pers obs
Glycine
clandestina
Resprouter
Rare in non-
heated soil.
Seed viability
100%, non-
dormant
fraction 4%.
Soil stored seed.
Diaspore: hard-
coated seed. No
particular
morphology for
dispersal.
1-3
<5
pers.obs. Has
persistent root stock.
Probably resprouts.
Regeneration from
seed in soil (Clarke).
Floyd (1966),
Auld &
O'Connell
(1991), Jarrett &
Petrie (1929),
NPFR. Benson
& McDougall
(1996), Clarke
(1989).
Glycine
microphylla
Resprouter
Glycine
tabacina
Resprouter
Soil-stored
seedbank.
No particular
mechanism for
dispersal.
1-3
pers.obs. Resprouter
from basal sprouts.
Survives 100% scorch.
Probably resprouts
from above ground
level (taxon B).
Stewart (1996),
NPFR. Benson
& McDougall
(1996).
Goodenia
hederacea
Variable
Mucilaginous
rim may be
mechanism
for absorbing
water to
secure
germination.
Diaspore: seed, no
particular
mechanism for
dispersal.
1
Regrowth and suckers
from rootstocks and
lateral roots, but fire
appeared to retard
vegetative
multiplication.
Seedlings recorded
Purdie (1977),
Benson &
McDougall
(1997), Pers.
Obs.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
73
<1yr after fire.
Resprouting plants
reached maturity in
about 2 yrs. Killed by
high intensity crown
fire at Tinkrameanah.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Haloragis
heterophylla
Resprouter
No particular
mechanism for
dispersal.
1
Multiplied vegetatively
after autumn fire.
Probably killed (7114).
Lunt (1990),
Benson &
McDougall
(1997), Benson
& McDougall
(1997).
Heliotropium
europaeum
Fruit
(mericarp)
Spring and summer
growing annual.
<1
1
Hibbertia
obtusifolia
Variable
Within 1yr
after fire
(7020).
Seed
Seedlings within 1
yr
1-2
Resprout from suckers
of roots and lateral
root stock. Soil
seedbank. Fire
resistant increaser.
Resprout from high
intensity fire at
Tinkrameanah.
Benson &
McDougall
(1995), Fox &
Fox (1986),
Purdie & Slayter
(1976), Siddiqi
et al. (1976),
Purdie (1977),
Benwell (1998),
NPFR.
Hydrocotyle
laxiflora
Obligate
Seeder
1
NPFR, Williams
(1998).
Hyparrhenia
hirta
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Wind & vehicles.
Encouraged by regular
burning.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Hypericum
gramineum
Resprouter
Will recruit
heavily after
Seed
Probably wind-
dispersed.
1-2
1 yr
5-20
Will fruit within 3m
after high intensity
Benson &
McDougall
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
74
fire
fire. Facultative root
resprouter. Fire
resistant decreaser.
Also obligate seeder.
(1995), Lunt
(1990), Purdie &
SLatyer (1976),
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987), NPFR,
Benson &
McDougall
(1995).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Hypericum
japonicum
Resprouter
Hypericum
perforatum
Resprouter
Autumn,
winter or
spring.
Germination
following
after-ripening
period, 4-6m.
Max.
germination at
12m
Fruit
Adheres to animals.
Wind-dispersed
along roadside.
Water-dispersed.
2
Resprouted from base
after high intensity
fire, flowering and
fruiting within 1yr.
Resprouted after low
intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1995).
Hypochaeris
radicata
Variable
Decreased
after burning.
Seedlings up
within 1yr of
fire.
Seed
Dispersed by wind.
<5
Obligate seeder -
minor regeneration.
Post burn seed
coloniser. Facultative
root resprouter. Fire
resistant decreaser.
Killed by high
intensity crown fire
and recovery by seed
germination at
Lunt (1990),
Hamilton et al.
(1991), Purdie &
Slatyer (1976),
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987), Purdie
(1977), NPFR,
Clarke (1989),
Pers. Obs.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
75
Tinkrameanah.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Imperata
cylindrica
Resprouter
No
germination
after
application of
smoke for 1
hr. May
become
dormant after
low intensity
fire.
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Wind.
1
<1
Indefinite
Survives 100% scorch
- root suckers. Absent
from infrequently
burnt sites. Stimulated
by fire. Flowers
prolifically within
weeks of burning. Can
be eliminated by
regular mowing.
Benson &
McDougall
(1993),
Nieuwenhuis
(1987), Gill
(1981), NPFR,
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Indigofera
adesmiifolia
Obligate
Seeder
Seed
Hard-coated? No
particular
mechanism for
dispersal.
2-3
Williams (1998).
Indigofera
brevidens
Obligate
Seeder
Jasminum
lineare
Resprouter
Lagenifera
stipitata
Resprouter
Fruit
No special dispersal
morphology.
< 1yr
Stems killed, resprouts
from ground level,
flowers 9 wks after
high intensity fire and
12 wks fruiting. Seeds
shed within 12 weeks
of high intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1994), NPFR,
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Leptorhynchos
squamatus
Variable
Resprouter. Obligate
Seeder: minor
regeneration - most
vegetative.
Lunt (1990).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
76
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Lespedeza
juncea
Resprouter
Stimulated by
fire
<1 yr
Benson &
McDougall
(1996).
Leucochrysum
albicans
Diaspore:
fruit, wind
dispersed.
Lomandra
confertifolia
Resprouter
Seed
Lomandra
filiformis
Resprouter
Seed
2-3
Obligate Seeder
(NPFR-E). Facultative
and obligate
resprouter. Rhizome.
Soil seedbank. Fire
resistant increaser.
Fox & Fox
(1986), Purdie &
Slatyer (1976),
Purdie (1977),
Bradstock et al.
(1997), NPFR.
Lomandra
longifolia
Resprouter
Reproduction
sexual,
reproducing
by seed
propagation
between 1-5
yrs.
Seed
Ant adapted
elaiosome.
2-3
1
5-30
Obligate Seeder (E).
Facultative and
obligate resprouter.
Clonal decreaser.
Survives 100% scorch
- root suckers. Fire
resistant increaser.
Clonal decreaser.
Hamilton et al.
(1991), Fox et al.
(1979), Leigh &
Holgate (1979),
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987), Purdie
(1977), Benwell
(1998), NPFR,
Clarke (1989),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Lomandra
multiflora
Resprouter
Seed viability
96%. Smoke
increases
germination.
Seed
Ant adapted
elaiosome.
2yrs
1
Facultative and
obligate resprouter.
Fire resistant increaser.
Obligate root
Nieuwenhuis
(1987), Purdie &
Slatyer (1976),
Purdie (1977),
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
77
resprouter. veg.
regeneration. Absent
from infrequently
burnt sites.
Roche et al.
(1997), NPFR,
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Maclura
pomifera
Seed
Medicago
polymorpha
Obligate
Seeder
Mentha
diemenica
Obligate
Seeder
Mentha
satureioides
Resprouter
Diaspore: seed. No
particular
morphology for
dispersal.
1
Probably resprouts
from rhizome.
Benson &
McDougall
(1997).
Microlaena
stipoides
Resprouter
Total
germination
25 days. Little
dormancy.
Germination
slow if if
under 10C
and develop
slowly.
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded).
No particular
mechanism for
dispersal.
1
<1
Flowers at anytime of
the year.
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Notelaea
microcarpa
Resprouter
3-6
Williams (1998).
Opuntia stricta
Resprouter
Germinate at
any time,
bristled seeds
vulnerable in
exposed
Seed
Vegetative. Stem
fragments dispersed
by animals, water,
wind. Seeds bird-
dispersed.
3
Williams (1998).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
78
situations.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Oxalis
perennans
Variable.
Resprouter. Minor
Obligate seeder.
Seedlings not flowered
within 9m of autumn
fire.
Lunt (1990).
Panicum
effusum
Resprouter
Inflorescence
Wind dispersed. In
mud on cars.
Coloniser of
disturbed sites.
1
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Panicum simile
Resprouter
Inflorescence
<1
Fruit within 4 m of
high intensity fire.
Resprouting after
crown fire at
Tinkrameanah.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Paspalum
dilatatum
Resprouter
Inflorescence
Adhesive for
dispersal. In mud on
cars.
<1
Indefinite
Fruit within 4 m of
high intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Pavonia hastata
Resprouter
2-3
Williams (1998).
Petrorhagia
nanteuilii
Obligate
Seeder
Seed
No particular
dispersal
morphology.
Dispersed in mud
on cars.
<1
1
Probably killed.
Benson &
McDougall
(1995).
Phyllanthus
virgatus
Variable
From soil
stored
seedbank
Seed
Explosive
<1 yr
< 1yr
Will resprout and
flower within 6 m of
fire. Killed by crown
fire & germination
from seed at
Tinkrameanah.
pers. obs.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
79
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Pimelea
curviflora
Seeder
Killed by high
intensity crown fire,
seed germination
afterwards at
Tinkrameanah.
Pers. Obs.
Pimelea linifolia
Resprouter
2-3
Williams (1998).
Pimelea neo-
anglica
Resprouter
2-4
Williams (1998).
Plantago debilis
Resprouter
1-2
Williams (1998).
Plantago
lanceolata
Resprouter
Obligate resprouter
(CH). Seeder?
Regenerative strategy
uncertain (7091).
Lunt (1990),
NPFR.
Plantago varia
Resprouter
Facultative resprouter.
Recorded 1 month
after fire in grassy
forest.
NPFR,
Dickinson &
Kirkpatrick
(1987).
Poa sieberiana
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
1-2
Facultative resprouter.
No mortality when
grazed and burnt.
Lunt (1990),
Leigh & Holgate
(1979), Keith
(1996), NPFR.
Polygala
japonica
Possibly resprouts.
Benson &
McDougall
(1999).
Poranthera
microphylla
Obligate
Seeder
Readily after
fire from soil
stored
seedbank
Within 5 m of fire.
Diaspore: seed.
Both ballistic & ant-
adapted dispersal
mech. Coloniser.
< 1yr
1
(Will have an initial
flush after fire which is
reduced soon after:
pers. obs.) Flowers
profusely after high
intensity fire. Killed.
Benson &
McDougall
(1995), Purdie &
Slatyer (1976),
Bradfield (1981),
NPFR, Fox
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
80
Seedlings recorded
<1yr after fire.
(1988), Purdie
(1977).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Pultenaea
microphylla
Seed
Ranunculus
lappaceus
Resprouter
Fruit (achene)
Morphology for
dispersal by
adhesion.
1-2
Benson &
McDougall
(2000).
Rhodanthe
anthemoides
Obligate
Seeder
1-2
Williams (1998).
Rosa rubiginosa
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit (fleshy
Red)
Bird dispersed.
Coloniser of
previously cleared
land.
Benson &
McDougall
(2000).
Rostellularia
adscendens
Obligate
Seeder
1
Williams (1998).
Rubus fruticosus
Obligate
Seeder
Infructescence
Rubus
parvifolius
Resprouter
Infructescence
Attractive fleshy
edible fruits,
vertebrate adapted
dispersal.
Vegetative spread.
2-3
Indef.
Probably resprouts.
Benson &
McDougall
(2000).
Rumex brownii
Resprouter
<5m
Resprouted after high
intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1999).
Scleria
mackaviensis
Obligate
Seeder
Senecio
diaschides
Obligate
Seeder
Many after
fire
Fruit (achene)
Wind-dispersed.
Killed, many seedlings
after fire. Seedlings
grow vigorously after
fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1994), NPFR,
Benson &
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
81
McDougall
(1994).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Senecio
quadridentatus
Obligate
Seeder
Germination
fire related.
Germination
95%.
Fruit (achene)
Probably wind-
dispersed.
Recruitment fire-
related.
< 1yr
1-2
Killed, recruitment fire
related. Therophyte.
Seedlings recorded
<1yr after fire.
Harden (1992),
Benson &
McDougall
(1994), Purdie &
Slatyer (1976),
Purdie (1977),
Gill (1981),
NPFR.
Sida corrugata
Obligate
Seeder
Silybum
marianum
Obligate
Seeder
Solanum nigrum
Obligate
Seeder
1-2
Williams (1998).
Sonchus
oleraceus
Obligate
Seeder.
Seeds dispersed by
wind.
1
1-2
Lunt (1990),
Clarke (1989).
Sorghum
leiocladum
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
1
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Sporobolus
creber
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
No particular
morphology for
dispersal.
1
<1
Flowering within 4 m
of high intensity fire.
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Sporobolus
elongatus
Resprouter
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
No particular
morphology for
dispersal.
1
Williams (1998),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Stackhousia
Variable
1-2
Obligate Seeder (CH,
Lunt (1990),
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
82
monogyna
BU). Facultative
resprouter (W, WO,
E?). 100% scorch kills
- soil seed storage.
NPFR, Williams
(1998).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Swainsona
galegifolia
Obligate
Seeder
1-2
Williams.
Swainsona
swainsonioides
Obligate
Seeder
Taraxacum
officinale
Fruit (achene)
Wind-dispersed
many kilometres.
Probably resprouted.
Flowering within 11
wks and fruiting within
25 wks of high
intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1994).
Themeda
triandra
Resprouter
Primary
dormancy
usually breaks
slowly with
storage up to
12 m or more.
To break
dormancy,
seeds need
cold 4C for at
least 1 month.
Total
germination
100 days.
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Dispersal by
adhesion, also by
gravity. Coloniser of
bare clay banks &
slopes.
1
1
Indefinite
Non-clonal decreaser.
Soil seedbank.
Survives 100% scorch
- root suckers. Flowers
in response to rain &
temperature. Flowers
c. 12 after high
intensity fire.
Benson &
McDougall
(1994), Rowley
& Brooker
(1987), Lunt
(1990), NPFR,
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Thesium
australe
Obligate
Seeder
Very erratic in
wild.
Facilitated by:
24 hour
Fruit.
Hemi-parasitic on
roots of other plants.
Seed can remain
dormant > 12
1-3
2-3 or <
2y.
Probably killed by fire.
Germination
stimulated by fire but
may germinate in
Benson &
McDougall
(2001).
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
83
immersion in
1 M HCl; 2-3
months cold
treatment at 5
degrees C
then 20-25
degrees C;
planting with
Themeda
australis hosts
in 1:1 potting
mix and
natural soil;
not stimulated
by sub-zero
temp.
months. Fire or hot
summers may
stimulate mass
germination; land
use and weather
conditions in
following summer
critical to survival.
Variable growth rate
due to host
health/vigour?
absence of fire.
Favoured by medium-
term absence of fire,
depleted by late-season
burning.
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Trifolium
campestre
Obligate
Seeder
1
<1
Lunt (1990).
Vachellia
farnesiana
Seed
Velleia
paradoxa
Resprouter
Veg. regeneration.
Lunt (1990).
Verbascum
thapsus
Obligate
Seeder
2
Williams (1998).
Verbena
bonariensis
Obligate
Seeder
1
Williams (1998).
Veronica
calycina
Resprouter
1-2
Williams (1998).
Viola
betonicifolia
Resprouter
1
Williams (1998).
Viola hederacea
Variable
Reproduction
Seeds dispersed by
<5
Facultative resprouter
Hamilton et al.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
84
sexual and
vegetative,
reproducing
by seed
propagation in
the first year.
expulsion.
Vegetative dispersal
by landslip.
from rhizomes.
Obligate seeder. 100%
scorch kills - soil
stored seed.
(1991), Bradfield
(1981), Jarrett &
Petrie (1929),
NPFR, Clarke
(1989).
Taxon
Response
Germination
Diaspore
Germ. & Establ.
1 Juv
2 Juv
Longev.
Comments
Refs.
Vittadinia
cuneata
Resprouter
Diaspore: fruit,
wind-dispersed.
Vittadinia
muelleri
Obligate
Seeder
Vulpia
bromoides
Obligate
Seeder
Fruit (dry
indehiscent 1
seeded)
Adhesive for
dispersal. In mud on
cars.
1
<1
<1
Increased 100-fold
after an autumn fire.
Significantly different
mean number of plants
between burnt &
unburnt areas.
Flowering within 10 m
after high intensity
fire.
Lunt (1990),
Benson &
McDougall
(2005).
Wahlenbergia
communis
Obligate
Seeder
Soil-stored
seedbank.
Coloniser.
Diaspore: seed.
Wind-dispersed. No
particular dispersal
morphology.
3-6m
Killed, flowers within
15 wks, flower and
fruit 10 months high
intensity fire
Benson &
McDougall
(1995), NPFR,
Fox (1988),
Benson &
McDougall
(1995).
Wahlenbergia
stricta
Obligate
Seeder
1
100% scorch kills; soil
stored seed.
NPFR.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
85
3.9 Taxa of conservation significance
3.9.1 Bothriochloa biloba S.T.Blake
Taxonomy
Type: Warialda, May 1908, Hadley (holo: BRI; iso: NSW).
Reference: University of Queensland Papers, Department of Biology 2: 27 (1944).
Family: Poaceae.
Affinities: uncertain.
Synonymy: none.
Derivation of name: meaning two parted.
Common name: Bluegrass.
Published conservation status: 3V (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Listed on Schedule 2 as
Vulnerable on the TSC Act, later removed from the Act. Listed as endangered on the
EPBC Act.
Life history
Growth form: a tufted grass to 1 m tall.
Vegetative spread: none.
Longevity: unknown.
Primary juvenile period: seasonal, 1 year.
Flowers: in Summer to early Autumn from January to March.
Fruit/seed: seed.
Dispersal, establishment & growth: achene.
Fire response: unknown but probably resprouts.
Interactions with other organisms: none apparent.
Distribution
Botanical sub-regions: North Coast, Northern Tablelands, North Western Slopes,
Central Western Slopes, North Western Plains and Darling Downs.
General distribution: from Cobar to south east Queensland.
Distribution within Barayamal NP: only found associated with a derived grassland.
Habitat
Habitat: found in a variety of woodlands and grasslands on basaltic hills and in
drainage slopes and also on rich black or red soils.
Altitude: 200-1200 m.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
86
Annual Rainfall: 500-1200 mm.
Abundance: sparse and uncommon and potentially decreasing in size.
Barayamal community: restricted to Community 4.
Substrate: basalt within the reserve but also on black and red soils elsewhere.
Exposure: partially protected.
Management
Population size: unknown but only noted within a single population of approximately
1 ha in size.
Reserved: known from Kings Plains NP, Arakoola NP, Mt Kaputar NP, Kirramingly
NR.
Threats: clearing and grazing across the range of its occurrence.
Management considerations: a targeted search for further populations is warranted.
Works in similar country within the reserve will need a targeted search for this species
prior to commencement.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
87
Figure 24: Location of Bothriochloa biloba population.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
88
3.9.2 Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill
(Vulnerable, TSC & EPBC Act; RoTAP 3V)
Taxonomy
Type: Northern Tablelands: 14.1 km from Wandsworth towards Tingha, K.Hill 2117,
29 Aug 1986 (holo NSW, iso BRI, CANB, PERTH).
Reference: Telopea 4: 240: 1991.
Family: Myrtaceae.
Affinities: Eucalyptus rubida.
Synonymy: Eucalyptus rubida.
Derivation of name: meaning beard-bearing ones, in allusion to the occurrence of the
species in the land of the Beardies.
Common name: Blackbutt Candlebark.
Published conservation status: Vulnerable on the TSC and EPBC Acts and the
RoTAP scale.
Life history
Growth form: a tall tree to 40 m.
Vegetative spread: none.
Longevity: unknown but likely hundreds of years.
Primary juvenile period: unknown.
Flowers: unknown.
Fruit/seed: unknown.
Dispersal, establishment & growth: via seed with no dormancy.
Interactions with other organisms: none apparent.
Distribution
Botanical sub-regions: Northern Tablelands, North Western Slopes, North Coast.
General distribution: from Guyra to Tenterfield and south to the Moonbi Ranges
and between Woolbrook and Nundle.
Distribution within Barayamal NP: known from one historic survey site on the
southern boundary of the reserve.
Habitat
Habitat: usually in woodland with medium to high fertility soils on cold flats and
often associated with E. melliodora, E. viminalis, E. dalrympleana and Angophora
floribunda
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
89
Altitude: 400 to 1200 m.
Annual Rainfall: 600 to 1200 mm.
Abundance: usually in small highly disjunct populations.
Substrate: in grassy woodland on deep, fertile clay loam soils from clays and
metasediments
Exposure: generally on low lying areas which may be exposed, particularly to cold
air drainage.
Management
Population size: unknown, not found during this currents survey.
Reserved: Guy Fawkes NP, Malara NP, Barayamal NP?.
Threats: clearing.
Management considerations: a targeted survey to discover if this sighting is correct
is of high priority.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
90
Figure 25: Location of Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum population.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
91
3.9.3 Indigofera baileyi F.Muell. (Endangered, TSC Act).
Taxonomy
Type: in vicina fluminis Brisbani, Bailey.
Reference: Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 9: 43 (1875).
Family: Fabaceae.
Affinities: none apparent.
Synonymy: none.
Derivation of name: named in honour of the botanist F.M.Bailey.
Common name: Baileys Indigo.
Published conservation status: Endangered on the TSC Act, 3R on the RoTAP
listings.
Life history
Growth form: an upright perennial herb to 0.4 m tall with a woody rootstock and
young hairy stems.
Vegetative spread: none apparent.
Longevity: unknown.
Primary juvenile period: unknown.
Flowers: Spring.
Fruit/seed: Spring to Summer.
Dispersal, establishment & growth: via seed.
Interactions with other organisms: none apparent.
Distribution
Botanical sub-regions: North Coast, Northern Tablelands, North Western Slopes.
General distribution: found primarily in Queensland where it reaches its southern
limit within north eastern New South Wales.
Distribution within Barayamal NP: found in the southern parts of the reserve.
Habitat
Habitat: within open woodlands on granite and basaltic soils.
Altitude: 400-800 m.
Annual Rainfall: unknown.
Abundance: only known from five locations within New South Wales.
Substrate: granite and basalt.
Exposure: generally semi protected locations.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
92
Management
Population size: only a few plants were noticed at each site.
Reserved: Barayamal NP.
Threats: grazing, inappropriate fire regimes, road maintenance, weed spraying.
Management considerations: a targeted search to establish the distribution and
population size will be of importance. Before weed management is undertaken this
species should be searched for, particularly if spraying is being undertaken.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
93
Figure 26: Location of surveyed Indigofera baileyi population.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
94
3.9.4 Picris evae Lack (Vulnerable, EPBC and TSC Acts)
Taxonomy
Type: Australia, Queensland, about 1 km S of Oakey on main road to Toowoomba,
27.xi.1975, T.Stanley & J.Clarkson 66 (holo B)
Reference: Phytologia 42: 210 (1979).
Family: Asteraceae.
Affinities: unknown.
Synonymy: none apparent.
Derivation of name: .
Common name: Hawkweed.
Published conservation status: listed on both the EPBC and TSC Acts as vulnerable.
Life history
Growth form: a soft stemmed annual to 1.3 m tall with most leaves growing at the
base.
Vegetative spread: none.
Longevity: annual.
Primary juvenile period: < 1 yr.
Flowers: Spring to Summer.
Fruit/seed: Summer.
Dispersal, establishment & growth: via achene with pappus.
Interactions with other organisms: none apparent.
Distribution
Botanical sub-regions: Northern Tablelands, North Western Slopes.
General distribution: known from the Inverell area to Tamworth and Dangars Falls.
Distribution within Barayamal NP: found in one site within the reserve. However
likely to be within most parts of the reserve.
Habitat
Habitat: found usually in modified habitats such as along roadsides but commonly
within forest with a Dichanthium understorey or in grasslands and cultivated
paddocks. Soils are generally black to dark grey or red brown clays which are shallow
and stony over basalt.
Altitude: 400 to 900 m.
Annual Rainfall: 500 to 800 mm.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
95
Abundance: generally rare when they have been found.
Substrate: basalt.
Exposure: generally in semi protected locations to full exposure.
Management
Population size: only isolated individuals were seen. Likely may be more abundant if
surveys were carried out earlier in the season.
Reserved: Oxley Wild Rivers NP, Barayamal NP.
Threats: grazing, weeds, spraying for weeds, cropping.
Management considerations: Before weed management is undertaken this species
should be searched for, particularly if spraying is being undertaken.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
96
Figure 27: Location of Picris evae population.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
97
3.9.5 Thesium australe R.Br. (3VCi; TSC Schedule 2)
Taxonomy
Type: New South Wales: Central Coast: Cow pasture plains (Camden), near Port
Jackson, N.S.W., R. Brown s.n., 19 October 1803 (ISO: MEL).
Family: Santalaceae.
Affinities: the genus has c. 245 species in Europe, Africa, Asia and South America
however this is the only representative within Australia.
Synonymy: Linosyris australe (R.Br.) Kuntze.
Derivation of name:
Common name: Toadflax.
Published conservation status: 3ECi (Briggs & Leigh 1988); 3VCi (Briggs & Leigh
1996).
Life history
Growth form: perennial pale green or yellow green parasitic herb to 40 cm tall.
Vegetative spread: No.
Longevity: unknown.
Primary juvenile period: unknown.
Flowers: September to March.
Fruit/seed: September to March.
Dispersal, establishment & growth: dispersal by a dry nut like drupe.
Fire response: known to resprout after fire. Prolific germination associated with fire
or other disturbances (Steve Griffith and Paul Sheringham, pers. obs., pers. comm.).
Interactions with other organisms: parasitic on the roots of grasses. Despite records
to the contrary since 1980 the species is still often recorded as being obligately
parasitic on Themeda triandra (Cohn 1999), however a large number of records are
from communities which do not contain Themeda but do include a number of other
grass species including areas dominated solely by introduced grasses have been noted
from as early as 1980. At localities within the reserve the species was not associated
with Themeda.
Distribution
Botanical sub-regions: North Coast, Central Coast, Northern Tablelands, Southern
Tablelands, North Western Slopes and Central Western Slopes in New South Wales.
Vegetation of Barayamal NP
Dr John T. Hunter (02) 6775 2452
98
Known from Moreton, Darling Downs and Leichhardt in