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The unbearable automaticity of being
Abstract
What was noted by E. J. Langer (1978) remains true today; that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. Langer, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-moment psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and behavior. Three major forms of automatic self-regulation are identified: an automatic effect of perception on action, automatic goal pursuit, and a continual automatic evaluation of one's experience. From the accumulating evidence, the authors conclude that these various nonconscious mental systems perform the lion's share of the self-regulatory burden, beneficently keeping the individual grounded in his or her current environment.
... The current study comprises two experiments that are similar in design and methodology but are grounded in distinct conceptual frameworks. Experiment 1 leveraged the concept that subtle cues can unconsciously influence human actions (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). In this experiment, participants were first exposed to a punishment scenario with a defined probability, which could unconsciously influence their behavior during the subsequent task assessing dishonesty. ...
... Thus, the study's findings provide informative insights into how the probability of punishment, either on its own or in combination with individuals' sensitivity to punishment, shapes varying degrees of dishonesty and other forms of unethical behavior. significance of conscious processing in decisions regarding dishonesty (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Experiment 1 was designed to examine unconscious influences, while Experiment 2 focused on conscious effects. ...
This study conducted two experiments to investigate how punishment probability affects dishonest behavior and how this effect interacts with individual differences in sensitivity to punishment. Experiment 1 employed a public goods game paradigm to elicit participants’ experiences of potential penalties, while Experiment 2 assessed participants’ dishonest decisions, which could potentially lead to punishment. Both experiments systematically manipulated punishment probability (i.e., low, medium, and high) and measured participants’ sensitivity to punishment. Dishonest behavior was classified into two categories based on intensity: low-degree and high-degree. Results showed that high punishment probability decreased high-degree dishonest behavior compared to low probability, while medium probability showed a similar but non-significant trend. For low-degree dishonest behavior, medium punishment probability unexpectedly increased the incidence of dishonesty, and this effect was modulated by individual differences in sensitivity to punishment. Specifically, individuals with high punishment sensitivity exhibited greater behavioral restraint under medium punishment probability compared to those with low sensitivity. The findings underscore the differential impact of punishment probability on reducing dishonest behavior of varying degrees and highlight the significance of sensitivity to punishment in moderating the effectiveness of deterrence strategies.
... Much of the current work cites a seminal paper by Robert Zajonc titled "On the primacy of Affect" (1984) where he argued that affective information processing preceded conscious processing, paving the way for a complete rebuttal of the previous expectations regarding the roles of consciousness and impulses in daily life. Seeing the successful replications of Zajonc's thesis, (Damasio, 1994;Bargh and Chartrand, 1999;Edwards and Von Hippel, 1995;Lodge and Taber, 2000, Spezio and Adolphs, 2007 more academic work was dedicated to the contents of the emotional processes of the brain, as a source of human behavior. Of course, emotions are not the only processes involved in determining behavior, they may be triggered by other mechanisms or work together with more cognitive brain functions such as memory. ...
... Automatic processes, though raising concerns that should not be neglected about free will, or possibility of manipulation and deception, are not as fallible as often depicted, moreover, conscious deliberation remains possible and is encouraged, for instance by anxious states or when expectations are violated, to revise prior dispositions, learn new ones, and provide novel solutions when prior attempts fail or are predicted to fail. (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999;Armony and Ledoux, 1997) However, some external solutions could be implemented to improve social and institutional relations, promote cooperation and deliberation, and fortify the foundations of democracy, given that, however effective and complex cognitive functions may be, there are still visible flaws in human behavior, especially when considering the complexities of current human society, coupled with the increasing distance between individuals, often bridged with fiction that can exacerbate harmful and intolerant narratives, spread of misinformation and polarize attitudes. The next paragraphs will explore some alternatives and their ethical concerns. ...
A large body of literature in political science has tried to determine the factors behind public political behavior and choices, in an effort to predict election results and understand the dynamics behind the relationship between public and candidates in a democracy. This thesis explores the literature regarding the more psychological aspects of political behavior, connecting research from the realms of neuroscience and biology, to behavioral economics and political psychology. Findings from these studies seriously undermine the hypothesis of rationality that has historically been assumed for the electorate, showing that the core of decision making lies less within the field of free will, and more within the grips of determinism. While the hypothesis of free will is not completely rejected, given the complexity of the causal factors behind decision making, an argument is made for the irrationality of the electorate, where irrationality is intended as the opposite of freely, thoughtfully and consciously evaluated behavior and reasoning.
... The theory of affective intelligence identifies how increasing fear causes people to shift from one state of mind to another. The default state of mind as being more reliant on extant convictions and beliefs, a state of mind various labeled as automaticity (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999), motivated reasoning (Kunda, 1990) or closemindedness (Rokeach, 1960). In this state of mind, we are relying on past practices of belief and action, on the bet that today will be much like yesterday. ...
The author revisits the way in which the hazards of his life - growing up in a family
uprooted by Nazism, the choices he made during his studies, and his professional
encounters - have had a major in uence on the direction of his work, both in terms
of its subject matter and its theoretical and empirical approaches.
... By examining actions that are not influenced by biases or conscious intentions, researchers aim to gain insights into the spontaneous and instinctual aspects of human conduct. This exploration of unintentional actions can potentially uncover patterns and general intentions that are shared among individuals, allowing us to better understand the commonalities in human cognition and behavior [1][2][3]. ...
This paper examines the validity of human intention for action, specifically focusing on unintentional actions that are unaffected by bias. Through the observation of a substantial number of individuals, estimated to be over 100, we investigate the power of human actions and their corresponding intentions. Given the underlying similarities in general thought processes and intentions among humans, it becomes possible to establish common patterns by observing a significant sample size. While this research provides observational results indicating a one-second validity of human intentions, it is important to note that these findings have not been scientifically proven. Nevertheless, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse by shedding light on participant expressions and experiences, furthering our understanding of human intentionality and action.
... This concept, dating back to Karl Lashley in 1951, gained prominence in the 1990s through Bargh and colleagues, revealing its impact on social judgment, decision-making, and goal pursuit. Priming operates by activating mental constructs through various stimuli, influencing subsequent behavior consciously or subliminally (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Theoretical models such as Spreading Activation Theory (Collins & Loftus, 1975 Goal-Priming Theory (Bargh et al., 2001), and Embodied Cognition Theory Niedenthal et al., 2005). ...
Numerous studies have been conducted on behavioral priming, which examined that exposure to a specific word can unconsciously influence subsequent behavior, generally described as behavioral priming. Many studies supported the behavioral priming effects and others yield contradictory findings. This study aimed to address previous literature contrasting findings by investigating whether exposure to old age primed words and neutral words would affect participants' walking speed. This study utilized a pre-test post-test true experimental research design, involving 30 participants aged between 18 and 25. The participants were randomly assigned to either the group exposed to words primed with old age associations or the group exposed to neutral-primed words. The study assessed the priming effect by measuring participants' walking speed before and after reading the neutral or priming words. The results revealed no significant effects on behavioral priming of old age and youth-related words. For instance, no statistical difference can be observed in the pre-and post-walk of behavioral priming condition. The study concludes that there is no priming effect in university students regarding their walking speed after exposure to prime and neutral words. As these findings were conducted on a small sample, further studies with different methodologies are needed to conduct and examine the priming effect on behavior.
... Cognitive Psychologists' empirical findings, such as Stroop (1935), Tulving (1972), Bargh and Chartrand (1999), Greenberg &Verfaellie, 2010, andMcLeod (2018), have validated the role of unconscious processes in human behaviour. Meta-analytical research by Knekt et al. (2007) and Lindgren et al. (2010) have validated the efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in treating mental disorders. ...
Deportation and migration are features of Caribbean and Latin American nations. With the current deportation policy thrust of the United States, there will be many separations of families. The issue of deportation of parents has an adverse psychological effect on children, and this must be brought into the discourse of deportation and migration, as well as mental health disorders. This research focuses on the evolutionary development of a 'paradigm' concept. It will evaluate and compare the psychotherapeutic paradigms-cognitive-behavioural, dialectical-behavioural, and psychoanalytic-that have shaped how practitioners assess and diagnose psychological disorders and how those psychological paradigms explain the effect of deportation and migration on children. With information indicating that society does not help many Jamaican children who are experiencing various mental health disorders, this explains the pull factors in criminality and substance use among children. The slow response to mental health intervention is creating more anxiety and pushing children into deviant acts. The Diathesis-Stress paradigm brings the best practices approach in treating mental disorders. Tremendous empirical support for the diathesis-stress model is well appraised for its applicability in prevention interventions for mental disorders, particularly to high-risk individuals on the mental health spectrum. Overall, the stress-diathesis paradigm has empowered psychotherapists and researchers with an empirical framework to diagnose and treat mental disorders, drawing on such domains as genetics, neurobiology, environmental and psychological processes.
... The psychological mechanisms which have been leveraged to explain these Proteus Effects have primarily been self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), the automaticity model of priming effects (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), and Behavioral Confirmation (Snyder et al. 1977). Self-perception theory is the notion that people infer their own thoughts and beliefs from observing their own actions (Bem 1972). ...
This article critically examines the co-construction of personae for fictional characters in virtual environments. Expanding upon Gee’s (2003) tripartite notion of identity in virtual worlds, this paper focuses on how virtual identities are created, and who does the creating. Using sociolinguistic methodology, I show how alterations in behavior based on avatar characteristics (The Proteus Effect: Yee and Bailenson 20007) can be used as a window into the virtual identity creation process. Potential contributions to virtual identity from three sources are analyzed: the community, the creators of the virtual environment, and influences from the non-virtual world, concluding that community created knowledge seems to play the most significant role in virtual identity construction.
... Human behavior and thought processes are often automatic and unconscious [6], which can lead to maladaptive thought patterns and negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) [13]. This can be especially problematic in educational contexts, as they hinder learning processes by consuming working memory resources [2,23]. ...
Math anxiety is a widespread issue that affects students' emotional well-being and math learning. We developed the MindfulMath Tutor , an interactive mindfulness-infused math learning system with a pedagogical agent that provides both cognitive and socio-emotional support, using positive mindful language and breathing exercises. Our experiment with 31 secondary school students (with medium to high math anxiety) showed that the MindfulMath Tutor helped students significantly reduce their state math anxiety while achieving a similar level of learning benefits, when compared against a tutor version without mindfulness components. Our mindfulness-infused math tutor offers an interactive math learning environment that effectively supports student learning while reducing math anxiety.
... Computational Linguistics and Social Psychology FairSense-AI's text-bias detection modules draw on theories of language framing [11] and prejudice from social psychology [12]. Sentiment analysis and stereotype detection are guided by empirical evidence showing that negative connotations or exclusionary language can prime prejudice in readers [13]. ...
In this paper, we introduce FairSense-AI: a multimodal framework designed to detect and mitigate bias in both text and images. By leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs), FairSense-AI uncovers subtle forms of prejudice or stereotyping that can appear in content, providing users with bias scores, explanatory highlights, and automated recommendations for fairness enhancements. In addition, FairSense-AI integrates an AI risk assessment component that aligns with frameworks like the MIT AI Risk Repository and NIST AI Risk Management Framework, enabling structured identification of ethical and safety concerns. The platform is optimized for energy efficiency via techniques such as model pruning and mixed-precision computation, thereby reducing its environmental footprint. Through a series of case studies and applications, we demonstrate how FairSense-AI promotes responsible AI use by addressing both the social dimension of fairness and the pressing need for sustainability in large-scale AI deployments. https://vectorinstitute.github.io/FairSense-AI, https://pypi.org/project/fair-sense-ai/
... Mindfulness is one such promising approach. It refers to the process of consciously attending to one's presentmoment experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner [12][13][14][15]. However, evidence on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in addressing childhood obesity-related behaviors remains inconsistent. ...
This study aimed to synthesize evidence from primary studies on the acceptability and effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for improving lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) in children with overweight or obesity. We conducted a meta-analysis or followed the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines to synthesize study findings. The analysis included both mindfulness-only interventions and comprehensive behavioral interventions incorporating mindfulness components. Participants were overweight or obese children, with a mean age below 18 years. A total of 11 studies were included: 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 non-randomized parallel-controlled study, and 3 single-group studies. Retention rates for MBIs ranged from 62 to 100%, and participants generally expressed positive attitudes toward the interventions. Regarding effectiveness, no significant improvement in BMI was observed overall (pooled mean difference 0.12 kg/m² (95% CI − 0.38 to 0.62); I² = 44%). Subgroup analysis revealed that comprehensive behavioral interventions integrating mindfulness were effective in influencing BMI, while only 11% of mindfulness-only interventions showed similar results. Moreover, 71% of the included studies reported improvements in diet or physical activity behaviors following MBIs.
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based interventions are generally acceptable and show potential for improving lifestyle behaviors. However, their impact on BMI remains inconsistent in children with overweight or obesity. Comprehensive behavioral interventions that combine mindfulness practices with conventional approaches may enhance effectiveness. Given the limited evidence, these findings should be interpreted with caution.
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023411790. What is Known:
• Childhood obesity is a significant public health concern, and conventional interventions have achieved limited success.
• Mindfulness-based interventions offer a promising alternative to conventional approaches. A systematic review is urgently needed to evaluate their acceptability and effectiveness in improving lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) in children with overweight or obesity.
What is New:
• Mindfulness-based interventions are generally acceptable to children with overweight or obesity.
• Mindfulness-based interventions show potential for improving lifestyle behaviors, but their effectiveness in reducing BMI remains inconsistent.
... They were then either induced to think self-compassionately about their eating or received no intervention. The self-compassion manipulation involved priming, where appropriate mental representations are subtly and unnoticeably activated, with effects experienced later (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). In this experiment, self-compassion priming was orally conveyed by the researcher. ...
... Il est important de reconnaître que la majorité des processus ré sultant de ces mé canismes et dynamiques pluriels et entrelacé s sont inconscients. Les sciences (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999 ;Bargh & Morsella, 2008 ;Dehaene & Changeux, 2011) dé crivent divers mé canismes responsables de la ré gulation automatique de ces phé nomè nes psychologiques largement influencé s par l'environnement. Elles fournissent des preuves confirmant à la fois la pré sence de ces mé canismes et leur impact sur les jugements, les é motions et les comportements. ...
... Dans la sé rie des chercheurs qui montrent l'existence de nombreux processus inconscients, notons encore John Bargh (Bargh et Chartrand, 1999) qui dé montre comment des concepts et attitudes peuvent être activé s automatiquement sans conscience, tandis qu'Antonio Damasio (1994) met en lumiè re le rôle des é motions inconscientes dans la prise de dé cision. Stanislas Dehaene (2014) explore de son côté les mé canismes neuronaux qui sous-tendent le traitement inconscient et conscient, et Oliver Sacks illustre, à travers des cas cliniques, comment les processus inconscients affectent la perception et l'identité . ...
L’inconscient à l’œuvre
Le concept d’inconscient économique, comme le note Didier Courbet (2024, sous presse), ne fait pas partie intégrante du paysage scientifique et philosophique, bien que nous disposions d’une littérature abondante montrant que la plupart des phénomènes cognitifs et sociaux sont de nature inconsciente. Par exemple, dans le domaine des interactions sociales, les mécanismes inconscients – tels que le traitement automatique, l'apprentissage social, l'attention sélective, la contagion émotionnelle et les biais implicites (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995) – influencent fortement nos pensées et comportements sans que nous en soyons conscients. Ces processus nous poussent à nous comparer aux autres et à nous conformer aux normes sociales (actuellement dictées par les réseaux sociaux), souvent sans que nous réalisions leur impact.
La sociologie cognitive et la neurosociologie révèlent les mécanismes inconscients à l'œuvre dans la comparaison sociale (Festinger, 1954). Les neurones miroirs (Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004) permettent l'imitation et l'empathie en activant des expériences partagées, favorisant ainsi des comportements mimétiques. Les théories de la cognition incarnée (Wilson, 2002) montrent que nos perceptions et comportements sont influencés par nos interactions corporelles avec l'environnement, tandis que les biais implicites et attentionnels façonnent nos perceptions sociales. Ces mécanismes nous conduisent à comparer automatiquement et inconsciemment nos comportements et identités à des normes sociales perçues et auxquelles nous sommes obligés, à divers degrés, d’adhérer.
La compréhension des mécanismes neurocognitifs inconscients a été profondément influencée par des travaux dans les domaines de la psychologie cognitive, des neurosciences et des sciences cognitives. La théorie freudienne de l'inconscient suggère que de nombreux comportements humains sont motivés par des désirs et conflits inconscients. Daniel Kahneman (2011) enrichit cette idée avec son concept des deux systèmes de pensée, soulignant que la plupart des décisions sont influencées par des processus inconscients. Il distingue entre Système 1 (pensée rapide, automatique et inconsciente) et Système 2 (pensée lente, délibérée et consciente). Cette distinction a des implications importantes pour l'idée d’un inconscient non régulable, car elle montre à quel point les décisions humaines, même celles qui semblent rationnelles, sont partiellement influencées par des processus automatiques et inconscients.
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... 32. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. ...
... We identified additional barriers, including staff beliefs they can identify delirium without screening and screening being a low priority task; in particular for patients with hypoactive delirium as they cause no management challenge in a cultural environment favouring 'quiet and peaceful' [26]. A person's behaviour may be controlled by determinants they're not consciously aware of [27]. A strength of using a theoretical approach to questioning is the potential for increased conscious awareness of these influences which may explain the additional barriers we found. ...
Objectives
This study seeks to understand and address barriers to practitioners’ optimal assessment and management of people with delirium in hospices.
Methods
Retrospective clinical record review to identify areas of low concordance with guideline-adherent delirium care; Survey of healthcare practitioners to identify barriers and facilitators to optimal care; Qualitative interviews with health care practitioners to explore and develop strategies to address barriers or optimise facilitators; Meeting with senior clinical staff to refine identified strategies.
Results
Eighty clinical records were reviewed. Elements of poor guideline concordance were identified. Delirium screening on admission was conducted for 61% of admissions. Non-pharmacological management was documented for 59% of those we identified as having delirium from the clinical records. Survey and interview data identified key barriers to delirium assessment as competing priorities, poor knowledge and skills and lack of environmental resources (staff and guidelines, environment). Consultation with staff resulted in strategies to address barriers and enhance facilitators including champions, educational meetings, audit and feedback, and environmental changes (including careful consideration of the staff skills mix on shift and tools to support non-pharmacological management).
Conclusions
We conducted a theoretically underpinned, internationally relevant study in a hospice in England, UK. Implementation of strategies should result in greater guideline-adherent delirium care. Further work should test this in practice and include both process and clinical outcomes (e.g., reduction in delirium days).
... While the TPB focuses on conscious and reflective determinants of behaviour, such as evaluations of the overall favourability of action, dual-process models suggest that behaviour is shaped by a combination of reflective and non-reflective (i.e., automatic) processes. Much human behaviour is driven by automatic processes that can either support or undermine intentional actions [55]. For example, spending habits-i.e., actions cued automatically due to learned cue-behaviour associations [56]-can prompt unplanned purchases, especially among those with low momentary selfcontrol [57,58]. ...
Background
University students typically face acute financial pressure, which can adversely impact mental health, wellbeing, and academic outcomes. This scoping review of qualitative and quantitative studies aimed to identify distinct money-management behaviours, and psychological determinants, to inform future interventions.
Methods
Two electronic databases were searched for observational studies focusing on money-management behaviours and their correlates (in quantitative studies) or reflections on experiences of such behaviours (qualitative studies). Of 789 unique papers identified, 12 papers, reporting 10 distinct studies (six quantitative, two qualitative, two mixed-methods), were entered into review. We inductively categorised all behaviours and psychological correlates, and narratively synthesised findings.
Results
We documented 15 distinct money-management behaviours, which fitted five higher-order categories: budgeting, saving (i.e., building funds), spending, borrowing, and settling debts. Twenty-two distinct potential correlates were observed, which fitted six categories: personality characteristics, financial beliefs and knowledge, attitudes, affective responses, self-efficacy and control, and social influences. Financial beliefs and knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and control, and social support from parents and peers were generally associated with ‘better’ money management practices.
Conclusion
Heterogeneity in behaviours and correlates studied precluded definitive conclusions. Future studies should more comprehensively adopt theories and concepts from behavioural science, to distinguish between different money-management behaviours, identify which behaviours have most impact on students, and establish which specific determinants are most related to which money-management behaviours.
... Sanyal (1992) Mental representations are subtly activated in an earlier phase, and their unintended, unconscious effects are evaluated in a subsequent phase. Bargh and Chartrand (1999) Altered activation state of particular representations or associations in memory. Kristjánsson and Campana (2010) Priming enhances the accessibility and influence of knowledge in memory during the processing of new stimuli. ...
While many psychological interventions encourage sustainable consumption by altering attitudes, these modified attitudes often do not result in sustainable choices leading to the need to test alternative interventions to facilitate sustainable consumption, such as priming. Priming uses stimuli that trigger nonconscious processing that influences decisions. Despite its popularity, studies that employ priming strategies in sustainable consumption research are widely dispersed across several conceptual domains. This article unpacks and summarizes different approaches to priming sustainable behavior by delineating theoretical and methodological perspectives in various contexts across diverse consumer characteristics. The method employed is a scoping review of 74 articles published over 23 years (2000–2022). The resulting review (1) provides an overview of priming in sustainable consumption, (2) highlights knowledge gaps, (3) identifies knowledge clusters, and (4) proposes a research agenda for future investigations. Primarily, this paper provides an integrated map that deconstructs how researchers have explored priming interventions to promote sustainable consumption and to enable the best, or at least, better practice.
... Levinson, 2006) over which interactants have no, or very little, direct volitional control, which is why they cannot be easily faked by defectors or substandard cooperators, and may thus be reliable indicators of others' willingness to cooperate. A considerable body of research has shown that mutually aligning one's gestures, postures, or mannerisms promotes cooperation or its proxies, such as rapport or general prosociality (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Van Baaren et al., 2004;Lakens & Stel, 2011;Miles et al., 2009review in Wacewicz et al., 2017. ...
An important quality to assess in others is their cooperativeness. We hypothesized that people use linguistic markers in their partners’ speech as a proxy of their cooperativeness in other tasks: specifically, we predicted that participants would prefer syntactically similar conversation partners as cooperation partners in a monetary game. We found that, indeed, participants preferably selected syntactically similar conversation partners as cooperation partners, but only when the participants could communicate using their naturally preferred constructions. In contrast, when participants were forced to communicate using dispreferred constructions, they rather cooperated with those partners that matched their natural preference than with those that matched their overt linguistic use. This pattern of results was likely driven by participants valuing representational alignment (i.e., being aligned on both linguistic features and their mental representations) more than incidental behavioral alignment (i.e., superficial convergence on similar linguistic features during interaction). This is because representational alignment is a potential indicator of group membership and may be associated with in-group benefits such as reputation, reciprocity and normative behavior. Those benefits may outweigh the benefits of simple behavioral alignment, which could be a potential indicator of others’ willingness to cooperate. This has important implications for communication in intercultural settings where members of diverse linguistic groups negotiate cooperative actions.
... Peters et al., (2006) suggested that emotions can lead to a handsome amount of distortion in practical decision-making. Bargh and Chartrand (1999) explored that investment behavior can be influenced by the emotions of investors, which are beyond their conscious awareness. Ajmal et al., (2024) suggested that emotional factors such as fear, and nervousness play a critical role in economic decision-making. ...
The main objective of this research was to develop and validate an indigenous self-report scale of psychosocial factors in economic decision-making. The sample consisted of 150 (men = 90, women = 60) business owners. Interviews were conducted through a self-constructed questionnaire. The items were derived from the transcripts of interviews. However, 36 items were selected for factor analysis. The 36 items were subjected to principal component analysis using the varimax rotation method. A total of 30 items defining cognitive, emotional, and social factors, which collectively accounted for 33.6% of the variance, were selected. Cronbach's alpha for the cognitive factor was 0.77; for the emotional factor, it was 0.75; and for the social factor, it was 0.69. The findings have implications for economists, psychologists, business professionals, and policymakers.
... The researchers argued that processing words associated with old age activated a stereotypical concept of old age in the participants' minds, which unconsciously affected their behavior (Bargh et al., 1996). This "Florida effect" was considered an important finding as it provided evidence for a novel, unintuitive explanation of the causes of human behavior; priming research suggests that many of our actions are driven not by conscious reasoning but by factors of which we are not aware of (Bargh and Chartrand 1999). ...
Successful replication is a hallmark of scientific truth. Discordant evidence refers to the situation where findings from different studies of the same phenomenon do not agree. Although evidential discordance can spur scientific discovery, it also gives scientists a reason to rationally disagree and thereby compromises the formation of scientific consensus. Discordance indicates that facts about the phenomenon of interest remain unsettled and that a finding may not be reliably replicable. We single out persistent evidential discordance as a particularly difficult problem for the epistemology of science, and distinguish between different causes of evidential discordance – non-systematic error, noise, and bias. Unlike discordance brought about by non-systematic error or noise, persistent discordance often cannot be rationally resolved by temporarily suspending judgment and collecting more data within existing lines of inquiry. We suggest that the analysis of enriched lines of evidence (Boyd 2018) provides a useful approach to diagnosing and evaluating episodes of persistent evidential discordance. Attention to the line of evidence, which extends from raw data to an evidential claim supporting or disconfirming a hypothesis, can help researchers to locate the source of discordance between inconsistent findings. We argue that reference to metadata, information about how the data were generated and processed, can be a key step in the process of resolving normative questions of correctness, i.e., whether a line of evidence provides a legitimate answer to a particular research question. We illustrate our argument with two cases: the alleged discovery of gravitational waves in the late 1960s, and the social priming controversy in experimental psychology.
... When an action is often performed, it will be "automatized"(Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Within Ecological Empiricism, this could be described as learning a new affordance on the basis of correlations that we bring about by applying our conceptual, inferential apparatus to perform the relevant action.Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Both metaphysics and cognitive science raise the question of what natural concepts or properties are. A link between the two is notoriously hard to establish. I propose to take natural concepts or properties to be those that are revealed in interaction. The concept of affordances is refined and naturalized to spell out how interacting with objects grounds concepts. I will call this account “Ecological Empiricism”. I argue that the notion of naturalness within this framework turns out to be a gradable – there are more or less natural properties – and dependent on the perspective taken – metaphysically natural properties are different from cognitive natural properties. From a metaphysical point of view, perfect correlations between actions and sensory input are relevant, which are best approximated by scientific measurement. For cognition, simple or basic actions are relevant. Although metaphysical and cognitive naturalness does not coincide according to Ecological Empiricism, it presents a common framework with a uniform conception of naturalness.
... Súčasný výskum preto vyvíja nové metódy -medzi nimi napríklad optogenetiku alebo transkraniálnu magnetickú stimuláciu -ako ovplyvňovať dianie v mozgu oveľa cielenejšie, a preto efektívnejšie 89 alebo navrhuje aplikáciu liečby, ktorá je k pacientovi -vzhľadom na negatívne vedľajšie účinky 84 Pastötter et al. (2013). 85 Viď Ditto, Pizarro a Tannenbaum (2009), Bargh a Chartrand (1999), Valdesolo a DeSteno (2006), Strohminger, Lewis a Meyer (2011). 86 Greene (2011). ...
Philosophical counseling is a helping profession that relates to the ancient concept of philosophy as a discipline with therapeutic potential. Unfortunately, there is no empirical evidence supporting the claim of therapeutic effects philosophy is supposed to have. Philosophical counselors do not have any exclusive methods – distinctive from the procedures used in psychotherapy – that we could find as sources of therapeutic effects. Philosophical counselors often do not understand the processes that generate therapeutic effects and mistakenly attribute these effects to the usage of their philosophical “methods”. Lack of knowledge in the fields of psychology and psychiatry that philosophical counselors show begs the question whether philosophical counseling is not harmful in some cases. There is no reason to solve the issue of relationship between philosophy and psychotherapy by establishing separate field of philosophical counseling. Instead, the aim should be to help psychologists and prospective psychotherapists acquire proper philosophical competences – in terms of philosophical skills and knowledge.
... Súčasný výskum preto vyvíja nové metódy -medzi nimi napríklad optogenetiku alebo transkraniálnu magnetickú stimuláciu -ako ovplyvňovať dianie v mozgu oveľa cielenejšie, a preto efektívnejšie 89 alebo navrhuje aplikáciu liečby, ktorá je k pacientovi -vzhľadom na negatívne vedľajšie účinky 84 Pastötter et al. (2013). 85 Viď Ditto, Pizarro a Tannenbaum (2009), Bargh a Chartrand (1999), Valdesolo a DeSteno (2006), Strohminger, Lewis a Meyer (2011). 86 Greene (2011). ...
Philosophical counseling is a helping profession that relates to the ancient concept of philosophy as a discipline with therapeutic potential. Unfortunately, there is no empirical evidence supporting the claim of therapeutic effects philosophy is supposed to have. Philosophical counselors do not have any exclusive methods – distinctive from the procedures used in psychotherapy – that we could find as sources of therapeutic effects. Philosophical counselors often do not understand the processes that generate therapeutic effects and mistakenly attribute these effects to the usage of their philosophical “methods”. Lack of knowledge in the fields of psychology and psychiatry that philosophical counselors show begs the question whether philosophical counseling is not harmful in some cases. There is no reason to solve the issue of relationship between philosophy and psychotherapy by establishing separate field of philosophical counseling. Instead, the aim should be to help psychologists and prospective psychotherapists acquire proper philosophical competences – in terms of philosophical skills and knowledge.
... However, decision-making is almost impossible without the involvement of emotions (Bechara et al., 2000). Bargh and Chartrand (1999) while discussing the role of emotions in economic decision-making suggested that investment behavior can be influenced by the emotions of investors in several ways which are beyond their conscious awareness. They further conclude that different emotions in different intensities have different effects on decision-making. ...
Economic decision-making largely affects the lives of the people. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship among age, gender, and personality with psychosocial factors in economic decision-making. The study sample comprised of 150 businesspersons (men = 90, women= 60). Psychosocial Factor in Economic Decision-Making Scale (Ajmal et al., 2013a, 2013b) was used to assess the psychosocial factors that affect economic decision making. The personality was evaluated using Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Urdu version translated by Amjad & Kausar, 2001). Age was found to have a significant negative relationship with the emotional factor in economic decision-making. However, the emotional and social factors had no relationship with either of the personality dimension while the cognitive factor was found to have a significant negative relationship with neuroticism and psychoticism. Moreover, psychoticism and age negatively predicted the cognitive factor and experience in the business positively predicted the cognitive factor in economic decision-making. The findings hold implications for psychologists, economists, business personnel, and policymakers.
... In other words, such training fails to translate the learned knowledge in the field to impact construction workers' behavior (Namian et al. 2016b). Researchers argue that most of our behavior (i.e., safety behavior in the field) is controlled by unconscious processes, for example, habits (Bargh and Chartrand 1999;Hofmann et al. 2009;Kahneman 2003;Marchiori et al. 2017). Therefore, in addition to providing safety training off-site, on-site interventions must be provided to effectively intervene in construction workers' safety behavior. ...
... At the same time, empirical psychological data indicate that the cognitive processes underlying our behaviors, evaluations, and decisions are often not transparent to us, and diverge from the reasons we ourselves provide (in the form of, for instance, explanations, excuses, or justifications). For example, when people are asked to provide reasons for their choices and evaluations, they regularly seem to lack awareness of the stimuli that influenced their responses, and instead point to other (ad hoc) reasons (Nisbett & Wilson 1977;Haidt, 2001;Wilson, 2002;Doris, 2002;Bargh & Ferguson, 2000;Bargh & Chartrand 1999;Bargh et al, 2012;Kahneman, 2011). ...
Can nonhuman animals and artificial intelligence (AI) entities be attributed moral agency? The general assumption in the philosophical literature is that moral agency applies exclusively to humans since they alone possess free will or capacities required for deliberate reflection. Consequently, only humans have been taken to be eligible for ascriptions of moral responsibility in terms of, for instance, blame or praise, moral criticism, or attributions of vice and virtue. Animals and machines may cause harm, but they cannot be appropriately ascribed moral responsibility for their behavior. This thesis challenges the conventional paradigm by proposing an alternative approach where moral agency is conceived as the competence to participate in moral responsibility practices. By shifting focus from intra-individual to contextual and socially situated features, this practice-focused approach appears to make the attribution of moral agency to nonhuman animals and AI entities more plausible than commonly assumed. Moreover, considering the current and potential future prevalence of nonhuman animals and AI entities in everyday settings and social contexts, a potential extension of moral agency to such entities could very well transform our social, moral, and legal practices. Hence, this thesis proposes that the attribution or withholding of moral agency to different entities should be carefully evaluated, considering the potential normative implications.
PDF available online: https://hdl.handle.net/2077/78610
... In addition, momentum and the positive emotions (i.e., enjoyment, excitement) that are associated with it will transform attention to be more exogenous (automatic), creating the seemingly effortless feeling of flow (Awh, Belopolsky, & Theeuwes, 2012). Indeed, one of the effects of positive emotional arousal is automatic cognitive processing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Thayer, 1989). Moreover, we suggest that the belief in a greater likelihood of success that accompanies momentum (Iso-Ahola & Dotson, 2016) elicits a level of perceived control that will quiet the mind of worry and provide a degree of mental order that contributes to the seemingly effortless nature of group flow, since people are not processing any thoughts that are unrelated to the task and its completion. ...
... As a result, there is a relationship between financial instruments and the mind (Tuckett, 2011) and the role of the unconscious process is critical in the decisions taken (Bargh and Chartrand, 1999;Turnbull and Solms, 2007;Bargh and Morsella, 2008;Tom et al., 2007). Phantasy is also an important component of these processes (Taffler and Tuckett, 2010). ...
... Goal-directed attentional patterns consume attentional resources leading to ego depletion, without showing in automatic or stimulus-driven processes [62], [63]. According to attention recovery theory [64], to supplement the consumed resources, capturing attention in the environment in a bottom-up manner can promote the recovery of attention resources [65], [66]. Therefore, different attention modes have different information processing capabilities, which can regulate the degree of fatigue by enhancing and inhibiting the control mode of brain regions. ...
Driving fatigue is a common experience for most drivers and can reduce human cognition and judgment abilities. Previous studies have exhibited a phenomenon of the non-monotonically varying indicators (both behavioral and neurophysiological) for driving fatigue evaluation but paid little attention to this phenomenon. Herein, we propose a hypothesis that the non-monotonically varying phenomenon is caused by the self-regulation of brain activity, which is defined as the fatigue self-regulation (FSR) phenomenon. In this study, a 90-min simulated driving task was performed on 26 healthy university students. EEG data and reaction time (RT) were synchronously recorded during the whole task. To identify the FSR phenomenon, a data-driven criterion was proposed based on clustering analysis of individual behavioral data and the FSR group was determined as having non-monotonic increase trend of RT and the drops of RT during prolonged driving were more than two levels among the total five levels. The subjects were then divided into two groups: the FSR group and the non-FSR group. Quantitative comparative analysis showed significant differences in behavioral performance, functional connectivity, network characteristics, and classification performance between the FSR and non-FSR groups. Specifically, the behavioral performance exhibited apparent non-monotonic development trend: increasing-decreasing-increasing. Moreover, network characteristics presented similar self-regulated development trends. Our study provides a new insight for revealing the complex neural mechanisms of driving fatigue, which may promote the development of practical techniques for automatic detection method and mitigation strategy.
Negli ultimi decenni è venuta a consolidarsi l’idea che il
corpo svolga un ruolo cruciale nei processi cognitivi. In
modo simile, questo testo mira ad offrire una sintesi del
rapporto tra corpo e cognizione alla luce delle più recenti
teorie e prospettive che si fanno promotrici dell’esigenza di
convergere verso un approccio incarnato alla cognizione.
Introduction: Paediatric practice presents unique challenges for clinical reasoning, including the collection of clinical information from multiple individuals during history taking, often in emotionally charged circumstances, and the variable presentation of signs and symptoms due to the developmental stage of the child. Communication skills are clearly important but the most effective methods of teaching clinical reasoning in paediatrics remains unclear. Our review aimed to examine the existing methods of teaching clinical reasoning in paediatrics, and to consider the evidence for the most effective approaches. Methods: We performed a scoping review and evidence synthesis drawn from reports found during a systematic search in five major databases. We reviewed 211 reports to include 11. Results: Students who received explicit training in clinical reasoning showed a significant improvement in their experiential learning, diagnostic ability, and reflective clinical judgement. More specifically, key findings demonstrated frequent student-centered interactive strategies increased awareness of the critical role of communication skills and medical history taking. Real case-based exercises, flipped classrooms, workshops, team-based or/and bed-side teaching, and clinical simulation involving multisource feedback were effective in improving student engagement and performance on multiple outcome measures. Conclusion: This review provides a structured insight into the advantages of different teaching methods, focusing on the multistep decision process involved in teaching clinical reasoning in paediatrics. Our review demonstrated a relatively small number of studies in paediatrics related to clinical reasoning, underlining the need for further research and curricular developments that may better meet the known unique challenges of the care of paediatric patients.
Difficulties in identifying and differentiating one's emotions are a central characteristic of alexithymia. In the present study, automatic activation of the fusiform gyrus to facial emotion was investigated as a function of alexithymia as assessed by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. During 3 Tesla fMRI scanning, pictures of faces bearing sad, happy, and neutral expressions masked by neutral faces were presented to 22 healthy adults who also responded to the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The fusiform gyrus was selected as the region of interest, and voxel values of this region were extracted, summarized as means, and tested among the different conditions (sad, happy, and neutral faces). Masked sad facial emotions were associated with greater bilateral activation of the fusiform gyrus than masked neutral faces. The subscale, Difficulty Identifying Feelings, was negatively correlated with the neural response of the fusiform gyrus to masked sad faces. The correlation results suggest that automatic hyporesponsiveness of the fusiform gyrus to negative emotion stimuli may reflect problems in recognizing one's emotions in everyday life.
The present research compared the experiences and outcomes afforded by digital and non-digital games. In a randomized experiment, a sample of youth, ages 11-17, played a cooperative public health game presented in either a non-digital format (board game) or digital format (mobile app). Relative to baseline scores reported in a no-game control condition (N = 30), players of the non-digital version of the game (N = 28) exhibited significantly higher post-game systems thinking performance and more positive valuations of vaccination, whereas players of a nearly identical digital version (N = 30) did not. This discrepancy was accounted for by key differences in play that emerged: specifically, players of the digital game exhibited a more rapid play pace and shorter turn length, and discussed strategies and consequences less frequently and with less depth. The implications for the use of games to facilitate cognitive growth and learning are discussed.
This study applied specific aspects of signal detection theory (target salience and decision payoffs) to examine the associations among measured attention and accuracy on a stimulus discrimination task patterned after prescription checking. 85 participants completed the d2 Test of Attention and were assigned to either a control condition with general task instructions or a payoff condition with points accumulated or lost based on ultimate performance. Participants checked simulated product order forms for clerical errors for 40 min. The stimulus set included errors that varied with respect to their ease of detection or salience. Analysis indicated that measured attention was related to performance accuracy and speed as expected. Also decision payoffs significantly increased accuracy on the discrimination task regardless of target salience and discrimination accuracy decreased as the salience of the stimulus mismatches decreased. Implications for real-world applications of signal detection theory to tasks such as prescription checking are explored.
A Neurociência é uma área que envolve múltiplas especialidades, com um grande potencial para desenvolvimento científico, tecnológico, de saúde e social. Essa interdisciplinaridade, apesar de extremamente importante para o avanço das pesquisas, torna difícil um mapeamento realista de como questões sociais como diversidade e inclusão se refletem entre pesquisadores da área. Um levantamento feito com dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Neurociências e Comportamento, principal sociedade de Neurociências brasileira, revelou uma disparidade de gênero alarmante entre os membros da diretoria e participantes dos eventos promovidos por ela. Nesse trabalho, estendemos esse mapeamento para outros contextos da Neurociência no Brasil. Levantamos dados sobre os programas de pós-graduação em Neurociência, analisando as disparidades de gênero na universidade. Também analisamos dados da escola latino-americana de Neurociência Computacional Escola Latino-Americana de Neurociência Computacional e de pesquisadores em Neurociência Computacional Neuro-comp-br, fazendo um recorte da Neurociência nas Ciências Exatas. Em geral, verificamos uma baixa representatividade feminina em posições de liderança, mesmo quando o número de estudantes mulheres é maior que o de homens. Destacamos a importância de uma maior transparência nas características do corpo docente e discente dos programas de pós-graduação, incluindo questões como gênero e raça. Finalmente, discutimos uma série de ações e políticas públicas que poderiam ser aplicadas para criar uma ciência mais inclusiva, diversa e justa.
This paper explores the imperative of multi-layered leadership in navigating environments characterized by "hostile complexity" – a confluence of interconnectedness, rapid change, unpredictability, and often, deliberate deception. Drawing upon cognitive science, social psychology, game theory, and strategic studies, it argues that effective leadership in the 21st century demands a sophisticated behavioral architecture, one that integrates the principles of art, particularly narrative and the shaping of perception, alongside strategic design. By cultivating the ability to operate on multiple levels simultaneously, to understand the dynamic interplay between individual, organizational, and societal factors, and to harness the power of narrative, leaders can foster resilience, adaptability, and ethical action in an increasingly complex world. This work illuminates the psychological foundations of multi-layered existence, its practical applications, its strategic deployment, and the inherent ethical dilemmas, ultimately presenting a framework for leadership that transcends traditional models and embraces the multifaceted nature of human experience.
This paper challenges the common view of intuition as a purely innate and reliable capacity, arguing instead that it is significantly shaped and often distorted by societal forces, particularly the pervasive influence of standardization. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing history, sociology, psychology, and neuroscience, the paper examines how standardization has molded social intuition, often leading to systematic biases and flawed judgments. The analysis reveals the historical use of
standardization as a tool for social control, the suppression of individuality, and the perpetuation of inequalities. Focusing on the field of criminal profiling, the paper critiques the limitations of
standardized profiles and the dangers of uncritical reliance on intuition in high-stakes decision-making. Finally, it explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to augment human memory, enhance pattern recognition, and potentially mitigate biases. The paper advocates for a balanced, humancentered approach to AI development in profiling, emphasizing the enduring importance of cultivating
authentic intuition, critical thinking, and ethical considerations alongside technological advancements. The central argument is that achieving genuine objectivity in profiling, and in other fields, requires moving beyond the illusion of intuition as it commonly operates in a standardized world and embracing a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between mind, society, and technology.
Understanding religion requires explaining why supernatural beliefs, devotions, and rituals are both universal and variable across cultures, and why religion is so often associated with both large-scale cooperation and enduring group conflict. Emerging lines of research suggest that these oppositions result from the convergence of three processes. First, the interaction of certain reliably developing cognitive processes, such as our ability to infer the presence of intentional agents, favors—as an evolutionary by-product—the spread of certain kinds of counterintuitive concepts. Second, participation in rituals and devotions involving costly displays exploits various aspects of our evolved psychology to deepen people’s commitment to both supernatural agents and religious communities. Third, competition among societies and organizations with different faith-based beliefs and practices has increasingly connected religion with both within-group prosociality and between-group enmity. This connection has strengthened dramatically in recent millennia, as part of the evolution of complex societies, and is important to understanding cooperation and conflict in today’s world.
The Structured Reflective Instrument (SRI) is a behavioral research-based reflective framework I designed to help conflict interveners address the invisible--implicit emotional issues parties always struggle with across cases but have difficulty identifying or talking about. Interveners tend to address tangible issues parties easily speak about relating to the content—the explicit instrumental matters that brought them to the mediator. This typical inclination to attend to substantive issues often results in a cyclical movement—a stubborn attachment to positions, repetitive argumentative bargaining, and a premature search for solutions before exploring needs, aspirations, and goals, leaving significant elements unrevealed in the shadow.
For many years, I have observed that this traditional model of practice fails to capture the complexity and fluidity accompanying conflictual situations. The essential issues shaping parties' behaviors and determining whether they make progress and are satisfied with the process and the outcome remain untouched.
My purpose in designing this reflective framework is to help professionals reconsider taken-for-granted, habitual ways of thinking and practicing. By incorporating the hidden aspects of the SRI in their practice, I hope interveners develop better capabilities to provide a more holistic service that addresses parties' fuller range of concerns beyond the typical transactional exchange.
Background: It has been known for a long time in psychological study that media like films can persuade people to change their minds and views. But a lot of the study that has been done so far has only looked at the effects on the awareness level. A person's inner mind is strongly affected by what they see in movies. Objective: This study investigates the subconscious influence of toxic cinema elements on young adult's behaviour. Method:The study employs a mixed-method triangulation approach using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. I aimed to uncover the nuanced ways in which cinema portrayals influence individuals' subconscious behaviours. In the Quantitative phase, a survey was conducted to a cohort group of young adults, which yielded insights into the prevalence of the influence of toxic elements in cinema on their behaviour over time. This phase was followed by a qualitative phase in which semi-constructed interviews to delve deeper into the personal experiences and understandingof participants regarding the effect of the particular cinematic continent on their behaviour. Results:The findings reveal a complex interplay between exposure to toxic cinematic elements and subsequent behavioural manifestations, highlighting the need for more understanding of media influence, especially at a subconscious level. By integrating qualitative and quantitative information, this study provides an exploration of the subconscious effects of toxic cinematic content on young adults offering insights into both theory and practice in the field of psychology, cinema and law-making bodies of a nation. Conclusion:These findings also have implications for the cinema sensor board committees and are aimed at mitigating the negative impact of toxic cinema content by spreading awareness and implementing measures like mandating the display of static warnings during the toxic scenes of the cinema.
Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde cinsiyet, yaş, duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün psikolojik sağlamlığı yordayıcı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, farklı fakültelerde öğrenim gören 419 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin yaşları 18 ila 28 arasında değişmekte olup ortalama yaşı 21.67’dir. Katılımcılar Demografik Bilgi Formu, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği ve Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeğinden oluşan bir veri toplama aracını cevaplamıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, Pearson korelasyon analizi, çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda yaş ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığın anlamlı birer yordayıcısı olmadığı bulunmuştur. Cinsiyet ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ise üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığın anlamlı birer yordayıcısıdır. Oluşturulan regresyon modeli üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık puanlarındaki değişimin yaklaşık olarak %38’ini açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca, yapılan göreceli önem analizleri üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığın en önemli yordayıcısının duygu düzenleme güçlüğü olduğunu göstermiştir. Ruh sağlığı uzmanları üniversite öğrencilerin psikolojik sağlamlıklarını geliştirmeye yönelik ruh sağlığı müdahalelerinde danışanlarının duygu düzenleme güçlüğü düzeylerinin azaltılmasına odaklanarak verdikleri hizmetlerin etkililiğini artırabilir.
Despite the rapid expansion of sustainability science in recent decades, sustainability crises have continued to grow. Sustainability researchers argue that this is partly the result of neglecting people’s inner worlds and call for a stronger consideration of inner states and processes in sustainability scholarship. We argue that the advancement of personal sustainability science, i.e., the systematic inquiry of inner worlds in relation to sustainability, is currently impeded by at least two unresolved issues. First, attitudes, emotions, values, and the like have frequently been the object of sustainability-related research. It thus remains unclear to what exactly researchers should more closely look at when inquiring into people’s inner worlds. Second, the epistemological and methodological foundations for conducting research on inner worlds remain underdeveloped. We illustrate that current research activities usually remain at a phenomenologically shallow level. In response to these issues, we provide conceptual, methodological, and normative cornerstones for a first-person inquiry within personal sustainability science, allowing for an in-depth understanding and potentially even a transformation of people’s inner worlds with regard to sustainability. Overall, we suggest redirecting personal sustainability science more strongly toward the inquiry into people’s subjective (i.e., first-person) experiences of inner states and processes unfolding in relation to sustainability.
Film Music: Cognition to Interpretation explores the dynamic counterpoint between a film’s soundtrack, its visuals and narrative, and the audience’s perception and construction of meaning. Adopting a holistic approach covering both the humanities and the sciences—blending cognitive psychology, musical analysis, behavioral neuroscience, semiotics, linguistics, and other related fields—the author examines the perceptual and cognitive processes that elicit musical meaning in film and breathe life into our cinematic experiences. A clear and engaging writing style distills complex concepts, theories, and analytical methodologies into explanations accessible to readers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, making it an indispensable companion for scholars and students of music, film studies, and cognition. Across ten chapters, extensive appendices, and hundreds of film references, Film Music: Cognition to Interpretation offers a new mode of analysis, inviting readers to unlock a deeper understanding of the expressive power of film music.
BOOK:
https://www.routledge.com/Film-Music-Cognition-to-Interpretation/Chattah/p/book/9781138586710
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzNQHM7-ysgHrkrB4XYyqbA
Mindfulness is a concept that refers to the process of attending to and experiencing the present moment with intentional attention, awareness, acceptance, and a non-judgmental attitude. Healthcare professionals face difficult situations in their workplace and experience stress and pressure. Mindfulness is a means of promoting the well-being of healthcare professionals, exerting a preventive effect on the negative psychosomatic health effects caused by occupational stress and burnout. The benefits of mindfulness for healthcare professionals include reducing levels of stress, depression and burnout. It also contributes to the cultivation of empathy and the development of resilience. Those who engage in mindfulness practices have better self-care, empowerment, focus, spirituality, awareness of self and emotions, satisfaction with self and accomplishments, emotional intelligence, and self-control. Overall, it contributes to their well-being and self-improvement by enhancing the feeling of personal fulfillment. Healthcare professionals can engage in mindfulness practices such as Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Enhancing the education of healthcare professionals in mindfulness and integrating mindfulness into the lives of healthcare professionals will positively impact their quality of life, clinical skills and, ultimately, patient outcomes.
Asked 60 undergraduates to rate hypothetical persons described by sets of moral and immoral actions. The obtained ratings were inconsistent with additive and averaging models of information integration. An averaging model with differential weights could not give a consistent account of the effects of both the number of items and the heterogeneity of the items in the set. Results indicate that highly immoral deeds appear to have an overriding influence on the overall judgment; having committed 1 bad deed, a person will be rated "bad," with his good deeds having little influence. Morality judgment may thus represent a truly configural process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated the role of an adjective evaluation task in producing the automatic attitude activation (AAA) effect in 3 experiments. In Exp 1, AAA was tested in the absence of a strategic evaluation processing goal. 43 Ss made judgments about adjectives. In Exp 2, the attitude assessment task was eliminated to test attitude automaticity. Strongest and weakest target words were selected to see the automaticity effect in 25 Ss. Exp 3 was conducted on 30 Ss, and it involved mildly positive and negative target words. Successive removal of all evaluative aspects of the AAA paradigm resulted in evidence of a universal and unconditional automatic evaluation response. Attitude object stimuli triggered an immediate, reflexive and uncontrollable good or bad response, depending on the S's evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)