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Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts
Abstract
Stakeholder theory has been a popular heuristic for describing the management environment for years, but it has not attained full theoretical status. Our aim in this article is to contribute to a theory of stakeholder identification and salience based on stakeholders possessing one or more of three relationship attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency. By combining these attributes, we generate a typology of stakeholders, propositions concerning their salience to managers of the firm, and research and management implications.
... Stakeholder salience theory [63], [64] offers a framework for categorizing stakeholders based on Power, Urgency, Legitimacy, and Proximity. This framework defines 16 stakeholder typologies, aiding in distinguishing roles and priorities. ...
... Transcriptions of discussions were anonymized and analyzed following the framework of [67]. The analysis categorized stakeholders by Power, Urgency, Legitimacy, and Proximity, using an adapted salience model [63], [64]. ...
... Combining the salience model with pairwise comparisons reduced subjectivity in stakeholder classification, as supported by [63] and [64]. While some subjectivity remains, this approach provides a structured method for ranking stakeholders based on local and situational factors. ...
This paper explores the application of digital twin technology in urban waste management, highlighting its potential to transform traditional methods by providing real-time data and simulation capabilities. The study examines current waste management practices in Tshwane and identifies the integration of digital twins as a solution to optimize waste collection, improve container placement, and enhance operational efficiency. Key challenges addressed include stakeholder communication, data accuracy, security, and the need for advanced content moderation systems. The research emphasizes the importance of stakeholder engagement and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to implement and maintain digital twins effectively. Findings indicate that while digital twins offer significant benefits such as reduced operational costs, improved waste tracking, and enhanced decision-making, their successful implementation requires overcoming limitations related to data collection, security, and stakeholder alignment. The paper concludes that digital twins, combined with active citizen participation, can lead to more sustainable and efficient waste management systems, particularly in lower-income regions with limited technological resources.
... This multiplicity of cryptocurrencies in the global financial system and their decentralized nature without government backing raises questions about who and what matters in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. This study aims to identify the stakeholders in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, their priority, and their influence in the crypto space value creation proposition using Mitchell et al. (1997) stakeholder salient model. The study utilized a hybrid research methodology, comprising a literature review and a Venn diagram, to analyse and apply the stakeholder salient model to the cryptocurrency ecosystem. ...
... According to Mitchell et al. (1997), stakeholder theorist like Freeman (1984), Jones (1980) and Clarkson (1998) recognized earlier there is going to be difference on opinion about the broad and narrow view on the definition and identification of stakeholders in any organization ecosystem. As put forward by Abdat et al. (2019) stakeholder's theorist view, believed that the identification of stakeholders in any ecosystem depends to a large extent on the definition of a firm stakeholder in their ecosystem. ...
... Freeman definition of stakeholder is considered one of the broadest definitions of stakeholders. In contrast, as stated in Mitchell et al. (1997), Clarkson offered one of the narrowest definitions in literatures of stakeholders and defines them as a voluntary or non-voluntary risk bearers. However, Mitchell et al.(1997) in their study "towards a theory of stakeholder identification and salience" claims that stakeholder theory in Freeman and Clarkson days lacked a vigorous model of stakeholder's identification and prioritization. ...
Since Satoshi Nakamoto's emergence of the cryptocurrency concept in 2008, new crypto-like coins have been constantly created. This multiplicity of cryptocurrencies in the global financial system and their decentralized nature without government backing raises questions about who and what matters in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. This study aims to identify the stakeholders in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, their priority, and their influence in the crypto space value creation proposition using Mitchell et al. (1997) stakeholder salient model. The study utilized a hybrid research methodology, comprising a literature review and a Venn diagram, to analyse and apply the stakeholder salient model to the cryptocurrency ecosystem. The study results identified cryptocurrency creators, blockchain developers, government, cryptocurrency exchanges, cryptocurrency market makers, investors, miners, and ordinary citizens as stakeholders in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. The cryptocurrency ecosystem stakeholders were categorized into definitive, dominant, dependent, and demanding stakeholders, with cryptocurrency creators, blockchain developers, and the government identified as the most salient stakeholders in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. The study concludes that cryptocurrency creators cannot exist in isolation from the blockchain developer or the government; therefore, they should regard each other as key partners within the cryptocurrency ecosystem with frequent high-level policy decision meetings, personalized communication, and involve each other in critical decision-making in the cryptocurrency ecosystem value proposition.
... As well as different approaches to incorporating stakeholders into business practice and research, the theory of stakeholders also asks the question of who a stakeholder is, as different views of its definition exist (Reynolds et al., 2006). Mitchell et al. (1997) noted a narrower and broader view of who the stakeholder is. The narrow view considers such facts as resources, time, and managers' attention span. ...
... The most complex and up-to-date analysis of stakeholder definitions distinguishes 15 stakeholder definitions : claimant, influencer, collaborator, recipient, claimant-recipient, claimant-influencer, influencer-collaborator, claimant-collaborator, collaborator-recipient, influencer-recipient, claimant-influencer-recipient, claimant-influencercollaborator, claimant-collaborator-recipient, influencer-collaborator-recipient, claimant-influencercollaborator-recipient (Miles, 2017). Mitchell, Agle, and Wood (1997) proposed the classes of stakeholders to be defined according to the possession of the following attributes: (1) the stakeholder's power to influence the firm, (2) the legitimacy of the stakeholder's relation with the firm, and (3) the urgency of the stakeholder's claim on the firm. Therefore, different groups of stakeholders can be distinguished. ...
... Without power, legitimacy, or urgency, the groups and individuals constitute a non-stakeholder group or group of potential stakeholders. Saliency, understood as managers' priority given to different stakeholder claims, is higher for the stakeholders possessing, according to managers, all three attributes (Mitchell et al., 1997). ...
Aim: This study investigated whether the type of stakeholder and the presence of non-monetary incentives affect the controller’s propensity to create budgetary slack and examines the ethical evaluation of budgetary slack creation. Methodology: The authors conducted an experiment among controllers working in Poland. Results: Both incentive and stakeholder types can influence managers’ decision-making about budgetary slack. The ethical evaluation of budgetary slack was affected by the type of stakeholder. Implications and recommendations: A negative ethical evaluation of budgetary slack does not always result in its non-acceptance, especially when the incentive is present and the stakeholder is defined by power, legitimacy, and urgency. Originality/value: Budgetary slack is not widely accepted among Polish controllers, although the needs of production workers serve as ethical justification for creating it. This study expands existing management accounting by incorporating stakeholder issues into the budgetary slack creation problem, as well as contributes to the numerous stakeholder literature, especially to the ‘accounting for stakeholders’ concept.
... In FEWS projects, organizers must think beyond the actors and institutions to whom they are normally accountable in their project activities. The gear of accountability means that a group or organization can make reasonable demands on project organizers and expect to have them met (Parker and Crona, 2012;Miller, 2001;Mitchell et al., 1997). For FEWS researchers, those groups normally include their academic departments and the universities that employ them, their wider academic disciplines and research communities, and their funders (Parker and Crona, 2012). ...
... However, the mechanisms for holding FEWS project organizers accountable to stakeholders are less clear. Mitchell et al. (1997) claim that organizers' accountability to stakeholders depends on the importance or salience of the stakeholder. Stakeholders' salience rests in the power to impose their will on the project organizers; whether their demands seem legitimate under the circumstances; and the urgency of the stakeholders' interests (Parker and Crona, 2012;Mitchell et al., 1997). ...
... Mitchell et al. (1997) claim that organizers' accountability to stakeholders depends on the importance or salience of the stakeholder. Stakeholders' salience rests in the power to impose their will on the project organizers; whether their demands seem legitimate under the circumstances; and the urgency of the stakeholders' interests (Parker and Crona, 2012;Mitchell et al., 1997). The more salient the stakeholders are across these dimensions, the more likely the FEWS organizers are to meet their needs by prioritizing stakeholders' expectations and demands (Mitchell et al., 1997). ...
... This research employs stakeholder theory to examine how organisations in different jurisdictions approach biodiversity reporting. Stakeholder theory suggests that organisational practices, including reporting, are shaped by the relationships between organisations and their stakeholders (Freeman, 1984;Mitchell et al., 1997). These relationships vary between developed and developing economies because of different institutional contexts, stakeholder expectations and resources (De Villiers & Van Staden, 2006). ...
... This approach often leads to more substantive reporting that genuinely integrates biodiversity considerations into organisational strategy and operations. In contrast, the managerial perspective focusses on strategic stakeholder management, where organisations may prioritise certain stakeholders based on their power, legitimacy and urgency (Mitchell et al., 1997). This can result in more symbolic reporting practices focussed on managing impressions rather than driving substantial change. ...
... The study examines the Top 50 companies listed on both the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) and the London Stock Exchange (LSE) by market capitalisation. This sample controls for factors such as access to resources and governance structures while representing organisations facing significant stakeholder pressures (see, e.g., Mitchell et al., 1997). Limiting the study to the Top 50 organisations in each jurisdiction controls for factors such as access to resources, availability of expertise and the absence of formal governance structures impacting how organisations report on biodiversity. ...
Purpose: This research conducts an analysis of biodiversity reporting among a sample of companies listed on the stock exchanges of South Africa (SA) and the United Kingdom (UK). The aim is to present empirical evidence on how organisations address and report on biodiversity-related matters to their stakeholders and investors.
Design/methodology/approach: A disclosure schematic is developed and applied to the selected companies using content analysis to analyse their biodiversity-related disclosures and draw comparisons between the two jurisdictions.
Findings/results: Results indicate that South African organisations demonstrate a higher level of visibility in their biodiversity reporting when compared to their UK counterparts. The primary reason for this is because of a higher biodiversity ranking and hosting more biodiversity hotspots, which impact South African organisations. However, UK companies tend to provide more quantitative and valuation-based disclosures because of their advanced management information systems, professional standards network support and access to financial resources. In general, it is observed that biodiversity reporting is still in its nascent
stage in both jurisdictions and offers limited insight into the understanding of biodiversity by organisations and their ability to incorporate direct and indirect impacts into their business models, risk assessment and strategy implementation.
Practical implications: The disclosure schematic serves as a valuable tool for evaluating biodiversity reporting in different national contexts and provides a framework for companies developing biodiversity action plans. The findings help stakeholders assess organisations’ progress in achieving biodiversity objectives and integrating biodiversity considerations into business operations.
Originality/value: This study makes two unique contributions to the literature. First, it
provides one of the first comparative analyses of biodiversity reporting between a developing and developed economy, offering novel insights into how different jurisdictional contexts influence reporting practices. Second, it develops and applies a comprehensive disclosure schematic that enables evaluation of both symbolic and substantive biodiversity reporting approaches, advancing our understanding of how organisations integrate biodiversity considerations into their reporting and operations.
... The choice of participants was based on the stakeholder theory in which stakeholders are defined as individuals that can affect, or be affected by, the industry's activities [82]. Potential participants were further subjected to the evaluation of the stakeholder's attributes: power, legitimacy and/or urgency [83]. Accordingly, the following were considered as potential participants for this research: ...
... The sustainability score for the production of hemp-based boards in Australia has been estimated to be -1. 83. This score indicates that the product is 1.83 points less than the maximum value on the Likert scale ( Figure 5). ...
The construction industry, a cornerstone of global economic and social progress, is under increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices due to its significant environmental footprint. Industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) has gained attention as a renewable material for building applications, offering potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption. However, its broader sustainability performance remains underexplored. This study develops a comprehensive Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) framework to evaluate the environmental, economic, and social implications of hemp-based building materials in Australia. The framework integrates environmental life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, and social life cycle assessment based on ISO 14040-44 standards. Using a participatory approach, 19 indicators were identified relevant for the sustainability assessment of hemp-based materials through consultation with 30 stakeholders across the construction, hemp industries, and academia. By addressing critical gaps in methodology, this study provides a robust tool for stakeholders to optimise the sustainability performance of hemp-based building materials and advance net-zero construction practices.
... Los stakeholders son definidos por Domínguez (2020), como los grupos que son alterados por las diversas decisiones de una organización, quienes en su mayoría fungen como actores desinteresados, sin embargo, Mitchell et al. (1997), establecen que los stakeholders son actores internos y externos que inciden en las actividades de una organización. ...
... Adaptado de Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts (p. 872-979), porMitchell et al. (1997), Academy of ...
... Системне мислення потребує виявлення усіх стейкхолдерів у рамках системи. Для цього підприємства ТЛС можуть використовувати енергосистеми стейкхолдерів Р. Мітчелла [39], які відображають значення стейкхолдерів з точки зору їх легітимності, владності і терміновості. Треба відзначити, що не існує загального списку стейкхолдерів для всіх підприємств транспортно-логістичної системи. ...
... Визначення стейкхолдерів підприємства та їх структури на основі моделі Р. Мітчелла [39], яка заснована на використанні трьох атрибутів: влада, законність і терміновість, а також визначенні таких груп стейкхолдерів, як домінуюча, категорична, небезпечна, залежна, бездіяльна, контрольована та вимагаюча група. Складання мапи стейкхолдерів на основі визначення категорій та підгруп. ...
Навчальний посібник містить теоретичний матеріал з дисципліни
«Маркетингова діяльність підприємств транспортно-логістичної системи»,
який розкриває сутність сучасної маркетингової діяльності, особливості
маркетингової діяльності на підприємствах транспорту та логістики,
акцентує увагу на умовах ведення бізнесу, пов’язаних з мінливістю,
невизначеністю, складністю та багатозначністю сучасного світу, а також
діджиталізацією суспільства.
Для здобувачів першого (бакалаврського) рівня вищої освіти,
які навчаються за спеціальностями галузі знань 07 «Управління
та адміністрування» та галузей, які пов’язані з транспортом та логістикою,
а також для маркетологів та керівників підприємств транспортно-
логістичної системи.
... CSR can serve as a mechanism for addressing stakeholder conflicts and aligning diverse interests. By proactively engaging with stakeholders and incorporating their feedback into decision-making processes, organizations can mitigate potential disputes and enhance collaborative efforts (Mitchell, Agle, & Wood, 1997). For instance, environmental sustainability initiatives can address the concerns of both local communities and regulatory bodies, while fair labor practices can improve employee relations and attract socially conscious consumers. ...
... 3. Stakeholder Influence: Different stakeholder groups, including investors, customers, and activists, wield varying degrees of power in influencing CSR practices and reporting. Powerful stakeholders can press companies to improve their CSR performance and disclosures, while less influential groups may struggle to make their voices heard (Mitchell, Agle, & Wood, 1997). The extent to which organizations respond to these stakeholders can reflect underlying power dynamics. ...
This research explores the intersection of critical accounting theory (CAT) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study aims to deconstruct the dominant discourse surrounding CSR and accounting practices. It is argued that CSR is not merely a voluntary initiative, but a strategic tool employed by corporations to maintain legitimacy and reproduce existing power relations. This paper examines how accounting systems and practices contribute to constructing and reinforcing these power dynamics. The research seeks to unveil the underlying assumptions and ideologies embedded within CSR reporting and disclosure through theoretical analysis. Keywords: Critical accounting theory, corporate social responsibility, power relations, legitimacy theory, discourse analysis, accounting practices.
... Dans les situations axées sur les tâches, la décision est guidée par la perception de l'adéquation entre les tâches à accomplir et les compétences des candidat-e-s (Edwards & Shipp, 2007). En ce qui concerne le contrôle de la réputation, le facteur décisif est la réaction anticipée des parties prenantes internes et externes de l'organisation suite à la nomination de ces candidat-e-s (Mitchell et al., 1997). ...
... In task-focused situations, the decision is guided by the perceived alignment between the tasks at hand and the candidates' capabilities (see also Edwards & Shipp, 2007). For reputation control, the deciding factor is the anticipated reaction from internal and external stakeholders of the organization upon the appointment of such candidates (e.g., Mitchell et al., 1997). ...
Why are women and individuals from ethnic, racial, or immigration (ERI) minority backgrounds often chosen for precarious leadership positions by decision-makers? Research indicates that when change is deemed necessary, frequently prompted by a crisis, atypical candidates are more likely to be appointed to leadership roles. This mechanism results in a recurring pattern where candidates from underrepresented groups are disproportionately appointed to roles associated with a higher risk of failure, a phenomenon known as the glass cliff.
In our empirical investigation, encompassing correlational and experimental studies in political and management domains, we delved into the mechanisms influencing decision-makers’ preference for women and ERI minority leaders in such precarious contexts. We posited that, depending on the specific circumstances of a crisis, the preference for a female or ERI minority leader over a male or ERI majority leader could be driven by:
1. A perceived alignment between the crisis tasks and positive or negative stereotypes about the candidates’ leadership styles.
2. The need to signal change to appease internal and external stakeholders.
3. An inclination to act in accordance with one’s prejudice and set up these candidates for failure.
Each part of our empirical investigation focuses on one of these hypothesized mechanisms. Our findings yielded mixed findings regarding the preference for women and ERI minority candidates in times of crisis, contributing to a refinement of the theoretical framework of the glass cliff phenomenon and the development of a theoretical model of decision-makers’ motives.
... This suggests that very low and very high SDG compliance could be associated with suboptimal financial performance compared to moderate levels. This hypothesis is grounded in stakeholder theory, which posits that firms must balance various stakeholders' demands (Agudo-Valiente et al., 2015;Freeman, 1984;Mitchell et al., 1997). Excessive focus on SDG compliance might divert resources from core business activities, leading to suboptimal financial performance, while too little focus could alienate ethically-minded investors and customers. ...
This study examines the relationship between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) compliance and financial performance in Malaysian banks from 2013 to 2022. Using advanced machine learning techniques, including Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, K-nearest Neighbours, Extra Trees, Gradient Boosting, and Random Forests, banks were classified into financial performance tiers. Gradient Boosting was the most effective, achieving 80% accuracy in categorising medium and low-performance tiers. Significant correlations were found between SDGs 10 and 15, as well as financial metrics like market capitalisation and asset turnover. These findings highlight the benefits of integrating specific SDGs into banking strategies and the need for supportive policy frameworks, contributing to a deeper understanding of sustainable banking practices.
... Understanding the interdependencies between internal and external conditions and cognitive and affective processes can provide insights into when individual stakeholders mobilize against CSI, and allows us to derive suggestions for future research. This, in turn, encourages us to re-visit central pillars of stakeholder theory, such as the concept of stakeholder salience (Mitchell et al. 1997). The review shows that even stakeholders that initially lack salience can, through the processes outlined, pressure firms. ...
Irresponsible behavior of corporations is rampant, causing tremendous harm on a regional, national, and global scale. Sometimes stakeholders challenge such behavior, sometimes it remains unchallenged. A substantial body of research has emerged on the conditions that affect if and when stakeholders—such as investors, consumers, or local communities—mobilize against corporate social irresponsibility, yet this literature is fragmented, which hampers our understanding of the phenomenon. This paper systematically reviews 151 articles on stakeholder mobilization against corporate social irresponsibility to condense our understanding of the drivers and hindrances for stakeholder mobilization to occur. We develop a model that depicts when stakeholders are likely to mobilize against corporate social irresponsibility. Based on this model, we derive suggestions for future research, depicting what we still need to learn about the conditions that lead to stakeholders’ mobilization against corporate social irresponsibility.
... Through inclusive and participatory approaches to research, the study seeks to empower stakeholders, amplify their voices, and co-create knowledge, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of land reclamation efforts. Furthermore, stakeholder theory highlights the concept of stakeholder salience, which suggests that not all stakeholders hold equal importance or influence in organizational decision-making (Mitchell et al., 1997). In the context of land reclamation, organizations must prioritize stakeholders based on their power, legitimacy, and urgency, directing resources toward those stakeholders with the greatest impact on land restoration outcomes. ...
This study investigates the willingness of stakeholders in Chunya District, Tanzania, to adopt agroforestry as a land reclamation strategy in gold mining-affected areas. Mining activities in Chunya District have led to severe environmental degradation, including soil erosion, water contamination, and deforestation, which not only disrupt agriculture but also harm local biodiversity. Agroforestry, which integrates trees with crops or livestock, has been identified as a promising solution to restore soil fertility, mitigate erosion, enhance food security, and provide materials such as timber and fuelwood for the mining industry. By incorporating trees into agricultural landscapes, agroforestry can also reduce the pressure on natural forests, helping to avoid further deforestation and providing sustainable alternatives for timber, firewood and building materials used in mining industries. Despite its potential, agroforestry remains underutilized in Chunya District. The research employs a case study design and uses qualitative methods including in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation. These methods were used to assess the attitudes of local farmers, community leaders, mining company representatives, and environmental experts toward adopting agroforestry for land reclamation. The findings reveal that 85% of stakeholders recognize the benefits of agroforestry, such as improved soil quality, enhanced water retention, increased agricultural productivity, diversified income sources, and the restoration of degraded land. However, several barriers hinder the widespread adoption of agroforestry in the area. The most significant obstacles are financial constraints, lack of technical knowledge, and limited institutional support. While agroforestry is seen as a long-term solution, many stakeholders are hesitant to invest due to high initial costs and insufficient funds and training. Furthermore, legal challenges related to land tenure and competing interests between farmers and mining companies complicate the implementation of agroforestry practices. Despite these challenges, the study highlights the potential of agroforestry to address both environmental and socioeconomic issues. By integrating trees with agricultural practices, agroforestry can mitigate the adverse effects of mining, such as soil erosion and water pollution, while simultaneously providing local communities with food, timber, and other materials. For the mining industry, agroforestry can offer sustainable sources of timber and fuelwood, reducing the pressure on natural forests and promoting a more environmentally responsible approach to land use. Furthermore, agroforestry can enhance food security and improve livelihoods by diversifying income streams for local farmers. The study concludes that agroforestry offers a viable and multifaceted solution to the challenges posed by mining in Chunya District. To overcome the barriers to adoption, the research suggests the need for targeted policy frameworks, financial incentives, and capacity-building programs. By fostering collaboration between stakeholders, including mining companies, government agencies, and local communities, agroforestry can play a critical role in land reclamation, environmental restoration, and the long-term sustainability of Chunya District. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on agroforestry as an effective strategy for mitigating the environmental and social impacts of mining activities in Tanzania.
... Through their fleeting synergy, these two have developed a focus on inclusive and participatory decision-making as a stakeholder management strategy. Involving both family and non-family stakeholders allows their demands to be recognized and balanced, increasing acceptance and ensuring future sustainability [23]. This is particularly important given that family firms are often scrutinized more closely regarding governance practices and the alignment of what they do with society's prevailing norms. ...
The first two decades of this century have witnessed a burst of legislation, court cases, and shareholder reform movements for multinational corporations. However, family firms usually deviate while practicing governance and sustainability-related business practices. This study aimed to shed light on why family firms adopt a deviant corporate governance attitude. By looking at the governance score of the family firms, we implement the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) approach to find the relationship between the family firms’ corporate governance deviance index score. The findings demonstrate how deviance in corporate governance and deviance in family firms could influence sustainability performance. Our research supports the view that even in the presence of market- or country-based corporate governance laws and rules, the family firm usually develops governance practices that better balance its sustainability and profitability objectives. The study has implications for board members of family firms and theoretical implications for family business literature.
... Project stakeholders are Industry 4.0 professionals skilled in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), who understands manufacturing business and processes (Han & Trimi, 2022;Moeuf et al., 2019). Project stakeholder management assesses who these parties are and designs engagement strategies (Mitchell et al., 1997;Saad et al., 2020). However, a more collaborative view of stakeholder management targets understanding their expectations to promote alignment with project goals and build win-win solutions (Chow & Leiringer, 2020;Oliveira & Rabechini, 2019). ...
Purpose: The implementation of new technologies in Industry 4.0 integrates companies and enables project stakeholders to combine their knowledge and interests and, consequently amplifying project support. This study aimed to present key factors that facilitate collaboration between stakeholders in Industry 4.0 manufacturing projects.
Originality/value: Despite collaboration being frequently mentioned in Industry 4.0 academic research, only a few studies have investigated the crucial factors for collaboration between project stakeholders.
Design/methodology/approach: We chose an exploratory and qualitative approach. Based on data from semi-structured interviews and secondary documents, seven Industry 4.0 projects were characterized. A comparative content analysis led to eight factors facilitating collaboration in these smart manufacturing projects.
Findings: The key factors for collaboration between stakeholders in manufacturing projects of Industry 4.0 were: the definition of shared goals, joint problem-solving, information exchange, trust relationships, top management support, learning mindset, end-user centrality, and long-term relationships.
Conclusions: As a theoretical implication, we showed that Industry 4.0 projects facilitate the implementation of new business models in manufacturing companies. Besides, as a practical implication, we showed leading manufacturers organizing central 4.0 teams as collaboration hubs.
KEYWORDS: project management; stakeholders; collaboration; Industry 4.0; manufacturing
... For example, firms' practice of reducing greenhouse emissions may be praised by employees but criticised by shareholders who care about shareholders' wealth. Mitchell et al. (1997) postulate that power is one of the key determinants of the importance of stakeholder-management subgroups. We provide the channels through which CEOs with greater power could influence greenhouse carbon emissions. ...
... At close quarters lies the problem of variability in stakeholder salience and impact (Fassin 2008). Stakeholders differ in their power to influence the firm, and the risk associated with their stakes in the success or failure of the firm varies (Donaldson & Preston 1995;Mitchell et al. 1997;Rowley 1997). Thus, Fig. 2(d) responds to this concern by moving from homogenous to heterogeneous ovals that differ in size and shade intensity. ...
This research explores how stakeholder scholarship can evolve into a puzzle-solving tool, akin to more advanced scientific fields. Only a unified stakeholder management science can address issues like firms that, despite the looming threat of climate disaster, prioritize profits over environmental concerns. Such unification, however, depends on a computational turn of mind outlined herein. Stakeholder scholarship has failed to progress toward this end, because stakeholder theory has fallen short of shedding light on the inner workings of the firm in search of the mechanisms that govern its relations with stakeholders, instead lingering over the outermost parts of the social phenomena where stakeholder macro dynamics are obvious. This lays open several hurdles that must be overcome for stakeholder scholarship to become a puzzle-solving tool at the service of the environment and society. Thus, a computational fix may be within reach in the next few decades if the following five steps, elaborated upon herein, guide the transition: 1) probe firm-level mechanisms, 2) focus on qualitative institutional data, 3) adopt computational language to reduce ambiguities, 4) develop algorithms for how activities discharge powers or capacities to fulfill functions, and 5) break with peer-review silos that have made stakeholder theory self-referential.
... • Metaphysical and spiritual interests: These refer to religious or philosophical principles, as well as beliefs about the divine, the human and nature [19]. ...
The study of stakeholders occupies a prominent place in management theories due to its usefulness and applicability in the field of social and behavioral sciences. Successful experiences in the management of these stakeholders show the importance of their proper management. In the current context, characterized by high volatility and the need for effective crisis management, this approach acquires special relevance for modern management. The objective of this work is to analyze and adapt Mendelow's stakeholder model for its application at the Central University of Ecuador, located in Quito. As part of the methodological triangulation, the study also included two additional public universities in the Ecuadorian capital. The methodology used includes a documentary analysis based on primary sources (experts from the universities studied) and secondary sources (official documentation of the institutions). Based on the analysis of results, strategies designed to optimize the management systems in these higher education institutions are presented. These strategies facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the actors involved and their needs, which contributes to the strengthening of effective, results-oriented management aligned with contemporary demands of institutional governance.
... The literature identifies policymakers, utilities, manufacturers, retailers, suppliers, installers, and end users as the key stakeholders in the residential solar storage market [3][4][5]13,15,16,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]52]. Additionally, the scope of the study is limited to stakeholders with regulatory and commercial interests in the transition. ...
... It is considered the creation of social responsibility for stakeholders, which must be appropriately applied to the actual situation or event. The stakeholder theory has not yet been fully accepted, but it is a guideline to explain stakeholders' social responsibility and social performance, leading to the selection of a framework for work that must identify legitimate stakeholders using qualitative criteria with three characteristics: Power, legitimacy, and urgency (Mitchell et al., 1997). However, when the stakeholder theory (ST) was researched, it was discovered to be a deep theory in corporate ethics and organizational management, although it is still limited to specific sectors of work or groups. ...
This study aims to examine the role of stakeholders in managing urban food streets, develop an ecosystem framework for food street management, and explore stakeholder involvement in food street operations in Bangkok. Data were collected from three well-known food streets in Bangkok—Ratchawat Road, Khaosan Road, and Yaowarat Road—through interviews with 30 key informants and a questionnaire survey of 400 respondents. The findings indicate that public participation in food street management was moderate, with customers, tourists, and the general public being the most influential stakeholders. Supporting street food vendors and small entrepreneurs plays a social role by aiding low-income urban populations and contributing to the city's social and economic dynamics. The study proposed the 'Food on Street' ecosystem, which emphasizes the collaboration of various stakeholders, including community leaders, entrepreneurs, hawkers, local merchants, government officials, tourists, customers, and local residents. Additionally, vendors have begun adopting mixed trading methods such as online, on-site, and on-demand services. Transforming food streets into organized Food Truck markets enhances tourism and strengthens local economic systems, contributing to sustainable community development and well-being.
... Accordingly, universities that display behaviors aligned with communal or equitable values can foster cooperative relationships, whereas selfinterested behavior often shifts stakeholders toward transactional, market-oriented models. Relatedly, Mitchell et al. (1997) highlighted the dynamic nature of stakeholder relationships such that stakeholders can gain or lose attributes over time, transitioning between classes. This emphasizes the need for managers to reassess stakeholder salience continuously. ...
Most scholarly impact measures focus exclusively on an essential but single group of stakeholders: other researchers. However, business research aims to benefit not only other researchers (i.e., internal) but also additional (i.e., external) stakeholders. Accordingly, we offer an expanded multidimensional and multistakeholder conceptualization of scholarly impact that includes the following dimensions and their stakeholders: (1) personal (i.e., individual researchers), (2) theory and research (i.e., other researchers), (3) educational (i.e., students, parent institutions, and university community), (4) organizational (i.e., practitioners including managers, consultants, and industry), (5) societal (i.e., media, policymakers, governments, and nongovernmental organizations), and (6) global (i.e., international institutions). We also describe scholarly impact measures across these dimensions and stakeholders. Then, we extend the capacity, opportunity, and relevant exchanges (CORE) performance model to describe the construct of scholarly impact performance (SIP) and provide actionable recommendations that individuals and organizations can implement to enhance SIP across institutional contexts (i.e., research-intensive, teaching-oriented, and those in emerging countries). In sum, we offer a broader conceptualization of scholarly impact, measures, and recommendations for incentivizing and enhancing SIP.
JEL Classification: A10, A13, D02, D21, F60, I20, I23, I26, L2
... Knowledge is thus extended from the biophysical ocean ecosystem to the social system of users of the resources and ocean space, recognizing their dependency on the system, their contribution to the economy and society, as well as the varying impact of their activities. Small-scale fishers are an example of such user groups, which should ideally be considered "definitive" stakeholders , according to Mitchell et al. (1997). One issue that may also be applicable to other small-scale user groups is that they may only have legitimacy and urgency in the use of the resource, but not the power to influence decisions. ...
Navigating Our Way reflects the broader insights and diverse voices revolutionizing marine conservation. This volume brings together an array of scholars, practitioners, and experts from multiple fields, creating a network of trans-disciplinary and multi-cultural perspectives to address the complex problems in marine conservation.
Larry B. Crowder, a leading voice in the field, has curated contributions on a wide range of topics, including critically endangered species in the Bahamas, Argentinian penguins, and the ecosystems of our coral reefs. The book delves deeply into human relationships with nature, the development of climate-smart solutions, and the governance of collective action.
Committed to inclusivity, this volume also includes conversations across the disciplines of natural sciences, social sciences, and governance, incorporating both Western and Indigenous knowledge traditions. This volume is highly relevant to marine conservation scholars, practitioners, managers, and students, and anyone interested in preserving our marine environment.
... Los actores identificados aparecen en la Figura 4, atendiendo los criterios de (Mitchell et al., 1997). Tal y como se anunció en el marco analítico, en el caso SAI, si se aplica el análisis propuesto en la Figura 1, se obtiene el resultado observado en la Figura 5 a continuación. ...
Este artículo busca comprender algunos de los retos normativos e institucionales que enfrenta la generación de energía a partir de residuos sólidos urbanos en zonas no interconectadas en Colombia. Encuentro que urge una coordinación interinstitucional entre los entes encargados de la producción de energía y los responsables de la recolección y disposición final de residuos, partiendo de una revisión de la normatividad vigente en Colombia y, advirtiendo la desarticulación entre las normas reguladoras de la generación, comercialización y distribución de energía con aquellas que versan sobre los residuos sólidos. Pretendo responder ¿cuáles son los límites y las posibilidades del marco normativo e institucional para la implementación de proyectos de energía a partir de residuos sólidos urbanos en Colombia? Para entender las implicaciones prácticas de esta desarticulación normativa, analicé el caso del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (en adelante SAI), a partir del cual, determiné las razones jurídicas y de capacidad institucional por las que, a pesar de haberse concluido la construcción de una planta de generación de energía con residuos sólidos urbanos (en adelante RSU) en el año 2012, a la fecha no se ha generado un megavatio de energía.
... According to (Lewis, 2004, p. 202) the term stakeholder refers to "any person or group that can claim an organisation's attention, resources or output or who may be affected by the organisation". Moreover, different individuals or groups have varying levels of power (Krüger, 1974), legitimacy (Suchman, 1995), and urgency (Mitchell et al., 1997) make them the key stakeholders. ...
Leadership in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) is critical for navigating resource constraints, diverse stakeholder needs, and mission-driven goals. This study examines transactional, transformational, and laissez-faire leadership styles within NGOs, identifying their strengths and limitations. Transactional leadership provides structure and efficiency in crisis situations but may stifle innovation. Transformational leadership inspires long-term commitment and change but risks over-reliance on charismatic leaders. Laissez-faire leadership empowers skilled teams but can lead to inefficiency without clear direction. The findings emphasise the need for adaptive leadership tailored to specific organisational contexts, bridging gaps in the limited research on NGO leadership practices.
... Representation refers to the adequate involvement of rights holders, knowledge holders, and stakeholder in the process -which will differ substantially based on the proponent, purpose, and scale of the assessment. Stakeholder mapping and analysis can help to identify key groups who are implicated and should be involved in an expert or working group to co-design the process (Mitchell et al., 1997;Reed et al., 2009). Establishing selection criteria for involvement in the expert working group can help to ensure that there is a balanced mix of groups and knowledge holders to co-design the framework and indicators. ...
Inequity is ubiquitous in the ocean, and social equity receives insufficient attention in ocean governance and management efforts. Thus, we assert that proponents of sustainability must center social equity in future ocean governance, to address past social and environmental injustices, to align with international law and conservation policy, and to realize objectives of sustainability. This obligation applies across all marine policy realms, including marine conservation, fisheries management, climate adaptation and the ocean economy, in all socio-political contexts and at different geographical scales. Indeed, many governmental, non-governmental, and philanthropic organizations are striving to advance social equity across their ocean sustainability focused agendas, policies, programs, initiatives, and portfolios. To date, however, there has been limited attention to how to meaningfully assess status and monitor progress on social equity in ocean governance (aka “ocean equity”) across different marine policy realms. Here, we contribute to ongoing efforts to advance ocean equity through providing guidance on five steps to develop bespoke, fit to purpose and contextually appropriate assessment and monitoring frameworks and approaches to measure status of and track changes in ocean equity. These steps include: 1) Clearly articulating the overarching purpose and aim; 2) Convening a participatory group and process to co-design the assessment framework; 3) Identifying important objectives, aspects and attributes of social equity to assess; 4) Selecting and developing indicators, methods, and measures; and 5) Collecting, analyzing and evaluating data. Then, we discuss four subsequent steps to take into account to ensure that assessments lead to adaptations or transformations to improve ocean equity. These steps include: 1) Communicating results to reach key audiences, to enable learning and inform decision-making; 2) Deliberating on actions and selecting interventions to improve ocean equity; 3) Ensuring actions to improve ocean equity are implemented; and, 4) Committing to continual cycles of monitoring, evaluation, learning and adapting at regular intervals. Following these steps could contribute to a change in how oceans are governed. The diligent pursuit of ocean equity will help to ensure that the course towards a sustainable ocean is more representative, inclusive and just.
... Stakeholder engagement is establishing communication with stakeholders is essential to comprehend their expectations and guarantee that CSR initiatives effectively tackle their worries. Furthermore, it entails consistent communication and feedback systems to integrate stakeholder contributions into CSR strategies (Mitchell et al., 1997). CSR communication is a crucial communication approach used to distribute information about CSR activities within an organization and to external stakeholders. ...
This study aims to explore the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR)
management in promoting sustainable growth. Using content and descriptive
analysis, the study examines secondary data from research articles published
in reputable journals. Key challenges in CSR management include aligning
business goals with social and environmental objectives, evaluating the
effectiveness of CSR initiatives, and addressing skepticism or resistance from
stakeholders. The integration of CSR practices is essential for businesses to
enhance their reputation and build trust with stakeholders, such as
customers, employees, and investors. By addressing social, environmental,
and economic issues, companies can foster sustainable development and
strengthen community relationships. CSR practices also help businesses
manage risks, comply with regulations, and avoid legal issues. Additionally,
CSR initiatives can drive innovation by encouraging the creation of
sustainable products and services, improve employee morale, and attract
talent seeking socially responsible workplaces. Ultimately, CSR contributes to
long-term value creation, enhances market competitiveness, and positions
companies as leaders in ethical and responsible business practices
... The invitations to stakeholders were made following a stakeholder analysis-conducted between 20 and 31 August 2024-that allowed us to identify all the key stakeholders of the region (Veneto) and of the three surrounding regions (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Emilia-Romagna). The stakeholder analysis, applied following the methodology proposed by Grilli et al. [36], is a technique that is used to identify all groups of people, organized or unorganized, who share a stake in a particular issue [37]. ...
Urban green infrastructures (UGIs) are important elements of the urban matrix providing ecological functions and several ecosystem services beneficial to citizens. Recently, their contribution to the well-being and quality of life of citizens has been widely recognized by both the scientific community and policymakers. This study aims to explore the social relevance of UGI ecosystem services through a mixed qualitative–quantitative case study approach. First, a quantitative literature review was conducted using bibliometric network analysis, followed by a participatory process through a Scientific Café with a sample of Italian stakeholders involved in the UGIs’ planning and management. The bibliometric network analysis identified 443 documents (from 2000 to 2024) primarily focused on three ecosystem services provided by UGIs—climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and cultural services, such as health benefits, aesthetic, and recreation. The qualitative results of Scientific Café highlight a particular interest of stakeholders in cultural services such as physical and mental benefits provided by UGIs, as well as improving the urban aesthetic value. Additionally, the role of UGIs in microclimate regulation and heat mitigation was emphasized. The combined analysis of perspectives from the scientific community, policy-makers, stakeholders, and citizens provides a foundation for developing a participatory governance approach to UGIs.
... According to stakeholder theory, declining financial performance can alter how a firm balances the needs of different stakeholders, particularly prioritising those groups most crucial to the company's financial support in the short term [64]. Moreover, the Trade-Off Theory posits that, all else being equal, lower profitability levels lead to higher bankruptcy risks and increased debt costs [65]. ...
The impact of geopolitical risks (GPR) on enterprises is significant, yet the existing literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of how GPR affects environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. This study addresses this gap by analysing data from Chinese enterprises over the period 2009 to 2021. It empirically examines the impact of GPR on ESG performance and explores the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, the analysis considers the roles of investor attention and government subsidies as moderating factors. The results indicate that GPR inhibits corporate ESG performance. State-owned enterprises are found to mitigate these adverse effects, while privately-owned enterprises tend to exacerbate them. Mechanism tests reveal that GPR negatively impacts ESG performance by increasing financing constraints and reducing financial performance. Furthermore, increased investor attention and government subsidies can alleviate the negative effects of GPR on ESG performance. These findings offer valuable insights for organisations, governments, and stakeholders, enabling them to better respond to GPR and achieve sustainable development.
... According to (Lewis, 2004, p. 202) the term stakeholder refers to "any person or group that can claim an organisation's attention, resources or output or who may be affected by the organisation". Moreover, different individuals or groups have varying levels of power (Krüger, 1974), legitimacy (Suchman, 1995), and urgency (Mitchell, et al., 1997) make them the key stakeholders. According to (Conde et al., 2005, p.50 ), "The term "stakeholder" in climate change studies refers to policymakers, scientists, administrators, communities, and managers in the most at-risk economic sectors. ...
This study explores the disproportionate impact of climate change on women and girls in the MENA region’s agricultural sector. This exploration includes women's key challenges regarding health, education, accessto resources, and work environment. The research also seeks to identify strategies to bridge gender equality gaps that may amplify due to climate change, through synthesising and analysing scholarly articles and reports from governmental and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) working in the MENA region and worldwide. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the gendered impacts of climate change on MENA agriculture, a topic that has received limited attention in MENA region. Moreover, it suggests improvements for existing strategies to improve women's situation in the agricultural sector and to increase resilience for women and their families in the face of climate change.
... Stemming from stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984), a focus on the number of affected persons underscores the interconnectedness between organizations and their stakeholders. This interconnectedness is further elucidated by Mitchell et al. (1997), who emphasized stakeholder salience, considering the power, legitimacy, and urgency of stakeholders in determining the importance of their claims. The literature on reputation management, notably advanced by Fombrun and van Riel (2004), establishes a critical link between CSR and the mitigation of reputational harm. ...
Cybersecurity incidents damage not only the organizations attacked, but also society in general, harming customers and stakeholders. Through the text mining of the incident database, we observed that the impact of cybersecurity incident trends became more outward-oriented causing increased risks associated with social responsibility. Thus, this study aims to validate the potential effect of cybersecurity incidents on social responsibility risks and stock price drops. To derive meaningful factors from the description of incidents, we mined the texts to extract the features of the severity of incidents and their direction of impact whether inward or outward. The severity score is derived from sentiment analysis and the impact direction by topic modeling and machine learning models including SVM, LSTM, and BERT. The effects of these incident features are studied through regression models with social responsibility risk and stock price drops as dependent variables. To conduct this study, we collected incident texts from the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse database, and social responsibility risk indices from the Privacy and Data Security index and Cyber Risk Rating scores. The subsequent short-term stock price drops are measured by Cumulative Abnormal Returns and their variations. Our analysis revealed a profound impact of cybersecurity incidents on social responsibility risk indices and stock price drops with the moderating effect of outward impact in both models. However, we recognize the incompatibility between an annual index of social responsibility risk and short-term stock price drops. Therefore, we propose a short-term social responsibility risk index for cybersecurity which can be derived from the disclosed incidents. All these scenarios support the premise that cybersecurity incidents significantly impact the social responsibility risk and may lead to potential stock price drops.
This study investigates the impact of strategic optimization practices on organizational performance in the pension industry in Zimbabwe, with a focus on how these practices can enhance financial outcomes amidst evolving regulatory landscapes. The research aims to evaluate the effects of strategic optimization on pension fund performance, particularly in light of recent regulatory changes that influence operational practices and effectiveness. The study employs a mixed-methods research, adopting a pragmatic philosophy and utilizing an explanatory research design. The study is underpinned by the Resource-Based View (RBV), the Stakeholder Theory and the Systems Theory. The sample size consists of 209 staff members from NSSA, employing both stratified random sampling and purposive non-probability sampling methods for data collection. Structured questionnaires and interview guides will be used to gather data, analyzed through IBM SPSS for analysis, while Microsoft Excel will facilitate descriptive statistics and visualization. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The objectives include assessing how strategic optimization affects performance metrics, exploring regulatory impacts, evaluating the role of employee engagement as a mediator, and quantifying the financial implications of these optimization strategies. Preliminary findings are expected to reveal a strong correlation between strategic optimization practices and organizational performance, akin to the relationship identified in the banking sector regarding digitalization and competitive advantage. The study will highlight the importance of employee engagement and adaptability to regulatory changes as pillars of effective strategic implementation. Recommendations will focus on developing frameworks for strategic optimization that leverage employee engagement and align with regulatory requirements, ultimately driving sustainable growth and enhanced performance in Zimbabwe's pension industry.
O estudo questionou as razões pelas quais as varas especializadas de saúde ainda não foram difundidas pelo país, tendo em vista que diferentes estudos consideram essa uma forma de prestação judicial mais ágil e qualificada do que a prática atual. Com esse objetivo, inicialmente revisaram-se os estudos de lógicas institucionais que buscam entender o discurso e ações de grupos de atores favoráveis a mudanças em determinados contextos, sem que tal propósito chegue a se realizar. A pesquisa buscou indícios a respeito da possibilidade da introdução de varas especializadas de saúde e quanto à regulamentação de sua governança, que consistiu de entrevistas com profissionais que caracterizavam alguns dos atores mais importantes do campo, além de um levantamento documental sobre o tema. A pesquisa confirmou, com poucas nuances, que a vara especializada de saúde é tida como um modelo mais ágil e que pode proporcionar melhores resultados jurídicos. Entretanto, dentre os fatores impeditivos para sua implantação encontram-se, sobretudo, as divergências entre os atores sobre a composição e o exercício da assessoria médica a essas varas, que refletem os conflitos ainda em andamento entre as lógicas priorizadas pelos atores com maior poder decisório.
Research Summary
We integrate social comparison theory into stakeholder research to develop a multi‐stakeholder, multidimensional framework to investigate how firms' relative treatment of employees affects employee whistleblowing. We theorize that a higher compensation disparity between the CEO and employees and treatment disparity between external stakeholders and employees will decrease employees' loyalty, leading to more external whistleblowing. The effects will be amplified with increased external labor market mobility. We use a multi‐method approach to test these predictions. In Study 1, we rely on archival data to test the influence of treatment disparities on whistleblowing. In Study 2, with two experiments, we demonstrate causality and examine employee loyalty as the explanatory mediating mechanism. Our study contributes to stakeholder theory by highlighting the critical implications of stakeholder treatment disparities.
Managerial Summary
This study examines the relationship between firms' treatment toward employees and employee whistleblowing to an outside entity. External whistleblowing may generate unintended short‐term negative consequences for firms. Firms need to be aware of the potential reputational damage of external whistleblowing and make strategic decisions that could prevent such behavior. Based on data from US publicly listed firms from 1992 to 2013 as well as two experiments, we find that employees will make comparisons among different references groups (i.e., CEOs and other stakeholders). Unfavorable comparison will decrease employee loyalty toward the firms, leading to more whistleblowing. This effect is even stronger if employees have more opportunities in the external labor market. The results suggest that firms need to be careful about creating huge disparities in stakeholder treatment.
O temor social provocado pelas especulações econômicas negativas decorrentes da pandemia de coronavírus reforçam a necessidade de se buscar alternativas estratégicas para o enfrentamento desta nova crise, a responsabilidade social corporativa, enquanto disciplina, fornece as bases epistemológicas por meio da teoria e prática organizacional, criando-se uma perspectiva resiliente e positiva para enfrentamento do quadro atual. O presente artigo busca analisar o desafio para o enfrentamento da pandemia do coronavírus sob a ótica da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa, sob o enfoque da teoria dos stakeholders. Metodologicamente trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada, explicativa, de abordagem qualitativa, sendo a pesquisa bibliográfica a fonte principal de coleta de dados. Por meio da análise dos conceitos, teorias e aspectos associados ao tema, cria-se uma perspectiva favorável de que processo de engajamento dos stakeholders fomentará iniciativas concretas para o enfrentamento da crise provocada pela pandemia do coronavírus, buscando, por intermédio da ação e do esforço simultâneo de todos aqueles que serão impactados de forma direta ou indireta pelas decisões corporativas a superação deste desafio em meio a crise provocada pela pandemia no Brasil.
This study provides a comprehensive overview of greenwashing research in business and management, focusing on its conceptual and theoretical foundations. Through a systematic literature review of 97 peer-reviewed articles from Scopus and Web of Science, we use bibliometric analysis to map the evolution of greenwashing studies and network analysis and identify four thematic clusters: (1) symbolic management and CSR communication, (2) environmental regulations and institutional complexity, (3) performance and sustainable practices, and (4) marketing, perception, and trust. Additionally, we perform a full-text analysis to map the theoretical frameworks employed across these clusters, revealing the dominance of macro-level theories (e.g., legitimacy, institutional, and stakeholder theories) and their cross-level interactions with meso- and micro-level approaches. By developing a multi-level theoretical framework, we provide a structured approach to understanding greenwashing across different analytical layers. Then, focusing on the theories used to investigate greenwashing, we identify some avenues for future research. This study has practical implications for understanding how greenwashing affects corporate governance, financial performance, and stakeholder trust, providing insights for enhancing transparency and accountability in sustainable business practices.
INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PERFORMANCE - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY KOLKATA EAST WEST MEWTRO AND PUNE METRO LINE 03
Even though halting biodiversity loss is enshrined in the sustainable development goals (SDGs), current drivers tend to enforce tendencies in the direction of biodiversity loss and unsustainability. A focus on tackling direct drivers of biodiversity destruction surfaces social innovations relevant to management education. However, the central contribution of management education for biodiversity protection is critical engagement with indirect drivers and current ways of “doing business”. To this end, the chapter proposes biodiversity thinking for management education as comprised of reflection on values, environmental literacy, and the joint exploration of both in service-oriented learning, and a novel educational approach based on individual assignments, lectures and foresight work in groups. A case evaluation shows the approach to enable critical reflection on biodiversity values at the levels of individuals, but also that instrumental values prevail in group work. Fostering biodiversity thinking requires embedding course work in a long-term, whole-of-university sustainability approach.
Globally, one-third of the food produced for human consumption globally is wasted, a figure projected to rise with increased food production. Collaborative efforts across food supply chains can mitigate post-harvest losses, playing a crucial role in enhancing food security. However, frameworks for multi-stakeholder collaborations remain underdeveloped, particularly in developing countries. We address this gap by focusing on the case study of tomato food supply chain in Tanzania. Using value chain analysis with farmers, traders, and transporters in the Iringa and Morogoro regions, findings reveal that 28% of post-harvest losses stem from climate and weather conditions, followed by limited market knowledge (12.5%) and inadequate storage facilities (11%). The results further show that only a small proportion of the tomato is transported to the market due to bad roads and there is limited number of processing industries, exacerbating the issue. Farmers have no knowledge as to how much they will produce or where they will sell in the next season. Building on these findings, the study revises Bhattacharya and Fayezi’s (Ind Mark Manag 93: 328–343, 2021) framework to propose a tailored multi-stakeholder collaboration framework for the Tanzania food supply chain context. This framework aims to empower smallholder farmers to reduce losses and increase incomes while fostering sustainable collaborations applicable to other value chains and regions.
La divulgación de información correspondiente a factores de las prácticas Ambientales, Sociales y de Gobierno Corporativo (ASG) de las empresas ha tenido un crecimiento considerable en los últimos años. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar si la divulgación de los factores ASG tienen un efecto en el desempeño financiero de las empresas en Latinoamérica. La investigación se realizó para el periodo de 2010 a 2015 empleando una muestra de 97 empresas que forman parte de los índices de Merca- do de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Empleamos la metodología de datos panel. Nuestros resultados mostraron que existe un impacto positivo entre la divulgación de ASG en el desempeño financiero de las empresas en Latinoamérica.
Purpose
Organizations experience various issues with the optimum use of data. This study is qualitative research to identify and provide a helpful pattern for increasing the performance of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM).
Design/methodology/approach
The statistical population in the qualitative section includes managers and experts in the supply chain (SC) and food production. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews, and data saturation happens after the tenth interview. Then, the data were coded using grounded theory and qualitative research analysis. 384 questionnaires were distributed among employees via random sampling. SmartPLS software is used to investigate and analyze the relationships in the mentioned model through 13 core categories.
Findings
The findings indicate that organizational productivity and SC deficiencies are among the effective factors in the SSCM primarily identified by this study. Moreover, the findings propose that industry SC, macro policies, organizational performance, social factors, economic factors, organizational factors, political factors, technological factors, production and customer are likely to positively impact the SSCM, which have previously been documented by studies.
Originality/value
The model and concepts extracted from the responses of research participants show well that there are reasons and motivations for increasing the performance of SSCM. Also, the designed model shows well that the motives and reasons for turning to this system are satisfied due to its implementation.
Las relaciones entre empresa y sociedad implícitas en el concepto de la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE), admiten múltiples puntos de vista que derivan de las variadas acepciones del adjetivo «social» admitidas. De esta forma lo «social» puede entenderse como una relación en sí misma con los stakeholders, como una posible dimensión de esa relación, como un compromiso con objetivos, o también como un eje del discurso social y medioambiental frente al económico y empresarial. De todas formas, en este artículo se plantea que independientemente de todas esas perspectivas, la RSE debe estar enmarcada en un concepto más amplio de corresponsabilidad con todas las organizaciones que le rodean. Estamos en una organización de redes donde el liderazgo, compromiso y convicción tanto en el ámbito empresarial como en el político y social son claves para impulsar una competitividad responsable y sostenible.
Purpose :
This study analyses the impact of stakeholder attributes on construction projects in India, focusing on how effective stakeholder impact assessment can be conducted based on accurate analysis of these attributes.
Study design/methodology/approach :
The research identifies key stakeholders and examines critical attributes—power, interest, predictability, influence, and knowledge—that define their impact on project performance. A model is developed to assess stakeholder influence based on these attributes, and an assessment of the stakeholder impacts from the perspectives of diverse respondent groups were conducted for further insights.
Findings :
The findings indicate that stakeholders with higher levels of power and interest have a stronger influence on project success, while other attributes like predictability and knowledge play important supporting roles. The developed model provides a systematic approach for evaluating and managing stakeholder impact, ensuring
better alignment with project objectives.
Originality/value:
This study offers a novel framework for assessing stakeholder influence based on measurable attributes, contributing to more effective stakeholder management in construction projects. The model's application improves understanding of how stakeholders shape project dynamics.
Research limitations/implications:
The study is limited to specific stakeholder attributes and does not account for external factors like market changes. Future research could explore how these additional factors interact with stakeholder management in broader contexts.
Practical Implications:
The proposed assessment tool offers practical strategies for project managers to enhance stakeholder engagement, improving overall project performance.
Social Implications:
Effective stakeholder management can contribute to more sustainable and efficient construction practices, benefiting the broader economy and society
Purpose
Crises such as the 2015–2016 European refugee crisis and the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) represent creeping crises that public organisations manage. Yet both scholars and practitioners lack insight into how well public organisations manage creeping crises that lead to a new normal and whether professionals and volunteers differ in their crisis response.
Design/methodology/approach
Using survey data from 112 professional and volunteer emergency responders in Germany, this study examines how crisis-induced reforms and challenges during COVID-19 affected their crisis response. This study uses partial least squares structural equation modelling to evaluate the relationships among crisis-induced reforms and challenges and both crisis response proficiency and collaboration intention.
Findings
Crisis-induced reforms support both crisis response proficiency and collaboration intention, while organisational challenges weaken response proficiency. A group comparison reveals that whereas professional responders are more likely to manage crises better than volunteer responders, volunteer responders are more predisposed to engage in future stakeholder collaboration.
Practical implications
Public sector organisations need to embrace opportunities for better crisis response through crisis-induced reforms. Additionally, policymakers need to acknowledge the differing capabilities and support needs of both professional and volunteer emergency responders.
Originality/value
This study provides insights into creeping crisis management by analysing crisis response proficiency and collaboration for two typical crisis responders: emergency response professionals and volunteers. While demonstrating that crisis response proficiency is more realistic in a professional setting, whereas volunteers more strongly focus on collaboration, the study presents a differentiated view of public crisis responders.
This paper investigates the relationship between board faultlines and investment efficiency in family firms and how this relationship varies due to family involvement. Our findings indicate that board faultlines have a negative effect on investment efficiency in family businesses. However, we observed that increased family involvement, specifically having more family member directors, higher family ownership, and transgenerational participation, mitigates the negative influence of board faultlines on investment efficiency.
Objetivo do estudo: Investigar os papéis da média gerência no processo de estratégia e seus resultados, que favorecem o desempenho em dimensões além da esfera econômica em um contexto de organizações contemporâneas. Atualizar o framework proposto por Wooldridge et al. (2008) para adaptar os papéis estratégicos da média gerência frente à múltiplas demandas por resultados de diferentes stakeholders. Metodologia/abordagem: Investigar o impacto da publicação de Wooldridge et al. (2008), por meio de uma análise bibliométrica, incluindo análise de desempenho (Web of Science) e mapeamento científico (VOSviewer), triangulando com uma revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL), numa abordagem de métodos mistos (quantitativo e qualitativos), para análise de correntes futuras de pesquisas no campo. Originalidade / Relevância: As organizações têm se tornado cada vez mais orientadas a clientes e a outros stakeholders, fazendo com que a média gerência seja responsável pelo equilíbrio entre demandas ambíguas de resultados. Wooldridge et al. (2008) consolidaram um framework abrangente envolvendo antecedentes, processos e resultados da perspectiva da média gerência em processos de estratégia, contudo, na dimensão de resultados, o framework fica limitado a resultados intermediários e desempenho econômico, carecendo de atualização. Principais resultados: três principais clusters foram identificados, no mapeamento científico, como novas oportunidades de pesquisas. A média gerência foi desafiada a evoluir em seus papéis e, com luz na teoria dos papéis e na perspectiva da estratégia como processo e prática, duas novas categorias de resultados são propostas no framework original: efetividade operacional e satisfação dos stakeholders. Contribuições teóricas / metodológicas: na execução de seus papéis (facilitador, implementador, defensor e sintetizador) a média gerência é capaz de gerar resultados operacionais que geram resultados de satisfação aos stakeholders, além de meramente resultados econômicos. Contribuições sociais / para a gestão: o estudo revelou a média gerência como um importante ator na geração de resultados de satisfação aos stakeholders.
What happens when disadvantaged group members try to gain power in an attempt to protect their collective autonomy? The present integrative review outlines dynamic social processes and conditions under which efforts to restrict a group’s collective autonomy motivate social movement mobilization among disadvantaged groups to challenge social hierarchies that limit their power. This, in turn, threatens advantaged groups’ perceptions of their access to power and, by extension, their sense of collective autonomy, motivating them to reaffirm the existing social hierarchy by mobilizing counter-movements. We propose a theoretical model, called the Movement Mobilization Model of Collective Autonomy, to articulate these dynamic processes by integrating sociological, psychological, and organizational science literatures. The model specifies the conditions under which social movements and counter-movements are activated, psychological processes that drive action, how they play off each other, and offer directions for future research.
Public Abstract
What happens when disadvantaged groups feel that their freedom to define and practice their collective identity (i.e., collective autonomy) is restricted? The present theoretical review outlines the conditions under which social inequality activates the feelings of collective autonomy restriction among disadvantaged group members and motivates the mobilization of social movements seeking social equality. As these social movements gain traction, advantaged group members may feel that their privileged position and collective autonomy are threatened. These feelings of threat and collective autonomy restriction among advantaged groups in turn motivate them to mobilize counter-movements that seek to protect social hierarchy and their privileged position within it. The process outlined in this case is relevant to individuals from both marginalized and privileged backgrounds, as it illustrates the different ways in which real-world power structures shape the way they experience and navigate social movements and counter-movements as they unfold in real time.
This 1978 paper outlines a conceptual transition in business and society scholarship, from the philosophical-ethical concept of corporate social responsibility (corporations' obligation to work for social betterment) to the action-oriented managerial concept of corporate social responsiveness (the capacity of a corporation to respond to social pressure). Implications of this shift include a reduction in business defensiveness, an increased emphasis on techniques for managing social responsiveness, more empirical research on business and society relationships and constraints on corporate responsiveness, a continued need to clarify business responsibilities, and a need to work toward more dynamic theories of values and social change.
Offered here is a conceptual model that comprehensively describes essential aspects of corporate social performance. The three aspects of the model address major questions of concern to academics and managers alike: (1) What is included in corporate social responsibility? (2) What are the social issues the organization must address? and (3) What is the organization's philosophy or mode of social responsiveness?
The purpose of this article is to show how the concept of stakeholders in an organization can be used to understand the tasks of the board of directors. The authors argue that a volunteeristic approach to questions of corporate governance which focuses on effective director behavior is preferable to structural change via legislation.
This article works toward a more meaningful answer to the question, What is a corporate issue? The article builds from existing literature in business strategy, public policy, and business and society. It synthesizes and integrates this literature and then expands the major points. The result is a reformulated definition of the corporate issue construct that enhances theory building and research activities in the area of issues management.
A model of compliance behavior and a research paradigm for testing the model's validity in organizational settings are presented. The model seeks to determine whether compliance decisions are based on normative or calculative criteria and whether such rationales are individual or organizational in origin. Studies that have tested the model are reviewed. They provide support for the general approach and also insight into specific legislation decision rationales.
This article synthesizes the large but diverse literature on organizational legitimacy, highlighting similarities and disparities among the leading strategic and institutional approaches. The analysis identifies three primary forms of legitimacy: pragmatic, based on audience self-interest; moral, based on normative approval: and cognitive, based on comprehensibility and taken-for-grantedness. The article then examines strategies for gaining, maintaining, and repairing legitimacy of each type, suggesting both the promises and the pitfalls of such instrumental manipulations.
For over a decade corporate managers have been admonished to be more socially responsible, but seldom is any precise and operational definition of corporate social responsibility proferred. With a new definition of social responsibility comes a new approach to implementation.
The effects of subunit power on organizational decision making and the bases of subunit power are examined in a large midwestern state university. It is hypothesized that subunits acquire power to the extent that they provide resources critical to the organization and that power affects resource allocations within organizations in so far as the resource is critical to the subunits and scarce within the organization. Departmental power is found to be most highly correlated with the department's ability to obtain outside grants and contracts, with national prestige and the relative size of the graduate program following closely in importance. Power is used most in the allocation of graduate university fellowships, the most critical and scarce resource, and is unrelated to the allocation of summer faculty fellowships, the least critical and scarce resource.
This paper claims that density at time of founding has a persisting positive effect on organizational mortality rates, net of the effects of contemporaneous density. High density at time of founding results in a liability of resource scarcity for new entrants that hampers organization building. Niches are tightly packed, and entrants must exploit marginal resources. This claim is tested using data on American labor unions (1836-1985), Argentinean newspapers (1800-1900), Irish newspapers (1800-1970), newspaper publishers in the San Francisco region (1840-1975), and American brewers (1633-1988). As predicted, density at time of founding has a positive and significant effect on mortality rates in all five populations. This finding has potential implications for explaining the fact that the size of organizational populations commonly declines after reaching a peak.
Argues that the formal structure of many organizations in post-industrial society dramatically reflect the myths of their institutional environment instead of the demands of their work activities. The authors review prevailing theories of the origins of formal structures and the main problem which those theories confront -- namely, that their assumption that successful coordination and control of activity are responsible for the rise of modern formal organization is not substantiated by empirical evidence. Rather, there is a great gap between the formal structure and the informal practices that govern actual work activities. The authors present an alternative source for formal structures by suggesting that myths embedded in the institutional environment help to explain the adoption of formal structures. Earlier sources understood bureaucratization as emanating from the rationalization of the workplace. Nevertheless, the observation that some formal practices are not followed in favor of other unofficial ones indicates that not all formal structures advance efficiency as a rationalized system would require. Therefore another source of legitimacy is required. This is found in conforming the organization's structure to that of the powerful myths that institutionalized products, services, techniques, policies, and programs become. (CAR)
Taking agency theory and stakeholder theory as points of departure, this article proposes a paradigm that helps explain the following: (1) certain aspects of a firm's strategic behaviour; (2) the structure of management-stakeholder contracts; (3) the form taken by the institutional structures that monitor and enforce contracts between managers and other stakeholders; and (4) the evolutionary process that shapes both management-stakeholder contracts and the institutional structures that police those contracts.
The purpose of this paper is to enter the conversation about stakeholder theory with the goal of clarifying certain foundational issues. I want to show, along with Boatright, that there is no stakeholder paradox, and that the principle on which such a paradox is built, the Separation Thesis, is nicely self-serving to business and ethics academics. If we give up such a thesis we find there is no stakeholder theory but that stakeholder theory becomes a genre that is quite rich. It becomes one of many ways to blend together the central concepts of business with those of ethics. Rather than take each concept of business singly or the whole of “business” together and hold it to the light of ethical standards, we can use the stakeholder concept to create more fine-grained analyses that combine business and ethics; or more simply, we can tell many more, and more interesting, stories about business.
This article is intended to enhance the position of stakeholder theory as an integrating theme for the business and society field. It offers an instrumental theory of stakeholder management based on a synthesis of the stakeholder concept, economic theory, behavioral science, and ethics. The core theory-that a subset of ethical principles (trust, trustworthiness, and cooperativeness) can result in significant com- petitive advantage-is supplemented by nine research propositions along with some research and policy implications. Even before Preston (1975) issued an intellectual call-to-arms, schol- ars in the field of inquiry called business and society sought a paradigm or an integrating framework for topics thought to be central to the disci- pline. Various models-corporate social performance, social control of business, and stakeholder-have been advanced as part of this search. This article attempts to advance the case for using the stakeholder model as an integrating theme for the field by proposing a formal instrumental theory of stakeholder management. The theory represents a synthesis of the stakeholder concept, economic theory, insights from behavioral sci- ence, and ethics. The argument begins with a brief history of the search for a paradigm in the business and society field followed by a discussion of the stakeholder model as theory. Assumptions that underlie the theory are then offered along with discussions of the nature of contracting, effi- cient contracting, and the role of ethics in efficient contracting. An argu- ment is presented for corporate morality as an analog to individual mo- rality. At this point, the instrumental stakeholder theory is formally presented, followed by several research propositions. Implications and extensions of the theory and a brief conclusion complete the article. THE QUEST FOR A BUSINESS AND SOCIETY PARADIGM Although the business and society field has had at least a nominal presence at numerous business schools for over two decades and has experienced considerable growth since then in terms of faculty member- ship in academic organizations and numbers of outlets for scholarly ar-
Using a transaction cost approach this paper analyzes the relationship between strategy, structure and organizational performance. It addresses three related questions. First, what determines the limit to growth through internalization for a firm pursing a particular strategy? Second, why does a firm pursue different strategies for achieving growth? Third, what determines changes in the strategy and structure used by the firm over time? This analysis serves to integrate work in strategic management and provides a framework for analyzing corporate strategy choice.
Chief executives in 50 manufacturing companies were interviewed about the perceived strategic uncertainty in six environmental sectors, and the frequency and mode of scanning used for each sector. The findings suggest that customer, economic and competitor sectors generated greater strategic uncertainty than technological, regulatory and sociocultural sectors. When sector uncertainty was high, executives reported greater frequency of scanning and greater use of personal information sources. Chief executives in high-performing companies scanned more frequently and more broadly in response to strategic uncertainty than their counterparts in low-performing companies.
This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the ‘separation and control’ issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears these costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.The directors of such [joint-stock] companies, however, being the managers rather of other people's money than of their own, it cannot well be expected, that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frequently watch over their own. Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master's honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it. Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail, more or less, in the management of the affairs of such a company.Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, Cannan Edition(Modern Library, New York, 1937) p. 700.
The concept of embeddedness has general applicability in the study of economic life and can alter theoretical and empirical approaches to the study of economic behaviors. Argues that in modern industrial societies, most economic action is embedded in structures of social relations. The author challenges the traditional economic theories that have both under- and oversocialized views of the conception of economic action and decisions that merge in their conception of economic actors atomized (separated) from their social context. Social relations are assumed to play on frictional and disruptive, not central, roles in market processes. There is, hence, a place and need for sociology in the study of economic life. Productive analysis of human action requires avoiding the atomization in the extremes of the over- and undersocialized concepts. Economic actors are neither atoms outside a social context nor slavish adherents to social scripts. The markets and hierarchies problem of Oliver Williamson (with a focus on the question of trust and malfeasance) is used to illustrate the use of embeddedness in explicating the proximate causes of patterns of macro-level interest. Answers to the problem of how economic life is not riddled with mistrust and malfeasance are linked to over- and undersocialized conceptions of human nature. The embeddedness argument, on the contrary, stresses the role of concrete personal relations and networks (or structures) in generating trust and discouraging malfeasance in economic life. It finds a middle way between the oversocialized (generalized morality) and undersocialized (impersonal institutional arrangements) approaches. The embeddedness approach opens the way for analysis of the influence of social structures on market behavior, specifically showing how business relations are intertwined with social and personal relations and networks. The approach can easily explain what looks otherwise like irrational behavior. (TNM)
- Clarkson M. B. E.
- Donaldson T.
- Jones T. M.
- Wood D. J.