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Estructura factorial y propiedades de la Escala de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres con Niños Pequeños (ECMP)

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Este trabajo analiza la estructura factorial de la Escala de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres con Niños Pequeños (ECMP); este instrumento es una adaptación al castellano del Parent Behavior Checklist, que evalúa las prácticas paternas. Se seleccionó una muestra representativa de niños (1.0-5.11 años), de una Cd. de México. La ECMP fue contestada por las mamás (n= 982), o por los papás (n= 618) de esos niños. Los análisis factoriales permitieron identificar una versión de la ECMP con 99 ítems y tres factores con valores eigen mayores de uno (i.e., expectativas, disciplina y crianza); el porcentaje de varianza explicada por los tres factores fue de 31.8. El coeficiente alfa total fue de .95. Estos resultados indican que la estructura factorial y la consistencia interna de la ECMP son adecuadas. Además, como apoyo adicional de la adecuación de la ECMP, se presentan comparaciones entre mamás y papás y entre padres con niños de diferente edad.
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... Crianças Pequenas (ECMP;Solís-Cámara et al., 2002). Esta escala é constituída por 99 itens distribuídos por uma escala Likert de quatro pontos (1=Quase nunca/Nunca a 4=Quase sempre/Sempre) distribuídos por três subescalas: Expetativas: 48 itens que medem as expetativas que os pais têm sobre o desenvolvimento dos seus filhos: pontuações altas indicam que os pais esperam que sua filha/o mostre um desenvolvimento maior do que o esperado na sua idade; Disciplina: 31 itens que medem as práticas de disciplina dos pais perante os comportamentos das crianças: altas pontuações indicam o uso frequente de castigos corporais e verbais, tais como golpes ou gritos e Educação: 20 itens que avaliam especificamente os comportamentos dos pais para promover o desenvolvimento psicológico das crianças: altas pontuações indicam o uso frequente de atividades promotoras do desenvolvimento infantil, tais como a leitura. ...
... Para efeitos de validação, a ECMP foi aplicada numa amostra representativa de 1600 pais mexicanos (982 mães e 618 pais). O alfa de Cronbach no estudo foi elevado nas três subescalas: Expetativas α=.96, Disciplina α=.89 e Educação α=.80(Solís-Cámara et al., 2002) demonstrando uma adequada consistência interna. Outros estudos indicam muito boa confiabilidade de medidas repetidas (r's de .75 a .93), ...
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... -La Escala de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres con Niños Pequeños (ECMP). Se utilizó la versión breve (ECMP-B), desarrollada a partir de la original que fue validada con una muestra representativa de 1600 padres de niños mexicanos entre uno y cinco años de edad (Solís-Cámara et al., 2002). Cuenta con 32 reactivos, 11 de los cuales están referidos a expectativas, 10 a prácticas disciplinarias y 11 a prácticas de crianza. ...
... Estas distribuciones fueron semejantes en madres de infantes y de preescolares. En cuanto a la comparación de las calificaciones por grupos maternos, se encontró que las expectativas de desarrollo eran más altas con los preescolares; este resultado era de esperar ya que las expectativas de los padres se ajustan a la edad de sus hijos (Solís-Cámara et al., 2002). ...
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... Escala Breve de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres de Ni- ños pequeños (ECMP) (Solís Cámara, Díaz Romero, Medina Cuevas y Barranco Jiménez, 2002). Se trata de una escala que valora las prácticas de los padres, esto es, los comportamien- tos específicos dirigidos a una meta, a través de los cuales los padres desempeñan sus deberes maternos o paternos. ...
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The main purpose of this work was to analyze the psychometric properties of a parenting behavior scale (ECMP, in Spanish). The ECMP is a tool that measures three aspects of parenting young children, namely, expectations, discipline, and nurturing. Due to the recent development of this tool several psychometric properties of it have not been assessed. Therefore, we designed four studies to establish repeated measures reliability, convergent validity, and the possible influence of social desirability response set on the ECMP, we also compared two versions of the ECMP. Subjects for each study were parents with one child between 1 year and 5 years, 11 months of age. We administered a demographic questionnaire and the ECMP in every study. Convergent validity of the ECMP was assessed by comparing it with the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-Spanish. To assess social desirability, we administered a brief version of a scale of social desirability. The ECMP was also compared with a 32-item version of it. Results indicate that the ECMP shows adequate psychometric properties and the discussion focuses on the possible applications for this scale.
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Research has suggested that parents perceptions of their children's behavior as problematic may increase the distress of parents. This study also examines mothers' and fathers' perceptions of child deviance. We administered to parents a health scale for children (ESN) as a measure of children's psychosocial adjustment. We wanted to identify first mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their child deviant behaviors; and, secondly, we wanted to know if such perceptions were related to developmental expectations and parenting practices. The study sample included 166 families with at least one child between the ages of 12 and 56 months (44 boys, 36 girls). Families with a child with special needs (FNES) included 80 mothers and 80 fathers. Of the children's sample, 6.2% had cerebral palsy, 16.2% psychomotor retardation, 6.2% Down syndrome, 11.2% brain damage, 8.7% language handicapped, 8.7% respiratory disorders, 5% other syndromes, 27.5% multiple diagnosis, and 15% had no specific disorder. Families with an average child (FNOR) were drawn from the normative population of the ECMP. This sample included 86 fathers and 86 mothers; there were 46 boys and 40 girls. Both samples completed a socio-cultural quesfionnaire and the ECMP. FNES also completed the ESN. discipline, and nurturing. For each scale, scores were higher for families with a single child compared with families with more than one child. Also when both mother and father took care of the child, their reported expectations and nurturing were higher than when the mother was the sole responsible of the child. To determine if significant differences existed between FNES groups and FNOR in regard to their ratings of parenting, a two-way MANOVA (scale X groups: NES-F, NES-D, NES-NC, FNOR) was conducted. Higher scores were found for the three ECMP scales for FNOR than for NES-D. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed from the mothers' and fathers' scores on the ECMP and the ESN. A different pattern of significant relationships were found between the scores by groups: FNOR and NES-D mothers, and FNOR and NES-D fathers. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that the expectations scale discriminated FNOR and FNES. Separated analyses for mothers and fathers from FNOR and NES-D indicated a different picture. For mothers, the expectations scale and also this scale plus the discipline one discriminated between them. For fathers, both expectations and nurturing scales discriminated between them. In the groups of mothers, 65 out of 86 (76%) FNOR children were correctly classified and 28 out of 41 (68%) NES-D children were correctly predicted. In the groups of fathers, 64 out of 86 (77%) FNOR children were correctly classified and 30 out of 41 (73%) NES-D children were correctly predicted. The present study found similar parenting practices and developmental expectations within families. Developmental expectations increased with child's age for FNOR but not for FNES; this result may reflect that the child's inability could become more evident as he/she gets older forcing parents to adjust their expectations to the child's actual capacity. Comparisons between families indicated that FNOR had significantly higher developmental expectations and discipline scores than FNES. Previous comparisons of Mexican mothers and fathers have indicated that discipline and nurturing scores are higher for mothers than for fathers from different families; in the present study, a similar gender effect was found only for nurturing between married couples. The children with special needs were rated by their parents as having lower or higher psychosocial problems. The higher scores of NES-D families may reflect the parents' sensitivity to their children's health conditions and a tendency to presume their children may be experiencing social problems. 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There are several limitations of the study that should be noted. First, the heterogeneous disabilities of the children, and secondly, the small samples by children's age, and by socio-cultural variables. Consequently, our findings and conclusions require additional research to examine child and parent factors through the use of more specific criteria.
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Based on sound empirical data, there is no doubt about the impact of child-rearing environments on a wide variety of outcomes, ranging from normal variations of adaptive functioning and school success to an array of psychopathological results such as drug abuse, aggressive behavior, and anxiety in children and adolescents. During adolescence, parenting implies the transformation of the relationships between parents and children. This is a critical transition period in which the emerging social demands turn it into a particularly vulnerable period of life. Psychological distress that arises in adolescents may threaten their mental health on a medium and long term-basis. Based on an exhaustive literature study related to the parent-child relationship and the shared family environment, Repetti et al. suggest that conflict, lack of cohesion and organization, as well as unsupportive, cold and neglectful environments, were characteristic of families in risk of developing physical and mental problems. Adolescent studies provided evidence related to alcohol and drugs abuse, involvement in pregnancy, aggressive behaviour and delinquency as outcomes for children from families lacking cohesion and orderliness, as well as emotional warmth, support and involvement in parenting. Thus, it is important to rely on instruments that measure parenting and whose dimensions have proven to be relevant to the outcomes evaluated. One empirically evaluated instrument, in terms of internal consistency, construct validity, and convergent and divergent validity in transcultural context, is the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran-My memories of upbringing (EMBU). 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