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Estructura factorial y propiedades de la Escala de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres con Niños Pequeños (ECMP)
Abstract
Este trabajo analiza la estructura factorial de la Escala de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres con Niños Pequeños (ECMP); este instrumento es una adaptación al castellano del Parent Behavior Checklist, que evalúa las prácticas paternas. Se seleccionó una muestra representativa de niños (1.0-5.11 años), de una Cd. de México. La ECMP fue contestada por las mamás (n= 982), o por los papás (n= 618) de esos niños. Los análisis factoriales permitieron identificar una versión de la ECMP con 99 ítems y tres factores con valores eigen mayores de uno (i.e., expectativas, disciplina y crianza); el porcentaje de varianza explicada por los tres factores fue de 31.8. El coeficiente alfa total fue de .95. Estos resultados indican que la estructura factorial y la consistencia interna de la ECMP son adecuadas. Además, como apoyo adicional de la adecuación de la ECMP, se presentan comparaciones entre mamás y papás y entre padres con niños de diferente edad.
... Crianças Pequenas (ECMP;Solís-Cámara et al., 2002). Esta escala é constituída por 99 itens distribuídos por uma escala Likert de quatro pontos (1=Quase nunca/Nunca a 4=Quase sempre/Sempre) distribuídos por três subescalas: Expetativas: 48 itens que medem as expetativas que os pais têm sobre o desenvolvimento dos seus filhos: pontuações altas indicam que os pais esperam que sua filha/o mostre um desenvolvimento maior do que o esperado na sua idade; Disciplina: 31 itens que medem as práticas de disciplina dos pais perante os comportamentos das crianças: altas pontuações indicam o uso frequente de castigos corporais e verbais, tais como golpes ou gritos e Educação: 20 itens que avaliam especificamente os comportamentos dos pais para promover o desenvolvimento psicológico das crianças: altas pontuações indicam o uso frequente de atividades promotoras do desenvolvimento infantil, tais como a leitura. ...
... Para efeitos de validação, a ECMP foi aplicada numa amostra representativa de 1600 pais mexicanos (982 mães e 618 pais). O alfa de Cronbach no estudo foi elevado nas três subescalas: Expetativas α=.96, Disciplina α=.89 e Educação α=.80(Solís-Cámara et al., 2002) demonstrando uma adequada consistência interna. Outros estudos indicam muito boa confiabilidade de medidas repetidas (r's de .75 a .93), ...
Os estudos sobre os Centros de Educação Infantil (CEI) indicam que não existem associações consistentes entre a qualidade do CEI e o nível educativo do Cuidador Secundário Professional (CSP) pressupondo que o nível, por si só, pouco contribui para a efetividade do CSP nos CEI. No entanto, as interpretações do CSP sobre a intencionalidade do comportamento das crianças parecem determinar o tipo de práticas educativas utilizadas na resposta às necessidades das crianças. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as associações entre as atribuições dos CSP sobre a intencionalidade do comportamento da criança e os estilos e práticas de educação. 34 CSP participaram no estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram versões adaptadas da Escala de Atribuições Maternas e da Escala de Comportamentos para Mães e Pais com Crianças Pequenas. Os resultados indicaram correlações entre os estilos de educação e as atribuições negativas, assim como entre as práticas de educação e as atribuições positivas demonstrando a importância dos fatores psicológicos dos CSP no cuidado de qualidade às crianças. Os promotores de políticas públicas podem criar mecanismos de seleção/ /promoção de pessoal que privilegiem fatores não académicos, gerando continuidade no cuidado prestado às crianças. Palavras-chave: Educação infantil, Atribuições sobre as intencionalidades, Estilos e práticas de educação, Qualidade educativa.
... -La Escala de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres con Niños Pequeños (ECMP). Se utilizó la versión breve (ECMP-B), desarrollada a partir de la original que fue validada con una muestra representativa de 1600 padres de niños mexicanos entre uno y cinco años de edad (Solís-Cámara et al., 2002). Cuenta con 32 reactivos, 11 de los cuales están referidos a expectativas, 10 a prácticas disciplinarias y 11 a prácticas de crianza. ...
... Estas distribuciones fueron semejantes en madres de infantes y de preescolares. En cuanto a la comparación de las calificaciones por grupos maternos, se encontró que las expectativas de desarrollo eran más altas con los preescolares; este resultado era de esperar ya que las expectativas de los padres se ajustan a la edad de sus hijos (Solís-Cámara et al., 2002). ...
The purpose of this descriptive transversal study was to investigate the origin of type A behavior pattern (TABP) in children. The study examined the relationships among mothers' scores for TABP, activity, anger-aggression, stress, and parenting practices, and those for children's TAB. Participants were 107 mothers of infants or preschoolers. Mothers' cultural variables were not related to TABP scores. However, mothers rated male infants higher on the impatience and activity factors than female infants. Regression analyses indicated mother's TABP scores were not the main predictors of children's TABP, particularly of the impatience factor; instead, significant predictors were children's activity level and stress, mothers' anger-aggression, as well as nurturing practices. These results suggest children's TABP scores are more strongly influenced by psychological factors of the reciprocal interaction between mothers and young children, than by mothers' TABP scores.
... Escala Breve de Comportamientos para Madres y Padres de Ni- ños pequeños (ECMP) (Solís Cámara, Díaz Romero, Medina Cuevas y Barranco Jiménez, 2002). Se trata de una escala que valora las prácticas de los padres, esto es, los comportamien- tos específicos dirigidos a una meta, a través de los cuales los padres desempeñan sus deberes maternos o paternos. ...
One issue of concern today is the social adjustment of children to their family and school environment. During the last decades, research on educational practices of parents and their influence on the development of children, have increased. This study was designed to examine the effects of migrant origin on parenting and analyse their relationship with behaviour problems amongst preschool children. The sample included 176 preschool children aged between 4 and 5 years, and their parents, divided into two groups according to their origin (Spanish and immigrants). The results showed differences in parenting practices and a greater presence of emotional problems and difficulties in peers' relationships in preschoolers from immigrant families. It has also highlighted the influence of coercive parenting practices and lower expectations on the presence of children problems, and the role of sociodemographic factors, such as age or educational level, in this relationship.
Resumen Con ocasión de la realización de la Encuesta Longitudinal de la Primera Infancia (ELPI) aplicada el año 2012 a un total de 2.855 madres de niños menores de 3 años, se analiza la calidad educativa del hogar (HOME I). Esta escala de cotejo observacional informa una adecuada puntuación estandarizada, no obstante la segmentación en el comportamiento de los ítems y dimensiones con base a la escolaridad de la madre. Las madres son responsivas, afectuosas y solícitas a las demandas de sus hijos privilegiando las vocalizaciones por sobre otras manifestaciones de interacción. Evitan conductas correctivas que contemplen el uso del castigo físico o verbal agresivo como medio de disciplina, aunque la presencia de determinados estresores pueden tensionar la relación. La dimensión Materiales de Aprendizaje es la que alcanza una de las menores puntuaciones (.528), además de registrar una de las mayores brechas entre los grupos de escolaridad materna en cada ítem que la compone. Palabras claves: calidad educativa del hogar, responsividad, compromiso materno, implicación parental, ambiente familiar, interacción materno-infantil, estimulación temprana.
Educational quality of family environment and maternal education Quality education of the family environment and maternal schooling Abstract On the occasion of the completion of the Longitudinal Survey of Early Childhood (ELPI) applied in 2012 to a total of 2.855 mothers of children under three years, the quality of education household (HOME I) is analyzed. This scale has an adequate score standardized, however segmentation in the behavior of items and dimensions based on the education of the mother. Mothers are responsive, caring and solicitous to the demands of their children vocalizations privileging over other forms of interaction. Corrective avoid behaviors that include the use of aggressive physical or verbal punishment as a means of discipline, although the presence of certain stressors can strain the relationship. The Learning Materials dimension is reaching one of the lowest scores (.528), in addition to having one of the largest gaps between groups of maternal education on each item that composes.
Most research has abandoned the attempt to establish direct associations between parenting beliefs and practices. In the present study, these relationships were assessed in a sample of 275 parents with young children. The selected instruments were specifically designed for measuring parenting beliefs or practices. Differences were found for parents' gender and children's sex. More beliefs-practices correlations were found for mothers. Beliefs-practices correlations were more similar between mothers and fathers of girls, than for those with boys. Main beliefs for mothers were: communication, parental support, role orientation, limit setting, and autonomy, and these beliefs were mainly related with discipline and nurturing practices. Main beliefs for fathers were: limit setting, role orientation, and parental support, and they were mainly related with discipline practices. The authors highlight the possible meanings of different relationships between parenting beliefs and practices, and argue for the inclusion of both parenting beliefs and practices in parenting research studies.
The main purpose of this work was to analyze the psychometric properties of a parenting behavior scale (ECMP, in Spanish). The ECMP is a tool that measures three aspects of parenting young children, namely, expectations, discipline, and nurturing. Due to the recent development of this tool several psychometric properties of it have not been assessed. Therefore, we designed four studies to establish repeated measures reliability, convergent validity, and the possible influence of social desirability response set on the ECMP, we also compared two versions of the ECMP. Subjects for each study were parents with one child between 1 year and 5 years, 11 months of age. We administered a demographic questionnaire and the ECMP in every study. Convergent validity of the ECMP was assessed by comparing it with the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-Spanish. To assess social desirability, we administered a brief version of a scale of social desirability. The ECMP was also compared with a 32-item version of it. Results indicate that the ECMP shows adequate psychometric properties and the discussion focuses on the possible applications for this scale.
In this study, the term children with special needs is used to refer to children who comprise a population at risk for various medical and psychological disorders. Studies of parenting practices compare families with children with special needs not sharing a specific disability to parents of average children. Moreover, studies usually compare white middle class mother-child pairs. It is acknowledged that too much about these families is unknown, particularly with Latinamerican families. Therefore, research on parenting children with special needs is essential. A logical starting point would be to test appropriate assessment materials for this population. The present study analyzes the usefulness of an instrument, the ECMP, developed to assess parenting of young children. The main concern relates to how mothers and fathers of children with special needs differ from parents of average children on discipline and nurturing practices as well as on developmental expectations. Research has suggested that parents perceptions of their children's behavior as problematic may increase the distress of parents. This study also examines mothers' and fathers' perceptions of child deviance. We administered to parents a health scale for children (ESN) as a measure of children's psychosocial adjustment. We wanted to identify first mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their child deviant behaviors; and, secondly, we wanted to know if such perceptions were related to developmental expectations and parenting practices. The study sample included 166 families with at least one child between the ages of 12 and 56 months (44 boys, 36 girls). Families with a child with special needs (FNES) included 80 mothers and 80 fathers. Of the children's sample, 6.2% had cerebral palsy, 16.2% psychomotor retardation, 6.2% Down syndrome, 11.2% brain damage, 8.7% language handicapped, 8.7% respiratory disorders, 5% other syndromes, 27.5% multiple diagnosis, and 15% had no specific disorder. Families with an average child (FNOR) were drawn from the normative population of the ECMP. This sample included 86 fathers and 86 mothers; there were 46 boys and 40 girls. Both samples completed a socio-cultural quesfionnaire and the ECMP. FNES also completed the ESN. discipline, and nurturing. For each scale, scores were higher for families with a single child compared with families with more than one child. Also when both mother and father took care of the child, their reported expectations and nurturing were higher than when the mother was the sole responsible of the child. To determine if significant differences existed between FNES groups and FNOR in regard to their ratings of parenting, a two-way MANOVA (scale X groups: NES-F, NES-D, NES-NC, FNOR) was conducted. Higher scores were found for the three ECMP scales for FNOR than for NES-D. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed from the mothers' and fathers' scores on the ECMP and the ESN. A different pattern of significant relationships were found between the scores by groups: FNOR and NES-D mothers, and FNOR and NES-D fathers. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that the expectations scale discriminated FNOR and FNES. Separated analyses for mothers and fathers from FNOR and NES-D indicated a different picture. For mothers, the expectations scale and also this scale plus the discipline one discriminated between them. For fathers, both expectations and nurturing scales discriminated between them. In the groups of mothers, 65 out of 86 (76%) FNOR children were correctly classified and 28 out of 41 (68%) NES-D children were correctly predicted. In the groups of fathers, 64 out of 86 (77%) FNOR children were correctly classified and 30 out of 41 (73%) NES-D children were correctly predicted. The present study found similar parenting practices and developmental expectations within families. Developmental expectations increased with child's age for FNOR but not for FNES; this result may reflect that the child's inability could become more evident as he/she gets older forcing parents to adjust their expectations to the child's actual capacity. Comparisons between families indicated that FNOR had significantly higher developmental expectations and discipline scores than FNES. Previous comparisons of Mexican mothers and fathers have indicated that discipline and nurturing scores are higher for mothers than for fathers from different families; in the present study, a similar gender effect was found only for nurturing between married couples. The children with special needs were rated by their parents as having lower or higher psychosocial problems. The higher scores of NES-D families may reflect the parents' sensitivity to their children's health conditions and a tendency to presume their children may be experiencing social problems. Parents may compensate for this perception by lowering their developmental expectations and discipline practices. Another interpretation of the lower expectation scores may be that some of the ECMP items were specifically related to the child's inability and were truly beyond the child's capacity. The present study also found that nurturing practices differ between FNOR and NES-D. This result and the reported correlations suggest that lower child functional ability is associated with less nurturing practices. In general, these results, as well as the discriminant analyses, indicate that comparisons of parenting practices between these families are strongly influenced by parents' perceptions of their child's deviant behaviors. This research expands the presently limited knowledge base regarding the child with special needs in the context of the family. The data support the usefulness of the assessment tools for psychologists working with families with young children. There are several limitations of the study that should be noted. First, the heterogeneous disabilities of the children, and secondly, the small samples by children's age, and by socio-cultural variables. Consequently, our findings and conclusions require additional research to examine child and parent factors through the use of more specific criteria.
A content analy sis of 15 years of Psicothema is undertaken based on the papers about developmental and educational contents published by the journal. After registering and coding the data according to previously established criteria, three types of variables are obtained: Formal identification or by external criteria (authors, origin, period, etc.); classification by internal criteria or by content (paper source and genre, research methodology, theoretical approach, and topic); and time period for publication. 171 papers are identified, of a total of 1134 (15,08 %), where a total of 337 authors from 52 differents institutions and universities have participated. We observe an incresed process of participation and diversification of author and origins and of assumption of international standards. We discuss the results and propose the searchig of appropriate goals for the next years.
Introduction: Childrearing or parenting is the assumption of responsibility for the emotional, social and physical growth and development of a child. Research literature has identified three related components commonly associated to rearing or parenting: a) spontaneous emotions and attitudes that are non-goal directed parental behaviors such as gestures, changes in the tone of voice, temperamental bursts, body language; b) specific goal-directed parental practices, which are better understood in the context of a socialization domain (academic achievement, peer cooperation), and c) the value system and beliefs of parents related to socialization goals of their children. Based on sound empirical data, there is no doubt about the impact of child-rearing environments on a wide variety of outcomes, ranging from normal variations of adaptive functioning and school success to an array of psychopathological results such as drug abuse, aggressive behavior, and anxiety in children and adolescents. During adolescence, parenting implies the transformation of the relationships between parents and children. This is a critical transition period in which the emerging social demands turn it into a particularly vulnerable period of life. Psychological distress that arises in adolescents may threaten their mental health on a medium and long term-basis. Based on an exhaustive literature study related to the parent-child relationship and the shared family environment, Repetti et al. suggest that conflict, lack of cohesion and organization, as well as unsupportive, cold and neglectful environments, were characteristic of families in risk of developing physical and mental problems. Adolescent studies provided evidence related to alcohol and drugs abuse, involvement in pregnancy, aggressive behaviour and delinquency as outcomes for children from families lacking cohesion and orderliness, as well as emotional warmth, support and involvement in parenting. Thus, it is important to rely on instruments that measure parenting and whose dimensions have proven to be relevant to the outcomes evaluated. One empirically evaluated instrument, in terms of internal consistency, construct validity, and convergent and divergent validity in transcultural context, is the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran-My memories of upbringing (EMBU). It has been extensively used and adapted in more than 25 countries, including Spanish-speaking populations from Guatemala, Venezuela and Spain. Factor analyses have revealed four factors (emotional warmth, rejection, control/overprotection and favouring subject), and multiple studies have documented the validity, reliability and cross-national transferability of the EMBU. Criticism regarding the retrospective nature of the EMBU has been overcome by designs with younger samples confirming its cross-stability for all scales except favouritism scale. There is a lack of instruments measuring parenting in Spanish-speaking countries. It is imperative to evaluate parental perceptions with adolescents as the source of information. There is, therefore, a need to empirically evaluate a reliable and valid parenting measurement, whose relational nature dimensions (warmth/rejection, control) can also be compared with those found in other countries. The purpose of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the EMBU-I in a sample of Mexican adolescents. In particular, its aim was to test the reliability (internal consistency), the congruency of the dimensions for fathers and mothers and within the scales comprising the EMBU, and its convergent and divergent validity. Method: Seven hundred seventy five adolescents, with a mean age of 13.81 years, from two secondary schools, one public and one private, participated in the study. Instruments: EMBU-C, parental involvement in studies scale, and the cohesion, conflict and organization scales from the FES. All of them showed reliability values above .50. Results: Emotional warmth, rejection, and control showed evidence of good internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas above or equal .65), except favoritism, in agreement with previous studies. Correlation between both scales, for father and mother (emotional warmth, rejection and control) was positive and high. Negative correlations were found between emotional warmth and rejection, as expect. Interestingly, perception of father control positively correlated with warmth, whereas perception of mother control was higher loaded on rejection than in warmth. The multiple correlation analysis of each scale of the EMBU and the other instruments were as follows: warmth in both parents correlated positively with organization and cohesion in family and rejection, again in both parents, also correlated with conflict. Warmth and control for father, as well as for mother, correlated with parental involvement in studies, but stronger correlations were documented in the case of perception of father's involvement. For mothers, cohesion and organization showed a tendency to correlate higher with involvement in studies. Results support the convergent validity of the scales. Evidence for the divergent validation was provided through the negative correlations found between warmth and conflict. This was also true for cohesion and organization, with regard to rejection. As expected, rejection also showed a negative correlation with parental involvement in studies. In agreement with other studies, the present study corroborates internal consistency in Mexican adolescents, as well as convergent and divergent validity of the EMBU-C scales of emotional warmth, rejection and control. A finding of fhis study was the different correlation tendency found between the dimension of control for fathers and mothers, suggesting that control in fathers is perceived more as warmth than rejection, in contrast to other studies. Also warmth and control, again in the fathers' case, correlated higher with involvement in studies. This finding is in agreement with Youniss and Smollar, whose findings suggest a differential perception of fathers and mothers, especially in early adolescence. Mexican boys and girls tend to perceive fathers with more deference and as advisors or instructors. Although the risky families' construct has a wider perspective, it is also important to evaluate separately the family unit with regard to the adolescent-parent relationship because intervention strategies are different. According to adolescent perception, parenting dimensions related to emotional climate are notably related to other parental components, such as parental involvement in school or family cohesion and organization. Psychometric properties of EMBU-C were acceptable in terms of reliability and validity. It proved to be a useful tool for future studies, purported to evaluate adolescent perception of parental childrearing. Future studies should provide further data on test-retest reliability, confirmatory factor analyses testing the three factor resolution found in previous studies and on its convergent validity. Limitations of the present study arise from the sample of students and its socioeconomic or demographic restrictions. Future studies could overcome the fact that data come only from one source, i.e., children. Concurrent validity comparing EMBU-C with other parenting indicators is also needed.
Parenting practices and developmental expectations were examined in a sample of 138 mothers with very young children from Mexico and the United States. Mothers from both countries had completed 12 years of formal education and were similar in terms of socioeconomic and marital status. The age and sex of the focus children were similar in both samples. The Parent Behavior Checklist (PBC), a 100-item rating scale that measures parents' developmental expectations and their discipline and nurturing practices, was used. Mothers in Mexico and the United States did not differ significantly in their developmental expectations or parenting practices. All mothers adapted their parenting practices to the age of the child, a finding consistent with other research.
Families are complicated systems to assess and quantify, requiring that decisions be made regarding where to focus research. The authors examined 3 levels of family interaction: marital, parent-child, and whole family. Instruments included the McMaster Structured Interview of Family Functioning, the Family Assessment Device, the Mealtime Interaction Coding System, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Parent/Caregiver Involvement Scale. Results suggest that each measure, representing a unique combination of family level, informant, and setting, contained both independent variance and information redundant with other measures characterizing the family. The strengths of using a theoretical base, in this case the McMaster model of family functioning, and a multimeasure approach are discussed.
The history of research on childhood socialization in the context of the family is traced through the present century. The 2 major early theories (behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory) are described. These theories declined in mid-century, under the impact of failures to find empirical support. Simple reinforcement theory was seriously weakened by work on developmental psycholinguistics, attachment, modeling, and altruism. The field turned to more domain-specific mini-theories. The advent of microanalytic analyses of parent–child interaction focused attention on bidirectional processes. Views about the nature of identification and its role in socialization underwent profound change. The role of "parent as teacher" was reconceptualized (with strong influence from Vygotskian thinking). There has been increasing emphasis on the role of emotions and mutual cognitions in establishing the meaning of parent–child exchanges. The enormous asymmetry in power and competence between adults and children implies that the parent–child relationship must have a unique role in childhood socialization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Research in the 1960s demonstrated the capabilities of infants and the demand characteristics of their behavior. These data, together with the failure of studies directed exclusively to parent effects on children, have led to a reformulation of socialization theory to encompass the reciprocal influences of parent and offspring. The cognitive capabilities, knowledge, and attitudes of parents assume a more important role in this theory. New research approaches are now available that can isolate parent and child effects, thus providing the foundation needed for identifying reciprocal influences. If research fills in the outline of this new perspective, and the viewpoint is communicated to parents, it should facilitate parent–child interaction. Previous theories, all too often given extreme expression in the mass media, have adversely affected the functioning of parents, either causing them to feel too much responsibility for their children's development, or leading them to mistake permissiveness for parental involvement and commitment. The reformulation should attenuate these extreme formulations, because neither of the latter is consistent with the concept of reciprocal influences. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Presents a survey by 10 psychohistorians concerning childhood from the late Roman and early medieval periods to middle-class nineteenth century in Europe and America. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article first introduces some main ideas behind culture and parenting and next addresses philosophical rationales and methodological considerations central to cultural approaches to parenting, including a brief account of a cross-cultural study of parenting. It then focuses on universals, specifics, and distinctions between form (behavior) and function (meaning) in parenting as embedded in culture. The article concludes by pointing to social policy implications as well as future directions prompted by a cultural approach to parenting.