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Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger
... 6-Gingerol, as a precursor substrate, was mixed with each GT, and the biotransformation products were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatog raphy (HPLC) screening. The results showed that BsGT110, BsUGT489, and BtGT_16345 glycosylated 6-gingerol to produce five products, compounds (1) to (5), in different yields (Table 1), while BsUGT398 produced only a single glucoside, compound (2). Among the tested GTs, BsUGT489 had the highest activity toward 6-gingerol (Table 1), with five significant products, as shown by the HPLC analysis (Fig. 1). ...
... First, previous studies have indicated that the spontaneous dehydration of 6-gingerol can form 6-shogaol (16,17); however, Fig. 4a shows that 6-gingerol is a stable precursor under the biotransfor mation condition. Furthermore, 6-shogaol-4′-O-β-glucoside (4) could be formed from the spontaneous dehydration of 6-gingerol-4′-O-β-glucoside (2), which, as shown in Fig. 4b, is also a stable product without dehydration. Thus, dehydration is not the answer. ...
... An enzymatically kinetic study on the conversion of 6-gingerol to its glucosides by BsUGT489 was conducted to analyze the catalytic reaction in detail. According to the catalytic process (Fig. 5), BsUGT489 could catalyze 6-gingerol into two glucosides: 6-gingerol-5-O-β-glucoside (3) and 6-gingerol-4′-O-β-glucoside (2). To realize the enzyme kinetics (18), nine different concentrations of the substrate 6-gingerol were incubated with BsUGT489, and the initial reaction rate of producing either 6-gingerol-5-O-β-gluco side (3) or 6-gingerol-4′-O-β-glucoside (2) was analyzed using the HPLC method. ...
6-Gingerol is a major phenolic compound within ginger (Zingiber officinale), often used in healthcare; however, its lower bioavailability is partly due to its poor solubility. Four bacterial glycosyltransferases (GTs) were tested to glycosylate 6-gingerol into soluble gingerol glucosides. BsUGT489 was a suitable GT to biotransform 6-gingerol into five significant products, which could be identified via nucleic magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry as 6-gingerol-4′,5-O-β-diglucoside (1), 6-gingerol-4′-O-β-glucoside (2), 6-gingerol-5-O-β-glucoside (3), 6-shogaol-4′-O-β-glucoside (4), and 6-shogaol (5). The enzyme kinetics of BsUGT489 showed substrate inhibition toward 6-gingerol for producing two glucosides. The kinetic parameters were determined as KM (110 µM), kcat (862 min⁻¹), and KI (571 µM) for the production of 6-gingerol-4′-O-β-glucoside (2) and KM (104 µM), kcat (889 min⁻¹), and KI (545 µM) for the production of 6-gingerol-5-O-β-glucoside (3). The aqueous solubility of the three 6-gingerol glucosides, compound (1) to (3), was greatly improved. However, 6-shogaol-4′-O-β-glucoside (4) was found to be a product biotransformed from 6-shogaol (5). This study first confirmed that the glucose moiety at the C-5 position of both 6-gingerol-4′,5-O-β-diglucoside (1) and 6-gingerol-5-O-β-glucoside (3) caused spontaneous deglucosylation through β-elimination to form 6-shogaol-4′-O-β-glucoside (4) and 6-shogaol (5), respectively. Moreover, the GTs could glycosylate 6-shogaol to form 6-shogaol-4′-O-β-glucoside (4). The assays showed 6-shogaol-4′-O-β-glucoside (4) had higher anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 value of 10.3 ± 0.2 µM) than 6-gingerol. The 6-gingerol-5-O-β-glucoside (3) possessed 346-fold higher solubility than 6-shogaol, in which the highly soluble glucoside is a potential prodrug of 6-shogaol via spontaneous deglucosylation. This unusual deglucosylation plays a vital role in influencing the anti-inflammatory activity.
IMPORTANCE
Both 6-gingerols and 6-shogaol possess multiple bioactivities. However, their poor solubility limits their application. The present study used bacterial GTs to catalyze the glycosylation of 6-gingerol, and the resulting gingerol glycosides were found to be new compounds with improved solubility and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, two of the 6-gingerol glucosides were found to undergo spontaneous deglucosylation to form 6-shogaol or 6-shogaol glucosides. The unique spontaneous deglucosylation property of the new 6-gingerol glucosides makes them a good candidate for the prodrug of 6-shogaol.
... Among the many bioactive compounds found in ginger, the most notable are 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol (Tanaka et al., 2015). 4 Ginger's biological properties as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer (by increasing expression levels of markers for colorectal cancer risk), and anti-allergic agent have been discovered in recent years (Semwal et al., 2015). 5 Numerous studies have shown that ginger can reduce the risk of many different diseases, including cardiovascular issues and their associated pathologies (diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome), as well as chemo-induced nausea and vomiting, arthritic pain and inflammation, gastric dysfunction, chronic pain, and respiratory and neurodegenerative issues (Anh et al., 2020). ...
... 4 Ginger's biological properties as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer (by increasing expression levels of markers for colorectal cancer risk), and anti-allergic agent have been discovered in recent years (Semwal et al., 2015). 5 Numerous studies have shown that ginger can reduce the risk of many different diseases, including cardiovascular issues and their associated pathologies (diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome), as well as chemo-induced nausea and vomiting, arthritic pain and inflammation, gastric dysfunction, chronic pain, and respiratory and neurodegenerative issues (Anh et al., 2020). 6 Increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis, inhibiting lipogenesis, reducing fat absorption, and controlling hunger are only few of the potential processes through which ginger could influence obesity. ...
Secondary metabolites in ginger include 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol, gingerdiones, gingerdiols, paradols, 6-dehydrogingerols, 5-acetoxy-6- gingerol, 3,5-diacetoxy-6-gingerdiol, and 12-gingerol, all of which account for ginger's well-known pharmacological actions. Six-shogaol and six-gingerol are two of the most important active ingredients. There is experimental evidence to back ginger's medicinal properties, such as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In contrast, ginger's purported neuroprotective advantage is a niche bioactivity with limited study. Increasing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding are common neuropathological characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), which have become more common as life expectancy has increased. Ginger may be a potential for treating NDs because its phytochemicals target distinct ligand sites, as shown by their structure-activity relationships. Bioactive substances found there may help relieve neurological problems and pathological disorders by affecting markers which express apoptosis or sustenance. The cognitive-enhancing properties of ginger may be explained by its effects on the monoamine and cholinergic systems in various brain areas. In addition, ginger reduces the generation of inflammatory associated components. The current review intends to describe the impacts of ginger in the management of significant neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
... Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perennial herb that belongs to the genus Zingiber in the Zingiberaceae family, valued for its medicinal and culinary uses of its rhizomes. The suitability of ginger for cultivation stems from its high yield per unit area and substantial economic benefits, making it a crop of significant economic importance [31]. However, adverse environmental conditions such as high temperatures and droughts negatively impact the growth and development of ginger, resulting in reduced yields and quality [31][32][33]. ...
... The suitability of ginger for cultivation stems from its high yield per unit area and substantial economic benefits, making it a crop of significant economic importance [31]. However, adverse environmental conditions such as high temperatures and droughts negatively impact the growth and development of ginger, resulting in reduced yields and quality [31][32][33]. Despite the crucial role of PRXs in various abiotic stresses, there have not yet been any reports documenting the existence of PRX gene family members in ginger. ...
Ginger, valued for its medicinal properties and economic significance, is vulnerable to environmental stressors such as intense light and high temperatures, which can hinder its growth and development. Class III peroxidases (PRXs) are plant-specific oxidoreductases essential for plant development, growth, and stress responses. Despite their importance, there is limited information available on the function of the class III peroxidase gene family in ginger (ZoPRX). In this study, 103 ZoPRX members within the ginger genome were identified, unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes. The identified ZoPRX members were categorized into five subfamilies based on gene structures, protein motifs, and phylogenetic analysis. Gene duplication analysis revealed that ZoPRX has primarily undergone segmental duplication. Interspecies homology analysis between ginger and Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Musa acuminata suggested most ZoPRXs in ginger originated after the divergence of dicotyledon and monocotyledon. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements identified defense and stress response elements in 39 genes and hormone response elements in 95 genes, indicating their potential roles in responding to environmental stresses. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that the majority of ZoPRX members are responsive to high temperature and intense light stress. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the PRX family in ginger, thereby laying the groundwork for future investigations into the functional role of ZoPRX genes under high-temperature and intense light-stress conditions.
... Studies show Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinales) is an effective anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-microbial [32,33]. Ginger is also well known for its anti-emetic and anti-spasmodic qualities, excellent for nausea, intestinal cramping and GI upset [34] I often suggest patient to add ginger into their diet when they have body aches, pains, stomach upsets, or when they are sick with respiratory infections. ...
... Gingerols successfully cured malignant tumors in animal models. The toxicological profile of ginger metabolites is favorable (Semwal, Semwal, Combrinck, & Viljoen, 2015). ...
Nanotechnology plays a vital role in the field of science. It acts as a bridge between bulk material and atomic level. Nanораrtiсles (NPs) are defined as mаteriаls with a size range from 1 to 100 nm. Nanostructures can be synthesized by three methods which include chemical, biological, and physical approaches. In chemical methods chemicals and solvents are harmful and poisonous to the biosystem and environment. However, in the biosynthesis method, the use of living organisms is involved. Plant extracts and microbes act as biological agents in the biosynthesis method. Comparatively biosynthesis method is preferable method the rest of the two approaches because of its non-toxicity, eco-friendliness, high stability, and reproducibility. Green synthesis is a bottom-up process that is similar to chemical reduction. However, in green synthesis, a natural product extracts an expensive chemical that works as a reducing agent in the manufacture of metal and its oxide nanostructures. Biomolecules (such carbohydrates, proteins, and coenzyme) found in plants have the exceptional ability to convert salts of metal into nanostructures. In the present study, Zingiber officinale was used to prepare iron oxide nanoparticles because of its polyphenols, which have significant antioxidant activity and other therapeutic characteristics. Phytochemically Z. officinale possesses steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins, triterpenoids, and saponins. Iron nanostructures prepared from Z. officinale have enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
... These findings provide substantial evidence to support the hypothesis that lipids are the primary determinant of the antibacterial activity of ZODENs. It has been established that Zingiber officinale contains unique compounds in its extracts, including gingerols and shogaols [45]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that gingerols and shogaols possess antibacterial properties, although their efficacy differs [46,47]. ...
Microbial diseases represent a significant challenge to global health, highlighting the importance of developing novel alternative antibacterial agents. The widely used spice and traditional medicinal plant Zingiber officinale and its derivatives have been demonstrated to possess promising antibacterial properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Zingiber officinale-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ZODENs) against a model bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli). The ZODENs were isolated from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale and subjected to morphological, size distribution, and zeta potential characterization. The bacterial growth curve assays and colony formation assays demonstrated that the E. coli bacterial growth was remarkably inhibited following incubation with ZODENs. The ZODENs were observed to be internalized by the E. coli bacteria following incubation, and subsequently demonstrated remarkable bacterial killing effects. Furthermore, the ZODEN-derived lipids, rather than the remaining fractions, demonstrated the capacity to inhibit bacterial cells, indicating that the antibacterial activity of ZODENs was at least partially attributable to its lipid content. These findings have paved the way for the development of ZODEN-based novel antibacterial agents and will facilitate the future clinical translation of plant-derived nanomedicines.
... Respiratory issues: asthma, cough; • Digestive problems: diarrhea, loss of appetite; • Heart conditions; • Infections: fever; • Metabolic disorders: diabetes; • Nervous system disorders: difficulty urinating; • Immune system disorders: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, rheumatism [16]. ...
Citation: González Heredia, T.; Hernández Corona, D.M.; Méndez del Villar, M.; Guzmán Ornelas, M.O.; Corona Meraz, F.I.; Chávez Tostado, M.; Diosdado Pardo, G.E.; Pérez Padilla, A.J.; Pérez Villalobos, F.B.; Montaño Vargas, P.Y.; et al. Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune pathology that follows a chronic course characterized by the involvement of the synovial membrane of joints all over the body. Clinically, the disease is characterized by persistent and painful immune-mediated inflammation, which culminates in bone deformations and joint movement limitation. Alternative therapies, such as garlic, ginger, curcumin, and resveratrol, are beneficial given their anti-inflammatory properties. These alternative therapies are a secondary option for treating the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, helping to improve the patient's quality of life further and preventing future complications.
... J. C. Thresh isolated gingerol from the ginger plant's rhizome in 1879 [22]. In 1917, 6-gingerol was discovered and recognized as the most powerful derivative. ...
Hyperglycemia is seen in approximately 68 percent of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). In many acute circumstances, such as myocardial infarction, brain, injury and stroke, it is an independent predictor of mortality. Hyperglycemia is induced by a mix of genetic, environmental, and immunologic variables in people with type 1 diabetes. These factors cause pancreatic beta cell death and insulin insufficiency. Insulin resistance and irregular insulin production cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Hyperglycemia activates a number of complicated interconnected metabolic processes. Hyperglycemia is a major contributor to the onset and progression of diabetes' secondary complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, periodontitis, and bone and joint issues. Studies on the health benefits of ginger and its constituent's impact on hyperglycemia and related disorders have been conducted and gingerol proved to be a potential pharmaceutically active constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) that has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, because it possesses antioxidant properties and it functions as an antioxidant in the complicated biochemical process that causes hyperglycemia to be activated. Gingerol not only helps in treating hyperglycemia but also shows effectivity against diseases related to it, such as cardiopathy, kidney failure, vision impairments, bone and joint problems, and teeth and gum infections. Moreover, fresh ginger has various gingerol analogues, with 6-gingerol being the most abundant. However, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of its other analogues against hyperglycemia and associated disorders at various concentrations in order to determine the appropriate dose for treating these conditions
... cinnamon leaves, nutmeg leaves and clove leaves, which contributed phenol compounds. These ingredients have been reported to contain phenolic compounds such as gingerols and shogaols in ginger [42], eugenol in clove leaves [43], sabinene, eugenol, myristicin, caryophyllene, β-myrcene, and α-pinene in nutmeg leaves [44], and trans-cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon leaves [45]. The total flavonoid content was in line with the total phenolic compound and brazilin contents. ...
Caesalpinia sappan L (CS) heartwood is used as a natural red colorant in several Asian ethnic traditional drinks both as sole ingredient or mixed with other herbs. However, the pigment is unstable and easily degraded during storage which affects consumer acceptance. This research aimed to investigate the effect of different blanching and drying methods on the color stability, brazilin content, and antioxidant activity of CS heartwood drinks. Steam blanching, water blanching, sun drying and cabinet drying were examined in this study. The most common method applied in traditional production, without blanching and sun drying, was used as a control. The experimental design used was complete randomized design with triplicates. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by SPSS statistics version 20. The results showed that blanching and drying methods affected the color intensity. For a pure CS heartwood herbal drink, the sample prepared with water blanching and cabinet drying (BCD) showed the highest red value, leading to a 48 % improvement compared to the control. This red value is in accordance with the brazilin content. Sample BCD showed the highest brazilin content, which was 376 % higher than that of the control. Similarly, the BCD sample had the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content, with IC50 values of 98.99 ppm and 213.12 mg GAE g–1, respectively. This result revealed that brazilin might act as an antioxidant. Similar to the pure CS drink, the highest quality of mixed herbal drink was obtained by BCD sample. The results suggest that the combination of water blanching and cabinet drying (BCD) was the best method to improves the quality of CS heartwood drink both in pure and mixed herbal drinks as a functional drink. HIGHLIGHTS Samples treated with blanching and drying had higher brazilin content of Sappan heartwood drink There is a correlation between brazilin content and color intensity as well as antioxidant activity Blanching and cabinet drying improved the color stability of Sappan heartwood drink Blanching and cabinet drying increased the total phenolic and flavonoid content of Sappan heartwood drink GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... Its bioactive components include terpenes, anthocyanins, tannins, and phenolic constituents like zingerone, paradols, gingerols, and shogaols. [76][77][78] Gingerols are the principal compounds responsible for ginger's characteristic pungency. 79 Numerous studies have delved into the pharmacological properties of ginger extracts and their isolated phenolic compounds, particularly 6gingerol, demonstrating a diverse range of beneficial effects 80 . ...
... The content of shogaols was high in all Korean ginger. Shogaol is a dehydration product of gingerol that can be easily converted by heat treatment (Semwal et al., 2015). Fresh ginger has poor storability, so fresh ginger is stored through a drying process, and various factors can act on it during drying . ...
Ginger, which is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is widely distributed and consumed. The taste and aroma of ginger differ depending on its geographical origin. To distinguish the origin of ginger, ginger extracts from Korea, Peru, and China were analyzed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for metabolomics. Korean ginger contained more 10‐gingerol, and Peruvian ginger contained more 6‐gingerol and 8‐gingerol. Several amino acids negatively correlated with gingerols, suggesting that amino acids are related to the biosynthesis of gingerols. Sugars, which are the main energy source, positively correlated with gingerols. Organic acids and gingerols were also positively correlated, indicating that both organic acids and gingerols are used for adaptation to the environment surrounding the root. We confirmed the features of the primary and secondary metabolites by verifying the correlation between metabolites and differences in metabolites according to ginger origin. We additionally optimized a simultaneous UPLC analytical method of marker compounds for the simple and rapid quality control of ginger. This method exhibits excellent linearity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Using metabolomics, differences in origin were observed, and a low‐end equipment analysis method for quality control can be used in the ginger industry.
... An oily liquid comprising of homomlogous phenols called Gingerol (cardiotonic compounds) accounts for the pungency as well as the pharmcological activity of ginger. Gingerols upon dehydration form shogaols and further degrade to zingerone (26)(27)(28). A part from the gingerols ginger constitutes of 50-70% carbohydrates present as starch, 3-8% lipids which includes free fatty acids like linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, oleic, capric, lauric and myristic, triglycerides and lecithins (29). ...
Honey, propolis, and secretion are practical foods with phenoplast composite collected by bees from plants. Honey consist of sugars and water, with laevulose and grape sugar being the main sugars.Honey contains several inhibitory components, including amino acids, proteins, carotenes, phenoplast composite and flavonoids, vitamin C, and organic acids. The inhibitory capability of honey is primarily due to the phenoplast compounds and flavonoids it contains, high correlation between polyphenols and honey has inhibitory properties,exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to be due to atom sequestration, H donation, gold-bearing particle chelation, or their action as substrate for radicals like superoxide and hydroxyl radical. Honey also has antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and fungi through organic processes and antiseptic effects. It also protects against tumoral development, with studies showing that nectar activates the framework and prevents malignant growth and metastasis, Nectar, a natural source of antioxidants, has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. It can help combat free radicals that cause cell damage and damage to the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, which can lead to age-related diseases. Nectar contains water-dissolvable nutrients, phenol compounds, catalase, peroxides, aldohexose catalyst compounds, flavonoids, and carotinoids. Abnormal amounts of these compounds can cause abnormal state of cell reinforcements in nectar,Nectar's antioxidant properties are compared to other sources of antioxidants, suggesting that nectars with dark pigments are more efficient for the treatment of cancer, incorporated various inhibitory agents such as aldohexose compound, catalase, cell support, flavonoids, phenolic tar acids, cancer prevention agent subordinates, characteristic acids, amino acids, and proteins. This report shows that synthetic resin antioxidants from processed honey are bioavailable, increasing plasma inhibitor activity. The studies found that multifocal nectar with full-scale inhibitor control and methodological profiling in malignant growth inhibitor agents reduced multiple free radicals , with notable reduction in cell lysis, ROS production and revival of GSH.This concluded that the anti-cancerous agents of Nectar showed the resultant impact on reduction of intense and chronic particle induced pathologies in in-vivo studies.
... An oily liquid comprising of homomlogous phenols called Gingerol (cardiotonic compounds) accounts for the pungency as well as the pharmcological activity of ginger. Gingerols upon dehydration form shogaols and further degrade to zingerone (26)(27)(28). A part from the gingerols ginger constitutes of 50-70% carbohydrates present as starch, 3-8% lipids which includes free fatty acids like linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, oleic, capric, lauric and myristic, triglycerides and lecithins (29). ...
Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years to treat diseases. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants has led to the discovery of new cures. Medicinal plants are often cheaper, locally available and easily consumable. Ginger is one of the most important medicinal plants with several medicinal, nutritional and ethnomedical values. Ginger contain Varioous phytochemicals, Non-volatile pungent compounds in ginger include gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. 6-shogaol has anti-inflammatory properties. The rhizome of ZingiberofficinaleRosc. can be standardized using macroscopy, powder analysis, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phyto-chemical screening, HPLC profile, and HPTLC profile to ensure its effectiveness in treating different ailments.Ginger may affect the absorption of certain drugs, including tetracycline derivatives, anticholinergics, phenothiazines, digoxin, isoniazid, phenytoin, and warfarin.Ginger's antacid nature can inhibit the urinary excretion of alkaline drugs and decrease or delay the absorption of nalidixic acid and sulfonamides. Ginger has a weak antithrombotic effect that can be increased by certain medcations. Ginger has been shown to have both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic qualities, with aqueous extract and fresh juice having significant effects on diabetic rats. Ginger has also been shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties, including colon cancer chemoprevention and reducing the growth of human colorectal cancer cells. In mice, chronic therapy with ginger rhizome extract dramatically reduced spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis. Gingerols, active phytonutrients, cause cell death in ovarian cancer cells by triggering apoptosis and autophagocytosis, hence lowering inflammatory markers. Gingerols have also been shown to be larvicidal against Adeseaegypti and Culexquinquefasciatus larvae. Ginger also shows antibacterial activities, Ginger root preparations contain polyphenol chemicals with significant antioxidant activity, which can counteract free radicals and oxidative stress. This study concluded various benefits of ginger with it's chemical properties and it's preventive studies against cancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial.
... Jahe (Zingiber officinale) telah digunakan sejak jaman dahulu baik sebagai bumbu maupun sebagai obat herbal untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit pencernaan, seperti mual, muntah, diare, dan juga beragam penyakit, termasuk radang sendi, nyeri otot, dan demam. Jahe (Zingiber officinale) dibudidayakan untuk diambil batang bawah tanah (rimpangnya) yang dapat dimakan (Lete & Allué, 2016;Semwal et al., 2015). ...
Mual dan muntah merupakan kondisi umum dialami hampir semua ibu hamil. Kebanyakan obat antiemetik tidak disetujui untuk diberikan kepada ibu hamil karena dikatakan dapat menyebabkan efek samping kepada ibu maupun janin. Jahe (Zingiber officinale) merupakan salah satu terapi alternatif yang diketahui dengan sifat antiemetiknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pemberian jahe (Zingiber officinale) terhadap frekuensi hiperemesis gravidarum dan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif serta mekanisme kerja yang terlibat dalam mengurangi mual muntah pada kehamilan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Literature Review dengan melakukan penelusuran di Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, dan Pubmed. Artikel dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi (periode penerbitan 10 tahun, yaitu dari tahun 2014 – 2024, menggunakan Bahasa Inggris atau Bahasa Indonesia, dan merupakan artikel penelitian. Protokol penelitian dibuat berdasarkan PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses). Hasil penelitian menunjukan jahe (Zingiber officinale) dan senyawa bioaktif yang dikandungnya antara lain gingerol, shogaol, paradol, dan zingerone terbukti efektif mengurangi frekuensi mual muntah pada hiperemesis gravidarum. Mekanisme kerja yang terlibat berupa modulasi reseptor serotonin (5-HT3), peningkatan produksi nitric oxide (NO), dan perlindungan mukosa lambung. Terdapat variasi sediaan yang digunakan mulai dari tablet, pil, kapsul, jahe segar dengan rentang dosis 250 mg – 2,5 g. Jahe (Zingiber officinale) dapat digunakan sebagai suplemen alami yang efektif untuk mengurangi frekuensi hiperemesis gravidarum.
... In this respect, Zhuang et al. investigated the lipid profile of GELNs and discovered that most of the shogaol in ginger extract is imbibed in GELNs. Furthermore, exosome-like characteristics of GELNs offer enhanced cellular internalization of 6-shogaol and thereby effective nuclear translation of nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) through the TLR4/TRIF pathway, resulting in protection against inflammatory disorders by inhibiting oxidative stress at the targeted site (Semwal et al., 2015;Zhuang et al., 2015). Therefore, GELNs have extensively studies as potent candidates exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects to date. ...
With outstanding therapeutic potential in the tissue regeneration and anti-inflammation, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) have emerged as a prominent therapeutic in recent. However, poor production yield and reproducibility have remained as significant challenges of their practical applications. To surmount these challenges, various alternative materials with stem cell-like functions, have been recently investigated, however, there has been no comprehensive analysis in these alternatives so far. Here, we discuss the recent progress of alternatives of MSC-EXOs, including exosomes and exosome-like nanovesicles from various biological sources such as plants, milk, microbes, and body fluids. Moreover, we extensively compare each alternative by summarizing their unique functions and mode of actions to suggest the expected therapeutic target and future directions for developing alternatives for MSC-EXOs.
... Dried ginger (Zingiber ofcinale) refers to the dehydrated rhizome of the ginger plant, which holds a signifcant place in culinary traditions across various cultures [10]. Extract derived from dried ginger, commonly referred to as DZO (dried ginger extract), showcases a range of noteworthy properties including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-infammatory, and antioxidant attributes [11,12]. ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent reproductive endocrine disorder, frequently coincides with insulin resistance, lipid dysregulation, and cellular apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Dried Zingiber officinale (DZO), renowned for its antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, in the context of PCOS. To this end, we induced a PCOS mouse model through the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and a high-fat diet (HFD), followed by DZO treatment to assess its effects on ovarian pathology, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances. The anti-apoptotic effect of DZO on PCOS ovarian granulosa cells was confirmed through network pharmacological analysis, TUNEL staining, FITC-PI staining, and protein blotting. Notably, DZO treatment significantly alleviated ovarian pathological changes in PCOS mice and normalized hormone levels, including testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratios. Furthermore, our findings confirmed the anti-apoptotic effect of DZO on PCOS ovarian granulosa cells. Mechanistically, DZO primarily exerted its therapeutic effects in PCOS by inhibiting apoptosis induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, our study demonstrates the promising therapeutic role of DZO in the management of obese PCOS patients, particularly in reversing ROS-mediated apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells.
... Gingerols are a group of naturally occurring compounds found in ginger (Zingiber officinale), a popular spice seasoning and medicinal plant. Gingerols, such as 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10gingerol, possess a wide range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anticancer abilities (1), and are potential therapies for metabolic syndrome (2). Gingerols have also been proven to have immunosuppressant activity for autoimmune disease therapy (3). ...
Gingerols are phenolic biomedical compounds found in ginger (Zingiber officinale) whose low aqueous solubility limits their medical application. To improve their solubility and produce novel glucosides, an a-glucosidase (glycoside hydrolase) from Agrobacterium radiobacter DSM 30147 (ArG) was subcloned, expressed, purified, and then confirmed to have additional a-glycosyltransferase activity. After optimization, the ArG could glycosylate gingerols into three mono-glucosides based on the length of their acyl side chains. Compound 1 yielded 63.0 %, compound 2 yielded 26.9 %, and compound 3 yielded 4.37 %. The production yield of the gingerol glucosides optimally increased in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6) with 50 % (w/v) maltose and 1000 mM Li D at 40 C for an 24-h incubation. The structures of purified compound 1 and compound 2 were determined as 6-gingerol-5-O-a-glucoside (1) and novel 8-gingerol-5-O-a-glucoside (2), respectively, using nucleic magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses. The aqueous solubility of the gingerol glucosides was greatly improved. Further assays showed that, unusually, 6-gingerol-5-O-a-glucoside had 10-fold higher anti-inflammatory activity (IC 50 value of 15.3 ± 0.5 mM) than 6-gingerol, while the novel 8-gingerol-5-O-a-glucoside retained 42.7 % activity (IC 50 value of 106 ± 4 mM) compared with 8-gingerol. The new a-glucosidase (ArG) was confirmed to have acidic a-glycosyltransferase activity and could be applied in the production of a-glycosyl derivatives. The 6-gingerol-5-O-a-glucoside can be applied as a clinical drug for anti-inflammatory activity.
... Gingerols and shogaols, the nutraceutical principles of ginger, are crucial for its therapeutic effects. These compounds are integral to various traditional medicines such as Ayurveda, Chinese, Arabic, and African practices, where ginger is used to treat headaches, nausea, colds, arthritis, and inflammation [18]. Iranian Traditional Medicine recognises ginger as an antioedema drug and a remedy for conditions like atherosclerosis, gastric ulcers, respiratory disorders, migraines, and depression [19]. ...
Ginger has been traditionally used in Indian and Chinese medicine for its anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties. Scientific studies confirm its efficacy in reducing nausea and inflammation, and promoting digestive health. Ethnobotanical surveys emphasise its cultural significance and widespread use across various communities. Additionally, ginger's role in pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and functional foods highlights its pharmacological benefits and culinary versatility. In skincare, ginger shows promise for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its application in cosmetic formulations. Furthermore, ginger emerges as a multifaceted herb with significant therapeutic potential, rooted in traditional knowledge and validated by modern research. Its bioactive compounds, including gingerols and shogaols, contribute to its diverse health benefits, ranging from gastrointestinal support to skincare applications. INDEX TERMS Ginger, Modern medicine, Traditional medicine, Zingiber officinale Roscoe
... Zingiber officinale, or ginger, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is used to alleviate conditions such as headaches, coughs, colds, and inflammation (Baliga et al., 2011;Dehghani et al., 2011;Khaki and Fathiazad, 2012;Semwal et al., 2015). Ginger has potential as an anti-inflammatory, carminative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and stimulant for peripheral circulation (Vasala, 2004;Ali et al., 2008). ...
Polyherbal remedies used for stress relief are considered a cost-effective and safe choice. This warranted a study to evaluate the chronic anti-stress activity of a polyherbal-formulated tea (Citrus limon, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera) using a non-social stressor animal model. Chronic stress was induced using a non-social stressor mouse model. Sixteen mice were allotted into 4 groups of 4 mice each: Group one received 10 mL/kg of distilled water, while groups 2-4 received 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg extracts of polyherbal-formulated tea and 20 mg/kg of fluoxetine, respectively. The tea was administered orally, along with the various stressors, for 21 days. The mice were sacrificed, and blood was collected from the abdominal aorta for cortisol analysis, and the brain was homogenised for antioxidant analysis of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. In the forced swimming test, the polyherbal-formulated tea at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and fluoxetine increased the swimming time when compared with chronic stress control (p<0.01). In the tail suspension test, 10 mg/kg of polyherbal-formulated tea and fluoxetine decreased the time of immobility when compared with chronic stress control (p<0.05). Tea at 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine decreased the level of cortisol when compared with chronic stress control (p<0.05). The tea at 10 mg/kg increased the level of catalase and glutathione reductase when compared with chronic stress control (p<0.01). The tea had no effect on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, or malondialdehyde. Conclusively, the polyherbal-formulated tea has stress-relieving properties.
... Although originating in Southeast Asia, ginger (Zingiber officinale) has become a globally consumed spice deeply ingrained in various cultures, cherished for its perceived health benefits and medicinal attributes (281). The gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingiberene are the principal bioactive compounds (282,283). Ginger and its constituents may improve vitality and intrinsic capacity via their ability to modulate cellular pathways related to hallmarks of aging, eliciting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits (284-286). ...
Considering a growing, aging population, the need for interventions to improve the healthspan in aging are tantamount. Diet and nutrition are important determinants of the aging trajectory. Plant-based diets that provide bioactive phytonutrients may contribute to offsetting hallmarks of aging and reducing the risk of chronic disease. Researchers now advocate moving toward a positive model of aging which focuses on the preservation of functional abilities, rather than an emphasis on the absence of disease. This narrative review discusses the modulatory effect of nutrition on aging, with an emphasis on promising phytonutrients, and their potential to influence cellular, organ and functional parameters in aging. The literature is discussed against the backdrop of a recent conceptual framework which describes vitality, intrinsic capacity and expressed capacities in aging. This aims to better elucidate the role of phytonutrients on vitality and intrinsic capacity in aging adults. Such a review contributes to this new scientific perspective—namely—how nutrition might help to preserve functional abilities in aging, rather than purely offsetting the risk of chronic disease.
... Gingerol belongs to the class of secondary metabolites known as phenolic compounds [256] . Gingerol is a member of the gingerols, a group of compounds that are responsible for the pungent flavor and aroma of ginger [257] . Gingerol is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [258][259][260] . ...
Constant exposure to harmful substances from both inside and outside the body can mess up the body’s natural ways of keeping itself in balance. This can cause severe skin damage, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. However, plant-derived compounds found in fruits and vegetables have been shown to protect against skin cancercausing free radicals and other harmful substances. It has been determined that these dietary phytochemicals are effective in
preventing skin cancer and are widely available, inexpensive, and well-tolerated. Studies have shown that these phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic properties that can aid in the prevention of skin cancers. In addition, they influence crucial cellular processes such as angiogenesis and cell cycle control, which can halt the progression of skin cancer. The present paper discusses the benefits of specific dietary phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables, as well as the signaling pathways they regulate, the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of skin cancer, and their drawbacks.
... Previous studies have shown that stilbenes, diarylheptane, and gingerol have various biological efficacies, including antioxidant and antiallergic activities (Semwal et al., 2015). Ouyang et al. (2023) found that the down-regulation of these pathways in chili roots under Cd exposure correlated with a decrease of antioxidant and antibacterial activities in chili roots. ...
To remedy Cd pollution in the ocean, macroalgae are used as a bioremediation tool because of their ability to absorb and accumulate Cd. Gracilaria bailinae has high economic and ecological value and can survive in Cd contaminated waters; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, physiological and biochemical indexes were analyzed after 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of Cd²⁺ exposure; further, the transcriptome of G. bailinae was examined after a 7-day exposure to a Cd²⁺ culture environment with Cd levels of 0 mg L⁻¹ (cd1, control), 1 mg L⁻¹ (cd2, low concentration), and 2.5 mg L⁻¹ (cd3, high concentration). The results showed that in the cd2 group, G. bailinae maintained a stable RGR that did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from that of the cd1 group. However, the soluble protein and MDA contents, as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and POD, were significantly increased (P< 0.05) compared to the cd1 group. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among the different Cd²⁺ stress durations. In contrast, compared with the cd1 group, the RGR, soluble protein content, SOD, CAT, and POD activities were significantly decreased (P< 0.05), while the MDA content was significantly increased (P< 0.05) in the cd3 group. Furthermore, significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed among the various tested Cd²⁺ stress durations within the cd3 group. Compared to the cd1 group, a total of 30,072 DEGs and 21,680 were identified in the cd2 and cd3 treatments, respectively. More up-regulated genes were found in cd2 group than in cd3 group. GO enrichment analysis showed that these genes were related to peptidase activity, endopeptidase activity, ion transport, peptide biosynthetic and metabolism. In addition, DEGs related to histidine metabolism and the stilbene, diarylheptane, and gingerol pathways were significantly up-regulated in the cd2 group compared to the cd3 group, which resulted in enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and promoted cell wall regeneration. The results of this study reveal the response mechanism of G. bailinae to Cd²⁺ stress, providing valuable insights for assessing the bioremediation potential of G. bailinae for Cd-contaminated waters.
... Gingerols play an important role in the alleviation of arthritis and pain. Ginger also possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-allergic properties because of the presence of gingerols and shogaols (Semwal et al., 2015). Ginger is consumed as a painkiller for chest pain, menstrual pain, and back pain. ...
... The effects of ginger are akin to those of the NSAIDs family; however, they do not adversely affect the stomach mucosa [6]. Numerous research 3 studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ginger in both the prophylaxis and treatment of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases [7,8]. ...
Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a member of the Zingiberaceae plant family and is indigenous to Southeast Asia. It has been widely utilized as an herbal remedy in numerous nations and is known for its beneficial properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. Ginger is commonly consumed for its various health benefits, including alleviating coughs, reducing pain, addressing nausea, aiding digestion, and exhibiting analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, research has begun to uncover the potential benefits of ginger on physical activity and athletic performance. Materials and methods: A comprehensive examination of scientific and medical literature was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search terms employed were: "ginger," "ginger anticancer," "ginger anti-inflammatory," and "ginger antiemetic." Conclusion: Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, is a widely utilized herb with various biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties primarily attributed to four phenolic compounds: gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. Notably, 6-shogaol, an active ingredient in ginger, shows promise as a natural anticancer product with potential therapeutic benefits. Also, several scientific studies have indicated that ginger supplementation may lead to reduced muscle soreness, improved endurance performance, and decreased inflammation in response to intense physical activity.
... 15 Moreover, ginger extracts have demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi and viruses. 16 Plectranthus species, including Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) and Plectranthus barbatus (Coleus forskohlii), have been used in traditional medicine systems for their medicinal properties. These plants contain bioactive compounds such as diterpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. ...
... Ginger (Zingiber o cinale Roscoe), a perennial root herb, is the model crop of Zingiberaceae. The gingerols in it have a variety of biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiin ammatory, and anti-allergic effects on the central nervous system [41]. In addition, ginger can be economically pro table and yields a high yield per unit area, making it a worthwhile crop to market [42]. ...
Background
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a medicinal and edible plant in Chinese culture, is often impacted by adverse environmental conditions. BBX genes are fundamental regulators of multiple pathways in plants, although a systematic cataloging of BBX genes in ginger has not yet been completed.
Result
.The study examined 31 members of the BBX gene family in ginger (ZoBBXs). Moreover, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the sequence features, conserved protein motifs, chromosome location, phylogenetic relationships, and gene duplication events in ZoBBXs. In terms of gene structures, conserved domains, and motifs, ZoBBXs can be categorized into five categories. Moreover, the study investigated the expression patterns of ZoBBXs across different developmental stages and under various abiotic stresses, such as ABA, cold, drought, heat, and salt, utilizing RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis. The results indicated that ZoBBX#04, ZoBBX#11, ZoBBX#24, and ZoBBX#27 may be key regulators of flowering in ginger, while ZoBBX#05, ZoBBX#11, ZoBBX#17, and ZoBBX#24 were identified as significant contributors to stress response mechanisms.
Conclusion
A detailed analysis of ginger's BBX family is presented in this study, laying the groundwork for further exploration of the potential roles of ZoBBX genes in ginger's growth, development, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
... 53,54 Traditional uses (e.g., to treat coughs, colds, flu, headaches, nausea, arthritis, muscle aches and inflammation, prevent rheumatism, improve digestion and circulation, and relieve motion sickness) are increasingly supported by scientific studies. 55 Ginkgo, botanically known as Ginkgo biloba L., is a tree native to China whose dried leaves contain 12 g of protein per 100 g, 5 g of lipids per 100 g and 73 g of carbohydrates per 100 g. 56 This plant has multiple uses in traditional medicine, its leaves are described as antioxidant, used in the treatment of memory problems, they also contribute to an increase in peripheral blood flow and are used in the treatment of postthrombotic syndrome. 49 Liu et al. 57 conducted an important study on the properties of Ginkgo biloba. ...
While the market is full of different dietary supplements, in most countries, legislation is clear and strict towards these products, with severe limitations on their health claims. Overall, the claims cannot go beyond the consumption of a said supplement will contribute to a healthy diet. Thus, the supplement industry has been reacting and changing their approach to consumers. One change is the considerable growth of the nutraceutical market, which provides naturally produced products, with low processing and close to no claims on the label. The marketing of this industry shifts from claiming several benefits on the label (dietary supplements) to relying on the knowledge of consumers towards the benefits of minimally processed foods filled with natural products (nutraceuticals). This review focuses on the difference between these two products, their consumption patterns, forms of presentation, explaining what makes them different, their changes through time, and their most notable ingredients, basically balancing out their pros and cons.
Cervical cancer ranked fourth most common malignancy among women worldwide despite the establishment of vaccination programmes. This systematic review evaluates the anti-cancer properties of turmeric and ginger bioactive compounds, specifically curcumin, 6/10-gingerol, and 6/10-shogaol, and their combination in cervical cancer through in-vitro and in-vivo models. A comprehensive electronic search was performed using Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus from inception until the second week of June 2024 for studies published in English. Only studies investigating the effects of curcumin, gingerol, shogaol, and/or their combination in human cervical cancer cell lines and/or rodent animal models implanted with cervical cancer xenografts were included. Altogether, 27 studies were included in this review. The evidence gathered indicated that curcumin, 6/10-gingerol and 6-shogaol exert their anticancer action through modulation of cell signalling pathways, including AMPK, WNT, PI3K/AKT, and NF‐κB pathway, and mediators including Bax/Bcl2, TNF‐α, EGFR, COX‐2, caspases‐3, ‐9, p53, and pRb. However, the synergistic effect of these bioactive compounds is not known due to lack of evidence. In conclusion, curcumin, 6/10-gingerols, and 6-shogaols hold promise as therapeutic agents for cervical cancer. Yet, further research is essential to understand their combined efficacy, emphasising the need for additional studies exploring the synergistic anticancer effects of these bioactive compounds. Additional factors to explore include long-term effects and susceptibility of chemoresistant cervical cancer cells towards curcumin, shogaols, and gingerols.
(1) Background: Astragalus membranaceus (AM) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but its specific mechanism of action in the brain is still unclear. In this study, we developed a roasting process to maximize the cognitive improvement impact of AM. We focused on enhancing physiological activity to enhance the brain neuron protection effect and alleviate neuronal damage caused by neurodegenerative diseases. (2) Methods: AM was roasted at 260 °C for 20, 30, or 40 min, and the hot water extracts were tested on HT22 cells for ROS levels, apoptosis, and antioxidant protein expression. The effect on the BDNF-AKT-CREB pathway under stress was also analyzed. (3) Results: Roasted AM decreased ROS production and the expression of apoptosis-related factors while activating the expression of antioxidant proteins in HT22 cells treated with Aβ25–35. In particular, 30 min roasting (R-AM2) significantly reduced ROS production, inhibited cell death, and increased antioxidant protein expression. The Nrf2 pathway was activated Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 levels were reduced. BDNF and p-CREB expression were increased by 20% and 50–70%, respectively. In the MAPK pathway, p-ERK levels were increased by 30%, and p-P38 levels were increased by approximately 20%. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that roasted AM upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in HT22 cells, providing neuroprotective effects by activating the AKT/CREB/BDNF pathway and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, roasted AM shows potential as a neuroprotective agent for preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, linked to BDNF deficiency.
The hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to harmless environmental substances causes allergic diseases. Today, about 22%–30% of the world's population suffers from allergic diseases. Since the probability of change in the genetic structure during the past decades of lives is very low, genetic disorders cannot be blamed for causing allergic diseases. Thus, factors such as air pollution, climate change, change in diet, increased antibiotics consumption, change in the gut microbiome, migration toward urban areas, and increase in airborne allergens should be considered as the main causes of the spread and increase in allergic diseases. Methods of preventing contact with allergens, drug treatment, and allergen‐specific immunotherapy are used to treat allergic diseases. In recent years, the therapeutic efficacy of herbal compounds has been significantly investigated by the scientific community, because these compounds have very few side effects. Ginger is one of the plant compounds that have anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The ameliorative effects of this plant on allergic diseases have been identified. Therefore, the aim of this short review is to summarize the knowledge, which is available about the ameliorative properties of the compounds found in the ginger plant that can reduce the clinical symptoms of allergic diseases.
Modern drugs are popular due to their role in emergency medicine however their roles are limited in chronic diseases due to their long-term usage and associated side effects. Various research have been conducted on nutraceuticals for prophylactic and therapeutic use. Significant role of micronutrients in diseases management has also been identified. Nutraceuticals are supplements with nutritional and medicinal value having proper dosage forms. Nutraceuticals work in synergy and support the pharmacokinetics, for example, vitamin D with K2, vitamin D with calcium, curcumin in combination with boswellic acid, and many such other combinations. Ayurveda nutraceuticals are also now emerging and making contribution in Asian market. Nutraceuticals are not tightly regulated in most part of the world; however, some countries like Japan have regulation in place to regulate nutraceuticals under Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU), whereas the USA regulates it under Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Currently nutraceutical is being utilized as adjuvant to existing therapies to reduce the reactive oxygen species in cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, and other diseases having significant inflammation and oxidative stress.
https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1jsM1AUp3caCPN
Organ and tissue damage can result from injury and disease. How to facilitate regeneration from damage has been a topic for centuries, and still, we are trying to find agents to use for treatments. Two groups of biological substances are known to facilitate wound healing. Phytochemicals with bioactive properties form one group. Many phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory effects and enhance wound healing. Recent studies have described their effects at the gene and protein expression levels, highlighting the receptors and signaling pathways involved. The extremely large number of phytochemicals and the multiple types of receptors they activate suggest a broad range of applicability for their clinical use. The hydrophobic nature of many phytochemicals and the difficulty with chemical stabilization have been a problem. Recent developments in biotechnology and nanotechnology methods are enabling researchers to overcome these problems. The other group of biological substances is extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are now known to have important biological functions, including the improvement of wound healing. The proteins and nanoparticles contained in mammalian EVs as well as the specificity of the targets of microRNAs included in the EVs are becoming clear. Plant-derived EVs have been found to contain phytochemicals. The overlap in the wound-healing capabilities of both phytochemicals and EVs and the differences in their nature suggest the possibility of a combinatorial use of the two groups, which may enhance their effects.
Zingiber, a notable genus within the Zingiberaceae family, is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia. It encompasses a total of at least 141 species on a global scale, with 25 native species and 30 known taxa identified specifically in Peninsular Malaysia. Of these known taxa, at least 7 are categorised as threatened, 5 are endemic, and the rest remain unassessed regarding their conservation status. This article provides a comprehensive checklist and taxonomic insights for all native Zingiber in Peninsular Malaysia. Remarkably, from the current fieldwork, the discovery of a peculiar Zingiber plant from the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia holds the potential to contribute additional records within this genus. Initially, this species resembles Z. belumense and Z. purpureum in their inflorescence colouration, displaying shades ranging from brownish maroon to dark purple with green bracts, but this newly proposed taxon stands out due to its combination of distinctive traits. An intriguing observation notes the presence of red sap when the leafy shoots were cut and needs further corroboration. This article establishes a provisional taxonomic designation for the newly discovered species, Zingiber sp. (Bahangense130). A comprehensive description supported by robust molecular phylogenetic evidence is currently underway, while brief notes and illustrative images of the proposed taxon are provided within this paper.
Objective
This study aims to elucidate and quantify the composition of Jiangtang Qingre formula (JQF), delineate the absorbed components in the bloodstream, predict the major biologically active components, and identify potential targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM).
Materials and Methods
The chemical composition and metabolites of JQF were elucidated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-linear ion trap quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). The various components of JQF were concurrently determined using UHPLC-triple–quadrupole MS. Network pharmacological analysis was employed to explore the bioactive components and potential therapeutic targets in DM.
Results
A total of 63 compounds were identified and provisionally characterized, with flavones, organic acids, and alkaloids emerging as the major chemical constituents. A robust analytical method that enables the simultaneous quantification of 24 representative components was successfully developed. The contents of 11 batches of samples were assessed. Ten prototype components were identified in rat plasma. The pathways associated with the efficacy of JQF in DM treatment were linked to signal transduction, endocrine and immune systems, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism.
Conclusion
This study systematically and comprehensively characterized the major chemical components and patterns in JQF, laying the groundwork for understanding its pharmacodynamic mechanisms and clinical applications.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third in malignant tumor mortality worldwide. Oxaliplatin, a third-generation chemotherapeutic drug, treats several malignancies, including colorectal cancer, after cisplatin and carboplatin. However, reducing side effects and optimizing efficacy is challenging. The utilization of plant-assisted green synthesis for the production of nanoparticles is a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable approach. This method could be at the forefront of chemotherapy due to its simplicity and efficiency. The ginger extract has been well-introduced with anti-cancer and antioxidant properties. The present study involved the green synthesis and characterization of oxaliplatin nanoparticles (OxPt NPs) through dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This study investigated the effectiveness of OxPt NPs, ginger extract, and conventional oxaliplatin (first-line drug of CRC) on the HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line through MTT assay comparatively. The findings exhibited an outstanding efficiency of 72% in the synthesis process of OxPt nanoparticles and their subsequent encapsulation utilizing ginger extract. The nanoparticles demonstrated a size distribution within the 50–110 nm range and exhibited remarkable stability in colloidal form. The MTT assay results indicate that the OxPt NPs showed a favorable cytotoxic effect on colorectal cancer cells, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 7.08 µM. Furthermore, flow cytometry data show that the nanoparticles primarily induced apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death rather than necrosis. The findings indicate that the synthesized OxPt NPs can be a new and efficient medication for addressing CRC. Overall, the present investigation showcases the efficacious amalgamation and delineation of OxPt nanoparticles, exhibiting their potential cytotoxic impacts on colorectal cancer cells.
This chapter comprehensively reviews numerous herbs and spices’ anticancer properties and mechanisms. Curcumin, derived from turmeric, exhibits cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, and anti-metastatic effects against diverse cancer types by interacting with pathways controlling inflammation, survival, cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Ginger and its active compounds demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities in breast, skin, lung, and gastrointestinal cancer models, potentially through free radical scavenging, inhibiting inflammation, disrupting microtubules, and altering apoptotic gene expression. Garlic organosulfur compounds induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and antioxidant activity in various malignancies by affecting signaling proteins like STAT3 and VEGF. Basil, caraway, cinnamon, clove, coriander, dill, cumin, rosemary, saffron, thyme, and oregano extracts restricted growth, prompted cell death and beneficially impacted proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis markers across numerous cancer cell lines. Black pepper, cayenne pepper, green tea, and milk thistle constituents displayed cytotoxic, immune-enhancing, and chemopreventive actions against diverse human cancer models through modulation of pathways connected to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, detoxification, and malignant proliferation. The immunomodulatory herbs astragalus, ginseng, echinacea, St. John’s wort, and cat’s claw also exhibited direct anticancer effects in specific cellular and rodent experiments. Many dietary phytochemicals show promising anticancer potential, but more clinical trials are needed to substantiate therapeutic efficacy in humans.
Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder where a patient indulges in binging and purging. Various psy-chological treatments are available like Cognitive Behavior Theory (CBT) and Interpersonal psycho-therapy which focusses on combating the negative thoughts to prevent destructive habit. Pharmacolog-ical treatments like consuming antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) play a major role in eating disorder (ED) therapy. Bulimia Nervosa and its effects on the body can be main-tained by increasing the serotonin levels. Serotonin level can be increased by increasing tryptophan, folic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, electrolytes like potassium, magnesium etc in the body. Pharmacologi-cal treatment may have its own side effects in the body like dizziness, agitation, insomnia etc. Thus, various natural ingredients and herbs can be used like soybean, turmeric, whole grains, ginseng etc., for the management of Bulimia Nervosa (BN). Introducing nano foods using nanotechnology and adding polyphenols for managing BN can be a new scope for the food industry as well as the nutraceutical industry.
Two new gingerol derivatives, [8]-gingesulfonic acid (1) and [10]-gingesulfonic acid (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, along with nine known gingerol derivatives, [6]- gingesulfonic acid (3), 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione (4), 1-dehydro-[8]-gingerdione (5), 1-dehydro- [10]-gingerdione (6), [6]-gingerdione (7), [10]-gingerdione (8), [6]-gingerol (9), methyl [6]-gingerdiol (10), and 6-hydroxyl-[6]-shogaol (11). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence and comparisons with literature data.
Abstrak Pada tulisan ini, sebuah generator tanpa sikat berpenguat ganda yang baru (DEBG) dengan rotor berlaminasi penghalang magnetic radial (RLMB-rotor) untuk aplikasi pembangkit tenaga angin telah dirancang dan dianalisis. DEBG ini memiliki 10 nomor kutub rotor dengan rotor luar. Kinerjanya telah diselidiki dengan metode elemen hingga peralihan 2D. Medan magnet, kemampuan torsi, karakteristik tegangan belitan akhir, gaya magnet radial dan efisiensi energi telah dianalisis. Semua studi ini menunjukkan kesederhanaan, kehandalan, efisiensi tinggi dan rendahnya getaran serta kebisingan dari DEBG dengan rotor luar. Hal ini menarik untuk diterapkan pada variasi kecepatan dengan frekuensi konstan (VSCF) sistem pembangkit tenaga angin. Kata kunci: generator pembangkit tenaga angin, generator tanpa sikat berpenguat ganda (DEBG), rotor berlaminasi penghalang magnetic radial (RLMB-rotor), rotor luar Abstract In this paper, a novel doubly excited brushless generator (DEBG) with outer radial laminated magnetic barrier rotor (RLMB-rotor) for wind power application was designed and analyzed. The DEBG has 10 rotor pole numbers with outer rotor. Its performance was investigated using the 2D transient finite element method. The magnetic fields, torque capability, end winding voltage characteristics, radial magnetic force and energy efficiency were analyzed. All studies in this paper show that the simplicity, reliability, high efficiency and low vibration and noise of the DEBG with outer rotor were attractive for variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind power generation system. Keywords: doubly-excited brushless generator (DEBG), outer rotor, radial laminated magnetic barrier rotor (RLMB-rotor), wind power generator Copyright © 2012 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
Ginger plant, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is an important tropical plant used as spices and well known for its medicinal properties. It has a pungent and aromatic rhizome rich of zingiberen and gingerols. Many secondary metabolites are known to accumulate in the plant cell culture systems. So, in this research, gingerols and zingiberene production of callus cultures were compared with regenerated plant in vitro and glasshouse cultivated ginger in vivo. The experiment was conducted in a randomized treatment design with 4 replicates. Ginger rhizomes were imported from china and were cultured in dark at 28±2 °C for 30 days for sprouting and then were cut to small pieces (2-3 cm) and sterilized, and then the rhizomes were cut into 5 mm sized pieces. Bud explants were inoculated on different sterile medium at 25±2 °C under 16 L/8D photoperiod for 2 months. For in vivo culture, the ginger rhizome's surface was sterilized by using 1 g of l-1 of benomyle fungicide solution then was cut into small unique pieces and kept in perlite in control condition for 2 weeks for germination. Then unique sprouting seedlings were transferred to hydroponic system including Hoagland's solution for 3 months. Fresh calli, in vitro and in vivo gingers rhizomes were used for extraction with dichloromethane and analyzed by TLC. No gingerols and zingiberene spots on calli plates were detected, but in vitro and in vivo ginger rhizomes produced gingerols and zingiberene. Therefore, callus culture of ginger is proposed for rapid proliferation of plant cells.
Two new gingerol derivatives, [8]-gingesulfonic acid (1) and [10]-gingesulfonic acid (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, along with nine known gingerol derivatives, [6]- gingesulfonic acid (3), 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione (4), 1-dehydro-[8]-gingerdione (5), 1-dehydro- [10]-gingerdione (6), [6]-gingerdione (7), [10]-gingerdione (8), [6]-gingerol (9), methyl [6]-gingerdiol (10), and 6-hydroxyl-[6]-shogaol (11). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence and comparisons with literature data.
Objective: The immunomodulatory effect of geranial, geranial acetate, gingerol, and eugenol essential oils were evaluated by studying humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
Materials and Method: The essential oils were evaluated for immunomodulatory activity in in vivo studies, using rats as the animal model. The essential oils were tested for hypersensitivity and hemagglutination reactions, using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as the antigen while sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC) served as the control in all the tests.
Result: Orally administrated essential oils showed a significant increase of test parameters, viz., haemagglutinating antibody titre (HAT) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. In rats immunized with sheep RBC, essential oils enhanced the humoral antibody response to the antigen and significantly potentiated the cellular immunity by facilitating the foot pad thickness response to sheep RBC in sensitized rats with doses of 50-800 mg/ml. Haemagglutination titre of geraniol showed the highest increase of 139.3±6.38 and with 5.9±0.7 DTH, respectively. For geranial acetate, the haemagglutination titre showed a moderate increase of 87.5±5.9 and highest increase in DTH with 5.9±0.8, respectively. Using gingerol, the haemagglutination titre showed a moderate increase with 88.2±6.306 and DTH 3.5±0.5, respectively and for eugenol, the haemaggulation titre showed a moderate increase with 112.06±6.169 and DTH 4.4±0.6, respectively. These differences were statistically significant.
Conclusion: The essential oils were found to have a significant immunostimulant activity on both the specific and non-specific immune mechanisms.
Norethandrolone and Oxandrolone were studied for their genotoxic effect on human lymphocyte chromosomes using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) as parameters and subsequently Genistein and Gingerol were used as antigenotoxic agents to ameliorate the genotoxicity induced by the steroids. This experiment was aimed at finding the dosage at which these two steroids are genotoxic enough to cause chromosome damage. They were studied at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μM, respectively and were found to be significantly genotoxic at 30 and 40 μM. Genistein and Gingerol proved to be equally effective in reducing genotoxic damage at appropriate doses. The results suggest a strong genotoxic effect of both steroids in vitro in human lymphocytes and also a significant antigenotoxic action of Genistein and Gingerol against steroid induced genotoxic damage.
6-Shogaol, a dehydrated form of 6-gingerol, is a minor component in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and has recently been reported to have more potent bioactivity than 6-gingerol. Based on the thermal instability of gingerols (their dehydration to corresponding shogaols at high temperature), we aimed to develop an optimal process to maximize the 6-shogaol content during ginger extraction by modulating temperature and pH. Fresh gingers were dried under various conditions: freeze-, room temperature (RT)- or convection oven-drying at 60 or 80°C, and extracted by 95% ethanol at RT, 60 or 80°C. The content of 6-shogaol was augmented by increasing both drying and extraction temperatures. The highest production of 6-shogaol was achieved at 80°C extraction after drying at the same temperature and the content of 6-shogaol was about 7-fold compared to the lowest producing process by freezing and extraction at RT. Adjustment of pH (pH 1, 4, 7 and 10) for the 6-shogaol-richest extract (dried and extracted both at 80°C) also affected the chemical composition of ginger and the yield of 6-shogaol was maximized at the most acidic condition of pH 1. Taken together, the current study shows for the first time that a maximized production of 6-shogaol can be achieved during practical drying and extraction process of ginger by increasing both drying and extracting temperatures. Adjustment of pH to extraction solvent with strong acid also helps increase the production of 6-shogaol. Our data could be usefully employed in the fields of food processing as well as nutraceutical industry.
Calcium signals in hepatocytes control cell growth, proliferation, and death. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel superfamily are candidate calcium influx channels. NF κ B activation strictly depends on calcium influx and often induces antiapoptotic genes favouring cell survival. Previously, we reported that S-[6]-gingerol is an efficacious agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) in neurones. In this study, we tested the effect of S-[6]-gingerol on HuH-7 cells using the Fluo-4 calcium assay, RT-qPCR, transient cell transfection, and luciferase measurements. We found that S-[6]-gingerol induced a transient rise in [Ca(2+)] i in HuH-7 cells. The increase in [Ca(2+)] i induced by S-[6]-gingerol was abolished by preincubation with EGTA and was also inhibited by the TRPV1 channel antagonist capsazepine. Expression of TRPV1 in HuH-7 cells was confirmed by mRNA analysis as well as a test for increase of [Ca(2+)] i by TRPV1 agonist capsaicin and its inhibition by capsazepine. We found that S-[6]-gingerol induced rapid NF κ B activation through TRPV1 in HuH-7 cells. Furthermore, S-[6]-gingerol-induced NF κ B activation was dependent on the calcium gradient and TRPV1. The rapid NF κ B activation by S-[6]-gingerol was associated with an increase in mRNA levels of NF κ B-target genes: cIAP-2, XIAP, and Bcl-2 that encode antiapoptotic proteins.
[8]-gingerol is an active component of Zinger and shows several pharmacological activities, such as antipyretic and anti-inflammation characteristics. To identify a potential skin-whitening agent, the inhibitory effects of [8]-gingerol on melanogenesis and its mechanism of action were investigated. In the present study, the effects of [8]-gingerol on mushroom tyrosinase, tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically; the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins in B16F10 and B16F1 melanoma cells were determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, the possible signaling pathways involved in [8]-gingerol-mediated depigmentation were also investigated using specific inhibitors. The results revealed that [8]-gingerol (5-100 μM) effectively suppressed intracellular tyrosinase activity and decreased the amount of melanin in B16F10 and B16F1 cells. In addition, [8]-gingerol also effectively decreased intracellular reactive species (RS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at the same dose range. Our results indicated that [8]-gingerol inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 and B16F1cells by down-regulation of both mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways or through its antioxidant properties. Hence, [8]-gingerol could be used as an effective skin-whitening agent.
Introduction. Hepatic inflammation underlies the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. S-[6]-Gingerol has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Important inflammatory mediators of interleukins include nuclear factor κ B (NF κ B) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). We now explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of S-[6]-gingerol in liver cells. Methods. HuH7 cells were stimulated with IL1β to establish an in vitro hepatic inflammatory model. Results. S-[6]-Gingerol attenuated IL1β-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in HuH7 cells, as evidenced by decreasing mRNA levels of inflammatory factor IL6, IL8, and SAA1, suppression of ROS generation, and increasing mRNA levels of DHCR24. In addition, S-[6]-gingerol reduced IL1β-induced COX2 upregulation as well as NF κ B activity. Similar to the protective effects of S-[6]-gingerol, both NS-398 (a selective COX2 inhibitor) and PDTC (a selective NF κ B inhibitor) suppressed mRNA levels of IL6, IL8, and SAA1. Importantly, PDTC attenuated IL1β-induced overexpression of COX2. Of particular note, the protective effect of S-[6]-gingerol against the IL1β-induced inflammatory response was similar to that of BHT, an ROS scavenger. Conclusions. The findings of this study demonstrate that S-[6]-gingerol protects HuH7 cells against IL1β-induced inflammatory insults through inhibition of the ROS/NF κ B/COX2 pathway.
Vibrio cholerae is one of the major bacterial pathogens responsible for the devastating diarrheal disease called cholera. Chemotherapy is
often used against V. cholerae infections; however, the emergence of V. cholerae with multidrug resistance (MDR) toward the chemotherapeutic agents is a serious clinical problem. This scenario has provided
us with the impetus to look into herbal remediation, especially toward blocking the action of cholera toxin (CT). Our studies
were undertaken to determine the antidiarrheal potential of 6-gingerol (6G) on the basis of its effect on CT, the virulence
factor secreted by V. cholerae. We report here that 6G binds to CT, hindering its interaction with the GM1 receptor present on the intestinal epithelial
cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined to be 10 μg/ml. The detailed mechanistic study was conducted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
fluorescence spectroscopy, and isoelectric focusing. These results were validated with in vitro studies performed with the CHO, HeLa, and HT-29 cell lines, whereas a rabbit ileal loop assay was done to estimate the in vivo action, which confirms the efficacy of 6G in remediation of the choleragenic effects of CT. Thus, 6G can be an effective
adjunctive therapy with oral rehydration solution for severe CT-mediated diarrhea.
Aim:
Ginger rhizome is used worldwide as a spicy flavor agent. This study was designed to explore the potential effects of pungent ginger components, 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerol, on human cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of many prescription drugs.
Methods:
The activities of human CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were analyzed using Vivid P450 assay kits. The mRNA expression of CYP3A4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 was measured using quantitative real-time PCR assay.
Results:
All three gingerols potently inhibited CYP2C9 activity, exerted moderate inhibition on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, and weak inhibion on CYP2D6. 8-Gingerol was the most potent in inhibition of P450 enzymes with IC50 values of 6.8, 12.5, 8.7, and 42.7 μmol/L for CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6, respectively. By comparing the effects of gingerols on CYP3A4 with three different fluorescent substrate probes, it was demonstrated that the inhibition of gingerols on CYP3A4 had no substrate-dependence. In HepG2 cells, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol inhibited, but 6-gingerol induced mRNA expression of CYP3A4.
Conclusion:
6-, 8-, and 10-gingerol suppress human cytochrome P450 activity, while 8- and 10-gingerol inhibit CYP3A4 expression. The results may have an implication for the use of ginger or ginger products when combined with therapeutic drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Diabetes is marked by high glucose levels and is associated with decreased bone mass and increased fracture rates. To determine if [6]-gingerol could influence osteoblast dysfunction induced by 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib), osteoblastic MC3T3-El cells was treated with dRib and [6]-gingerol and markers of osteoblast function and oxidized protein were examined. [6]Gingerol (10(-7) M) significantly increased the growth of MC3T3-El cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib (p<0.05). [6]Gingerol (10(-7) M) caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, and osteocalcin secretion in the cells. We then examined the effect of 6]-gingerol on the production of osteoprotegerin and protein carbonyl in osteoblasts. Treatment with [6]-gingerol (10(-9) and 10(-7) M) increased osteoprotegerin secretion in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, [6]-gingerol (10(-9) and 10(-7) M) decreased protein carbonyl contents of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib. Taken together, these results demonstrate that [6]-gingerol inhibits dRib-induced damage and may be useful in the treatment of diabetes related bone diseases.
Objective: To optimize the processing temperature and time of Zingiberis Rhizoma Praeparata (ZRP) according to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) fingerprints and the contents of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol. Methods: Samples were treated by stir-baking in sand method at 180, 185, 190, 195, and 200°C, stirred for 6, 7, and 8 min at each temperature, respectively. Then the fingerprint similarity of the samples and the contents of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol were determined by UPLC method. Results: The similarities of the two samples at 195°C for 7 min and for 8 min were the highest, 0.995 and 0.994, while the contents of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol of the two samples were the lowest, 5.792 and 5.412 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion: According to the similarities of the fingerprint, the contents of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and the apperance of the processed products, ZRP should be better processed by stir-baking in sand method at 195°C for 7 min.
Study on the in vitro anti-HP (helicobacter pylori) effect of 6-gingerol in the gingerols of ginger. Use ethylalcohol 95% and tap water to collect gingerols contained in ginger with amoxicillin as the positive control and 50% PEG400 as the blank control, and test the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) concerning the in vitro anti-HP effect of 6-gingerol in the gingerols of ginger. In respect of the in vitro anti-HP effect, The MIC of the ethanol extract of ginger is 1.00 mg/mL, the 6-gingerol 0.02 mg/mL. The aqueous extract of ginger has no antibacterial effect in vitro. The bacteriostatic active material contained in the ginger is 6-gingerol in the gingerols.
Depression is among the leading causes of disability worldwide and its global burden seems to further increase in the future. In the present study, in silico approach was used to assess the use of constituents of Zingiber officinale as potential agents that could act as antidepressant agents. Docking studies of Gingerol and Shogoal were carried out using Argus lab 4.0.1. Analysis of the results of the docking software suggested that Gingerol and Shogoal can act as potent antidepressants. For the binding analysis, 5HT1A receptor protein was taken for the study as it is considered being a potential target for treatment of depression. The standard drug, imipramine was subjected to docking analysis for comparative study. Further analysis in the wet lab may provide more information regarding antidepressant activity of Z. officinale.
Diabetes is marked by high glucose levels and is associated with decreased bone mass and increased fracture rates. To determine if [6]-gingerol could influence osteoblast dysfunction induced by 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib), osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells was treated with dRib and [6]-gingerol and markers of osteoblast function and oxidized protein were examined. [6]Gingerol (10 -7 M) significantly increased the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib (p<0.05). [6]-Gingerol (10-7 M) caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, and osteocalcin secretion in the cells. We then examined the effect of [6]-gingerol on the production of osteoprotegerin and protein carbonyl in osteoblasts. Treatment with [6]-gingerol (10-9 and 10-7 M) increased osteoprotegerin secretion in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, [6]-gingerol (10-9 and 10-7 M) decreased protein carbonyl contents of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib. Taken together, these results demonstrate that [6]-gingerol inhibits dRib-induced damage and may be useful in the treatment of diabetes related bone diseases.
A short and efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of the title compound has been developed. The salient features of the synthesis were i) preparation of the required chiron via an enantioselective lipase-catalyzed esterification of a 2-hydroxy acid and ii) use of easily accessible and inexpensive materials/reagents.
Aim: Using the model of pica in rats induced by cisplatin, to investigate the antiemetic effect of gingerol on the acute and delayed phases of cisplatin induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), and to compare the influences of local and central c-fos expression with the help of dexamethasone. Methods: The rats were divided into blank control, model control, ondansetron plus dexamethasone group, aprepitant plus dexamethasone group, gingerol and gingerol plus dexamethasone group. Both food and kaolin ingestion were recorded after 24 hours and 72 hours of cisplatin administration. The area postrema of brain and distal ileum tissues were removed when rats were sacrificed. Immunohistochemistry and Image Analysis System were used to compare the differences of c-fos expression inside the cells. Results: After 24 hours of cisplatin administration, compared to model control group, the food ingestion of gingerol and gingerol plus dexamethasone groups increased significantly (P < 0.05) and the kaolin ingestion of those decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The food ingestion of gingerol group was more than that of gingerol plus dexamethasone group (P < 0.05) while the kaolin ingestion had no significant differences (P > 0.05). During 48-72 hours of cisplatin administration, compared to the model group, the kaolin ingestion of gingerol and gingerol plus dexamethasone groups decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the food ingestion of gingerol group increased significantly (P < 0.05), the grey levels of c-fos expression of gingerol and gingerol plus dexamethasone groups were higher significantly. Conclusions: Gingerol is able to inhibit cisplatin-induced pica in rats. This kind of ability can not be enhanced by dexamethasone. Gingerol can improve appetites of rats.
On the quality control of commercial Zingiberis Rhizoma and its processed product, quantitative determination of 6-gingerol using HPLC method has been conducted. Quantitative analysis of 6-gingerol in Zingiberis Rhizoma showed average 0.359% in 14 samples collected throughout the regions of Korea. The contents of 6-gingerol in Zingiberis Rhizoma were decreased during the processing procedure (0.306%).
In order to study the effects of processing of ginger (Zingiberis Rhizoma) on its pharmacological activities the in vivo and in vitro antiallergic activities and chemical constituents of methanolic extracts from fresh rhizomes and dry rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe were assayed. 6- and 8-shogaols and 8-gingerol showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by a compound, 48/80 and a calcium ionophore, A23187 in vitro, whereas 6- and 10-gingerols and other tested compounds from fresh ginger showed no obvious inhibitory activity. Furthermore, 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol were found to exhibit an inhibitory activity on the 48 h-passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in vivo test in rat sensitized with mouse monoclonal IgE. The inotropic effects of 6- and 8-shogaols on the isolated left atria of guinea pigs were compared with those of 6- and 8-gingerol. 6- and 8-shogaol were found to show a positive inotropic activity of about the same potency as that of 8-gingerol.
6-Gingerol was extracted and isolated from fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) to determine its effect on anti-fatigue. The loading forced swimming time, glycogen content in liver and muscle, lactic acid in blood and the content of urea nitrogen in serum were determined from the mice treated orally with 0.30 mg/kg of 6-gingerol for 6 weeks. The results show that the mice swimming time treated orally with 6-gingerol was prolonged two-fold longer than that treated with distill water and the glycogen content in liver and muscle and the recovery rate of lactic acid in bloodare increased (P<0.05). And 6-gingerol also significantly decreased the urea nitrogen in serum after swimming (P<0.05). It concludes that 6-gingerol exhibits fatigue resistance. The anti-fatigue mechanism of 6-gingerol is the results from increasing the glycogen storage in muscle and liver, which enhance the aerobic metabolic ability in strenuous muscle activities, accelerate the elimination of fatigue and enhance the adaptation to load exercise.
This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol against hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac sodium (DFS). Compounds 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol were isolated from 5% gingerol oleoresin and their potential hepatoprotective activity was evaluated. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by an intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of DFS (150 mg kg(-1)). Rats were i.p. injected with 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol (10 mg kg(-1)) for 6 days before induction of hepatotoxicity. Blood and liver sample were taken from each rat at 24 h post intoxication. Serum activity of liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assayed. Levels of alkaline phosphates enzymes (ALP) and total bilirubin in serum and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver homogenate were also estimated. Moreover, liver injury was assayed histologically. Results of present study revealed that i.p. injection of DES to rats induced hepatic damaged that was manifested by significant (p<0.001) increase in the AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin in serum and MDA in liver homogenate. Histological data presented marked damaged in section of liver from DES treated rats. I.p. injection of 6-shogaol to rats for 6 days before DFS-intoxication reversed these altered parameters near to normal control values. On the other hand, 6-gingerol had comparatively low hepatoprotective efficacy.
Enantioselektive Synthesen des Hauptgewürzprinzips des Ingwers (+)-(S)-[6]-Gingerol[(s)-1] und des (-)-(R)-Antipoden werden in guten Ausbeuten und mit 33–39% optischer Ausbeute beschrieben. Als Schlüsselschritt wird eine Aldolreaktion mit dem″ Anion″ des chiralen Hydrazons 6 und n-Hexanal benutzt. Die chirale Hilfsverbindung ′13 wird in fünf Stufen aus (R)-Glutaminsäure hergestellt.Enantioselective Synthesis of (-)-(R)-and (+)-(S)-[6]-Gingerol-Pungent Principle of Ginger1)Enantioselective syntheses of the major pungent principle of ginger (+)-(S)-[6]-gingerol [(S)-1] and the (-)-(R)-antipode in good yields and optical yields of 33–39% are described. As a key step, and aldol reaction is used with the “anion” of the chiral hydrazone 6 and n-hexanal. The chiral auxiliary compound 13 is prepared in five steps from (R)-glutamic acid.
Alpha amylases are hydrolytic enzymes that are widespread in nature, being found in animals, microorganisms, and plants. These enzymes hydrolyze starch molecules into reducing sugars. Alpha amylases from microbial sources have several applications in industrial sectors. This enzyme is an effective target for the development of anti-fungal agents. The binding affinity and enzyme inhibitory properties of 6-gingerol toward alpha amylase have been determined. Molecular modeling and docking has been carried out, in order to get the molecular level interactions. Enzyme inhibition studies proved that 6-gingerol is a competitive inhibitor of fungal alpha amylase. It was inferred that 6-gingerol is a potent natural inhibitor of alpha amylase.
Racemic 6-gingerol can be obtained in a one-pot reaction by hexanal addition to the dianion of zingerone at low temperature. Similarly, addition of octanal or decanal to the dianion provides 8-gingerol or 10-gingerol, respectively. Acid treatment of the gingerols allows for formation of the corresponding shogaols.
Lime treatment technique is a convenient and common method used to improve expansive clays in engineering properties. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) plays a role on engineering features of unsaturated lime-treated expansive clays. Herein, the soil-water characteristic tests by means of GDS and simulations were conducted to investigate the SWCCs of lime-treated expansive clays in Hefei. The results show that lime-treated expansive soil behaves hysteretic characteristics. Under the same value of suction, the higher cell pressure the larger the volumetric water content is. The numerical simulations from Fredlund model do good agreement with tests.
The synthesis of gingerol 1 and related compounds 2–5 along with diarylheptanoids 6–8 has been accomplished using a Keck allylation, Crimmins’ aldol reaction, aldehyde coupling with acetylene, and chelation controlled reductions as the key reactions. The absolute configuration of these molecules was confirmed by preparing their acetonide derivatives and by comparison of the NMR data with natural compounds.
A short and efficient synthesis of (+)-(S)-[6]-Gingerol is described. The key step is a highly stereoselective cycloaddition of a nitrile oxide with a chiral iron complexed triene.
6-Gingerol and shogaol, the pungent constituents of Zingiber officinalis were biotransformed by Aspergillus niger. 6-Gingerol was converted to the corresponding primary alcohol as major product although a keto group is present in the molecule whereas the double bond and keto group of 6-shogaol were reduced and the terminal methyl group was further oxidized to afford a ketoalcohol and a diol. All metabolites obtained from both substrates are tasteless. The structures of the metabolises have been established by spectral evidence. The metabolic pathways of both substrates will be discussed.
Inhibitors of cell adhesion molecule-mediated cell adhesion might be novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. In this study, nine phenolic compounds were isolated from the methanol extracts of Zingiber officinale roots by bioactivity-guided fractionation. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis (1H, 13C NMR and MS), to be 6-gingerol (1), 8-gingerol (2), 10-gingerol (3), 6-shogaol (4), 8-shogaol (5), 10-shogaol (6), dehydro-6-gingerdione (7), dehydro-10-gingerdione (8) and 6-paradol (9). Compounds 3, 4, 5 and 7 inhibited direct binding between sICAM-1 and LFA-1 of the THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 57.6, 27.1, 65.4 and 62.0μM, respectively. Compounds 4 and 7 had an inhibitory effect on direct binding between sVCAM-1 and VLA-4 of THP-1 cells. These results suggest that the phenolic compounds from Z. officinale roots are good candidates for therapeutic strategies aimed at inflammation.
Following an initial clean-up step on silica column, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used to purify gingerols from an extract of the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale. The sample was separated with petroleum ether–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.2:0.5:0.7, v/v) and petroleum ether–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.2:0.7:0.5, v/v) in a stepwise elution and yielded 132mg of 6-gingerol, 31mg of 8-gingerol and 61mg of 10-gingerol from 360mg of pre-purified sample. The purity of each compound was over 98% as determined by HPLC. The structures of the three compounds have been identified by LC-ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
A novel method for purifying gingerols from ginger was developed using a high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The two-phase solvent system such as light petroleum (bp 60–90°C)–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:5:6.5:3.5, v/v/v/v) was applied to the separation and purification of 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol from a crude extract of ginger. The experiment yielded 30.2mg of 6-gingerol, 40.5mg of 8-gingerol, 50.5mg of 10-gingerol from 200mg of crude extract in one-step separation. And the purity of these compounds was 99.9%, 99.9% and 99.2%, respectively, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Despite the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of ginger, the corresponding active constituents are unclear. This study analyzed the composition of fresh ginger ethanolic extract by using LC-MS. Inhibitory activities of fresh ginger extract and seven gingerol-related compounds on the neuro-inflammation were also evaluated by using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia culture model. Except for zingerone and 6-gingerol, other gingerols and shogaols at a concentration of 20μM inhibited the production of nitric oxide, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as their mRNA levels in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. Blocking NF-κB activation was the underlying mechanism responsible for inhibiting the proinflammatory gene expression. Increasing the alkyl chain length enhanced the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of gingerols yet, conversely, attenuated those of shogaols. 6-Gingerol was the most abundant compound in the fresh ginger extract, followed by 10-gingerol. Furthermore, fresh ginger extract exhibited a significant anti-neuroinflammatory capacity, which was largely owing to 10-gingerol, but not 6-gingerol.
[2-14C,3H,3-3H]Dihydroferulic acid and [1-14C,6-3H]hexanoic acid are shown to be incorporated into (S)-[6]-gingerol in Zingiber officinale, the 3H/14C ratio falling by ½ in the first case but remaining constant in the second; a biogenetic scheme is proposed to accommodate these results, and includes discussion of the late stages of biosynthesis in the light of satisfactory incorporation of [10-3H]-[6]-dehydrogingerol (5).
Selective deprotonation of trimethylsilyl zingerone (2: R = Me3Si) and trimethylsilylvanillylacetone (7:R = Me3Si) can be effected; the resulting anions condense readily with aldehydes and acylimidazoles to provide short syntheses of the ginger root constituents (±)-[4]-, (±)-[6]-(an organoleptic principle), (±)-[10]-gingerol, and di-O-methylhexahydrocurcumin, and the related dehydro-[6]-gingerol and [6]-gingerdione.
Evidence is adduced for a scheme of bio-synthesis for (S)-(+)-[6]-gingerol in Zingiber officinale Roscoe, in which dihydroferulate is built up from phenylalanine and participates in a new example of a ‘biological Claisen reaction’ with malonate and hexanoate; the β-diketone product is then reduced to [6]-gingerol.
[6]-gingerol, a major phenolic compound derived from ginger (Zingiber officinale), is a potential chemopreventive compound that can induce stress in cancer cells and cause apoptotic cell death. This study examines the early signaling effects of [6]-gingerol on renal cells. It was found that [6]-gingerol caused a slow and sustained rise of [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. [6]-gingerol also induced a [Ca2+]i rise when extracellular Ca2+ was removed, but the magnitude was reduced by 80%. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with CCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler, did not affect the action of [6]-gingerol. In a Ca2+-free medium, the [6]-gingerol-induced [Ca2+]i rise was partially abolished by depleting stored Ca2+ with thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor). The elevation of [6]-gingerol-caused [Ca2+]i in a Ca2+-containing medium was not affected by modulation of protein kinase C activity. The [6]-gingerol-induced Ca2+ influx was blocked by nicardipine. U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, abolished ATP (but not [6]-gingerol)-induced [Ca2+]i rise. These findings suggest that [6]-gingerol induces a significant rise in [Ca2+]i in MDCK renal tubular cells by stimulating both extracellular Ca2+ influx and thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ release via as yet unidentified mechanisms.
[6]-Gingerol, a major pungent ingredient of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae), has a wide array of pharmacologic effects. Previous studies have demonstrated that [6]-gingerol inhibits mouse skin tumor promotion and anchorage-independent growth of cultured mouse epidermal cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the prostaglandin biosynthesis, has been recognized as a molecular target for many anti-inflammatory as well as chemopreventive agents. Topical application of [6]-gingerol inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate -induced COX-2 expression. One of the essential transcription factors responsible for COX-2 induction is NF-κB. [6]-Gingerol suppressed NF-κB DNA binding activity in mouse skin. In addition, [6]-gingerol inhibited the phoshorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase which may account for its inactivation of NF-κB and suppression of COX-2 expression.