ArticlePDF Available

Chemical Constituents of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves

Authors:
Consolacion Ragasa at De La Salle University
Consolacion Ragasa
Melanie Medecilo at Central Mindanao University
Melanie Medecilo
chien-chang Shen at Eurofins, Belgium
chien-chang Shen
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. yielded lutein (1), β-carotene (2), phytyl fatty acid ester (3), polyprenol (4), chlorophyll a (5), β-sitosterol (6), triacylglycerols (7), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and saturated hydrocarbons. Their structures were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.
Content uploaded by Consolacion Ragasa
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Consolacion Ragasa on Aug 07, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
www.derpharmachemica.comt Available online a
Scholars Research Library
Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7(7):395-399
(http://derpharmachemica.com/archive.html)
ISSN 0975-413X
CODEN (USA): PCHHAX
395
www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
Chemical Constituents of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves
Consolacion Y Ragasa
1,2*
, Melanie P. Medecilo
3
, and Chien-Chang Shen
4
1
Chemistry Department, De La Salle University Science & Technology Complex Leandro V. Locsin
Campus, Biñan City,Laguna, Philippines.
2
Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines.
3
Biological Sciences Department, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Cavite, Philippines.
4
National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 155-1, Li-Nong St.,
Sec. 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. yielded lutein (1), β-carotene
(2), phytyl fatty acid ester (3), polyprenol (4), chlorophyll a (5), β-sitosterol (6),triacylglycerols (7), fatty acids, fatty
alcohols, and saturated hydrocarbons. Their structures were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those
reported in the literature.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera Lam, Moraceae, lutein, β-carotene, phytyl fatty acid esters, polyprenol, chlorophyll a,
β-sitosterol, triacylglycerols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
MoringaoleiferaLam.locally known as malunggayhas been used to combat malnutrition, specially among infants
and nursing mothers [1].The leaves are used for the treatment of malaria, typhoid fever, parasitic diseases, genito-
urinary ailments, hypertension, arthritis, swellings, cuts, diseases of the skin, and diabetes as well as cardiac
stimulants, contraceptive remedy, elicit lactation and to boost the immune system [2–7].
Investigation of the carotenoid contents from the leaves, flowers and fruits of eight M. oleifera cultivars from India
yielded luteoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene. Lutein was identified as the major constituent of the leaves
and fruits accounting for 53.6 and 52.0 % of the total carotenoids, respectively [8]. Furthermore, the β-sitosterol,
total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of M. oleifera were reported as 90 mg/g, 8 µg/mL and 27
µg/mL, respectively [9]. The leaves of M. oleifera were also reported to contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
vitamin C, carotenoids, proteins, amino acids and minerals [10]. We earlier reported the isolation of polyprenol,
phytyl fatty acid esters and lutein from the leaves of M. oleifera [11]. A review on the cultivation, genetic,
ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of M. oleifera leaves has been provided [12].
We report herein the isolation of lutein (1), β-carotene (2), phytyl fatty acid ester (3), polyprenol (4), chlorophyll a
(5), β-sitosterol (6), triacylglycerols (7) (Fig. 1), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and saturated hydrocarbons from the
leaves of M. oleifera.
Consolacion Y Ragasa et al Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7 (7):395-399
___________________________________________________________________________
396
www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
6
2
OH
HO 1
H
2
C
HC
OCR
OCR'
H
2
C OCR"
O
O
O
7 R, R', R" = long chain fatty acid
HO
1
3
6
10
11
14
17
18
19
22 24
26
29
N
N
N
N
Mg
CH
3
O
CH
3
HC
H
3
C
H
H
3
CH
O
H
3
CO
5
1
1a
2
2a
alpha
delta
8
8a
7
7a
17 16
6
5
5a
9
10
10a
10b
2b
7b
7c
beta
gamma
12 13
3
3a
4
4a
4b
14
15
O
O
1' 7'3' 11' 16'
20'17' 18' 19'
OH
[
]3
[]n
4
CH
2
OCR
O
3 R = long chain fatty acid
1
3
7
11 1'
17
20
16
1
3
7915 1'
3'
7'
12'
15'
16
17
16'
18'
Fig. 1. Chemical structures of lutein (1), β-carotene (2), phytyl fatty acid ester (3), polyprenol (4), chlorophyll a (5), β-sitosterol (6),
triacylglycerols (7) from the leaves of M. oleifera Lam.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
General Experimental Procedure
NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian VNMRS spectrometer in CDCl
3
at 600 MHz for
1
H NMR and 150 MHz
for
13
C NMR spectra. Column chromatography was performed with silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh). Thinlayer
Consolacion Y Ragasa et al Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7 (7):395-399
___________________________________________________________________________
397
www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
chromatography was performed with plastic backed plates coated with silica gel F
254
and the plates were visualized
by spraying with vanillin/H
2
SO
4
solution followed by warming.
Sample Collection
The sample was collected from Laurel, Batangas, Philippines on September 4, 2014. The sample was authenticated
as Moringa oleifera Lam. by one of the authors (MPM).
General Isolation Procedure
A glass column 18 inches in height and 1.0 inches internal diameter was packed with silica gel. The crude extract
from the twigs were fractionated by silica gel chromatography using increasing proportions ofacetone in
dichloromethane (10% increment) as eluents. Fifty milliliter fractions were collected. All fractions were monitored
by thin layer chromatography. Fractions with spots of the same R
f
values were combined andrechromatographed in
appropriate solvent systems until TLC pure isolates were obtained. A glass column 12inches in height and 0.5 inch
internal diameter was used for the rechromatography. Two milliliter fractions were collected. Final purifications
were conducted using Pasteur pipettes as columns. One milliliter fractions were collected.
Isolation of the Chemical Constituents of the Leaves
Fresh leaves (14.2 kg) of Moringa oleifera were air-dried for about 1 week to afford 2.65 kg of dried leaves which
were soaked in EtOH at room temperature for 3 days and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum
to afford a crude extract (218 g). The crude EtOH extract (10 g) was chromatographed using increasing proportions
of acetone in CH
2
Cl
2
at 10% increment by volume. The CH
2
Cl
2
and 10% acetone in CH
2
Cl
2
fractions were
combined and rechromatographed using petroleum ether, followed by 1% EtOAc in petroleum ether, and finally
2.5% EtOAc in petroleum ether. The fractions eluted with petroleum ether were rechromatographed using
petroleum ether to yield saturated hydrocarbons (15 mg). The fractions eluted with 1% EtOAc in petroleum ether
were combined and rechromatographed (2 ×) using 2.5% EtOAc in petroleum ether to afford 2 (3 mg) after washing
with petroleum ether. The fractions eluted with 2.5% EtOAc in petroleum ether were combined and
rechromatographed (3 ×) using 5% EtOAc in petroleum ether to yield 3 (4 mg). The 20% to 30% acetone in CH
2
Cl
2
fractions were combined and rechromatographed using 5% EtOAc in petroleum ether, followed by 7.5% EtOAc in
petroleum ether, and finally 10% EtOAc in petroleum ether. The fractions eluted with 5% EtOAc in petroleum ether
were combined and rechromatographed (2 ×) using 7.5% EtOAc in petroleum ether to afford 4 (5 mg). The
fractions eluted with 7.5% EtOAc in petroleum ether were combined and rechromatographed using the same solvent
to afford 7 (6 mg). The fractions eluted with 10% EtOAc in petroleum ether were combined and rechromatographed
using the same solvent to afford fatty alcohols (4 mg). The 40% to 60% acetone in CH
2
Cl
2
fractions were combined
and rechromatographed using CH
2
Cl
2
. The less polar fractions were combined and rechromatographed (3×) using
15% EtOAc in petroleum ether to afford 6 (2 mg) after washing with petroleum ether. The more polar fractions
were combined and rechromatographed(4 ×) using 20% EtOAc in petroleum ether yield5 (10 mg) after washing
with petroleum ether, followed by Et
2
O. The 70% to 80% acetone in CH
2
Cl
2
fractions were combined and
rechromatographed using CH
3
CN:Et
2
O:CH
2
Cl
2
(0.5:0.5:9, v/v). The less polar fractions were rechromatographed
using CH
3
CN:Et
2
O:CH
2
Cl
2
(0.5:0.5:9, v/v) to afford fatty acids (7 mg). The more polar fractions were combined
and rechromatographed (3 ×) using CH
3
CN:Et
2
O:CH
2
Cl
2
(1:1:8, v/v) to afford 1 (12 mg) after washing with
petroleum ether, followed by Et
2
O.
Lutein(1):
13
C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 12.81, 13.10, 21.61, 22.86, 24.25, 28.72, 29.49, 30.25, 34.02, 37.11,
42.52, 44.61, 48.39, 54.94, 65.10, 65.94, 124.43, 124.79, 124.92, 125.57, 126.14, 128.71, 130.03, 130.07, 130.79,
131.29, 132.56, 135.06, 135.68, 136.48, 137.56, 137.74, 138.01, 138.49.
β-Carotene (2):
1
H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 6.09-6.64 (CH=), 1.01 (12H, s, CH
3
), 1.95 (12H, s, allylic CH
3
),
1.69 (6H, s, allylic CH
3
).
Phytyl fatty acid ester (3):
13
C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 61.21 (C-1), 118.12 (C-2), 142.64 (C-3), 39.85 (C-4),
25.03 (C-5), 36.63 (C-6), 32.67 (C-7), 37.35 (C-8), 24.46 (C-9), 37.42 (C-10), 32.78 (C-11), 37.28 (C-12), 24.79 (C-
13), 39.36 (C-14), 27.97 (C-15), 22.71 (C-16), 16.36 (C-17), 19.74, 19.70 (C-18, C-19), 22.62 (C-20),173.95 (C-1'),
34.40 (C-2'), 25.03 (C-3'), 29.59 (C-4'), 29.11-29.69 (CH
2
')
n
, 31.92 (CH
2
'), 29.59 (CH
2
'), 14.12 (CH
3
'-terminal).
Polyprenol (4):
1
H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 4.07 (2H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, CH
2
OH), 5.42 (1H, =CH), 5.07-5.11
(11H,=CH), 1.94-2.07 (40H, allylic CH
2
), 1.73 (3H, allylic CH
3
), 1.66 (21H, allylic CH
3
), 1.59 (12H, allylic CH
3
).
Consolacion Y Ragasa et al Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7 (7):395-399
___________________________________________________________________________
398
www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
Chlorophyll a (5):
13
C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 131.85 (C-1),12.12 (C-1a), 136.51 (C-2),129.05 (C-2a),122.79
(C-2b),136.17 (C-3), 11.23 (C-3a), 145.23 (C-4), 19.46 (C-4a), 17.42 (C-4b), 137.93 (C-5),12.12 (C-5a), 129.05 (C-
6), 51.11 (C-7), 29.79 (C-7a), 31.16 (C-7b),172.94 (C-7c), 50.10 (C-8), 23.06 (C-8a), 189.65 (C-9), 64.68 (C-10),
169.60 (C-10a), 52.84 (C-10b), 142.84 (C-11), 136.28 (C-12), 155.66 (C-13), 150.98 (C-14), 129.09 (C-15), 149.64
(C-16), 161.23 (C-17), 172.94 (C-18), 97.54 (C-α), 104.44 (C-β), 105.21 (C-γ), 93.12 (C-δ), 61.45 (1'), 117.68 (2'),
142.03 (3'), 39.77 (4'), 24.96 (5'), 36.62 (6'), 32.60 (7'), 37.30 (8'), 24.40 (9'), 37.37 (10'), 32.74 (11'), 37.24 (12'),
24.75 (13'), 39.33 (14'), 27.94 (15'), 22.70 (16'), 16.27 (17'), 19.63 (18'), 19.70 (19'), 22.60 (20').
β-Sitosterol (6):
1
H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 3.50 (m, H-3), 2.26, 2.21 (H
2
-4), 5.33 (dd, J = 5.0, 2.0 Hz, H-6),
0.66 (s, CH
3
-18), 0.99 (s, CH
3
-19), 0.90 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, CH
3
-21), 0.79 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, CH
3
-26), 0.82 (d, J = 7.2
Hz,CH
3
-27), 0.84 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, CH
3
-29).
Triacylglycerols (7):
13
C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 62.08 (glyceryl CH
2
), 68.86 (glyceryl CH), 173.30, 173.26
(C=O α), 172.84 (C=O β), 34.01, 34.04, 34.18 (C-2), 20.54, 22.56, 22.68, 24.82, 24.85, 25.51, 25.60, 25.62, 27.16,
27.19, 27.21, 29.04, 29.07, 29.11, 29.17, 29.19, 29.27, 29.31, 29.34, 29.35, 29.47, 29.52, 29.58, 29.62, 29.65, 29.70,
29.76, 31.52, 31.90, 31.91 (CH
2
), 131.95, 130.22, 130.20, 130.00, 129.98, 129.70, 129.67, 128.28, 128.23,128.21,
128.06, 128.05, 127.88, 127.87, 127.75, 127.73, 127.09 (CH=CH), 14.07, 14.11, 14.27 (terminal CH
3
).
Fatty acids:
1
H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 5.34 (m, =CH), 2.79 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, double allylic CH
2
), 2.75 (t, J = 6.6
Hz, double allylic CH
2
), 2.33 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, α-CH
2
), 2.03-2.06 (m, allylic CH
2
), 1.56-1.64 (m, β-CH
2
), 1.22-1.35
(CH
2
), 0.96 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, terminal CH
3
), 0.86 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, terminal CH
3
).
Fatty Alcohols:
1
H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 3.62 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, terminal CH
2
OH), 1.55 (m, α-CH2), 1.23-1.29
(br s, CH
2
), 0.86 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, terminal CH
3
).
Hydrocarbons:
1
H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl
3
): δ 1.23 (br s, CH
2
), 0.86 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, terminal CH
3
).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Silica gel chromatography of the dichloromethane extract of the air dried leaves of M. oleifera yieldedlutein (1) [13],
β-carotene (2) [14], phytyl fatty acid ester (3) [15], polyprenol (4) [16], chlorophyll a (5) [17], β-sitosterol (6) [18],
triacylglycerols (7) [19], fatty acids [14], fatty alcohols [20], and saturated hydrocarbons [21]. The structures of
these compounds were identified by comparison of their
1
H or
13
CNMR data with those reported in the literature. α-
Linolenic acid was deduced as one of the fatty acids from the resonances for the methyl triplet at δ 0.96 (t, J = 7.2
Hz), the double allylic methylenes at δ 2.79 (t, J = 6.6 Hz) and the olefinic protons at δ 5.34 (m) [22]. A small
amount of linoleic acid was detected from the low intensity resonance for a double allylic methylene at δ 2.75 [22],
while another unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid was suggested by the high intensity resonance for allylic methylene
protons at δ 2.03-2.06 [23]. The fatty acids attached to the triacylglycerols are α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and
oleic acid as deduced from the aforementioned resonances.
Acknowledgement
Research grants from the De La Salle University Science Foundation through the University Research Coordination
Office and the University Research Office of De La Salle University‒Dasmariñas are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] J. W. Fahey, Trees for Life Journal, 2005, 1(5), 1–24.
[2] J. O. Popoola, O. O. Obembe, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2013, 150, 682–691.
[3]. B. Sivasankari, M. Anandharaj, P. Gunasekaran, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2014, 153, 408–423.
[4]. F. Anwar, S. Latif, M. Ashraf, A. H. Gilani, Phytother. Res., 2007, 21, 17–25.
[5]. R. Abe, K. Ohtani, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2013, 145, 554–565.
]6]. J. E. Yabesh, S. Prabhu, S. Vijayakumar, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2014, 154, 774–789.
[7]. J. N. Kasolo, G. S. Bimenya, L. Ojok, J. Ochieng, J. W. Ogwal-Okeng, J. Med. Plant Res., 2010, 4, 753–757.
[8] R. Saini, K. Nandini, P. Shetty, P. Giridhar, Eur. Food Res. Tech., 2014, 238(6), 971-978.
[9] M. G. Rajanandh, J. Kavitha, Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2010, 2(2), 1409-1414.
[10] M. Mbailao, T. Mianpereum, N. Albert, J. Food Resource Sci., 2014, 3,12-20.
Consolacion Y Ragasa et al Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7 (7):395-399
___________________________________________________________________________
399
www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
[11] C. Y. Ragasa, R. M. Levida, M.-J. Don, C.-C. Shen, Philipp. Sci. Lett., 2012, 5(1), 46-52.
[12] A. Leone, A. Spada, A. Battezzati, A. Schiraldi, J. Aristil, S. Bertoli, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015, 16, 12791-12835.
[13] K. Biona, C.-C. Shen, C. Y. Ragasa, Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2015, 6(1), 167-171.
[14] C. Y. Ragasa, O. B. Torres, J. M. P. Gutierrez, H. P. B. C. Kristiansen, C.-C. Shen, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 2015,
5(4), 94-100.
[15] C. Y. Ragasa, J. L. Caro, L. G. Lirio, C.-C. Shen, Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2014, 5(6), 344-348.
[16] C. Y. Ragasa, V. A. S. Ng, M. M. De Los Reyes, E. H. Mandia, C.-C. Shen, Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2014, 6(6),
35-42.
[17] C. Y. Ragasa, V. A. S. Ng, V. Ebajo Jr., D. Fortin, M. M. De Los Reyes, C.-C. Shen, Der Pharmacia Lettre,
2014, 6(6), 453-458.
[18] C. Y. Ragasa, V. A. S. Ng, M. M. De Los Reyes, E. H. Mandia, G. G. Oyong, C.-C. Shen ,Der Pharma
Chemica, 2014, 6(5), 182-187.
[19] C. Y. Ragasa, J. Caro, C.-C. Shen, Der Pharma Chemica, 2015, 7(2), 178-182.
[20] C. Y. Ragasa, O. B. Torres, E. H Mandia, C.-C. Shen, Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2014, 6(6), 439-442.
[21] C. Y. Ragasa, K. Lim, Philipp. J. Sci., 2005, 134(1), 63-67.
[22] C. Y. Ragasa, V. A. S. Ng, O. B. Torres, N. S. Y. Sevilla, K. V. M. Uy, M. C. S. Tan, M. G. Noel, C.-C. Shen,
J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2013, 5(12), 1237-1243.
[23] C. Y. Ragasa, V. A. S. Ng, E. M. Agoo, C.-C. Shen, Int. J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. Res., 2015, 7(3), 616-620.
... The different parts of M. oleifera such as root, leaf, seed, flower etc. exhibit various biological activities. Furthermore, M. oleifera was found to improve hepatic and renal functions, as well as the regulation of thyroid hormone status [18][19][20][21]. ...
... Data on the compounds contained in the various parts of M. oleifera were collected from the literature [18][19][20][21]. The initial dataset included 33 compounds. ...
... However, it is unclear which of these compounds is the most effective. We identified 33 compounds from the literature [18][19][20][21] and filtered them using "Lipinski's rule of five" [22] to obtain the 12 candidate compounds for the Mpro inhibitor. Their pharmacokinetic properties evaluated using the SwissADME web tool [23] are listed in Table S1 (see SI), and their chemical structures are shown in Fig. 1. ...
Proposal of novel natural inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease: Molecular docking and ab initio fragment molecular orbital calculations
Article
This paper proposes natural drug candidate compounds for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the binding properties between the compounds in the Moringa oleifera plant and the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 using molecular docking and ab initio fragment molecular orbital calculations. Among the 12 compounds, niaziminin was found to bind the strongest to Mpro. We furthermore proposed novel compounds based on niaziminin and investigated their binding properties to Mpro. The results reveal that the introduction of a hydroxyl group into niaziminin enhances its binding affinity to Mpro. These niaziminin derivatives can be promising candidate drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
... The bioactive compounds that have been isolated from MO include phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, tannins, saponins, and isothiocyanates. The roots, bark, gum, leaf, fruit (pods), flowers, seed, and seed oil of MO are reported to have various biological activities [6,7,8,9,10]. It has been reported to improve hepatic and renal functions and the regulation of thyroid hormone status [6,10]. ...
... Compounds isolated from the various parts of Moringa Oleifera were collected from the literature [6,7,8,9,10]. The initial dataset contained 33 compounds which were filtered through the "Lipinski's rule of five" [12]. ...
Computational Identification of Drug Lead Compounds for COVID-19 from Moringa Oleifera
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Jun 2020
COVID-19 which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, has now been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. At present, no specific vaccines or drugs are available to treat COVID-19. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the identification of novel drug lead compoundsto treat COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro also known as 3CLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp also known as nsp12) are the best-characterized drug targets among corona viruses. In order to discover the natural lead compounds for SARS-CoV-2, weperformed molecular docking with the compounds from Moringa Oleifera that target the Mpro and RdRp. The molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock Vina through PyRx. Drug-likeness property of the selected compounds was checked by applying the ‘Lipinski’s rule of five’ using Swiss ADME. The top four compounds with most favourable binding affinity were selected for each of the targets. The results indicated that the compounds kaempferol, pterygospermin, morphine and quercetin exhibited best binding energy towards Mpro and RdRp. This study suggests that these natural compounds could be promising candidates for further evaluation of COVID-19 prevention.
... The bioactive compounds that have been isolated from MO include phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, tannins, saponins, and isothiocyanates. The roots, bark, gum, leaf, fruit (pods), flowers, seed, and seed oil of MO are reported to have various biological activities [6,7,8,9,10]. It has been reported to improve hepatic and renal functions and the regulation of thyroid hormone status [6,10]. ...
... Compounds isolated from the various parts of Moringa Oleifera were collected from the literature [6,7,8,9,10]. The initial dataset contained 33 compounds which were filtered through the "Lipinski's rule of five" [12]. ...
Computational Identification of Drug Lead Compounds for COVID-19 from Moringa Oleifera
Preprint
  • Jun 2020
div>COVID-19 which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, has now been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. At present, no specific vaccines or drugs are available to treat COVID-19. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the identification of novel drug lead compounds to treat COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro also known as 3CLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp also known as nsp12) are the best-characterized drug targets among corona viruses. In order to discover the natural lead compounds for SARS-CoV-2, we performed molecular docking with the compounds from Moringa Oleifera that target the Mpro and RdRp. The molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock Vina through PyRx. Drug-likeness property of the selected compounds was checked by applying the ‘Lipinski’s rule of five’ using Swiss ADME. The top four compounds with most favourable binding affinity were selected for each of the targets. The results indicated that the compounds kaempferol, pterygospermin, morphine and quercetin exhibited best binding energy towards Mpro and RdRp. This study suggests that these natural compounds could be promising candidates for further evaluation of COVID-19 prevention.</div
... Phytohormones are important to regulate the growth of plants. Zeatin(16) is an adenine based cytokinin hormone present in MO leaves. This substance is important in slowing down the aging process.Although MO has the energy boosting ability, it does not contain caffeine. ...
... leaves, seeds and pods (Stohs & Hartman, 2015). Different parts of this plant contain a rich profile of macro-/micronutrients i.e., protein, vitamins, and minerals warranting for its use in diets and supplements, particularly in developing nations that may suffer from malnutrition (Gopalakrishnan, Doriya, & Kumar, 2016;Ragasa, Medecilo, & Shen, 2015). In Africa, M. oleifera is now increasingly consumed as a multipurpose plant for its nutritional and/or health promoting effects (Ayeleso, Matumba, Ntambi, & Mukwevho, 2020). ...
Dissection of Moringa oleifera leaf metabolome in context of its different extracts, origin and in relationship to its biological effects as analysed using molecular networking and chemometrics
Article
M. oleifera known as “miracle tree” is increasingly used in nutraceuticals for the reported health effects and nutritional value of its leaves. This study presents the first metabolome profiling of M. oleifera leaves of African origin using different solvent polarities via HR-UPLC/MS based molecular networking followed by multivariate data analyses for samples classification. 119 Chemicals were characterized in both positive and negative modes belonging to 8 classes viz. phenolic acids, flavonoids, peptides, fatty acids/amides, sulfolipids, glucosinolates and carotenoids. New metabolites i.e., polyphenolics, fatty acids, in addition to a new class of sulfolipids were annotated for the first time in Moringa leaves. In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-aging bioassays of the leaf extracts were assessed and in correlation to their metabolite profile via multivariate data analyses. Kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin-O/C-glycosides, fatty acyl amides and carotenoids appeared crucial for biological activities and leaves origin discrimination.
... The NMR data of 2 and 3 were in accordance with the data reported in the literature for cinnamic acid [17] and saturated long-chain hydrocarbons [18], respectively. ...
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE MOSS Calyptothecium ramosii BROTH. (Juzuk Kimia bagi Lumut Calyptothecium ramosii Broth.)
Article
  • Aug 2021
Calyptothecium ramosii Broth. of the moss family Pterobyaceae is a species indigenous to the Philippines. Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of C. ramosii has led to the isolation of γ-polypodatetraene (1), cinnamic acid (2) and saturated long-chain hydrocarbons (3). The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and confirmed by comparison of its NMR data with literature data. The structures of 2 and 3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Abstract Calyptothecium ramosii Broth. ialah lumut dari famili Pterobyaceace merupakan spesies asli bagi Filipina. Kajian juzuk kimia dilakukan ke atas ekstrak C. ramosii menggunakan diklorometana untuk memisahkan γ-polipodatetraen (1), asid sinamik (2) dan hidrokarbon tepu rantaian panjang (3). Struktur 1 telah dicirikan melalui spektroskopi nuklear magnetik resonan 1D dan 2D dan ditentusahkan melalui perbandingan data kajian literatur dan data NMR.
... , 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38 v Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 4 4, 11, 23, 24, 25 Morinda citrifolia L. 6 1, 7,8,9,10,11,14,15,16,17,29,31,34 Sources: market survey and literature study (Al-Dhubiab 2012;Ramakhrisna et al. 2014;Ragasa et al. 2015;Assi et al. 2017;Goswami et al. 2017;Irawan et al. 2017) ...
The commercial potential of forest trees as medicinal and health ingredients
Article
  • Jun 2021
Hidayat S, Zuhud EAM, Widyatmoko D, Bahruni, Batubara I. 2021. The commercial potential of forest trees as medicinal and health ingredients. Biodiversitas 22: 2795-2804. Indonesian forests contain many trees that belong to medicinal plants classified as non-timber forest products (NTFP). Although these plants have been used from generation to generation by several ethnic groups and even some of them have become commercial goods, many species have not received special attention in terms of their cultivation. This study aimed to explore the commercial value of forest trees as medicinal ingredients and obtain a recommended ranking for their cultivation. The method used was market surveys to herbal stores and questionnaires to experts related to medicinal plants. The results showed that there are 59 species of forest trees used as medicinal ingredients and health supplements. Cinnamomum burmanni, Morinda citrifolia, and Moringa oleifera have the most diverse commercial products in drugs and health stores. These three species also have active ingredients that potentially substitute for chemical drugs. Following the advice of medicinal plant experts, these three species are also included in the ten species recommended for immediate cultivation.
... He also reported that flowers contain sucrose, amino acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids such as rhamnetin, isoquercitrin, and kaempferitrin. Whole pods contain isothiocyanate, thiocarbamates, and nitrile; Fruits contain cytokines, whereas seeds contain high concentrations of benzylglucosinolate.Ragasa, Medecilo, and Shen (2015) isolated lutein, β-carotene, phytyl fatty acid ester, polyprenol, chlorophyll a, β-sitosterol, triacylglycerols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and saturated hydrocarbons from the leaves of M. oleifera.5.1 | Biological activities of M. oleiferaPresence of high phenolic content in M. oleifera contributes to their high antioxidant activity as they stabilize radicals produced in cells by donating or accepting electrons, hence acting as antioxidants (Abd Rani et al., 2018). Different cultivars of M. oleifera had different antioxidant, phytochemical, and antimicrobial profiles. ...
Phytoperspective of Moringa oleifera for oral health care: An innovative ethnomedicinal approach
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Nov 2020
The present era accentuate the use of alternative medicines as drugs extracted from several plant parts. These herbal medicines otherwise called ethnomedicines are now the source of many imperative drugs in this contemporary world. Furthermore with ever rising oral problems by luxurious lifestyle in this modern society, there is a soaring need for use of potent medicinal plants like horse radish (Moringa oleifera Lam.) against various oral ailments. Therefore, use of herbal medicines in reducing the adverse effects of various conventional allopathic medicines and harmful side effects of conventional antibiotics has emerged as an evolved technique in pharmaceutical science. The present review emphasizes the antipathogenic potentiality of M. oleifera along with their known therapeutic properties through biologically active compounds (phytoconstituents) and ethnomedicinal uses. Various ethno‐pharmacological studies of the plant parts with their nutritional value and multifarious medicinal uses including oral health care are being quoted in present review. This review will foster future research on phytoconstituent analysis, bioefficacy assessment for oral micro flora and ethno‐pharmaceutical importance of M. oleifera in the field of medical science with special reference to dentistry. Consequently, this innovative ethnomedicinal approach for oral health care may supplement the modern medicine through its potent phytoconstituents.
Ethno Medicinal Plants used for Aphrodisiac Activity in North-East, India
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2021
North Eastern Region of India is the home for a wide variety of plants with high medicinal value. The wide availability of the plant with high medicinal value has provided the ease of their use for generations among the various ethnic communities of the region to treat various kinds of health issues. This paper presents an extensive review of the various plants that were pointed out in various ethno botanical surveys that are being used by the people of North Eastern India with aphrodisiac activity. The common name along with the biological names and the part used and other details have been reported in the paper with an intention of making it easier for researchers to develop newer herbal aphrodisiac formulations.
Isolation and characterization of moringa oleifera l. Flower protein and utilization in functional food bars
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2021
Moringa the miracle tree is rich source of protein and its protein content are comparable with meat protein. In the current study protein was isolated from moringa flowers and utilized in preparation of bars. Physicochemical analysis like texture, color, caloric value, water activity, pH and sensory characteristics were determined to evaluate the nutritional and quality attributes of bars. Different concentration of isolated protein was used in the preparedness. Among all treatments T4 (15% protein isolate) and T3 (10% protein isolate) were best as they had the highest caloric value i.e. 498.33 and 480.37 kcal and high protein percentage 42.55 and 35.29%. T4 and T3 also were good in all textural parameters i.e. hardness 4.68 and 4.85 kg, firmness 3.88 and 3.67 kg, toughness 3.78 and 3.63 kg and work of shear 16.84 and 16.80 kg/mm. The obtained results indicated that the incorporation of moringa protein isolate in bars not only increase their aesthetic value but also increase their nutritional profile. High quality protein isolated from moringa is cheaper and easily grown with little care to provide ample supply of moringa protein to peoples which were in concern of money for provision of proteinaceous food to their families to combat malnutrition.
Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An Overview
Article
Full-text available
Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. In this manuscript, we review studies concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along with genetic diversity among different accessions and populations. Different methods of propagation, establishment and cultivation are discussed. Moringa oleifera shows diversity in many characters and extensive morphological variability, which may provide a resource for its improvement. Great genetic variability is present in the natural and cultivated accessions, but no collection of cultivated and wild accessions currently exists. A germplasm bank encompassing the genetic variability present in Moringa is needed to perform breeding programmes and develop elite varieties adapted to local conditions. Alimentary and medicinal uses of moringa are reviewed, alongside the production of biodiesel. Finally, being that the leaves are the most used part of the plant, their contents in terms of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological properties are discussed. Many studies conducted on cell lines and animals seem concordant in their support for these properties. However, there are still too few studies on humans to recommend Moringa leaves as medication in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans are recommended.
Chemical constituents of Cycas lacrimans
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2015
Chemical investigation of Cycas lacrimans, a plant endemic to the Philippines, led to the isolation of isopimaran-19-ol (1) from the megasporophyll lamina; 9αH-isopimara-7,15-diene (2) and triacylglycerols (3) from the bark; 3, oleic acid (4), and 1,2-dioleylglycerol (5) from the leaflets; 3, β-sitosterol (6a), and stigmasterol (6b) from the petiole and rachis; 6a from the roots; and 3 and 6a from the endotesta and sclerotesta. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-6b were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with literature data.
Triterpenes and Acylglycerols from Canarium ovatum
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2015
Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of Canarium ovatum Engl. afforded β-amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b), epi-β-amyrin (2a), epi-α-amyrin (2b), epi-lupeol (2c), β-carotene (3) and lutein (4); while the twigs yielded 1a-1b. The dichloromethane extracts of the fruits of C. ovatum yielded triacylglycerols (5); the mesocarp also afforded 1a, 1b, 1,2-dioleylglycerol (6), and monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; the nutshell also provided 6; and the kernel also yielded monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The structures of 1-6 and the fatty acids were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.
Chemical constituents of Artocarpus ovatus Blanco
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2015
Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Artocarpus ovatus Blanco led to the isolation of 3β-friedelinol (1), squalene (2), polyprenol (3), triacylglycerols (4), and chlorophyll a (5). The structures of 1-5 were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.
Triterpenes from Shorea negrosensis
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2014
Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of Shorea negrosensis (Foxw.) led to the isolation of friedelin (1), 3β-friedelinol (2), oleanolic acid (3), ursolic acid (4), squalene (5) and chlorophyll a (6) from the leaves, while the twigs yielded 1, 3 and 4. The structures of 1-6 were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.
Chemical Constituents of Terminalia microcarpa Decne.
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2014
Terminalia microcarpa Decne., locally known as kalumpit, is a popular rainforestation species in the Philippines exhibiting good growth performance and producing plum-like sweet-sour fruits relished by wild animals. The fruits are usually sold in local markets and either eaten raw or made into preserves. Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of Terminalia microcarpa led to the isolation of squalene (1), lutein (2) and fatty alcohols. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical constituents of T. microcarpa.
Carotenoid content in vegetative and reproductive parts of commercially grown Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivars from India by LC–APCI–MS
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2014
Non-availability of standards is the main problem in quantification of carotenoids from plants. In this regard, six major carotenoids, i.e. all-E-luteoxanthin, 13-Z-lutein, all-E-lutein, all-E-zeaxanthin, 15-Z-β-carotene and all-E-β-carotene, were purified using open-column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Using these purified standards, carotenoids from fresh leaves, flowers and fruits of eight commercially grown cultivars of Moringa oleifera were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. All-E-lutein was found as the major carotenoid in leaves and fruits and accounted for 53.6 and 52.0 % of the total carotenoids, respectively. Among the eight cultivars screened, the cultivar Bhagya (KDM-1) had the maximum amount of all-E-zeaxanthin, all-E-β-carotene and total carotenoids. The methodology used in the present investigation for purification and quantification of carotenoids is simplified and hence finds use in screening of carotenoids in other plants. Results also explore the M. oleifera leaves as a rich source of carotenoids, which is significant for its implications in malnutrition programme to alleviate the vitamin A deficiency.
Chemical constituents of Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2014
Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of Pipturus arborescens afforded ursolic acid (1), oleanolic acid (2), friedelin (3), β-sitosterol (4), and stigmasterol (5) from the twigs; while the leaves yielded 4, 5, squalene (6), chlorophyll a (7), and polyprenol (8). The structures of 1-8 were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.
Chemical constituents of Talinum triangulare
Article
Full-text available
Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Talinum triangulare led to the isolation of squalene (1), triglyceride (2), lutein (3) and β-carotene (4). The structures of 1-4 were identified by comparison of their 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.
Chemical constituents of Coix lacryma-jobi
Article
Full-text available
Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Coix lacryma-jobi afforded triglyceride (1) and β-sitosterol (2) from the grains; 1 and a mixture of 2 and stigmasterol (3) in a 4:3 ratio from the stems; and 1 and phytyl fatty acid ester (4) from the leaves. Their structures were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.