Oroxylum indicum– a medicinal plant of North East India: An overview of its nutritional, remedial, and prophylactic properties

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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3 (Suppl 1), pp. S104-S112, May, 2013
Available online at http://www.japsonline.com
DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.34.S19
ISSN 2231-3354
Oroxylum indicum– a medicinal plant of North East India: An
overview of its nutritional, remedial, and prophylactic properties
D C Deka1, Vimal Kumar2*, Chandan Prasad3, Kamal Kumar4, B J Gogoi5, Lokendra Singh6, R B Srivastava7
1Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati‐781014, Assam, India
2Science Laboratory, Archaeological Survey of India, Dehradun-248001, Uttrakhand, India.
3Department of Chemistry, D.A.V. P.G. College, Kanpur -208001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
4Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment, Kanpur- 208013, Uttar Pradesh, India.
5Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag 2, Tezpur‐784001, Assam, India.
6 Directorate of Life Sciences, DRDO Head Quarters, New Delhi -110105, India.
7Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, c/o 56 APO ‐ 901205, India.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received on: 04/10/2012
Revised on: 19/11/2012
Accepted on: 02/01/2013
Available online: 22/05/2013
Oroxylum indicum (family: Bignoniaceae) or Broken bones tree, which is distributed throughout India and
South East Asia. Oroxylum indicum is known by such regional names as Bhatghila, Tona, Bhut-vriksha,
Shyonaka, and Hanyu pinyin. Over the past two decades, many reports have appeared in mainstream scientific
journals describing its nutritional and medicinal properties. While much of this recent enthusiasm indeed
appears to be justified, it is critical to separate rigorous scientific evidence from anecdote. The present review
provides the complete information about literatures of Oroxylum indicum as botanical descriptions, vernacular
names, biological activity of plant parts, ethanomedicinal uses and current status of research with scope of
investigation of Oroxylum indicum for future research. The structures of twenty eight isolated compounds from
different parts of Oroxylum indicum with IUPAC names, molecular formula, formula weight, melting points
were also reported in this study.
Key words:
Oroxylum indicum,
Flavonoids, Antioxidant,
Biological activity.
INTRODUCTION
Plants contain a broad range of bioactive compounds
such as lipids, carbohydrates, phenolics, terpenoids, carotenoids,
anthocyanins, flavors and fragrances (Wang et al., 2006). Almost
half of the best-selling pharmaceuticals are natural or closely
related to natural products, which tell the tremendous potential for
the identification of novel medicinally important bioactive
compounds from these sources. It has been estimated that only a
small percentage of compounds from biological sources have been
isolated and investigated (Strege, 1999). There is increasing
interest both in the industry and in scientific research for spices
and aromatic herbs because of their strong biological properties.
Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) a broken bone tree is a native
tree often grown as an ornamental for its strange appearance.
Mostly sighted along the river banks or slopes of the hills..
Except in the western drier area, the plant
is distributed
throughout India and South East Asia. Oroxylum indicum (Kurz.)
is a traditional herbal medicine in China and Japan (Kamkaen et al.,
2006). The use of this plant for the treatment of various ailments is
part of the local tribal communities’ knowledge of various tribes in
Manipur (India) such as Anal, Kuki, Mao, Maram, Tanghkul and
Zeliangrong (http://www.nif.org.in.). It is safe for human
consumption when taken in normal dosage (http://www.ecoplanet.
in/). Oroxylum indicum is one of the herbs from the group-
Dasamula herbal product (http://www.herbal cureindia.com/). It is
the purpose of this brief reviews to: (a) critically evaluate the
published scientific evidence on Oroxylum indicum, (b) highlight
claims from the traditional and tribal medicinal lore and from non-
peer reviewed sources that would benefit from further, rigorous
scientific evaluation, and (c) suggest directions for future clinical
research that could be carried out by local investigators in
developing regions.
* Corresponding Author
Science Laboratory, Archaeological Survey of India, Dehradun-248001,
Uttrakhand, India. Email : vimal_drl@yahoo.in

S105 Deka et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3 (Suppl 1); 2013: S104-S112
Efflorescence Fruit Pod
Leaves Stem bark
IMPORTANTCE OF BIGNONIACEAE FAMILY
The family Bignoniaceae, or Trumpet Creeper family, is
a family of flowering plants comprising of about 650-750 species
in 116-120 genera. Members of the family are mostly trees and
shrubs and more rarely lianas (Podranea and Macfadyena) and
herbaceous plants. As shrubs, they are twine climbers or tendril
climbers, and rarely root climbers. The family and its genus
Bignonia was named after Jean-Paul Bignon by his protégé Joseph
Pitton de Tournefort in 1694 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Bignoniaceae.).The family has cosmopolitan present in both the
Old World and the New World, with Catalpa the only genus
common to both. Members are distributed mostly in the tropics
and subtropics, with the center of diversity in South America. A
number of temperate species are found, mainly in North America
and East Asia. Thirteen species in 8 genera (including 2
naturalized) are present in southern Africa, 12 genera and 35
species are present in China, 21 of which are endemic to China. In
Australia, 10 genera and 17 species are found, only in the
mainland states. In India, the family is represented by 15 genera
and 40 species, which mostly occur in Western and Southern India
and a few species in the Himalayas (http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Bignoniaceae).
Besides their use as ornamental plants, some members
also provide timber, such as roble de sabana (Tabebuia rosea),
Catalpa, Oroxylum, Haplophragma, Spathodea, Meliosma,
Stereospermum. Fruit from the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) is
used in the tropics as a water container. The fruit of the sausage
tree (Kigelia africana) is used in Africa as a laxative and for
dysentery. The jacaranda is common as an avenue tree.
Compounds detected from this family include anthraquinones
(found in 4 genera), verbascosides (found in 8 genera), cornoside
(found in Eccremocarpus), quercetin, ursolic acid and more rarely,
saponins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae.).
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Oroxylum indicum (L.)Vent. belongs to the family
Bignoniaceae. Its taxonomical classification reported in literature
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/) is as given below:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Lamiales
Family : Bignoniaceae
Genus : Oroxylum
Species : indicum
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
A small tree, 8-15 m tall, branched at top; bark light-
brown, soft with green juice and often with numerous corky
lenticels. Leaves are 3-7 cm long, 2-3 pinnate with opposite
pinnae, rachis very stout, cylindrical, leaflets 2-4 pairs, 6-12 cm
long and 4-10 cm broad, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, glabrous,
base rounded or sometimes cordate; petioles of the lateral leaflets
6-15 mm long. Flowers numerous, foetid, in large erect racemes,
0.3-0.6 meter long or even more pedicels 6-30 mm long. Calyx 4
cm long, leathery, oblong-campanulate and glabrous. Corolla
usually lurid-purple, reaching 10 cm long, fleshy lobes about 4 cm
long with crisped margins. Stamens 5, slightly exerted beyond the
corolla tube, one of them little shorter than the 4, filaments cottony
at the base. Capsules 0.3-0.6 meter long and 5-9 cm broad,
straight, tapering to both ends, flat, hardly 8 mm thick, acute,
valves semi-woody. Seeds numerous, 6 cm long, winged all round
except at the base (http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/oroxylum_
indicum; Kirtikar & Basu, 2001; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of
India). In India, the plants flower any time during August to
February depending on climate.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
It is native to the Indian subcontinent, in the Himalayan
foothills with a part extending to Bhutan and southern China, in
Indo-China and the Malaysia ecozone. It is visible in the forest
biome of Manas National Park in Assam, India. It is also reported
from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (Theobald, 1981). It is found in Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,
Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam (Lawania et
al., 2010; Maciuk et al., 2000).
Synonyms
The synonyms of Oroxylum indicum species discussed
by different committees, which are: Bignonia indica L. (Species
Plantarum, 1753), Spathodea indica L. (Pers.) (Synopsis
Plantarum, 1807), Calosanthes indica L. (Blume.) (Blume, 1826),
Hippoxylon indica L. (Raf.) (Sylva Telluriana, 1838), Oroxylum
.

S106 Deka et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3 (Suppl 1); 2013: S104-S112
Table 1. Previously isolated compounds from different parts of Oroxylum indicum.
Entry
Compound Name
IUPAC
Name
Molecular
Formula
Formula
Weight
Melting
Point (°C)
Fig.
no.
Reference
1. Baicalein 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-bezopyran-4-
one C15H10O5 270.24 263.7 I Sankara
et al
., 1972 A ;
Sankara et al., 1972 B.
2. Biochanin A 5, 7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone C16H12O5 284.26 211.5 IV Sankara
et al
., 1972 A ;
Sankara et al., 1972 B.
3. 8, 8' Bis-baicalein - C30H18O10 539 238 VII Dinda
et al
., 2007.
4. Chrysin 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-bezopyran-4-one C15H10O4 254.24 286 II Dinda
et al
., 2007,
Sankara et al., 1972 A;
Sankara et al., 1972 B.
5. Ellagic acid 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy [1]-benzopyrano [5,4,3-
cde][1] benzopyran-5,10 dione C14H6O8 302.19 ≥ 350 III Vasanth
et al
., 1991; Dinda
et al., 2007.
6. 6–Hydroxy
luteolin 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-
benzopyran-4-one C15H10O6 286 284 X Dinda
et al
., 2007.
7. Oroxylin A 5, 7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy flavone C16H12O5 284.25 197 VI Rao
et al
.,
2007; Vasanth et al., 1991.
8. Oroxoloside
methyl ester 3,4,5–trihydroxy–6-(6-methoxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-
4-H-chromen-7-yoloxy) tetrahydropyran-2-
carboxylic acid methyl ester
C23H27O11 475 201 XI Rao
et al
., 2007; Vasanth
et
al., 1991; Rao et al., 2011.
9. β-Sitosterol 17-(5-Ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-
dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-
dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol
C29H50O 414 142 VIII Dinda
et al
., 2007.
10. Scuttellarien 5,6,7,4'-Tetrahydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-bezopyran-
4-one C15H10O6 297 300 IX Dinda
et al
., 2007.
11. Ursolic acid [(3β)-3-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid] C30H48O3 456.70 292 V Suratwadee
et al
., 2002.
12. - Chrysin 6-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8-
O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside C28H30O14 615.13 - XII Yan
et al
., 2011.
13. - Baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-
(1→3)[β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-
glucopyranoside
C32H37O21 769.17 - XIII Yan
et al
., 2011.
14. Scutellarein 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-
D-glucopyranoside C27H28O17 611.16 - XIV Yan
et al
., 2011.
15. - 2-Methyl-6-phenyl-4H-pyran-4-one C12H10O2 186.9 81.87 XXV Yan
et al
., 2011.
16. Chrysin-7-
Ogentiobioside
5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-7-((3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-(((3S,5S)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-
tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)methyl)-tetrahydro-
2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-4H-chromen-4-one
C26H28O14 564 - XV Yan
et al
., 2011.
17. Baicalein-7-O-
diglucoside 5,6-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-7-((3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-(((3S,5S)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-
tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)methyl)-tetrahydro-
2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-4H-chromen-4-one
C26H28O15 580 - XVI Yan
et al
., 2011.
18. Baicalein-7-O-
glucoside 5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-7-((3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-
pyran-2-yloxy)-4H-chromen-4-one
C21H20O9 416 - XVII Yan
et al
., 2011.
19. Scutellarein-7-O-
glucopyranoside - C21H20O11 448.38 - XVIII Yan
et al
., 2011;
20. Aequinetin Chrysin-7-O-glucuronide C22H20O10 416.38 - XIX Yan
et al
., 2011;
21. Chrysin-6-C-β-D-
glucopyranosyl-8-
C-α-L
arabinopyranoside
5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-6-((2S,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-
pyran-2-yl)-8-((2R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-
tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one
C26H28O13 548 - XX Yan
et al
., 2011.
22. Pinocembrin 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-2 C
15
H
12
O
4
256.25 203 XXI Yan
et al
., 2011;
23. Pinobanksin 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone, C15H12O5 272.25 - XXII Yan
et al
., 2011.
24. Lupeol (1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,9S,10R,11aS)-
3a,5a,5b,8,8,9,10,11a-octamethyl-1-(prop-1-en-
2-yl)-icosahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene
C30H50O 426.71 218 XXIII Yan
et al
., 2011;.
25. 2α-Hydroxyl
lupeol - C30H50O2 440 - XXIV Yan
et al
., 2011.
26. Echinulin (3S,6S)-3-[[2-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5,7-
bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl]-
6-methyl-2,5-piperazinedione
C29H39N3O2
461.7 - XXVII Yan
et al
., 2011.
27. Adenosine 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-
(hydroxymethyl)furan-3,4-diol C10H13N5O4
267.24 234 XXVIII
Yan
et al
., 2011.
28. Dimethyl Sulfone Methylsulfonylmethane
C2H6O2S 94.13 109 XXVI Yan
et al
., 2011.

S107 Deka et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3 (Suppl 1); 2013: S104-S112

S108 Deka et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3 (Suppl 1); 2013: S104-S112
Fig 1: Chemical constituents of Oroxylum indicum

S109 Deka et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3 (Suppl 1); 2013: S104-S112
indicum L. (Kurz.) (Forest Flora of British Burma, 1877),
Bignonia quadripinnata (Blanco, 1880).
Vernacular names
There are many vernacular names of Oroxylum indicum
in different languages according to distribution of ecozone
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae; Ayurvedic Pharmaco-
poeia of India; Nadkarni, 1982). Assamese: Bhatghila, English :
Broken bones plant, Indian calosanthes, Indian Trumpet, Indian
trumpet flower, Midnight horror, Oroxylum, Tree of Damocles;
Chinese : Hanyu pinyin: mù húdié, butterfly tree, Nepalese:
Tatelo, Bengali : Tona, Sanskrit: Bhut-vriksha, Dirghavrinta,
Kutannat, Manduk (the flower) patrorna, Putivriksha, Shallaka,
Shuran or Son, Vatuk, Kannada: Tattuna, Konkani :Davamadak,
Malayalam :Palaqapayyani, ashrppathiri, Vellappathiri, Marathi :
Tayitu, Tetu, Hindi: Aralu, Shyonaka, Singhala (Sri Lanka) :
Totila, Thotila, Tamil : Cori-konnai, Palai-y-utaicci, Puta-
puspam (the flower), Telugu : Manduka-parnamu, Pampena,
Suka-nasamu.
ETHANOMEDICINAL USES OF OROXYLUM INDICUM
Medicinal treatise of Ayurveda dates back to pre-historic
Vedic era, which is the ancient testimony for use of plants as
medicine. Accordingly, the medicinal properties of Oroxylum
indicum are: The root bark of plant is acrid, bitter, pungent,
astringent to the bowels, cooling, aphrodisiac, tonic, increases
appetite, useful in “vata”, biliousness, fevers, bronchitis, intestinal
worms, vomiting, dysentery, leucoderma, asthma, inflammation,
anal troubles. It is used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, diaphoretic,
and rheumatism (Kirtikar & Basu, 2001; Prakash, 2005). Paste
prepared from sesame oil (Sesamum indicum) and the powdered
bark of the root is given as digestive tonic. The seeds are purgative
and taken orally to treat throat infections and hypertension (Singh
et al., 2002). The fruits are acrid, sweet, stomachic, anthelmintic,
effective in diseases of the throat and heart, piles, bronchitis, used
as an expectorant, improves the appetite; useful in leucoderma
(Chopra et al., 2002; Drury, 2006; Nadkarni, 1982; Khare, 2007).
Leaves are prescribed for snake bite (Nadkarni, 1982; Khare,
2007). Leaves are used externally to treat an enlarged spleen and
also to alleviate headaches and ulcers and also reported for its
analgesic and antimicrobial activity (Drury, 2006).
In various tribes of India, bark and seeds of the plant are
used in fever, pneumonia and respiratory troubles (Panghal et al.,
2010; Patil et al., 2008). It is also used to cure various stomach
disorders (Raut et al., 2009). In Nepal a root decoction is used in
diarrhoea and dysentery. Seeds are used as a digestive. A seed
paste is applied to treat boils and wounds. The root is used as
astringent, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, expectorant,
anthelmintic and tonic. The bark is diuretic and stomachic and
useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. Root bark and seeds are
carminative, stomachic, tonic, diaphoretic and astringent. Root
bark is also used to treat bile problems, cough, diarrhoea, and
dysentery (Kunwar et al., 2009). It is also used in a formulation
used for nootropic activity (Maciuk et al., 2000).
Oroxylum indicum is used as one of the important
ingredients in most commonly used Ayurvedic preparations e.g.
such as Dasamula, Amartarista, Dantyadyarista, Narayana Taila,
Dhanawantara Ghrita, Brahma Rasayana, Chyavanaprasa
Awaleha, etc. (Balkrishna, 2005; Kumar et al., 2009; Anonymous,
1998). In the composition of drug chavanprasha and mentat
(mental drug) different parts of Oroxylum indicum are used
(Laupattarakasem et al., 2003; Gupta et al., 2008). Plant materials
are also used as wood, tannins and dyestuffs. A small deciduous
tree, Oroxylum indicum possesses economic as well as medicinal
importance.
CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH ON OROXYLUM
INDICUM
There are many biological studies on different part of
Oroxylum indicum, which are described in Table 2. The studies on
antioxidant activities have been reported in all part of the plant but
still not reported that which part of the plant have highest
antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo studies are required and
most important aspect is that which part of the plant possess
highest antioxidant activity in different antioxidant bioassay. The
antimicrobial activity has studied on the root bark and stem bark.
Anthelmintic, antiulcer, immunomodulatory and gastroprotective
studies have been done in the root bark. Anti-inflammatory
activity was performed on the leaves and stem bark, while
antihepatotoxic and antimutagenicity studies have done on leaves
and fruits respectively. Studies show that researchers are taking
interest on isolation of bioactive compounds of Oroxylum indicum
due to their important therapeutic uses. However, there is still lack
of knowledge on details of chemical constituents which are
responsible for different biological activities.
PREVIOUSLY ISOLATED PHYTOCHEMICALS
The Oroxylum indicum contains number of compounds
such as phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. All
isolated compounds were reported in table no 1. Table was
described the general names , IUPAC name and different physical
properties of compounds. Stem bark and leaves contain flavonoids
namely chrysin, oroxylin-A and baicalien (Sankara et al., 1972 A;
Sankara et al., 1972 B), oroxyloside methyl ester and chrysin-7-
O- methyl glucoside (Rao et al., 2007). Seeds contain ellagic
acid.( Vasanth et al., 1991). Yan R et al., (2011) reported nineteen
different compounds isolated from seeds. Root bark contains
chrysin, baicalein, biochanin-A, and ellagic acid. Oroxylin A,
chrysin, triterpene carboxylic acid and ursolic acid are found in
fruit pods (Suratwadee et al 2002). Total twenty seven compounds
were reported but there is still lack of knowledge on details of
chemical constituents present in different part of Oroxylum
indicum.
SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
Oroxylum indicum is a unique plant profusely used in
Ayurveda and Unani system of medicines to cure both infectious
and degenerative diseases. Earlier reports on isolation and

S110 Deka et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 3 (Suppl 1); 2013: S104-S112
characterization of bioactive molecules indicate that, their
physiological and biochemical role changes during developmental
stages. These aspects are significant for commercial exploitation
of this plant. Understanding the physiological role of bioactive
compounds during development of different part. It may provide
an opportunity to standardize the stage of physiological maturity,
which is critical to obtain quality raw material for design and
development of products of health benefits. Root crops are rich
source of different types of flavonoids. True to this, flavonoids are
a major storage component in stem bark of Oroxylum indicum.
Whether it also endowed with inimitable property, This natural
scientific inquisitiveness was also ardently attended by
undertaking detailed investigation on chemical constitution from
different part of Oroxylum indicum.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The corresponding author is grateful to DRDO Head
quarters, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi, India, for providing
financial support (research fellowship).
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Table 2.
Different biological studies on
Oroxylum indicum
.
Entry
Functional
properties
Plant
parts
Solvent
Extract
References
1 Antioxidant
Stem
bark Ethyl
acetate,
Methanol,
Ethanol,
Chloroform
Gupta
et al
., 2008;
Upaganlawar et
al., 2007; Kumar
et al 2011; Mishra
et al., 2010;
Kalaivani et al.,
2009.
Stem Methanol Mishra
et al
.,
2010.
Leaves Methanol Mishra
et al
.,
2010.
Root Methanol Mishra
et al
.,
2010.
Root
bark Water,
Methanol Mishra
et al
.,
2010.
Fruit Methanol Mishra
et al
.,
2010.
Seed Aqueous
ethanolic Yan R
et al
.,
2011.
2 Antimicrobial Root
bark Ethyl
acetate &
Methanol
Uddin
et al
., 2003;
Thatoi et al.,
2008;
Ali et al., 1998.
Stem
bark Methanol,
Ethyl
acetate
Islam
et al
., 2010;
Kumar et al.,
2011.
3 Anthelminthic Root
bark - Dowimg
et al
.,
2000.
4 Antiulcer Root
bark Ethanol,
Petroleum
Ether, n-
Butanol
Khandhar
et al
.,
2006.
5 Anti-inflammatory Leaves Aqueous Laupattarakasem
et al., 2003;
Tenpe et al., 2009;
Stem
bark Aqueous &
alcoholic
extracts
6 Anti-hepatotoxic Leaves Ethanol Tenpe
et al
., 2009.
7 Anticancer Fruit,
Stem
bark
Ethanol,
Aqueous,
Methanol
Roy
et al
., 2007;
Tepsuwan et al.,
1992; Lotufo et
al., 2005; Narisa
et al., 2006;
Brahma et al.,
2011.
8 Immunomodulatory Root
bark
n
-Butanol Zaveri
et al
.,
2006.
9 Gastroprotective Root
bark Alcoholic
& n-
Butanol
Zaveri
et al
.,
2007.
10 Antimutagenicity Fruit Methanol Nakahara
et al
.,
2002.

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How to cite this article:
D C Deka, Vimal Kumar, Chandan Prasad, Kamal Kumar, B J
Gogoi, Lokendra Singh, R. B. Srivastava. Oroxylum indicum –a
medicinal plant of North East India: An overview of its nutritional,
remedial, and prophylactic properties. J App Pharm Sci, 2013; 3
(Suppl 1): 104-112.