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Phytotaxa 221 (1): 048–056
www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/
Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press
Article
PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
48 Accepted by Cássio van den Berg: 4 Jul. 2015; published: 28 Jul. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.4
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Gastrodia madagascariensis (Gastrodieae, Orchidaceae): from an historical
designation to a description of a new species from Madagascar
FLORENT MARTOS, STEVEN D. JOHNSON & BENNY BYTEBIER
School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
e-mail: florentmartos@gmail.com
Abstract
Gastrodia madagascariensis, a leafless achlorophyllous orchid, is described and illustrated here. The epithet was originally
coined by Perrier de la Bâthie in 1939 for fruiting material found on the eastern coastal plain of Madagascar more than a
century ago, but the name was never validly published. This new species is closely related to G. similis from Reunion Island,
from which it can be distinguished by the perianth tube spreading towards the apex, the shape of the column and stigma,
and the flower colour. The achlorophyllous genus Gastrodia currently comprises five species in the tropical parts of the
Afro-Madagascan region, one of which, G. africana, is possibly extinct. We provide an artificial key to distinguish them.
In addition, there is also an extratropical species in continental Africa, the introduced G. sesamoides (very local near Cape
Town, South Africa).
Keywords: Didymoplexis; Flora of Madagascar; myco-heterotrophy; Perrier de la Bâthie
Résumé
Gastrodia madagascariensis, une orchidée aphylle non-chlorophyllienne, est décrite et illustrée ici. L’épithète fut initiale-
ment proposé par Perrier de la Bâthie en 1939 pour décrire une plante en fruit trouvée dans la même région côtière de
Madagascar il y a plus d’un siècle, mais sa publication était alors invalide. Cette nouvelle espèce est proche de l’espèce
G. similis endémique de l’Île de la Réunion, mais s’en distingue toutefois par un calice campanulé, la forme de la colonne
et du stigmate, ainsi que la couleur de la fleur. Le gene non-chlorophyllien Gastrodia comprend aujourd’hui cinq espèces
en Afrique tropicale et à Madagascar; l’une d’entre elles, G. africana, étant probablement éteinte. Une clé d’identification
de ces espèces est proposée ici. De plus, on recense une sixième espèce sur le continent africain, c’est-à-dire l’espèce
introduite G. sesamoides (près de la ville du Cap, Afrique du Sud).
Mots-clés: Didymoplexis; Flore de Madagascar; myco-hétérotrophie; Perrier de la Bâthie
Introduction
Just before his untimely death on 16 November 1925, Rudolf Schlechter (1925) published “Orchidaceae Perrierianae”,
in which he enumerated all the orchids from Madagascar known until then. Out of the 446 taxa mentioned, 332 were
described by Schlechter himself, all based on material collected by H. Perrier de la Bâthie (hereinafter referred to as
Perrier) and sent to Schlechter in Berlin for naming. Amongst the specimens studied by Schlechter was a leafless orchid
lacking chlorophyll collected in September 1912 and numbered Perrier de la Bâthie 11349. Schlechter assigned it to
the genus Gastrodia Brown (1810: 330) and was convinced that it was a new species, but refrained from describing it,
because only fruiting and no flowering material was sent to him.
After the death of Schlechter, Perrier took it upon himself to continue documenting the orchid flora of Madagascar.
This eventually resulted in a 2-volume treatment of the orchid family for “Flore de Madagascar”, published in 1939
and in 1941 respectively. In the first volume of this work, he proposed the name Gastrodia madagascariensis (Perrier
de la Bâthie 1939: 212) based on the above-mentioned specimen. However, he only provided a description in French
and therefore the name was not validly published according to Art. 39.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature
(McNeill et al. 2012), which at the time required a description or diagnosis in Latin.
GASTRODIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (GASTRODIEAE)
Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 49
Summerhayes must not have realised that the name was not validly published when he proposed to transfer it
to the genus Didymoplexis Griffith (1844: 383), as D. madagascariensis (H.Perrier) Summerhayes (1953: 131). He
was of the opinion that it was better placed in this genus on the basis of the “appreciable elongation of the fruiting
pedicels”, a characteristic he had also observed in his recently described D. africana Summerhayes (1951: 465), but
not in any of the other 13 species of Gastrodia then at his disposition in the Kew Herbarium. Our understanding of
the Gastrodieae has since improved considerably and we know now that the lengthening of the pedicel also occurs
in Gastrodia (Kores et al. 2006). Indeed, Cribb et al. (2013) pointed out that it is extremely difficult to distinguish
between the genera Gastrodia and Didymoplexis on the basis of fruiting material only, since both produce oblong
capsules borne on slender pedicels that elongate during fruit maturation. The distinction can only be made from the
observation of flowers. Didymoplexis has a short floral tube (if present) and four granular pollinia, whereas Gastrodia
has sepals adnate for more than half their length forming a long perianth tube and two sectile pollinia (Kores et al.
2006). According to Kores et al. (2006) the stigma in Gastrodia is borne on a raised projection at the base of the
column, whereas in Didymoplexis the stigma is situated directly below the rostellum.
No flowering plants referable to either
Didymoplexis or Gastrodia were seen in Madagascar for almost a century,
until Louis Nusbaumer with Patrick Ranirison, Mark Clements with Anne Mackenzie, Jean-Michel Hervouet, and
Jean-Philippe Castillon, collected or photographed flowering specimens of Didymoplexis in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010
respectively (Cribb et al. 2011, 2013). At first these were assumed to represent the long lost Gastrodia/Didymoplexis
madagascariensis of Perrier (Cribb & Hermans 2009, Bosser & Lecoufle 2011) until it became clear that at least three
taxa of Didymoplexis occur in Madagascar. Cribb et al. (2011) first identified Castillon’s photograph as D. verrucosa
Stewart & Hennessy (1980: 841), previously only known from the KwaZulu-Natal Coast of South Africa. Two new
species were then described, D. avaratraensis P.J.Cribb, Nusb. & L.Gaut. in Cribb et al. (2013: 43), and D. recurvata
P.J.Cribb, Nusb. & L.Gaut. in Cribb et al. (2013: 44), based on herbarium collections of Nusbaumer and Ranirison. The
photographs of Clements and Mackenzie, and Hervouet, illustrate the former species. Cribb et al. (2013) also discussed
the confusion around the application of the name D. madagascariensis. Since none of the above-mentioned taxa could
be directly linked to the material collected by Perrier in 1912, the epithet madagascariensis was not used and was left
associated with the Perrier de la Bâthie 11349 specimen.
In August 2013, one of us (FM) found several flowering plants of a taxon clearly belonging to
Gastrodia. We here
describe it as a new species, and as we have good arguments to link it to the original Perrier material, we propose to
use Perrier’s original designation. In addition, we provide an artificial key to identify the species of Gastrodia found
in the tropical Afro-Madagascan region.
Taxonomy
Gastrodia madagascariensis H.Perrier ex Martos & Bytebier, sp. nov. (Figs 1–2)
TYPE:—MADAGASCAR. Toamasina: Manompana village, Ambodiriana Forest, elev. 145 m, 16°40’21.30”S, 49°42’8.52”E, 16 August
2013, Martos 906 (holotype NU (spirit)!, isotype TAN!).
Diagnosis:—Similar to Gastrodia similis Bosser (2006: 52), from which it can be distinguished by the perianth tube spreading towards the
apex, the cordate stigma, and the emerald green lip colour.
Slender, leafless, achlorophyllous herb. Rhizome subterranean, fleshy, fusiform, villose to tomentose, 20–50 × 3–7
mm, densely noded; adventitious roots up to 300 × 1 mm. Peduncle erect, 100–300 mm tall, glabrous, dark brown to
blackish, with 3–4 tubular sheaths in the lower half; sheaths 3–6 mm long, truncate and with an abrupt acumen 3–4 mm
long. Inflorescence racemose, with (1–)3–12 flowers, rachis 10–40 mm long; bracts lanceolate to ovate, acute, 6 × 3
mm. Pedicel slender, twisted, 5–8 mm long. Flowers resupinate, campanulate, spreading; sepals and petals dull brown
adaxially, light brown or reddish brown abaxially, blackish brown at apex; lip yellow-orange, tinged with emerald
green at apex; two tubercular processes borne on the column-foot emerald green. Sepals fleshy, ovate, obtuse, 12–14
× 7–9 mm, connate for about two thirds of their length except between the lateral sepals where the fusion only reaches
halfway, verrucose adaxially, wrinkled abaxially. Petals slightly fleshy, broadly ovate, obtuse, 5–6 × 3–4 mm, adnate
to the sepals and forming a floral tube together with them. Lip inserted at the apex of the column-foot, free from other
perianth parts, completely enclosed within perianth tube, fleshy, broadly ovate, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, broadly acuminate,
papillose; base shortly clawed; margin ascending on the sides; adaxial side transversely wrinkled and bearing two
MARTOS ET AL.
50 • Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press
apical incurved ridges which are somewhat V-shaped, the tip of the V lengthening towards the front; abaxial side
canaliculate. Column elongate, 6–7 mm tall, narrowed at base, winged distally, with a tooth-like appendage on either
side of the column at apex; foot incurved, with a pair of cephaloid tubercular processes at apex; anther subcircular, ±
1.2 × 0.4 mm, broadly rounded at the front; pollinia 2, granular, composed of friable massulae, attached to a shared
viscidium; stigma borne on a raised projection at base, cordate. Ovary trigonous, obconical, ± 5 mm long. Capsule
erect, ovoid, ± 25 × 5 mm, borne on a pedicel elongating up to 40 cm during fruit maturation.
FIGURE 1. Gastrodia madagascariensis. A. Habit; note the dark color of the peduncle contrasting with the whitish pedicels, and the dark
colour of the perianth tube at the apex. B. Open flower, front view; note the perianth tube spreading towards the apex, and the reddish brown
(bottom half) and light brown (top half) colour of the perianth tube on the inner surface. C. Open flower, three quarter view; note the emerald
green colour of the lip tip and of two tubercular calli borne on the column-foot (also seen on B). D. Dehiscent capsules borne on elongated
fruiting pedicels. E. Fusiform rhizome with fine adventitious roots. Photographs: A.Charbouillot (A–C) and J.-M.Hervouet (D).
Distribution and habitat:—Gastrodia madagascariensis is only known from Ambodiriana Forest near
Manompana (Fig. 3). Here, it grows in evergreen, humid forest below 200 m and is more commonly found in the
vicinity of the river Manompana and its tributaries.
Conservation:—Since 1996, Ambodiriana Forest is protected by a non-governmental organisation, namely the
Association de Défense de la Forêt d’Ambodiriana (ADEFA). However, slash-and-burn deforestation is common
along this part of the coast of Madagascar, and Ambodiriana Forest is situated less than two km away from the nearest
rice fields and seven km from Manompana village. In addition, the fact that the Gastrodia orchids require specific
mycorrhizal associations for carbon uptake throughout their life cycle (Martos et al. 2009, Selosse et al. 2010, Selosse
& Martos 2014) renders them extremely vulnerable to habitat disturbance. In August 2013, less than 50 flowering
plants were seen throughout Ambodiriana Forest, covering an area of approximately 2.25 km
2
and we are at present
not aware of any other locality where this species persists. Therefore, G. madagascariensis is considered “Critically
Endangered” according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2014).
Etymology:—The epithet madagascariensis refers to Madagascar, where this species is endemic.
GASTRODIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (GASTRODIEAE)
Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 51
FIGURE 2. Gastrodia madagascariensis. A. Habit (inflorescence with rhizome). B Detail of rhizome. C. Detail of inflorescence. D.
Elongating pedicel. E. Open flower, front view. F. Sepals and petals flattened. G. Pedicel, ovary, column and lip, side view. H. Lip (adaxial)
and base of column. I. Lip (abaxial). J. Lip (abaxial) appressed to column. K. Column (adaxial). L. Detail of column apex without anther
cap. M. Detail of column apex with anther cap. N. Fruits. O. Pollinia. A–C, E–M from Martos 906; D, N, O from photographs. Scale bars:
A, 10 mm; B–C, E–F, N, 5 mm; D, 50 mm; G–L, 1 mm; M, O, 0.5 mm. Drawn by A.J.Beaumont.
MARTOS ET AL.
52 • Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press
Phenology:—Gastrodia madagascariensis flowers during the cooler, drier season between July and August.
Fruiting occurs from August and throughout September.
Other specimens examined:—MADAGASCAR. Toamasina: Fandrarazana River basin (N. E.), elev. 200 m,
September 1912, Perrier de la Bâthie 11349 (P [barcode P00540570] digital image!) (in fruit stage).
FIGURE 3. Map of Madagascar showing the distribution of the various observations of Gastrodieae on the island. Didymoplexis
avaratraensis and D. recurvata, both endemic to Madagascar, co-occur in the northern province of Antsiranana, in evergreen wet forest
at mid elevation (Cribb et al. 2013). Didymoplexis verrucosa, also known from South Africa, was recently photographed in the western
province of Mahajanga, in deciduous seasonally dry forest (Cribb et al. 2011). Gastrodia madagascariensis occurs in the eastern province
of Toamasina opposite the island Nosy Boraha, in evergreen wet forest at low elevation. Filled triangles: flowers observed. Open triangle:
only fruits observed.
GASTRODIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (GASTRODIEAE)
Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 53
Keys to the species of Gastrodia R.Br. in the tropical Afro-Madagascan region (modified from Cribb et al.
2010)
1. Flowers greenish; sepals free for half their length; dorsal sepal markedly shorter than the lateral sepals; petals spatulate; lip with
two rugulose calli at base of midlobe .............................................................................................................................. G. africana
- Flowers brownish to rarely white; sepals free in apical third only; sepals of equal length; petals ovate or broadly ovate; lip lacking
two rugulose calli at base of lip midlobe ..........................................................................................................................................2.
2. Callus on lip of three ridges, the middle one highest; column foot with two brownish calli at apex ..........................G. rwandensis
- Callus on lip V-shaped, the tip of the V at base of lip midlobe; column foot with two cephaloid tubercular processes at apex .....3.
3. Perianth tube uniformly brown; lip yellow-green with an apricot tip ..................................................................................
G. ballii
- Perianth tube not uniformly brown; lip yellow-emerald green or orange-green with an emerald green or whitish tip .................. 4.
4. Perianth tube brownish to blackish brown towards the tips; lip yellow-emerald green with a darker tip; cephaloid tubercular pro
-
cesses emerald green ........................................................................................................................................ G. madagascariensis
4. Perianth tube brownish to translucent white towards the tips or uniformly white; lip orange-green with a whitish-yellowish tip;
cephaloid tubercular processes white ................................................................................................................................. G. similis
Discussion
The discovery of a flower of Gastrodia on the eastern coastal plain of Madagascar raises the question of its relation
to Perrier’s fruiting specimen found more than a century ago. From a geographical perspective, the type locality of
G. madagascariensis is less than 10 km in a straight line from Perrier’s presumed locality in the basin of the river
Fandrarazana (Fig. 3). The vegetation in both places is dense evergreen forest with a canopy not exceeding 30 m and
an understory only allowing for the growth of shade-tolerant plants such as G. madagascariensis. After one of us
(FM) observed flowering plants of G. madagascariensis for the first time in August 2013, fruiting plants of what may
well be the same species of Gastrodia were seen and photographed in August and September 2014 (J.M.Hervouet,
pers. comm.), in a palm forest in the vicinity of the mouth of the river Fandrarazana i.e. Perrier’s presumed locality
(16°45’32.8”S; 49°43’26.9”E; elev. 20 m) (Fig. 3).
Besides the geographical proximity between our type and Perrier’s locality, the phenology of
G. madagascariensis is
consistent with Perrier’s observation of plants being already in fruit by September. Indeed, with the help of C.Misandeau
and A.Kaloloha (ADEFA), we have been monitoring the orchid population at the type locality between 2008 and 2014,
and G. madagascariensis consistently appears above ground during the austral winter between July and September.
Although flowering shoots can sometimes already be seen in July, the flowering peak is usually during the first two
weeks of August, after which plants will be fruiting throughout September, the month in which Perrier collected his
specimen. As for any of the taxa of Didymoplexis occurring in Madagascar (Fig. 3), the current understanding of their
reproductive phenology indicates that they are seen above ground only during the austral summer between November
and December (Cribb et al. 2013). Thus it is unlikely that the fruiting plant that Perrier found in September 1912
belongs to any of the Madagascan taxa of Didymoplexis.
On the basis of the above two considerations, we argue here that Perrier’s specimen is conspecific with ours.
The suggestion by Cribb et al. (2013) that only molecular comparison could settle the matter is fraught with several
difficulties. As far as we are aware, there is only one extant duplicate of Perrier de la Bâthie 11349, preserved in Paris
(P), as the material sent to Schlechter in Berlin for naming was destroyed during the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium
during the night of 1–2 March 1943. Furthermore, the little material that is available is more than 100 years old, and
the chloroplast loci used for DNA barcoding such as rbcL and matK do not amplify in this achlorophyllous orchid tribe
(but see Smidt et al. 2015 for amplification of nuclear ITS in the closely allied genus Uleiorchis Hoehne 1944: 129),
so that any attempt to retrieve DNA sequences from that specimen may prove to be fruitless.
Gastrodia madagascariensis is undoubtedly closely related to G. similis, endemic to Reunion Island in the Mascarene
Archipelago (Bosser 2006, Martos et al. 2009, 2015). Except perhaps for the darker (often blackish) peduncle observed in
G. madagascariensis (Fig. 1A), these two species are almost indistinguishable before anthesis. At anthesis, the two
species can be easily distinguished by the shape of the perianth tube which is almost campanulate in G. madagascariensis
(Fig. 4A), whereas it is urceolate in G. similis (Fig. 4B). The stigma, borne on a raised projection at the base of the column
in both species, is clearly cordate in G. madagascariensis (Figs 2K, 4E), whereas it is broadly ovate in G. similis (Bosser
2006). Flower colour is also a distinguishing feature between the Afro-Madagascan species of Gastrodia (Cribb et al.
2010). The cephaloid tubercular processes at the apex of the column-foot are emerald green in G. madagascariensis (Figs
1B, 4C) but whitish in G. similis (Fig. 4D), and the two apical incurved ridges forming a V at the tip of the lip are darker
in G. madagascariensis (Fig. 4C).
MARTOS ET AL.
54 • Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 4. Morphological comparison between the Madagascan species Gastrodia madagascariensis (A, C & E) and a closely related
species from Reunion Island, G. similis (B, D & F). A–B. Inflorescence; note the difference between the perianth tube spreading at the
apex in A or urceolate in B. C–D. Lip and pair of tubercular processes at the apex of the column-foot; note the difference between the
emerald green and whitish coloration in C and D, respectively. E–F. Column with lip attached to its foot; note the difference between the
cordate and ovate stigma in E and F, respectively. Photographs: A.Charbouillot (C & E), D.Caron (F).
GASTRODIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (GASTRODIEAE)
Phytotaxa 221 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 55
In continental Africa, Gastrodia africana Kraenzlin (1900: 179), endemic to Mount Cameroon where it is possibly
extinct (Cable & Cheek 1998), was the only known species in this genus until recently. However, two mainland species
of Gastrodia were recently described: G. ballii P.J.Cribb & Browning in Cribb et al. (2010: 317) known to occur in a
small area on the Mozambique/Zimbabwe border and also in southern Malawi; and G. rwandensis Fischer & Killmann
in Cribb et al. (2010: 317) that is only known from the type locality in Rwanda. With G. madagascariensis the new
species endemic to Madagascar, there are now five species of Gastrodia in the tropical Afro-Madagascan region.
Although the two island species, G. similis and G. madagascariensis, are distinguished from the mainland species in
several respects (see character descriptions in Cribb et al. 2010), they share a distinctive character with the southern
African species G. ballii; that is, a pair of cephaloid tubercular processes borne on the apex of the column foot (Figs
4C, 4D).
Conclusion
Since the recent treatment of Gastrodia in Genera Orchidacearum (Kores et al. 2006), the number of species has
increased considerably from approximately 20 to 50 species (Hsu & Kuo 2010, 2011, Yeh et al. 2011, Hsu et al.
2012, Tan et al. 2012, Suetsugu 2013, 2014, Hu et al. 2014), making it the most diverse genus in the orchid tribe
Gastrodieae. In view of that, investigations into nuclear and mitochondrial markers that would suitably resolve the
phylogenetic relationships between the Gastrodia species found in the Asia-Pacific and the Afro-Madagascan region
are now needed.
Acknowledgements
We thank C.Misandeau (President of ADEFA) for authorizing this study in Ambodiriana Forest; A.Kaloloha and
J.E.Lemarina (ADEFA) for monitoring the orchid population since 2008 and for valuable field assistance in Ambodiriana
Forest; S.Rapanarivo and J.Andriantiana (Parc de Tsimbazaza; TAN) for hospitality and assistance in their herbarium;
J.-M.Hervouet (Société Française d’Orchidophilie) for sharing with us localities and photographs; A.Beaumont for
preparing the illustration of G. madagascariensis; C.van den Berg who edited this paper, as well as two anonymous
reviewers, for their useful comments. FM was funded by the Claude Leon Foundation as part as a postdoctoral fellowship
in South Africa. BB and SDJ acknowledge financial support from the National Research Foundation (NRF).
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