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Mushroom Diversity of Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India

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Abstract

During the forays conducted in the diverse habitats of the Konkan region of Maharashtra for four consecutive monsoon seasons during 2008-2012, revealed the occurrence of 29 mushrooms. Among the collected mushrooms, 6 belonged to the family Agaricaceae, 5 to Lyophyllaceae, 2 each to Pleurotaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Marasmiaceae and Tricholomataceae; 1 each to Phallaceae, Physalacriaceae, Xylariaceae, Tremellaceae, Sclerodermataceae, Decrymycetaceae, Cantharellaceae, Entolomaceae, Plutaceae and Ganodermataceae. The morphology of Tremella, Dictyophora, Daldinia, Pisolithus and Calocera were quite distinct and interesting.

3
1,3 Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University), Dapoli, Maharashtra
415712, India
2 Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
1 pramodgb@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 anila_doshi@yahoo.co.in, 3 sudhir.agro123@gmail.com

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online)
ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

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

 

 Borkar, P., A.  (2015). Mushroom diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa ;

 © Borkar et al. et al. 2015-

None.

              
    



India, and Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 
          




 
Maharashtra; Department of Plant Pathology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur Rajasthan necessary for research facility and
database.




morphology of Tremella, Dictyophora, Daldinia, Pisolithus and Calocera
mushroom diversity, 
NOT
EVALUATED
NE
DATA
DEFICIENT
DD
VULNERABLE
VU
ENDANGERED
EN
EXTINCT
IN THE WILD
EW
EXTINCT
EX
CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
CR
LEAST
CONCERN
LC
NEAR
THREATENED
NT
Hygrocybe miniata
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.


      
     
     
       
to collect, document and conserve this group. Most
macrofungi are cosmopolitan, occurring both in tropical
and temperate regions. They occur seasonally all over
  

         




occur mainly during the rainy season. The diversity
     
prevailing in India has made this country a natural habitat
    


 
country as hot spots of mushroom diversity, since 1825.
       
mushrooms in Maharashtra started as late as 1974.
Prof. A.V. Sathe and his team recorded 75 species

the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala during

  
of macrofungi from Maharashtra is concerned, mostly
       
   Fistulina hepaca, Entyloma
achrospora, E. strictus, Rhodophyllus achrosporus and
R. overeemi      
        
        
eastern side of the region lies the Sahyadri mountain






2008 to 2012. Selected spots included Amboli, an area
      
     
      
     
District comprising places like Kudal, Malvan, Pandur,
 
and Palghar in Thane District and thick forest areas in
     

   
(morphological) and microscopic characters. For

      
         

       
        

      
       
  
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India.



The mushrooms collected from  
        Agaricu
splacomyces, Lepiota spp., Pleurotus spp., Marasmius
haematocephalus, Lepista nuda, Tremella fuciformis,
Pisolithus nctorius, Armillaria tebescens and
Calocera cornea. Termitomyces heimii, T. microcarpus,
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, Pleurotus pulmonarius,
Dictyophora duplicata and Entoloma roseoavum.
   Agaricustri sulphuratus,
Daldinia concentrica and Pleutus cervinus, 
found to occur only in Ratnagiri District and all the
collected mushrooms occur in Ratnagiri District. The
      

Armillaria tabescens

Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres
     
clusters.
  
       

     
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.



     

     
      

Agaricus arvensis 

       
        




     
       

      
      

Agaricus placomyces 
       
debris.

Si - Sindhudurg; Rt - Ratnagiri; Rg - Raigad; Th - Thane; O - Observed; - Not observed

    
                   
1 Armillaria tabescens O O - O O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O
2Agaricus arvensis - - - - - O O O O O O O - O O O O O - -
3Agaricus placomyces O O O - O O O - O O O - O O O - - - - -
4Agaricus trisulphuratus - O - - - O - - - O - - - O - - O O - -
5Calocera cornea - O - - O O - - O O - O O O O - O O - O
Clitocybe spp. - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O - O - -
7Creterellus tubaeformis - O - - O O O O O O - - - - - - - O O -
8Daldinia concentrica - - - - - - - - O - O O O - O O - - -
9Dycophora duplicate O O - - O O - - O O - - O O - - O O - -
10 Enoloma roseoavum - O - - O O - - O O - - O O - - O O - -
11 Ganoderma lucidum O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - - O O O -
12 Hygrocybe Conica - O - - O O O O O O - - O O O O O O - O
13 Hygrocybe miniata O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
14 Lepiota spp. - O - - O O - - O O - O O O - - O O - O
15 Lepista nuda - - - - O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O -
 Leucocoprinus birnbaumii - - - O - - - - - - - - - - - - O O O O
17 Macrolepiota procera - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
18 Maramiallus ramealis - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O - O O O
19 Marasmus haematocephlous O O - O O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O
20 Pisolithus nctorius O O - - O O O - O O O - O O O - O O - -
21 Pleurotus ostreatus - - - - O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O
22 Pleurotus pulmonarius - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
23 Pluteus cervinus - - - - - O - - - O - - O O - O O O - O
24 Termitomyces clypeatus - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
25 Termitomyces heimii O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - O O O
 Termitomyces logiradicata - - - - O O - - O O - - O O - - - O - -
27 Termitomyces microcarpus - - - - O O - - O O - - O O - - O O O -
28 Termitomyces umkowaani - - - - O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O
29 Tremella fuciformis O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.

      


      
       

   
     
       

    
         
not observed.
Agaricus trisulphuratus 
 
roots of members of Palmaceae (coconut and arecanut).
     
    

     

     

      
    

Calocera cornea

      

      
  

     
       

Clitocybe 

    

margin.




not observed.
     
     

Craterellus tubaeformis   



      


       
        

     

 Spores hyaline, globose to


Daldinia concentrica     


 Armillaria tabescens  Agaricus arvensis  Calocera cornea
© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.


spherical, tuber like, hard. Surface smooth on upper
side, rough and tanned black on underside. About 7cm


     

Dictyophora duplicata    

 
        
      

         
 

         
        

     

Entoloma roseoavum  


 

       

     
      
observed.
Spores hyaline, angular, mostly


Ganoderma lucidum   


like mango, areca nut etc.

       
      
corky, depressed, hemispherical, fan shaped brackets

       
    
   

      
         

     

        

Hygrocybe conica


        


     
  
      



not observed.
    
     
 Craterellus tubaeformis  Dictyophora duplicata
ab
© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.


Hygrocybe miniata    


or cespitose, gregarious.
     
     

       

      

    
       

Lepiota
       
pastures.
       




 


    

frill at maturity and volva absent.
    
       
     

Lepista nuda   

       

      


     

 Entoloma roseoavum  Ganoderma lucidum  Hygrocybe conica
Hygrocybe miniata Lepiota
b
a
© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar© Pramod Borkar
© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.


Spore print pinkish; annulus and volva absent.
    
      

Leucocoprinus brinbaumii 



        

 
  



length and volva absent.


Macrolepiota procera 


 

      
      

      


    

    

Marasmiellus ramealis
     
stump.

       





     
      

Marasmius haematocephalus  haematocephalus





  
  

    

    
      

Pisolithus nctorius
      Acacia mangium
     
Acacia roots.
Lepista nuda Leucocoprinus brinbaumii Pleurotus ostreatus
© Pramod Borkar© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.

       
     
 
         
       

     

Pleurotus ostreatus    



     
basidioma dimidiate.



    
      

Pleurotus pulmonarius


   

       

       

    
      

Pluteus cervinus


   


        

       

     



Termitomycs clypeatus 


       
      

      
         

 
      

Termitomyces heimii 


    

       

 
present, volva absent.
 


Termitomyces longiradicatus   


       

     
Termitomycs clypeatus
© Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.
7633

     
       
  

     

not observed.
    
       

Termitomyces microcarpus    


      
  
eroded.
     

     
free, spore print pink. Annulus and volva not observed.
     
       
      

Termitomyces umkowaani   


 
spiniform. Surface, glabrous, shiny, due to oily layer on


        
        

       
print pink. Annulus and volva absent.
     
        
       

Tremella fuciformis 
       
acacia.
      


in apical region. Surface smooth, shiny.
     
      
observed.

      
region of Maharashtra during monsoon seasons
of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 revealed the
repeated occurrence of 30 macrofungi in the region.
      

Kuo (2004) has described Armillaria tabescens
     A. tabescens
synonymous to Clitocyb etabescenes.   
    A. tabescens the annulus is
lacking and the mushroom occurs in caespitose clusters.
Tsykun et al. (2010) have described morphology of A.
tabescens.
       
       A.
tabescens.
Termitomyces heimii Termitomyces longiradicatus
a b
© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.

The family Agaricaceae is the largest mushroom
Agaricus.

Pegler


et al. 1991; 



Agaricus  A. arvensis, A. campestris, A. sylvacus,
and A. trisulphuratus
the genus recorded from Rajasthan include, A. abruptus,
A. arvensis, A. campestris, A. bisporus, A. bitorquis, A.
placomyces, A. silvacus and A. silvicola
1997). Morphological characters of the three species
of this genus collected during the present research are
discussed here. As per Nair (1990), A. arvensis has sub-
     


      

      
com) and by Kuo (2007). The second mushroom
belonging to the genus Agaricus and collected from
A. placomyces
     

1997) and Kuo (2007). The morphological characters of
      

the most striking character. The collected specimen
    A. placomyces. The
morphological characters of A. trisulphuratus 
       
(Saini et al. 
The macrofungus Calocera cornea  
from India by Verma et al. (1995) from northeastern
     
      

  
  
       



Vancouver Island, Canada) has described the sporocarp

        
       

One mushroom of the genus Clitocybe
by Sathe et al.      
       
   
 
found on dead coconut stump. These characters match
Clitocybe.
The mushroom Creterellus tubaeformis 
      
   Cantherellus
cantharalloids. It is also reported as Merulius
cantharalloides
Terminalia ellipca and
T. paniculataHygrocybe miniata.
Castellano et al.
  

       
     
Termitomyces microcarpus Termitomyces umkowaani Tremella fuciformis
© Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.

in his monograph of Cantharelloid fungi, described this
      
Canthrallus tubaeformis. The morphological features
      

The genus Daldinia     
  et al. 2004). The fruit bodies are
        
        


of Dictyophora duplicata 

        

the indusium are rounded, ellipsoidal or polyhedral. The
long skirted species is D. indusiata and short skirted is
D. duplicata. The volva is formed from the universal veil

Spores are circular to ellipsoidal. Anonymous (2004) has
reported that the fruit body arises from a sub-spherical
  

odor (). Kuo

       
   
of collected specimen of Dictyophora duplicata 
       

     Entoloma
nidorosum 
reported E. achrospora and E. strictus
        
angular basidiospores, mostly pentagonal measuring
       
   Entoloma.

species into four categories such as isodiametrical (5
   
(7 angled) and star shaped or cruciform. Manimohan
et al.       Entoloma species

described E. roseofulvum. These morphological details
        
       
Entoloma roseoavum.
      
Ganoderma      
a numerous perennials, coniferous and palmaceous
hosts. Some Ganoderma    
fungi, many are pathogenic to economically important
crops causing root and stem rots. In forest ecosystem
        
    Ganoderma is the largest genus in
      
        
species G. lucidum and a number of species has been
  
      
authors like Murill, Atkinson, Coleman, Corner, Steyaert
        
list of Ganoderma species (Bhosle et al. 
species of Ganoderma    
parts of Maharashtra by Bhosle et al.  

   
 Ganoderma and

they described 17 species of the genus from central India
    

for G. lucidum      
 G. applanatum    
     
      
the species of Ganoderma. Bhosale et al. (2010)
described G. lucidum. Muthelo (2009) stated that the
G. lucidum  
(1983) reported that Ganoderma   

Perennial trees such as Ain (Terminalia ellipca)
and Kinjal (T. paniculata) are of common occurrence
in all the forests of the Konkan region. In decaying
     Hygrocybe miniata 
repeatedly observed during the present study. The
other member of this genus collected during the surveys
Hygrocybe conica
 
     
        
reported four species of the genus Hygrocybe, , H.
eburnea, H. russula, H. sulphureus and H. benzoninum
from Rajasthan. H. ceracae, H. indica, Hygrophorus
partensis    et al.
1995). Verma et al. (1995) also reported H. miniata from
northeastern hills of India. The species of this genus
H. conica, H.
miniata, H. psiacina and H. calopus 
Natarajan (1995) reported H. ceracae, H. chlorophena,
H. fornicate H. miniata and H. wesi from southern India
H. calypraeformis, H. conicus,
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.
7636
and H. puncia from Kerala. The morphological features

      
as Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) Kummer. Morphological
features of the collected fungus Hygrocybe conica
       

A single member of the genus Lepiota

that the diversity of Lepiota    
       
 
         
   
        
genus Lepiota

  

 et
 

      Lepista nuda
         

the morphological features of this fungus as, fruit body
        
  


       
Panchagani, Maharashtra as Lepista nudoidea  
slightly bulbous at the base, bluish-lilac. Flesh thick,
    
rogersmushrooms.com) or in fairy rings under a variety

). On the basis of
     

Lepista nuda.
      
Leucocoprinus     
species. According to recent literature (Kirk et al. 2008)
there are 40 species in this genus. Manjula (1983) listed
        
       
  

      


Members of the genus Macrolepiota are of
      
       
from India. Collected specimen of Macrolepiota is in

Tsykun et al. (2010) described Marasmius ramealis

       
   

slightly broad at the base. The morphological features
 
       
  Marasmius including M.
haematocephalus    

M. ramealis

       

M. ramealis.
        
     Pisolithus nctorius 
      
        
Acacia plants along the roadside and during the period
       
surface or even the tar roads and hence locally called
as bhuiphoda       
       

and Myrtaceae. On the basis of morphological and
      

in basidiome and basidiospore morphology of P.
nctorius    Eucalyptus, Pinus
casuarhina and Acacia. The morphological characters
        
      
        
     
       
100X. This points out that the species collected in
        
     
P. nctorius in Eucalyptus


        
P. nctorius. The
 
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.
7637
   

  
Melghat region of Maharashtra.
The genus Pleurotus is a vast genus comprising about
  
asp
       
morphology. Several species have been described under

The morphology of three species of Pleurotus collected

P. pulmonarius
P. ostreatus it is more lateral than eccentric (Buchanan
Pleurotus collected during
  
basidiocarp of P. ostreatus   
P. pulmonarius
         
Pleurotus (Singh 1977;
   et al. 1995; Verma et al. 1995; Doshi
   
genus Pluteus,  P. arcapillus and P. salmoneus
et al. (1980) from Maharashtra.
        
observed at Castle Rock. In respect of P. arcapillus,
Sathe et al. (1980) reported that the mushroom is
     P. cervinus all over
          

Pluteus from southern India. The morphology of
collected mushroom in respect of colour, shape and
     
   

Pluteus cervinus.
Most of the recorded species of the genus
Termitomyces       
in Asian and African countries. All the species of this
       
        
Termitomyces
       
     
 
        


       
       
       
collected from all the four districts of the Konkan region.
   T. albuminosa T. carlagineous T.
clypeatus T. mammiformis T. microcarpus T. poonensis T.
robustus T. eurrhizus, T. heimii, T. radicatus, T. robustus
and T. satus T. indicus, T. rabuorii, T. microcarpus f.
santalensis, T. letestui, (Sathe et al. 1980; Nair 1990;
 

 
          
       
   Termitomyces provide
 
of the species in the genus than micro-morphology. The
 
         In his
monograph on the genus Termitomyces  
has given a detailed account of the species of this genus
      A key to the species of
Termitomyces       
 
        
T. sagiformis. According to the key, the mushroom
      
     
annulus is T. umkowaani. Morphological features of the

T. longiradicatus
is closer to T. heimii
        T.
longiradicata. T. heimii
(1979) the morphological features of the specimen
        
        
        T.
longiradicatus is a synonym of T. hemii. In the present
study, the pileus of T. longiradicata  
that T. heimiiT.
longiradicata     
T. hemii

these mushrooms, it is appropriate to consider them as
separate species. T. microcarpus

         
 
T. microcarpus      

of T. microcarpus      
        
      
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.

lamellae subdistant, and spore print light orange. The
morphological characters of the fungus collected during
   
         
Termitomyces      T.
clypeatus. Nair (1980), 

       
Froslev (2000) the perforatorium of this mushroom is
strongly spiniform. The perforatorium of T. clypeatus
        

 
    
spiniform perforatorium, smooth and non-annulate
       
   T. clypeatus. Furthermore, the
     

  T. clypeatus   
by Zang (1981) as Sinotermitomyces taiwanensis is T.
clypeatus. Considering all the morphological characters
      
       
T. clypeatus

bodies in Tremella fuciformis. The nut gall type has folds

per Kuo (2008), the fruit body is composed of graceful
  
high and shiny. Anonymous (2000) described the fruit

  
in height. The spores are ellipsoid, smooth and hyaline.
The basidiocarps are cespitose ().
  T. fuciformis
on comparing the characters of collected specimens

The present study does not include all the macrofungi
  
       
fungi.

Forays conducted during monsoon of 2008, 2009,
2010, 2011 and 2012 revealed the presence of 29
      


      
       Termitomyces,
Pleurotus pulmonarius, Lepista nuda, Tremella
fuciformis, Dictyophora duplicata and Pluteus cervinus
Tremella is a medicinally important

macrofungi from this region in future.

        Introductory
Mycology
      Marasmius (Basidiomycota,
Marasmiaceae) in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Fungal
Diversity

Mushroom Research

 Ganoderma
of Maharashtra (India). Mycosphere
      
      nd
      


Armillaria. Macilvainea
Pisolithus based

      Mycological
Research 


      Mushroom: Culvaon, Nutrional
Value, Medicinal Eect and Environmental Impact. (2nd

   A Monograph of Cantharelloid Fungi 
University Press, 255pp.
    
     Advances in Horculture Vol. 13 -
Mushroom.
         
    
(eds.). Diversity and Producon of Edible Mushrooms. Associated

          
     Advances in
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
         Termitomyces
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Pathology
 Fleshy Fungi from Rajasthan.

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    
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 Trial Field Key to Club Shaped Fungi in Pacic North
West .


   
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   Termites et Champignons: Les Champignons
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Agaricus species of
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         
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 Diconary
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The genera Leucoagaricus and
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Mycotaxon

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html
  
html
  
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
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

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       
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   
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   A revised list of Agaricoid and Boletoid
Basidiomycetes from India and Nepal. Proceedings of Indian
Academy of Science
      Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide.

  A Colour Guide to familiar Mushrooms and Fungi.

     Ganoderma Species Causing
        
M.S. in Microbiology and Plant pathology, University of Pretoria.
        
Agricultural University, 139pp.
   
         Advances in
Horculture, Vol. 13 - Mushroom
Delhi.
 South Indian Agaricales - IX. Sydowia

 Termitomyces heimii.
Mycologia 
     A check list of
Kavaka
        
Entoloma        
Mycotaxon 

          
        
Advances in Horculture, Vol. 13 - Mushroom. Malhotra Publishing

 A Preliminary Agaric Flora of Africa

  Ganoderma   Denmark og.
Europae Swampe
      Indian Edible Mushrooms

      Leucocoprinus Pat.
(Agaricaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Bangaluru, Karnataka
State, India. World Applied Science Journal
    Pisolithus nctorius  
from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 
 North Indian Agaricales - V.
Indian Phytopath
 
Advances in Horculture, Vol.
13 - Mushroom
          
       

           
         
B.M. Kapur (eds.). Indian Mushroom Science, II. Regional Research

 
Biovigyanam
     
Agricales. Biovigyanam
      Agaricales of Maharashtra, pp.
   Advances in
Mycology and Plant Pathology
Delhi, India.
 Agaricales
        
       
India.
      
Rajasthan. Mushroom Research 
 Pleurotus
 4pp.
 . The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy - 4th Edion.

 Indian J.of Mycol.
&Pl. Path. 78.
        Type Rivision of Three
Termitomyces species from India. Mycotaxon

Indian Journal of Tradional
Knowledge
 
Ganoderma lucidumIndian
Journal of Tropical Biodiversity
      Atlas of
Wood Decaying Fungi of Central India. Tropical Forest Research

         
macro-morphological characters used in classifying the species of
termitomyces. Tanzania Journal of Science
         
Armillaria tabescens from the
Transcarpathia of Ukraine. Science Bullen of Uzhgorod University
(Ser.Biol.)
       . Mushroom Flora of

Advances in Horculture - Vol. 13, Mushroom. Malhotra Publishing

     . Termitomyces sagiformis- A
       Mushroom
Research
     
 A monograph of Marasmius (Basidiomycota) from north
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al.

  
1Agaricus arvensis Agaricaceae
2Agaricus placomyces Peck Agaricaceae
3Agaricus trisulphuratus Berk., Agaricaceae
4Armillaria tabescens Physalacriaceae
5Calocera cornea (Batsch.)Fr. Decrymycetaceae
Clitocybe spp. Fr. Tricholomataceae.
7Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel. Cantharellaceae
8Daldinia concentrica
Not. Xylariaceae
9Dictyophora duplicata Phallaceae
10 Entoloma roseoavum Noordeloose 
11 Ganoderma lucidum 
12 Hygrocybe conica 
13 Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm 
14 Lepiota  Agaricaceae
15 Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke Tricholomataceae
 Leucocoprinus brinbaumii (Corda) Singer Agaricaceae
17 Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer Agaricaceae
18 Marasmiellus ramealis Bull. Fr. Marasmiaceae
19 Marasmius haematocephalus f.
haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr. Marasmiaceae
20 Pisolithus nctorius (Fr.) Pilat Sclerodermataceae
21 Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotaceae
22 Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Champ Pleurotaceae.
23 Pluteus cervinus Plutaceae
24 Termitomyces heimii Natarajan 
25 Termitomyces longiradicatus
Daniel 
 Termitomyces microcarpous
Broome) 
27 Termitomyces umkowaani
Massee) 
28 Termitomycs clypeatus 
29 Tremella fuciformis Berk. Tremellaceae

 
1 Alore 1700
2 Amboli 1700
3 Anjarle 17.8500
4 Chiplun 1500
5 Dapoli 1700
Devrukh 1700
7 1700
8 00
9 00
10  17.18700
11 Kanakvali 1700
12 Kolad 00
13 Koloshi 1700
14 Kudal, 1700
15  00
 Mahad 00
17 Malvan, 00
18 Murud 00
19 Palghar 00
20 Pali 1900
21 Pandur 00
22 Pedhambe 00
23 Poynad 17.5300
24  17.4700
25 Rajapur 00
 Sakharpa 00
27  15.8500
28  1700
29  17.4700
30 Shrivardhan 18.08300
31 Umberghar 1800
32 Vengurle 1800
33  18.0300
34  1700


       
Data. Fungal Diversity

Libri Botanici
          A Rivision of
Sinotermitomyces, an synonym of Termitomyces. Fungal Diversity

 Sinotermitomyces
Mycotaxon
... India is home to a vast number of fungal species due to its geographical location, climatic conditions and ecological factors. Since 1825, a number of workers across the country have been exploring the Eastern Himalayan, Northwest Himalayan, Indo Gangetic Plain, Western Ghats, Southern India, and Rajasthan as hotspots of mushroom variety (Borkar et al., 2015). ...
... India is home to a vast number of fungal species due to its geographical location, climatic conditions and ecological factors. Since 1825, a number of workers across the country have been exploring the Eastern Himalayan, Northwest Himalayan, Indo Gangetic Plain, Western Ghats, Southern India, and Rajasthan as hotspots of mushroom variety (Borkar et al., 2015). ...
... ;Aravindakshan and Manimohan (2015);Borkar et al. (2015);Ghate and Sridhar, 2016a, b);Greeshma et al. (2016); Pavithra et al. (2016); Senthilarasu and Kumaresan (2016); Akash et al. (2017); Latha and Manimohan (2017); Karun et al. (2018, 2022); Thulasinathan et al. (2018); Jagadeesh et al. (2019); Kumar et al. (2019); Datttaraj et al. (2000); Bijeesh et al. (2022); Vinjusha and Kumar (2022) Ecology Brown et al. (2006); Karun and Sridhar (2014, 2016b, 2017); Ghate and Sridhar, 2016a, b); Pavithra et al. (2015, 2016); Greeshma et al. (2016); Karun et al. (2018, 2022); Thulasinathan et al. (2018); Jagadeesh et al. (2019); Datttaraj et al. (2000) ...
Chapter
Macrofungi are an evolutionarily and ecologically important segments of the fungal kingdom exists independently as well as in mutualistic association with plants and animals. They play prime ecological roles in the degradation of lignocellulosic materials, nutrient transport and biogeochemical cycles in varied ecosystems. Macrofungi prefer a variety of substrates and their enzymes are responsible for nutrient cycling. Mutualistic association (ectomycorrhizae) with roots, support many tree species to derive nutrients from the soil. Many macrofungi have also mutualistic association with fauna to provide nutrition, in turn, disseminate their propagules to new habitats and facilitate genetic exchange or recombination. Even though some macrofungi are parasites of animals, they will be benefited by dispersal through their hosts to new niches. In spite of several macrofungi being pathogenic to many tree species, they involve in nutrient cycling. Several macrofungi are capable of bioremediation of pollutants and xenobiotics by their powerful enzymes. Macrofungi succumb to habitat loss, various natural disturbances and human interference, which leads to affect their normal ecological functions and services. With valuable ecosystem services, macrofungal resources deserve conservation to maximize their benefits to plants, animals and ecosystems. Keywords: Dipterocarpaceae, bioremediation, disturbance, ectomycorrhiazae, faunal association, human interference, nutrient cycling, mutualism, pathogens, substrates
... About 27,000 fungal species were globally reported (Chang & Miles, 2004). India is considered as one of the mega biodiversity regions of the world with varied agro climate and rich fungal diversity (Borkar et al., 2015). Around 850 species of macrofungi were recorded in the country (Deshmukh, 2004). ...
Article
Macrofungi are ecologically resourceful group of organisms exists in every possible ecosystem. Borail Reserve Forest of Dima Hasao district, Assam is endowed with typical Sub tropical monsoon climate which provide adequate habitat for the growth and development of various types of vegetation as well as diverse species of macrofungi. The study attempts to assess the macrofungal diversity in certain areas of Borail Reserve Forest as it is yet to explore. The investigation was conducted in the year 2021 (June-December). Sampling was done using quadrat method each measuring 100×100m2. During the survey, a total of 21 species belonging to 15 families were encountered and identified up to species level i.e. Auriculariaceae, Clavulinaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Ganodermataceae, Agaricaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Marasmiaceae, Polyporaceae, Phallaceae, Pluteaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Stereaceae, Tremellaceae and Xylariaceae. It is found that 20 species belong to basidiomycota group and only 1 species belongs to ascomycota group. However, Marasmiaceae and Polyporaceae family are found to be the most dominant family of macrofungi in the region. The inference of the study revealed the diverse treasure of macrofungi of Borail Reserve Forest. The record of macrofungi of the study gives the baseline information for the biological diversity. The significance of macrofungi is not only to balance the ecosystem dynamics but also in human diet and beneficial impact to health, which increases the need for the conservation of this valuable resource.
... Macrofungi are cosmopolitan in nature and occur seasonally in various habitats all over the world. India being a mega diverse nation and fortunate enough to have favorable agro-climatic conditions, abundance of bio wastes, cheap labor and very rich biodiversity of fungi (Borkar et al. 2015). Since the beginning of civilization, mushrooms have been regarded as the most prized food in comparison to other vegetables because of its unique taste and flavor (Chang and Miles, 1992). ...
Research
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Schizophyllum commune is very common in India and is found throughout the year. The study also brings to light the medicinal value of Schizophyllum commune apart from its rich nutritional value. The biochemical analysis was performed during the study which included estimation of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The scope of mushroom is limitless. The present study throws light on the potentiality of mushrooms in the study area. With proper infrastructural development and awareness, these mushrooms can be judiciously exploited for the greater good of the society. The ethnic people can be encouraged to work in this field by making them aware of the nutritional and medicinal benefits of mushrooms and how it can be an income generator for them. Mushrooms are nature's gift to humans.
... ;Aravindakshan and Manimohan (2015);Borkar et al. (2015);Ghate and Sridhar, 2016a, b);Greeshma et al. (2016); Pavithra et al. (2016); Senthilarasu and Kumaresan (2016); Akash et al. (2017); Latha and Manimohan (2017); Karun et al. (2018, 2022); Thulasinathan et al. (2018); Jagadeesh et al. (2019); Kumar et al. (2019); Datttaraj et al. (2000); Bijeesh et al. (2022); Vinjusha and Kumar (2022) Ecology Brown et al. (2006); Karun and Sridhar (2014, 2016b, 2017); Ghate and Sridhar, 2016a, b); Pavithra et al. (2015, 2016); Greeshma et al. (2016); Karun et al. (2018, 2022); Thulasinathan et al. (2018); Jagadeesh et al. (2019); Datttaraj et al. (2000) ...
Chapter
Amanita is an important cosmopolitan genus that comprises of morphologically, ecologically and economically valued species with a global record of up to 613 species. Although many species of Amanita are poisonous, they possess useful metabolites of therapeutic significance. Recent reports reveal that there are about 66 species of Amanita occur in different ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, especially from the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Southwestern India provides suitable ecological and climatic conditions such as the Western Ghats, foothills, coastal plains and maritime habitats to support a variety of Amanita species. So far, about 30 species of Amanita have been documented in southwest India representing ectomycorrhizal, medicinal, non-toxic, edible and poisonous species. The association of Amanita species with the family Dipterocarpaceae is highly significant owing to the logging of dipterocarps for quality timber. The present chapter aims to offer the diversity, distribution, the ecological and bioactive potential of Amanita species occurring in southwest India. Emphasis has been laid on the ecological, nutritional and bioactive potential of edible ectomycorrhizal Amanita hemibapha and A. konajensis. Keywords: Western Ghats, foothills, west coast, scrub jungles, forests, maritime habitats, ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms, non-toxic mushrooms, edible mushrooms, ecosystem services
... ;Aravindakshan and Manimohan (2015);Borkar et al. (2015);Ghate and Sridhar, 2016a, b);Greeshma et al. (2016); Pavithra et al. (2016); Senthilarasu and Kumaresan (2016); Akash et al. (2017); Latha and Manimohan (2017); Karun et al. (2018, 2022); Thulasinathan et al. (2018); Jagadeesh et al. (2019); Kumar et al. (2019); Datttaraj et al. (2000); Bijeesh et al. (2022); Vinjusha and Kumar (2022) Ecology Brown et al. (2006); Karun and Sridhar (2014, 2016b, 2017); Ghate and Sridhar, 2016a, b); Pavithra et al. (2015, 2016); Greeshma et al. (2016); Karun et al. (2018, 2022); Thulasinathan et al. (2018); Jagadeesh et al. (2019); Datttaraj et al. (2000) ...
Chapter
Macrofungi are versatile non-conventional sources of a human diet consisting of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds and therapeutics. The geographic locations of southwest India encompass a variety of ecosystems in the Western Ghats, foothills, coastal plains and maritime regions. The wide climatic conditions as well as the type of ecosystems in southwest India influence the diversity, distribution and dissemination of macrofungi. The species and sporocarp richness were higher in the Western Ghats forests than in other coastal ecosystems. The core-group fungi recorded so far are unique to the southwest Indian ecosystems without much overlapping. Although soil, leaf litter and woody litter have been mainly studied in southwest India, other substrates are less studied (e.g. animals, animal excrements and termite mounds). Macrofungal mutualistic association in southwest India needs special attention (e.g. ectomycorrhizae, bipartite association and tripartite association). Traditional knowledge of tribals on macrofungal identification (edible, medicinal and poisonous) needs more emphasis. Special attention needs to be implemented in southwest India (in forests, agroforests, plantations and sacred groves) for sustainable growth, harvest, utilization and domestication of wild macrofungi. The present chapter emphasizes the diversity, distribution and ecological studies on macrofungi of southwestern India as baseline data. Keywords: Coastal sand dunes, coprophilous fungi, core-group fungi, ecological niches, ecosystem services, ectomycorrhizae, entomopathogens, mangroves, mushrooms, termitomycetes, Western Ghats
... Approximately 191 species of such microfungi were recorded from the leaf samples throughout Konkan and interestingly; none of the species was found to be widespread as to be found in all four districts of this region (Dubey and Pandey 2019). Besides, nearly 29 species of mushrooms from Konkan region have been documented (Borkar et al. 2015). There are nearly 500 species of dicotyledonous angiosperms in Konkan (Singh andKarthikeyan 2000, 2001). ...
Chapter
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Land degradation neutrality (LDN) seems to be scale-sensitive depending on various requirements. Although pedodiversity and biodiversity appear to be non-converging, however, appropriate scale used to collect both soil and biodiversity data may help to comment better on this mobius relation. Pedodiversity and biodiversity are both important while adopting LDN methodology. Since land use is dynamic therefore LDN, pedodiversity and biodiversity should be considered holistically to suggest sustainable land use planning for addressing various developmental goals. Present attempt addresses a few such issues with Konkan, Maharashtra, India, as mode.
Article
ABSTRACT The present paper discusses the study of systematic survey for the exploration of agarics from North Kashmir. The area exhibits varied climatic and topographic conditions and provide an environment for the lavish growth of agarics. As an outcome of fungal forays a number of collections of different genera were made out of which three new varieties of macrofungi that were explored and taxonomically identified are Agaricus placomyces var. macrospores var. nov., Amanita multisquamosa var. brevispora var. nov. and Russula cyanoxantha var. variata. All these taxa are supplemented with the field photographs, microphotographs and Camera lucida drawings.
Article
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A groundwork survey of marcofungi was carried out in three forest sites on the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu, southern India. A total of 39 species, belonging to 26 genera in 16 families were recorded in the three study sites. Of the 39 species, 9 species (23%) were common in all the sites. The species colonizing different substrates varied considerably across the sites. More number of species were recorded from soil (50.8%) and leaf litter scored very poor (9.5%) in all the sites. This study gives some insight into the macrofungal composition in tropical dry evergreen forest type, not studied so far.
Article
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S Delimitation of Termitomyces species principally rely on the macro-micromorphological characteristics of the species although recently they are supplemented by molecular techniques. Utility of these characters have never been examined to authenticate their usefulness. The present paper therefore, provides a detailed study on the efficacy of the macro and micro-morphological characters used in classifying Termitomyces species. Macromorphologically, capsize was very useful and based on it, three groups were established. Other more useful characters include colour of the cap and pseudorrhiza presence. Annulus presence, pseudorrhiza colour, size, and morphometry were apparently unuseful. Micromorphology was less informative and ambiguously used while untetra basidiospore character was revealed for the first time in this genus. In general macromorphological characteristics provide more reliable taxonomic information to delineate most of the species in the genus than micromophology. However, for the more similar species, an analysis of more stable molecular characters is required. More distinguishing characters are yet to be revealed while ascertaining the used one and taxonomic status of T. citriophylus is essential.
Book
Since the publication of the first edition, important developments have emerged in modern mushroom biology and world mushroom production and products. The relationship of mushrooms with human welfare and the environment, medicinal properties of mushrooms, and the global marketing value of mushrooms and their products have all garnered great attention, identifying the need for an updated, authoritative reference. Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, Second Edition presents the latest cultivation and biotechnological advances that contribute to the modernization of mushroom farming and the mushroom industry. It describes the individual steps of the complex mushroom cultivation process, along with comprehensive coverage of mushroom breeding, efficient cultivation practices, nutritional value, medicinal utility, and environmental impact. Maintaining the format, organization, and focus of the previous edition, this thoroughly revised edition includes the most recent research findings and many new references. It features new chapters on medicinal mushrooms and the effects of pests and diseases on mushroom cultivation. There are also updated chapters on specific edible mushrooms, and an expanded chapter on technology and mushrooms. Rather than providing an encyclopedic review, this book emphasizes worldwide trends and developments in mushroom biology from an international perspective. It takes an interdisciplinary approach that will appeal to industrial and medical mycologists, mushroom growers, botanists, plant pathologists, and professionals and scientists in related fields. This book illustrates that mushroom cultivation has and will continue to have a positive global impact on long-term food nutrition, health care, environmental conservation and regeneration, and economic and social change.
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The paper documents the knowledge about the wild edible fungal flora of Kohima district of Nagaland, India used by the indigenous tribes through structured questionnaires in consultations. The study revealed that more than 12 ethnic groups of Nagaland were found to be mycophilic and to have extensive traditional mycological knowledge. A total of 13 species of fleshy fungi under 9 genera and 6 families were identified. Further, mushroom selling was observed in Kohima town of Nagaland where women represented 83% of sellers, while indigenous people comprised 67.28%. The sale of some wild edible mushrooms, the large amounts of commercialization, the complicated intermediary process, as well as the insertion of mushrooms into different informal economic practices were all evidence of an existent mycophily in a sector of the population of this region. The study highlights the potentials of the ethno-mycological research and the need for documentation of wild edible fungal flora of Nagaland.
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Taxonomic status of three Termitomyces species described from India, viz. T. longiradicatus, T. quilonensis and T. poonensis, is discussed in this paper based on examination of the type material. Termitomyces longiradicatus is proved to be a synonym of T. heimii, and T. quilonensis and T. poonensis are conspecific with T. eurhizus.