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1013
Accepted by S. Carranza: 15 Jun. 2005; published: 30 Jun. 2005 19
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 1013: 19–34 (2005)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/
Geographical variation and taxonomy of the snail-eating snake
Dipsas albifrons (Sauvage, 1884), with comments on the systematic
status of Dipsas albifrons cavalheiroi Hoge, 1950
(Serpentes: Colubridae: Dipsadinae)
PAULO PASSOS1, 3, RONALDO FERNANDES1 & MARCOVAN PORTO2
1Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa
Vista, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil.
2Faculdade de Veterinária, Fundação Educacional Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, RJ, 25976-340 and Pro-
grama de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ,
23851-970, Brazil.
3E-mail: ppassos@mn.ufrj.br
Abstract
The taxonomic status of Dipsas albifrons is revised and geographic variation of external morphol-
ogy and hemipenis are described. Multivariate analyses suggest that the pattern of geographical
variation is correlated with gap sampling, probably indicating a northernward cline in segmental
counts (mainly ventral and subcaudal scales). Quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal that the
island population (Dipsas albifrons cavalheiroi) is not divergent from mainland populations and,
herein, is considered a junior synonymy of Dipsas albifrons. A lectotype of Dipsas albifrons is des-
ignated.
Key words: Serpentes, Dipsadinae, Dipsas albifrons, intraespecific variation, population status,
taxonomy
Introduction
The gastropod-eating dipsadine snakes constitute a monophyletic group characterized by a
series of morphological features (Brongesma 1958; Peters 1960; Fernandes 1995). Peters
(1960) provided a comprehensive taxonomic revision of these snakes and recognized
seven species groups for Dipsas Laurenti, 1768, placing D. albifrons (Sauvage, 1884) in
the D. variegata group with D. variegata (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) and D.
incerta (Jan, 1863). This group was defined by Peters (1960) to include species with 15
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ZOOTAXA dorsal scales rows and pattern of dorsal blotches higher than wide and, at least posteriorly,
much narrower than interspaces.
Recently, some studies have focused on the taxonomic status of species from Dipsas
variegata species group and other related taxa. Porto and Fernandes (1996) reported mor-
phological variation in D. neivai Amaral, 1926, and suggested a close relationship with D.
variegata. Cadle and Myers (2003) revised specimens referred to D. variegata in Panama
and western South America, recognizing D. andiana (Boulenger, 1896) and D. nicholsi
(Dunn, 1933) as valid species. Finally, Passos et al. (2004) revised D. incerta, restricting
this species to the Guianas, recognizing the Atlantic Forest populations as D. alternans
(Fischer, 1885), and synonymizing D. copei (Günther, 1872) with D. incerta.
The taxonomic status of the Atlantic Rain Forest species Dipsas albifrons remains
poorly knows since the original description by Sauvage (1884). All earlier identifications
were based only a brief original description, without further examination of the type spec-
imens. This may explain why this species has been associated with several genera, such as
Dipsadomorus, Leptognathus, Dipsas, Conchliophagus, and Sibynomorphus, by different
authors (Sauvage 1884; Boulenger 1896; Mocquard 1908; Ihering 1911; Amaral 1929a,
b). In the last revision, Peters (1960) questioned the association of the material he exam-
ined with the Sauvage’s types, as he could not exam the latter.
Based on four female specimens, Hoge (1950) described Dipsas albifrons cavalheiroi
from Queimada Grande Island. He distinguished his subspecies from the nominate race by
lower numbers of ventral and subcaudal scales and by the rounded shape of the dorsal
scales. Without examining a single specimen from Queimada Grande Island, Peters (1960)
synonymized D. a. cavalheroi with the nominal species based on the overlapping scale
counts and the unreliability of the dorsal scale shape as a character. Nevertheless, in the
current edition of the Brazilian Red List of Endangered Species (BRASIL 2003), D. a.
cavalheiroi was cited as critically threatened.
In this paper we intend to evaluate the taxonomic status of continental and island pop-
ulations referred to Dipsas albifrons in order to infer boundaries among putative natural
entities.
Materials and Methods
Material and characters
Specimens examined are housed in the Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP),
Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ),
and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP).
Referred specimens and localities are listed in the Appendix.
Terminology for Dipsas cephalic shields follows Peters (1960), whereas the method of
ventral counting follows Dowling (1951); hemipenial terminology is based on Dowling
and Savage (1960), as augmented by Myers and Campbell (1981). Measurements were
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taken with a dial caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm, except for snout-vent (SVL) and tail
lengths, which were taken with a flexible ruler to nearest 1.0 mm. Sex was determined by
subcaudal incision. Description of the hemipenis is based on five organs examined in situ
and seven organs everted using the procedures of Pesantes (1994). Specimens with everted
hemipenis are also listed in the appendix.
FIGURE 1. Geographical distribution of Dipsas albifrons, showing the three morphometric
groups.
Statistical analyses
We partitioned the sample into three groups, reflecting the disjointed geographical dis-
tribution of the species (Fig. 1). Group 1 included specimens from Santa Catarina and
Paraná, as well as a single specimen from the continental portion of São Paulo. Group 2
included specimens from Queimada Grande Island, São Paulo. Group 3 included speci-
mens from the Espírito Santo. We excluded three specimens from the Rio de Janeiro, as
they were too isolated to be lumped in one of the three groups and too few to form their
own group. For the statistical analyses we used number of blotches on the body and tail
and numbers of ventral, subcaudal, supralabial, and infralabial scales. We employed an
analysis of variance (ANOVA) using segmental counts to test for sexual dimorphism
within each group and within the whole sample. We evaluated the assumptions of univari-
ate normality and homocedasticity with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov’s and Levene’s tests,
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ZOOTAXA respectively (Zar 1999). In cases where characters showed insufficient variation to justify
these assumptions we performed non-parametric tests such as Mann-Whitney and
Kruskal-Wallis (Zar 1999). We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) at group
level for males and females separately to evaluate differentiation between the groups with-
out priori definition (Manly 2000). We projected the first two principal components onto
orthogonal axes and computed 95% confidence regions from the simulation of 1000 pseu-
doreplicate data matrices obtained by parametric bootstrap. All principal-component load-
ings are portrayed as vector correlations (directional cosines), which are estimated for each
character by correlations with projection scores across individuals (Wright 1954; Strauss
1985).
We also selected localities for which many specimens were available in order to infer
the relationship between geographical distribution and segmental counts. We chose nine
localities for the analysis of females (Blumenau, Colatina, Corupá, Jaguará do Sul, Joen-
ville, Massaranduba, Queimada Grande Island, São Francisco do Sul, and São Gabriel da
Palha), although only six of these could be used for males (all the above except Joenville,
Massaranduba, and São Gabriel da Palha). We computed Mahalanobis D distances
between each pair of localities and plotted them against the geographic distance (in km) in
order to indirectly assess whether discrimination patterns revealed by the PCA analysis
would fit an isolation-by-distance model (De Queiroz & Good 1997). If such a model
could not be refuted, a clinal pattern of variation could be assumed. The test of Mantel for
correlation between matrices (Manly 2000) was employed to estimate the correlation
between geographical and morphological distances among localities within populations
(De Queiroz & Good 1997; Reis et al. 2002).
We performed all computations using the software MATLAB 4.2c1 (MathWorks
1994), except normality and homocedasticity tests, for which we used STATISTICA 5.0
(Statsoft 1995).
Results
Dipsas albifrons shows significant sexual dimorphism in the number of ventral scales
(F1,137 = 5.80; p < 0.02; N = 139), subcaudal scales (F1,121 = 32.40; p < 0.0001; N = 123),
and number of blotches over the tail (F1,108 = 21.38; p < 0.0001; N = 110), and therefore
these characters were treated separately for each sex in all subsequent analyses.
Males from group 2 differed from those in group 3 in number of ventral scales (H =
4.41; p < 0.04; N = 11); and males from group 1 differed from those in 3 in number of sub-
caudal scales (H = 4.73; p < 0.04; N = 42). Females in groups 1 and 2 differ in number of
ventral scales (H = 8.80; p < 0.004; N = 75), and females from groups 1 and 3 differ in
both number of ventrals (H = 16.61; p < 0.0001; N = 67) and subcaudals (H = 9.81; p <
0.002; N = 63). Similarly, females from groups 2 and 3 differ in both ventral (H = 21.04; p
< 0.0001; N = 34) and subcaudal (H = 12.46; p < 0.001; N = 29) counts.
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The projections of the bivariate plots based on scores of principal component analyses
(Figs. 2a–b) discriminate group 3 (State of Espírito Santo) from the remaining groups, all
of which overlap. Discrimination occurred mainly along the first principal component
axis, which was strongly correlated with the number of ventrals and subcaudal scales
(Figs. 3a–b).
FIGURE 2. Bivariate plot with 95% confidence regions for the first 2 axes derived from scores of
PCA analysis of female (A) and male (B) populations of Dipsas albifrons. (C, D). Black dots =
States of Paraná and Santa Catarina; black squares = Queimada Grande Island; and black triangles
3 = State of Espírito Santo.
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FIGURE 3. Correlations of meristic characters with corresponding principal components (direc-
tional cosines) for females (A) and males (B) of Dipsas albifrons; 1 = number of ventral scales, 2 =
number of subcaudal scales, 3 = number of supralabial scales, 4 = number of infralabial scales, 5 =
number of blotches on the body, and 6 = number of blotches on the tail.
Bivariate plots of geography versus Mahalanobis D distances show a strong correla-
tion for females (r = 0.83; p = 0.034), but not for males (r = 0.78; p = 0.153) (Figs. 4a–b).
Despite the suggestive evidence from the ANOVA and PCA analyses for a distinct
population in the State of Espírito Santo (group 3), the strong correlation between the geo-
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graphical and Mahalanobis D distances in females clearly indicates that this pattern fits an
isolation-by-distance model of phenotypic variation (De Queiroz & Good 1997). In accor-
dance with these results, we prefer not to interpret the morphological variation as evidence
of two discontinuous populations but rather as a single monotypic Dipsas albifrons. Addi-
tionally, ventral and subcaudal scale counts of specimens from the State of Rio de Janeiro
are intermediate between those of snakes from Group 1 and 3 (Table 1).
FIGURE 4. Bivariate plots of geographical distances in kilometers versus Mahalanobis D morpho-
logical distances computed from meristic characters for females (A) and males (B) of Dipsas albi-
frons.
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ZOOTAXA TABLE 1. Descriptive statistics for groups of Dipsas albifrons. Values corresponding to average ±
standard deviations. Group 1 = Specimens from States of Paraná and Santa Catarina; Group 2 =
Specimens from Queimada Grande Island; Group 3 = Specimens from State of Espírito Santo;
Group 4 = Specimens from State of Rio de Janeiro.
Taxonomic Account
Dipsas albifrons (Sauvage, 1884) (Fig. 5)
Dipsadomorus albifrons Sauvage, 1884
Leptognathus albifrons — Boulenger, 1896
Dipsas albifrons — Mocquard, 1908
Cochliophagus albifrons — Ihering, 1911
Dipsas albifrons — Amaral, 1923
Dipsas albifrons albifrons — Hoge, 1950
Dipsas albifrons cavalheiroi Hoge, 1950
Dipsas albifrons — Peters, 1960
Lectotype: Instituto Butantan IBSP 17746 (previously Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle de Paris MNHN 6106), adult female, SVL 390 mm, TL 139 mm, collected by
Ferry from Brazil [designated herein].
Paralectotype: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris MNHN 6293, adult
female, collected by Ferry from Brazil [designated herein].
Diagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners by the combination of 15 dorsal scales
rows; vertebral scale row not or slightly enlarged; maxillary teeth 11–15; pterigoyd short,
toothless, not curved and lacking the quadrate process; hemipenis single; and dorsal pat-
tern of irregular blotches extending less than half of length of interspaces.
Comparisons: Species groups of Dipsas were diagnosed manly by color pattern by
Peters (1960). The Dipsas variegata group is distinguished from the other groups by a dor-
sal ground color generally light with dark, narrow (usually higher than long), irregular, lat-
eral blotches not as wide as interspaces over the greater part of the body. The interspaces in
Groups Sex Ventral Scales N Subcaudal Scales N
Group 1
&
168 ± 3.42 54 79.12 ± 3.10 50
%
171.9 ± 3.75 37 84.66 ± 4.50 33
Group 2
&
163.40 ± 5.10 21 77 ± 4.67 16
%
168 ± 7.30 6 84.20 ± 6.10 4
Group 3
&
184 ± 3.65 13 87.10 ± 5.92 13
%
182.80 ± 6.0 5 92 ± 3.90 4
Group 4
&
167.50 ± 2.12 2 81 ± 5.65 2
%
177 ± 6.36 2 93 1
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this group are rarely unicolored and frequently marked with streaks, spots, and stippling
throughout the body.
FIGURE 5. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of the head of Dipsas albifrons (Sauvage, 1884)
(IBSP 17746, lectotype). (Ruler equals to 5 mm).
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ZOOTAXA Dipsas albifrons can be distinguished from others species of the D. variegata group by
a suite of diagnostic features. It may be distinguished from D. andiana, D. incerta, D.
neivai, D. nicholsi, and D. variegata by lacking pterigoydal teeth; from D. alternans, D.
variegata, D. andina, and D. nicholsi by having a pair of parallel dark brown spots on the
head that are not connected anteriorly (instead of conspicuous white bordered dorsal ocelli
in D. alternans, irregular blotches in D. variegata and a n-shaped black marking on D.
andina and D. nicholsi); from D. neivai, D. andina, D. nicholsi, and D. variegata by hav-
ing a single hemipenis (instead of a deeply bilobed in the first or slightly bilobed in the
others); from D. andiana, D. nicholsi, and D. incerta by a lower number of ventral and
subcaudal scales (see Cadle & Myers 2003 and Passos et al. 2004, respectively); from D.
alternans and D. nicholsi by possessing a conspicuous series of small diamond shaped
dots in the mid portion of interspaces.
Description of lectotype (Fig. 5): Head distinct from body, head length 15.3 mm
(3.9% of SVL) from rostral scale to posterior tip of mandibles, head width 8.4 mm (55.3%
of head length) at broadest point; interocular distance 4.9 mm; snout-orbit distance 2.7 mm
(0.60 times interocular distance); rostral twice broader than high, visible from above;
internasals and prefrontals slightly broader than long, the former about 0.75 times longer
than the latter; prefrontals not entering orbit; frontal as broad as long; parietals about 0.75
times longer than wide; nasal divided on right side and semi-divided on left; one preocu-
lar; loreal higher than long entering orbit; distance across eyes 3.25 mm; one postocular;
temporal formula 1+2; seven supralabials, third to fifth entering orbit; symphysial broader
than long; eleven infralabials on left and twelve infralabials on right side, two pairs in con-
tact behind symphysial, second to fifth on left and third to fifth on right side contacting
first pair of genials, fifth to seventh on left and fifth to eighth on right side contacting sec-
ond pair of genials; three pairs of genials; 15 dorsal scales rows along entire body, dorsal
scales smooth; vertebral row scarcely enlarged; seven dorsal scales rows on tail, at level of
second subcaudal; 177 ventrals; anal plate entire; 83/84 subcaudals. Thirteen maxillary
and six palatine teeth; pterygoid toothless. Coloration is mostly faded, blotches two scales
long in anterior and posterior regions, and three scales long at midbody; interspaces about
six scales long along body.
Color in preservative: The color pattern of preserved specimens is compatible with
that of the lectotype. Dorsum of head uniformly light brown except for faded dot over
frontal and two parallel dark-brown spots over parietals, often diverging posteriorly;
supralabials light-brown, almost creamish white along ventral edge; infralabials and gular
region uniformly creamish white; dorsal ground color of body beige; dorsum of body with
17–32 ( = 23.04; SD = 2.37; N = 122) well-defined, nearly elliptical, dark-brown, white
bordered dorsal blotches; blotches smaller than interspaces along body, generally with 3/2/
2 scales long; blotches eventually join in vertebral region and extend to paraventral area;
interspaces generally six scales long; venter generally with anterior portion light-brown,
posteriorly becoming brown under tail, irregular streaks arising on mid and/or posterior
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portion of venter to tail; streaks of different tones and size, sometimes forming irregular
dots between interspaces in paravertebral region; tail with 11–19 ( = 15.27; SD = 1.64; N
= 39) blotches in males and 11–18 ( = 13.76; SD = 1.63; N = 71) in females, with same
pattern as body.
Hemipenis (Fig. 6) [everted organ N = 7]: Organ single, cylindrical, with bulbous
shape, slightly larger at apices; strongly capitate; capitulum completely encircles organ
and occupies more than distal half of hemipenial body on sulcate side; capitulum occupies
less than distal half of hemipenial body on asulcate side; capitulum ornamented with high
number of papillate calyces, more concentrated on the sulcate side; sulcus spermaticus
divides approximately on most basal region of capitulum; branches in centrolineal orienta-
tion terminating almost at distal region of capitulum; basal portion of hemipenial body
with large spines (ca. 30) arranged in several rows and concentrated on portion adjacent to
capitulum; some spines on lateral region; both sides with spinules among large spines,
despite being more concentrated on sulcate side.
FIGURE 6. Sulcate (A) and asulcate (B) sides of hemipenes of Dipsas albifrons. (A, from munici-
pality of Corupá (IBSP 64929), State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Ruler equals to 5 mm).
PASSOS ET AL.
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ZOOTAXA Hemipenis variation: The organ extends (in situ) to the level of the 5–10th ( = 8.07;
SD = 1.23; N = 34) subcaudal; the musculus retractor penis magnus originates between
the 20–26th subcaudal. In northern populations, the papillate calyces are less conspicuous
in both sides.
Meristic variation: Largest male 559 mm SVL, 215 mm TL; largest female 690 mm
SVL, 227 mm TL. Ventrals 154–191 ( = 169.88; SD = 7.46; N = 90) in females, 159–
187 ( = 172.87; SD = 6.08; N = 49) in males; subcaudals 70–96 ( = 80.08; SD = 5.03;
N = 81) in females, 68–97 ( = 85.62; SD = 5.26; N = 42) in males; preoculars 1 (N = 158
sides), 2 (N = 4 sides) or none (N = 116 sides); supralabials 6–10 ( = 7.81; SD = 0.63; N
= 139), supralabials touching the orbit 3–4 (N = 7), 3–5 (N = 23), 3–6 (N = 4), 4–5 (N =
71), 4–6 (N = 27), 5–6 (N = 7); infralabials 8–13 ( = 10.85; SD = 0.71; N = 138), 1–4 (
= 2.34; SD = 0.62; N = 136) pairs in contact behind symphysial and generally 3-6 touching
first pair of genials and 5-8 touching second pair of genials; nasal divided (N = 53) or
semidivided (N = 31); 1 postoculars (N = 13 sides), 2 postoculars (N = 164 sides); tempo-
rals 1+1 (N = 3), 1+2 (N =116), 2+1 (N = 4), 2+2 (N = 13), 2+3 (N = 3); maxillary teeth
11–15 ( = 13,71; SD = 0.82; N = 75); palatine teeth 6–9 ( = 7.38; SD = 0.76; N = 13);
dentary teeth 20–25 ( = 22.63; SD = 1.56; N = 11).
Distribution (Fig. 1): Dipsas albifrons occurs in southeastern and southern Brazil,
from the states of Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina with a large gap along the continental
portion of the State of São Paulo.
Discussion
Peters (1960) provided a comprehensive historical taxonomy of Dipsas albifrons and
established that generally this species has no pterygoidal teeth, although he observed two
specimens with three pterygoidal teeth (specimens’ numbers not cited). However, we have
failed to observe any specimen of D. albifrons with pterygoidal teeth (N = 20), whereas the
presence of three teeth in the pterygoid is characteristic of the closely related species D.
neivai and D. variegata (Fernandes 1995; Porto & Fernandes 1996). As already pointed
out by Porto and Fernandes (1996), Peters (1960) misidentified two specimens of D.
neivai from Museu Nacional, Brazil (MNRJ 708 and 714) as D. albifrons, which may
explain his two specimens with pterygoid teeth.
A question that emerges from these results is whether two groups of populations iden-
tified on the basis of variance and PCA analyses represent distinct geographic units within
Dipsas albifrons. This question must be evaluated within the framework of geographic
sampling of the populations (De Queiroz & Good 1997). The known distribution of D.
albifrons includes a large gap along most of the continental portion of the State of São
Paulo (Fig. 1). Considering that these states are the two most populated States in Brazil
and that the Instituto Butantan has received constant samples of São Paulo for more than a
hundred years, it is likely that the disjunct distribution is not an artifact of poor sampling.
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Interestingly, the same pattern was found by Porto and Fernandes (1996) for D. neivai, and
suggests a natural event that caused regional extinctions, perhaps caused by retraction of
sea level in the Quaternary (Ab’Saber 1965; Bigarella 1965; Vanzolini and Ab’Saber
1968; Vanzolini, 1973).
The groups north (group 3) and south (group 1) of the gap have a remarkable differ-
ence in the numbers of ventral and subcaudal scales (Fig. 2a-b). However, we found a pos-
itive significant relationship between morphological and geographic distances among
females (Fig. 4a). A similar, but not significant, relationship was found for males (Fig. 4b).
We believe that the smaller sample of localities in the analysis of males provided less sta-
tistical support, which, nevertheless, displayed a good correlation (r=0.78). Following De
Queiroz and Good (1997), we interpret the phenetic clusters in the plots (Figs. 2 and 4) as
not necessarily indicative of a pattern of two different species.
The first two principal component variables (strongly correlated with the number of
ventral and subcaudal scales) may be correlated with climatic factors. It is well known
(Blanchard & Blanchard 1940; Fox 1948; Fox & Fox 1961; Hoge et al. 1977) that in many
snakes, humidity and temperature is correlated with segmental counts. As such, the fact
that snakes from the northern group has more segmental counts may be just a reflection of
the higher temperatures at the localities from which those snakes were sampled.
Dipsas albifrons cavalheroi was originally defined (Hoge 1950) by low segmental
counts and the shape of the dorsal scales. Our data corroborate Peters (1960) synonymiza-
tion of this subspecies with the nominate race. Peters (1960) dismissed the shape of the
dorsal scales as a character. We found that, although some D. albifrons do possess rounded
dorsal scales, these specimens are from both continental and insular populations.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to G. Puorto, I. Laporta-Ferreira, and F. L. Franco (IBSP), and P. E. Vanzo-
lini and H. Zaher (MZUSP) for allowing us to exam specimens in their institutions; D. S.
Fernandes, P. R. Gonçalves, J. P. Pombal Jr., and M. B. Harvey for critically reviewing the
manuscript; G. Scrocchi and a anonymous referee for useful suggestions; P. R. Nascimento
for rendering the line arts; V. J. Germano for valuable help with IBSP collection and O. A.
V. Marques for insightful discussions on the biology of insular snake populations. The
authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
(CNPq), and the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio
de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for financial support.
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PASSOS ET AL.
34 © 2005
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ZOOTAXA Appendix Material examined
Specimens with an asterisk (*) are those for which hemipenes were examined.
Dipsas albifrons: BRAZIL: Unknown locality: IBSP 17746 (lectotype of Dipsadomorus albifrons,
formerly MNHN 6106); ESPÍRITO SANTO: Afonso Claudio: IBSP 50462*, IBSP 50463; Castelo:
IBSP 53543; Colatina, IBSP 22872, IBSP 34178, IBSP 37490*, IBSP 37496, 37521, IBSP 45915,
IBSP 45938; Guandú: IBSP 50015; Santa Teresa: MNRJ 1265; São Gabriel da Palha: IBSP
49194, IBSP 49656, IBSP 50070, IBSP 50658-59, IBSP 50661, IBSP 51197-98; Vila Velha: Morro
do Moreno: MNRJ 11027; RIO DE JANEIRO: Angra dos Reis: IBSP 27608; Cabo Frio: MNRJ
7353; Maricá: MNRJ 7372; SÃO PAULO: Apiaí: IBSP 56275; Peruíbe: Ilha da Queimada Grande:
IBSP 11486 (holotype of Dipsas albifrons cavalheiroi), IBSP 1638 (paratype of D. a. cavalheiroi),
IBSP 3468 (paratype of D. a. cavalheiroi), IBSP 11487 (paratype of D. a. cavalheiroi), IBSP
11488, IBSP 11489 (paratype of D. a. cavalheiroi), IBSP 15808-09, IBSP 17151, IBSP 17213,
IBSP 18426-7, IBSP 29727, IBSP 30088-92, IBSP 30093*, IBSP 30094-95, IBSP 52670, IBSP
55723; Santos: Ilha de Alcatrazes: IBSP 13029, IBSP 16972, IBSP 62175; São Sebastião: Ilha
Bela: IBSP 60345; PARANÁ: Antonina: IBSP 24952, IBSP 30236; Itaperuçu: IBSP 37553; Jus-
sara: IBSP 49657*; Mallet: IBSP 18971; Palmeira: IBSP 11363; Paranaguá: IBSP 23025; Ponta
Grossa: IBSP 44124; SANTA CATARINA: Unknown locality: IBSP 27574; Bananal: IBSP 6510-
12, IBSP 6870; Blumenau, IBSP 1639, IBSP 20954, IBSP 26777-78, IBSP 40360 IBSP 41411,
IBSP 55089, IBSP 55718*, IBSP 55831, IBSP 55901, IBSP 55904, IBSP 55014, IBSP 55948*,
IBSP 56212*, IBSP 57557, IBSP 67918-19; Campos: IBSP 14584-85; Corupá: IBSP 5077-78,
IBSP 5546, IBSP 5557, IBSP 5572, IBSP 6227, IBSP 6721, IBSP 6994-7000, IBSP 10331, IBSP
11840, IBSP 12069, IBSP 13225, IBSP 13575, IBSP 13587, IBSP 15610, IBSP 15755-7, IBSP
15845-6, IBSP 17367, IBSP 17375, IBSP 20953, IBSP 22417-31, IBSP 22428-31, IBSP 22767,
IBSP 33202, IBSP 55902, IBSP 56347, IBSP 64928; IBSP 64929*, IBSP 65015, MNRJ 709-10;
Garúva: IBSP 31181; Indaial: IBSP 47325; Jaraguá do Sul: IBSP 1194-7, IBSP 1548, IBSP 1549-
50, IBSP 1594-5, IBSP 1601, IBSP 1639, IBSP 4315, IBSP 4520, IBSP 4525, IBSP 4531, IBSP
4575-6, IBSP 4600, IBSP 4609, IBSP 4650, IBSP 5308, IBSP 5816, IBSP 5859-60, IBSP 5924,
IBSP 5989, IBSP 6056, IBSP 6066, IBSP 6069, IBSP 6098, IBSP 6109, IBSP 6109-A, IBSP 6338,
IBSP 6370, IBSP 6376-78, IBSP 6495-97, IBSP 6510, IBSP 6721, IBSP 6869, IBSP 6870-73,
IBSP 6899, IBSP 6911-14, IBSP 6963-64, IBSP 6980-83, IBSP 6992-93, IBSP 7040, IBSP 7064,
IBSP 7079-81, IBSP 7112-16, IBSP 7283, IBSP 10072, IBSP 58679, IBSP 58739, IBSP 62058-59,
IBSP 62401; Joinville: IBSP 22888, IBSP 22900, IBSP 25990, IBSP 29312, MNRJ 711-13, MNRJ
715-16; Massaranduba: IBSP 5188-89, IBSP 5211-13, IBSP 5269, IBSP 5331-33, IBSP 5446,
IBSP 6362, IBSP 6366-67, IBSP 6959, IBSP 6989; Rio Natal: IBSP 576, IBSP 13284, IBSP 15516;
Pomerode: IBSP 64279; Porto Belo: IBSP 52448; Rio Natal: Estação: IBSP 5576, IBSP 13284,
IBSP 15516; São Bento do Sul: IBSP 4832, MZUSP 9440; São Francisco do Sul: IBSP 602, IBSP
602-A, IBSP 6238, IBSP 6253-54, IBSP 6258, IBSP 15471, IBSP 16400, IBSP 20953, IBSP
21099, IBSP 27327, IBSP 29096, IBSP 40469, IBSP 55306.
Dipsas alternas, D. incerta, and D. variegata: See section Appendix in Passos et al. (2004).
Dipsas neivai: See section Material Examined in Porto & Fernandes (1996).
