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Intellectual Humility: Scale Development and Theoretical Elaborations in the Context of Religious Leadership

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Abstract

This article focused on how perceptions of intellectual humility (IH)-humility regarding one's knowledge or influence over ideas affect relationships with religious leaders. We developed an informant report measure of IH perceptions using exploratory (Study 1; N = 213) and confirmatory (Study 2; N = 213) factor analyses, as well as a basic manipulation of IH (Study 3; N = 139). Then in Study 4 (N = 105), we examined IH in the context of a major betrayal by a religious leader (i.e., aligning with several factors theorized to strain the practice of IH). The results provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric soundness of the scale, including reliability and content validity of the scores. The scale was able to distinguish between IH and other constructs. Furthermore, the results provide initial evidence that IH is related to social bonds, as perceptions of IH were related to trust and higher forgiveness toward the religious leader, and positive attitudes towards the Sacred.
Co py ri gh t 20 1 4 by Ro$em ead Sch oo l 01 Psy ch olo gy
Blo la Unir/ersi ty, 0 091 - 6 47 1/ 4 10 -7 3 0

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  
2 0 14 , Vol. 42 , No. 1 , 1 9 - 3 0
Intellectual Humility: Scale
Oe^eie^ment and Theoretical
Elaborations in the of
Religious Leadership
St ac ey E. McE lre y, Kenneth G. Rice , and Don E. avi s
Georgia S tate University
Joshua N. Hook
University of North Texas
Pe te r c. Hill
Biola University
Ev ere tt L. W orth ingto n, Jr.
Virginia Com monwealth University
Daryl R. V an Tong ere n
Hope College
         


       
 


     
  
            
          
      
          

   
       

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 
 
  

  
    I; N =  
 2; N -      
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       
        
   
    
       
         
        
       

            

     
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       
 

           



             


         
              
           
       
                  
  

 
 

            
           

             
   
          
 

                

           

 
         
  

    
         
               
            
       
               
  
        
               
   
          
      
 

           
   
     
            
               
       
             
   
     


Hu milit y      
         
 


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
           

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 intel'
lectual h umility (IH)        
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  
 
            
  
         

             
       
           
       
 
        

       
  
   

 
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  
 

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 
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           
            
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 
 

 
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

  
             
  
         
 
 

 

      
  

                                                

       
   
 
 
        

          
             

  
          

             
 
        

  
  
         
 
           
          
           
       

  
  
        

          
              
 


        (N      
 
(M    S D        
       

 


  
        
      
           
             
          

   
       
            
    
   
      
           
 
            
 
      
           
           
        
            
            
      
          
                
      
    

  
 
      
              
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    
  

         
      
 
       

         

   social oil
hypothesis.       
      

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   
           
 
       
      
  
 
             

       
          
 
    

    


            

 
  
 


           
       
             
           
   
       
           
          

  ,p   
              
        
  
               

  
 
             
   
             
  


      (N  
       
   
   (.M   SD      
       

 

          
        
 


            
            
 
r,p 
     strongly disagree strongly
agree.
     
       
     
               
     
 
      
  
       
             
         
 
             
       
      
            
              



              
 
      
 

       
           
            
  
              
         
       

 ( N          

  
Intellectual openness
            Intellectual
Arrogance       

        
 
 
  

  
    
         
                                                

Items, MeansStandardDeviations, an dF acto rL oad ingo fthelH S (Study 1)
MSD 
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
    
  

















Note.   
       
             
   
 
             
               
           

   
             
            
 
  
           


  

 



              
(SD  

    
     
     
              


      
               
 

          
  
 
   
  
                  
                            
 

 
           


            
 

C FI=
SR MR  R M SE A 
            
      
          
       
    
 
      
           
         
         


     
             
    
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             
            
  

 

 
           
       
        
            
            
                
            
               

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 
          
   
        F{6,   
p <                
           
 
 
          
             
         
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  
                
       
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d  
 2.66
,p d — 

 
, p    d    

             
   
        
  
                 
   


  

           
  

 
 
 
       
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


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

      
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 p 



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
 
    

   

     
Inte llectual hum ility. 
       
Trust.           
         
            

        strongly disagree,  
strongly agree).            

            
  
          

Personality.        
             
 
 

  strongly disagree·,
 strongly agree).         
        
           

 

          

         
 
     

        
     
 
 


           

 
    
Attitudes towards God.        
        
       
  
      
            
    not at all·,   extremely).
            
           
 
 
  
Unforgiveness.     
     
       

     
 
             
           
         strongly disagree·,  
strongly agree.)           
  

 



       
            
       

         
         
          
  
 
            

          

 
 
             
             
     
 

             
       
            
       



         

    
           
            
            



    
          
    
 {SD
     
  
     
       
      
      
       
  

     
     


   
   
          
          

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
a desecration.   
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  

     
 
              
not at all·,  very much). 
         


  
          


                                                

 

 
       


 
             
           



 

             


 

 
  

 
 
              
           

 

              
              
               
  
         
     
              
      
             
   
             
             
    
 
             
           
       
   
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        
            
 
        
              
            
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  
            
       
        
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   
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 
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            
 
              
            
             

         
           
   
 
              
      
                  
  
        
   
      
             
              
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 
             
          
 
            
         

           
    

     
           
             
            
               
       
               
   
   
    
   
         
  
   
 
            
      
      
  
      
  
           


         
       
         
              
     
        
 
       



conct rns.J ournalfor the Scientific Study o f Religion, 30,
   
        
Psychology ofReligion a nd spiritua lity, 2 ,
 
       
 Journal of Personality an d Social Psychology,
5 9 ,  
    
  Psycho-
logical Inquiry, 17 , 
 Goodto great: wkysom ecom pani esma kethe leap. ..
an d others don’t.   
           
         
Bask& Applie dSoci alPsyc holog y, 3 3,   
        Revised N EO Personality
Inventory (NE O-PI -R) Professional Manual.   

          
         
 Practical Assessment, Research, an d Evaluation,
10,  
     ل.         
     
  
               
 
            
          
   
 8c
 
 
     
               
      
  
     
          
  

        
   

             
   
             
 
 
 
            
            
          
             

   

            
 
 
          
           
    
   

      
             
         
 

        
 
  
           
                                                  
          
       
pessoT is.Joumalo fPersonali ty
an d Social Psychology, 96 ,
           
   
Handbo ok ofForgiveness,
      
  
  
Joum alofPersona lityand SocialP sycho logy, 75 ,
  

    Leadership & Organization
Development Journal, 3 1, 
  Getting to 50/5 0: H ow working cou-
pies can have i t all by sharing i t all.  
  
do n  Psy-
chological Bulletin , 1 26 ,   
Mplus use r’sguide. 
 
  

Jou rnal of Leadership & Org anizatio nal Studies,
17,
   
       
Academ y ofManage mentJourn al, 5 5,   

      
  Jou rnal fo r
the Scientific Study o f Religion, 44 , 
  
      Amer ican Psychologist, 51,

   
Psychological Assessment, 12 ,  
    Han dbook ofresearch
methods in clinical psychology.     

           
Intellectual virtue: Per-
spectivesfrom ethics an d epistemology  

   Intel lectual virtues: An essay
in regulative epistemology.
  
         
ment. Journal of Family Theory an d Review, 2, 

        
 o f Personality Assessment, 8 6,  
Jour-
na l of Psychology and Chri stianity, 2 7,   
 
              
       
of Personality Assessment, 9 3,  
             
         
     
Self an d Identity, 12 ,
    
.),Activitiesf orteach ingposit ivepsych ohgy:
A guide fo r instructors   

   
TkeJoumalofPositivePsyc hology, 7 , 
   

    Jou rnal o f Pers onality a nd
Social Psychology, 1 00 ,
       
   
Education al & Psychological Measurement, 63(6 ), 
  
. Journa l
ofMarketingResearch , 
        
       
American Psychologist, 5 6, 
         
Psychological Review, 10,
         
  the Scientific Study
ofReligion, 3 5 , 
   
          
 Jou rnal ofM anageria l Issues, 23,
  
   

Structu ral Equation Mode ling: A Multidisciplinary Journ al,
6 , 
      The Big Five
Inven tory— Versions 4a and 5b.     

          
 
.E duca tiona l Psychologist, 3 9 ,
          
Hum an Development, 26 , 
             
      
Jou rnalof Mar riag ean dthe Fam ily, 42, 
            
         Address         
       
      Title·.     
    Degrees·. 
       
 Specializations:  

        Address■       
        Email·.  
 Dd e:  Degrees: 
            
     
    
Specializations:
   Address:      
         Title:
   Degrees:    
 Specializations:
      

             Address  
  
         
Website:  Emai l 
 Title:        
Degrees:          
 Specializations:      
       

           
          
      Email·,  
Title:    Degrees:  
     
 
 Specializations:  

   
Annal s of the American Academy of Po litical and Social Science, 59,
 
           
           

Pa storal Psychology,   

   
American Journ al
o f Pastoral Counseling, 8, 
  
          
    Jo urna l o f
Psychology and Chr istianity, 2 7 ,
        
 .J ourn al o f Leadership, Ac count-
ability , andEt hics,  
            
            
          
ele ction.J ourna l o f Co gnitive Neuroscience, 18,

  
       
 Psychol-
ogy ofReligion a nd spi ritua lity, 2 ,
   
Address: 
 T ide:
        
  Specifications:
  
      Address:      
        
        Title:
   Degrees:       
    
    Specializations: 





               
  
        


  
   
 
  
 
    
                      
  

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  
  

                  
   
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... Intellectual humility, a subdomain of general humility, involves recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and being open to new ideas. This trait is particularly relevant in the context of strategic change, where openness to new perspectives and the ability to engage with alternative viewpoints are crucial [17,18]. ...
... Scholars often define IH (intellectual humility) as a subdomain of GH (general humility) that pertains to humility regarding one's knowledge and intellectual influence. Their conceptualization suggests two complementary rationales for understanding when IH should better predict GH [17,18]. GH has been defined as (a) having an accurate view of one's strengths and weaknesses, including acknowledging limitations, and (b) adopting an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented rather than self-focused, characterized by the ability to restrain egotism, such as self-oriented emotions like pride or shame [19]. ...
... Leaders with this trait embrace diverse viewpoints and promote cognitive diversity, integrating varied perspectives into decision-making to create an inclusive workplace. Gómez et al. (2023) [53] demonstrated that fostering intellectual humility encourages diversity and fairness, while McElroy (2014) [17] likened it to a "lubricant" in interpersonal relationships, facilitating harmony and openness to differing viewpoints. Such leaders broaden perspectives and cultivate environments conducive to collaboration and innovation [54,55]. ...
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Research shows that strategic change can reshape a company’s competitive advantage and significantly impact organizational performance. This study examines the role of Intellectual Humility (IH) in driving strategic change, particularly in the context of external successor CEOs. The overall aim of the study is to explore how external successor CEOs’ IH influences strategic change, and to uncover the underlying mechanisms at play. Based on the Upper Echelons Theory, the paper proposes a moderated mediation model to explore how strategic change occurs during external succession. It highlights the mediating role of strategic execution between IH and strategic change, and the moderating effect of organizational learning (OL). Data from 391 valid responses to electronic questionnaires from CEOs of companies established for over two years were analyzed. The results show that external successor CEOs’ IH positively influences strategic change, with strategic execution mediating this effect. However, organizational learning was found to have no significant moderating effect on this relationship. Our study fills a gap in the literature by highlighting IH as a key factor in external CEO succession. It challenges traditional views on succession and demonstrates how IH can enhance strategic execution and innovation. The findings suggest that IH should be a critical criterion in CEO selection, especially during leadership transitions, to optimize strategic change and improve long-term organizational success.
... KDA domina ne kalbos vieneto kaip tokio tyrimas, o sudėtingų socialinių reiškinių, kurie reikalauja daugiadisciplininio ir daugiametodinio požiūrio, o tiriami objektai nebūtinai turi būti susiję su neigiamais ar ypač "rimtais" socialiniais ar politiniais reiškiniais (Wodak ir Meyer, 2009). IN fenomeno kaip tyrimo objekto samprata yra daugiadisciplininė (pozityvios dedamosios: savęs tikslus vertinimas, ribotumų pripažinimas, atvirumas Kitam ir kt.), kurios yra aktualios tyrime, "ateina" iš religijos (Ali, 2024;Whitcomb, Battaly, Baehr, Howard-Snyder, 2017;Zhang, Hook, Farrell, Mosher, Van Tongeren, Davis, 2018;Hook et al., 2017;Hill, 2019 ir kt.), psichologijos (Tangney, 2000;Foronda et al., 2016;Kruse, Chancellor & Lyubomirsky, 2017;Leary et al., 2017;Rowatt et al., 2006 ir kt.), edukologijos (Krumrei-Mancuso et al., 2020;Haggard et al., 2018;Whitcomb et al., 2017;Gruppen, 2014;McElroy et al., 2014;Bąk et al., 2022 ir kt.) mokslo sričių. ...
... Psichologinėje sampratoje IN taip pat pateikiami pozityvieji bendrojo nuolankumo (Bendrojo nuolankumo posritis yra intelektinis nuolankumas ) bruožai: atvirumas naujoms idėjoms (Gruppen, 2014;McElroy et al., 2014); atvirumas keisti savo požiūrį (Hopkin, Hoyle ir Toner, 2014); atvirumas ir gerumas kitoniškumui ir žmonių įvairovei (Bąk, et al., 2022); pagarba kitam ir skirtingoms nuomonėms (Gruppen, 2014;Krumrei-Mancuso & Rose, 2016); svarba mokymuisi (Haggard et al., 2018) ir kt. ...
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Straipsnyje atskleidžiama mokytojo intelektinio nuolankumo samprata, kai realizuojama dialogiškumo sąlyga, kuriant karnavalinę atmosferą (Bakhtin, 1981; 1984a; 1984b) ir ieškant potencialių galimybių iš(si)laisvinimo situacijoms mokymesi analizuoti. Tyrimo metu naudota kritinės etnografijos prieiga, duomenų analizei taikant kritinę diskurso analizę – triadinę struktūrą (Fairclough, 2015), atskleidžiančią mokytojo dviejų gyvenimų pasirinkimą, kuris lėtina mokymosi „eiseną“, prarandant galimybę tobulėti ir augti kaip profesionalui.
... Scholars have noted two measurement concerns that need to be addressed in order to appropriately interpret and apply empirical findings to real-world contexts. These include (1) whether an individual can accurately self-report their own IH (McElroy et al., 2014) and (2) the need to contextualize measurement (Porter et al., 2022). An individual higher in IH should recognize the human potential to have blind spots, including in their own ability to perfectly know where their intellectual limitations lie. ...
... They may accurately assess themselves as high, but not perfect, in IH (e.g., a score of 4 on a scale of 1-5), while the arrogant individual may be more prone to inaccurately rate themselves as perfect in IH (e.g., a score of 5 on a scale of 1-5). To address the first concern, early measures of IH were developed as informant reports (e.g., McElroy et al., 2014). ...
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Recent political events across the globe have illustrated a resurgence in people’s intolerance to ideas different from their own. We mobilize the idea of intellectual humility to assess how extant psychological theories account for individual differences in people’s tolerance for conflicting ideas. Then, we introduce concepts from the Learning Sciences to determine how alternative methodologies could augment research on intellectual humility and civic engagement. Last, we summarize these analyses by pointing to their relations with three intersecting challenges and solutions regarding studying IH in multiple contexts and with new multiple data sources.
... Along with a range of conceptualizations of IH, over a dozen measures of IH have been developed. Although methods have been developed for human (Grossmann et al., 2010) and machine (Abedin et al., 2023) coding and informant reports of IH (McElroy et al., 2014), self-report measures are by far the most commonly employed (e.g., Haggard et al., 2018;Krumrei-Mancuso et al., 2016;Leary et al., 2017). Some of these tap self-and other-focused content as well as internal and expressed features (Porter et al., 2021). ...
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En las últimas décadas ha tomado relevancia el estudio de la humildad. Se han identificado tres tipos de la misma, a saber, cultural, relacional e intelectual. La humildad intelectual implica una conciencia no amenazante de la propia falibilidad respecto al conocimiento que uno tiene. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar al castellano la Escala Integral de Humildad Intelectual (CIHS), y aportar evidencias sobre su desempeño psicométrico. Método. La escala fue traducida en forma independiente siguiendo el método de traducción directa (del inglés al castellano). Algunos ítems fueron modificados minimamente y luego se realizó la administración online a 224 psicólogos. La consistencia interna total y de subescalas fue evaluada mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. La valoración de la dimensionalidad de la escala se realizó mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios (AFC). La validez convergente fue ponderada utilizando las facetas Grandiosidad e Impulsividad de la versión reducida y modificada del Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5. Resultados. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad fueron adecuados para la escala total (α=.79). Para cada una de las dimensiones la confiabilidad en general fue aceptable, de α=.58 a α=.78. El ajuste del modelo original de cuatro dimensiones resultó satisfactorio X2=128.608, gl=146, p=.050, CFI=0.97, TLI=0.97, RMSEA= 0.02, SRMR=0.07, con coeficientes estandarizados por encima de .30 para todos los ítems. La humildad intelectual se relacionó negativamente con las facetas impulsividad y grandiosidad. Conclusión. La escala presenta potencial para ser aplicada en el contexto argentino, tanto en el ámbito científico como en la práctica.
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Three preregistered studies (N = 533) investigated the relationship between intellectual humility (IH) and cognitive and emotional empathy. Study 1 (n = 212) revealed a positive association between IH and empathic accuracy (EA), especially toward the outgroup. Study 2 (n = 112) replicated the significant association between IH and EA. Study 3 (n = 209) employed a manipulation to enhance IH to demonstrate causality. We found evidence for an indirect effect, wherein the manipulation increased state IH, which was associated with greater EA. A mini meta-analysis revealed that, on average, individuals with higher levels of IH exhibit increased EA, showing a greater understanding of others’ emotional states. Moreover, IH predicts empathic resilience—buffering against personal distress while maintaining or increasing empathic concern for others. These findings highlight the positive influence of IH on empathy, emphasizing its potential for fostering deeper connections and better understanding in social interactions.
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Humility is a beneficial virtue. This study aimed to establish a conception of humility and examine the psychometrical properties of the measure proposed to verify it. Exploration Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA) have confirmed the good construct validity of this measure and its two-dimensional structure, which explained almost 60% variance of the employees' humility. The Haughtiness-Humility Scale (HHS) has satisfactory internal consistency. Alpha Cronbach's reliability coefficient for HHS was .85, respectively .89 for lack of haughtiness, and .85 for humility. The methods of the magnitude of factor loadings, average variance extracted, and composite reliability have confirmed the convergent validity of HHS. Also, good divergent validity was confirmed. Correlations of HHS and its dimensions with applied criterion validity measures have shown its criterion validity. The HHS consists of a lack of haughtiness reflecting an absence of an exaggerated sense of self-importance and humility as a non-overestimation of one’s abilities, adequate self-view, learning the truth about yourself, and an appreciative attitude. The HHS is recommended for Polish employees, but further analyses of this measure are needed, especially to examine its psychometric properties in other cultural backgrounds. Received: 19 July 2024 / Accepted: 30 December 2024 / Published: 11 January 2025
Article
Because an intellectually humble person is neither diffident nor arrogant in their views, intellectual humility (IH) is considered a virtuous mean. Yet, evidence for the virtuous mean account is mixed, with some studies finding evidence for it and some studies finding evidence against it. To clarify these ambiguities, we examined the curvilinear relations between multiple IH conceptualizations and belief strength across political, religious, and irreligious beliefs. In a secondary analysis of more than 4,000 participants, there was evidence for the virtuous mean account for political beliefs, evidence against it for religious beliefs, and little evidence for irreligious beliefs. Altogether, these results raise the possibility that the virtuous mean account of IH is not as generalizable as originally presumed. Thus, instead of asking whether IH is a virtuous mean, future research should ask when, why, and how IH is a virtuous mean for some beliefs and not for others.
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A field study of 209 leader-follower dyads was conducted to examine the role of trust within the transformational leadership paradigm. Specifically, the goal was to answer the question, "Is trust simply an outcome of transformational leadership or does it serve a more complex role as a moderator or a mediator?" Results from the analysis using a bootstrapping technique with structural equation modeling revealed no support for the role of trust as a moderator of the relationship between transformational leadership and a variety of follower outcomes. However, trust fully mediated the relationships between transformational leadership behavior and organizational citizenship behavior, performance, and affective commitment.
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The book consists of nine chapters explaining the concept of Good to Great. Starting from emphasizing that “good is the enemy of great”, Jim Collins provides great explanations as well as arguments of why his concept is very important for leaders who want to be successful in their efforts of building “enduring results” of their companies, organizations, or institutions. He in detail explains four principles underlining the framework of good to great. There are disciplined people (level 5 leadership and first who, then what concepts), disciplined thought (confront the brutal facts and the Hedgehog concepts), disciplined action (culture of discipline and the flywheel concepts), and building greatness to last (clock building, not the time telling and preserve the core/stimulate progress concepts). For further analysis of the Good to Great, I will shortly summarize the concept of how to make something good to be great explained in the book in the following section. I will also conclude this paper by commenting on the concept as my critique toward the theory of Good to Great.
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Some of the most interesting works in virtue ethics are the detailed, perceptive treatments of specific virtues and vices. This chapter aims to develop such work as it relates to intellectual virtues and vices. It begins by examining the virtue of intellectual humility. Its strategy is to situate humility in relation to its various opposing vices, which include vices like arrogance, vanity, conceit, egotism, grandiosity, pretentiousness, snobbishness, haughtiness, and self-complacency. From this list vanity and arrogance are focused on in particular. Humble persons are not distinguished from arrogant persons by being unaware of or unconcerned with entitlements; rather, they lack the arrogance that entails a specific kind of motivation called 'ego-exalting potency'. Humble people are motivated by pure interests regarding entitlements given their ability to serve as means to some valuable purpose or project. The chapter ends by considering a wide variety of ways intellectual humility can promote the acquisition of epistemic goods.
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The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
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This article reviews methodological issues that arise in the application of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to scale revision and refinement. The authors begin by discussing how the appropriate use of EFA in scale revision is influenced by both the hierarchical nature of psychological constructs and the motivations underlying the revision. Then they specifically address (a) important issues that arise prior to data collection (e.g., selecting an appropriate sample), (b) technical aspects of factor analysis (e.g., determining the number of factors to retain), and (c) procedures used to evaluate the outcome of the scale revision (e.g., determining whether the new measure functions equivalently for different populations).
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The Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology presents a comprehensive and contemporary treatment of research methodologies used in clinical psychology. Topics discussed include experimental and quasi-experimental designs, statistical analysis, validity, ethics, cultural diversity, and the scientific process of publishing. Written by leading researchers, the chapters focus on specific applications of research into psychopathology, assessment and diagnosis, therapy, and interventions for both child and adult populations. Special attention is also given to research into professional issues, prevention, and promotion. Research vignettes describe exemplary projects illustrating the essential elements of the research topics. In addition, the editors outline a research agenda for clinical psychologists that demonstrates the exciting future for the field. This handbook coherently illustrates the range of research methodologies used in clinical psychology and is a vital resource for both students and scholars who wish to expand their knowledge. Covers basic methodologies as well as specific applications of research designs. Includes research vignettes that describe exemplary studies and illustrate the essential elements of the research topics. Contains chapters written by active researchers in the field. Outlines a research agenda for clinical psychologists that demonstrates the exciting future for the field. Now available in full text online via xreferplus, the award-winning reference library on the web from xrefer. For more information, visit www.xreferplus.com.
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Some of the most interesting work in late-20th-century epistemology reintroduced, from ancient and medieval philosophy, the idea of an intellectual virtue and the related idea of proper epistemic function. But most of that work employed such concepts, with questionable success, in the interest of defining justification, warrant, or knowledge; and little or none of it offered detailed analyses of intellectual virtues. This book proposes and illustrates a different purpose for epistemology, one that we see in early modern thinkers, especially John Locke - namely that of guiding, refining, and informing the epistemic practices of the intellectual segment of the population. One important aspect of the project of such a 'regulative epistemology' is the intellectual character of the epistemic agent. For this purpose, fairly detailed sketches of particular intellectual virtues and of virtues' relations to epistemic goods, epistemic faculties, and epistemic practices, gain special importance. An underlying thesis is that a strict dichotomy between the intellectual virtues and the moral virtues is a mistake.