... Apart from conceptual studies reflecting on available knowledge and literature on the topic (Cullinane, 2009;Velásquez, Ahmad and Bliemel, 2009;Edwards, McKinnon and Cullinane, 2011;Van Loon et al., 2014;Mangiaracina et al., 2015;Pålsson, Pettersson and Winslott Hiselius, 2017), the product-specific casestudy approach is common. In particular, clothing Wiese, Toporowski and Zielke, 2012;Mangiaracina et al., 2016;Hischier, 2018) and electronics (Weber et al., 2009;Carling et al., 2015;Melacini and Tappia, 2018) are investigated most. Specifically analysed in these studies are greenhouse gas emissions, carbon emissions or CO 2 emissions (Velásquez, Ahmad and Bliemel, 2009;Cullinane, 2010, 2011;Wiese, Toporowski and Zielke, 2012;Kellner and Igl, 2012;Brown and Guiffrida, 2014;Van Loon et al., 2014Carling et al., 2015;Laghaei, Faghri and Li, 2015;Belavina, Girotra and Kabra, 2016;Mangiaracina et al., 2016;Melacini and Tappia, 2018) and energy consumption, energy usage or energy demand (Pålsson, Pettersson and Winslott Hiselius, 2017). ...