People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa
... The fruit, which gives the plant its common name, has numerous long arms with sharp, hooked thorns that cling to passing animals and aid in its dispersal. [1][2][3] Harpagophytum procumbens can be distinguished from H. zeyheri to some extent by the shape of the leaves, 4 but also by the length of the arms of the fruit; the arms of H. procumbens fruit are longer than the width of the fruit, and the arms of H. zeyheri fruit are shorter than the width of the fruit. 1 The fleshy secondary roots of these species have been used interchangeably in South African folk medicine, as they have similar chemical constituents. 1 Devil's claw is indigenous to deciduous forests and arid savannah areas of southern Africa and occurs between 15 degrees and 30 degrees latitude in Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Angola, and also to a lesser extent in Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. 5 In commerce, devil's claw root is supplied by the two main species: H. procumbens and H. zeyheri. ...
... 12 The tuber has been used traditionally as a laxative and to treat arthritic and blood conditions, headache, fever, indigestion, pain after childbirth, and malaria. 2,3,17 It is considered an analgesic, and a devil's claw ointment is applied topically to boils, sprains, sores, and to ease childbirth. It has been used as a bitter tonic and for its anti-inflammatory properties, both internally and externally. ...
... 3 Devil's claw preparations also have folk uses in diabetes, gout, and tuberculosis, as a mouthwash for bleeding gums, and for hypertension, menstrual cramps, peptic ulcers, snakebites, lumbago (lower back pain), and wound and burn healing. 2,18 European awareness of devil's claw as an effective therapeutic agent reportedly traces back to observations of a German soldier-cum-farmer in Namibia, Gottreich Hubertus Mehnert (1880-1967), who was interested in devil's claw and other local medicinal plants used by the Nama people. 19 Dr. phil. ...
... Notably, the potential presence of bioactive constituents reported from the ethanol extracts of M. comosus have not been previously identified for this species and therefore reported for the first time in this study. Previous studies have identified few M. cosmosus compounds, including the toxic bufadienolides (Van Wyk et al. 2009;Maroyi 2019;Bedane et al. 2020). ...
... The leaves of P. auriculata are used traditionally to repair broken bones and taken as a snuff for headaches (Hutchings et al. 1996;Van Wyk et al. 2009). Interleukin-6 plays a key role in promoting osteomyelitis through signalling receptor protein gp130 binding (Scheller et al. 2011). ...
... The reported biological properties of T. sericea include anti-HIV, antibacterial, anti-fungal, wound healing, anticancer, lipolytic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities (Mongalo et al. 2016). The leaves are mainly used traditionally against gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disorders (Hutchings et al. 1996;Van Wyk et al. 2009). However, unspecified parts of the plant are also used to treat leg pains in Namibia (Cheikhyoussef et al. 2011). ...
This study investigates the anti-inflammatory properties of extracts prepared from the leaves of eight southern African medicinal plants used traditionally to treat inflammation and pain. The inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated and unstimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 release were determined using cytokine multiplex-bead assays. The ethanol extracts of Melianthus comosus Vahl (commonly known as honey flower), Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (misty plume bush) and Warburgia salutaris (G. Bertol.) Chiov. (pepper-bark tree), demonstrated the most significant inhibitory activity, with over 50-fold inhibition of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The aqueous extract of M. comosus also significantly inhibited the secretion of all the tested cytokines and chemokines. Phytochemical investigation of M. comosus ethanol leaf extract using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) led to the detection of crassolide, deoxylimonoic acid D-ring-lactone, 2-hydroxynonanoic acid and 5-noniloxytryptamine. To the best of our knowledge, the cytokine inhibition properties of most of the medicinal plants screened in this study are reported for the first time. Our results support the use of southern African medicinal plants as anti-inflammatory remedies and provide an insight into the immunomodulatory mechanisms of action.
... Therefore, we encourage the study of the microbiome and molecular identification of the nematode associated with water berry. The aims of the study were: (1) to conduct molecular identification of Xiphinema using 18S and 28S rDNA markers, (2) to study the associated bacteria using metagenomic analysis of 16S rDNA, and (3) to study the relationship between Xiphinema and selected soil parameters. ...
The soil microbiome is crucial for the environment and significantly impacts the ecosystem. Understanding the microbiome and its interaction with soil microorganisms is essential for improving ecological and environmental strategies. In this study, Xiphinema elongatum nematodes were collected from water berry in Sovenga Hills, Limpopo Province, South Africa, and were analyzed their associated bacterial communities using metabarcoding analysis. The findings revealed that X. elongatum forms associations with a wide range of bacterial species. Among the most abundant species identified, we found Sphingomonas sp., a bacterial species commonly found in various habitats and primarily beneficial to plants, and Candidatus Xiphinematobacter, a bacterial species commonly found in nematode species of Xiphinema as an endosymbiont. The analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the abundance of X. elongatum in the soil is inversely correlated with clay content (r = -0.52) and soil pH levels (r = -0.98), and directly correlated with soil sand content (r = 0.88). This study provides valuable insights into the bacterial species associated with plant-parasitic nematodes in trees in South Africa. It underscores the presence of various potentially detrimental and beneficial nematode-associated bacteria. The results could potentially influence the overall quality of the soil, leading to implications for the productivity and yield of fruit crops. Additionally, the results help us understand the interaction between bacteria and X. elongatum.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-80877-2.
... Plants are also used as perfumes, insect repellents or anti-fungal/anti-bacterial applications to improve living conditions. Sixteen such plants grow within a day's foraging distance from Holley Shelter (see SI 4 List 4; and Watt & Breyer-brandwijk, 1962;van Wyk & Gericke, 2000). ...
Current phyto-scapes (plant populations in their geo-spatial context) are not exact replicas of past foraging potential, yet they provide valuable data about the carrying capacity or potential of a foraging-scape. Knowledge about contemporary micro-ecologies and ethno-historical plant use can inform on behavioral aspects, should such plants be found in archaeological deposits. It is in this context that we explore existing information (data and literature) to establish the current vegetation types and micro-ecologies around Holley Shelter, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, that contains Middle and Later Stone Age occupations. We present the first plant species inventory consisting of > 1500 taxa growing approximately a day’s foraging distance from the site, compiled from records provided by the South African National Biodiversity Institute and other sources. From this list, we generated separate checklists for foodplants (n = 450) and plants that have other uses (n = 337), to gain insight into the site’s current phyto-fitness potential. The resulting database is intended as a modern proxy for future work on the site’s archaeo-botany and palaeo-climatic reconstructions. The data is also applicable to other sites on the Savanna/Grassland Biomes of southern Africa with records of the same species. Here we use the foodplant checklist and what is known about the edible plant parts, their seasonality and the distribution of some species to speculate about land-use patterns. These hypotheses can be tested for the past with future archaeo-botanical work. We demonstrate that, compared to archaeological sites in the Eastern and Western Cape for which comparable data exist, Holley Shelter is rich in foodplants, and especially so in plant foods that are known to buffer against famine during the periodical droughts of inland South Africa.
... section of the Loganiaceae family [4][5][6]. It is distinguishable among Strychnos species by its tough, elliptical, smooth leaves with a spiny apex [3,7,8]. All these Strychnos species have edible fruits. ...
The study examined Strychnos pungens Soler. (family LOGANIACEAE) fruit as a potential source of vegetable oil. Ripe fruits collected from a forested site in Zimbabwe were processed to determine the partitioning of fresh and dry fruit biomass. The oil was extracted from the seed coat using a hand–operated screw press, and its physiological properties were analyzed. Seeds contributed the most to the fresh weight of the fruit, followed by the shell and pulp. The seed coat was a significant component of the seeds. The seed coat, but not the pulp of the fruit, was found to contain screw press-extractable oil, the yield of which was substantial, amounting to around 39% of the dry weight of the seed coat. The oil was found to have a high free fatty acid content and a moderate iodine value (83 gI2/100 g), indicating a degree of unsaturation. Furthermore, the oil contained carotenoids and tocols, which serve as antioxidants that help to protect the oil from oxidation. The oil had a high content of monounsaturated oleic acid (78.3%), which is known for its stability and health benefits. The low levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids make it a high oleic oil. The volatile profile of the oil included compounds with pleasant fruity aromas that enhance its flavour and fragrance. The results highlighted the need for waste management strategies if S. pungens is industrialized as an oil crop. Significant waste, including shells, pulp, cake residue, and seed kernels, would need proper handling and valorisation. In summary, the research showed that S. pungens has the potential to be a valuable source of high-quality vegetable oil with good oxidative stability and health benefits, primarily due to its high content of oleic acid and antioxidant compounds.
... The geographical distribution of research on the species demonstrates a significant concentration in Southern Africa, with South Africa accounting for (75%) of the eligible studies, followed by Botswana and Zimbabwe (6.25%, respectively), and Eswatini, East Africa, Egypt, and Namibia (3.13%, respectively) as shown in (Table 1). The preponderance of South African studies may be attributed to the species' widespread distribution, cultural significance, and established utilization patterns within the country [30,31]. This regional focus suggests a heightened awareness of the species potential among South African researchers compared to their counterparts in other African nations. ...
Mimusops zeyheri Sond. (Milkwood) is an indigenous fruit tree species with considerable ecological, cultural, and nutritional significance that remains underexploited. This review synthesizes current knowledge on its distribution, taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal applications, ecological functions, genetic diversity, and biotechnological potential. A systematic literature search spanning 1949 to April 2024 yielded 87 relevant publications from an initial 155. Mimusops zeyheri plays a crucial role in supporting the cultural traditions and economic activities of Indigenous Southern African Communities. Its distribution encompasses South, East, and Southern Tropical Africa, with substantial populations across South African provinces. Ethnomedicinally, various plant parts treat conditions, including wounds, gastrointestinal issues, and diabetes. The leaves (34%) and roots (32%) are used, with infusion (33%) and decoction (31%) as primary preparation methods. Oral administration (70%) is the most common, primarily addressing skin conditions (18%). Despite its nutritional richness, a standardized nutrient profile is lacking. Limited genetic diversity studies underscore the need for further research. This study highlights Mimusops zeyheri's multifaceted importance and research gaps, particularly in other Southern African countries. Future investigations should focus on comprehensive phytochemical analysis, ethnomedicinal validation, ecological conservation, genetic diversity assessment, and biotechnological applications. Multidisciplinary collaborations are recommended to promote sustainable utilization while preserving traditional practices.
... The toxic effects of T. dregeana is well-known and the species is categorized as having both poisonous and medicinal properties in the monograph "Medicinal and magical plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist" [74]. Literature studies revealed that the seedcoat of T. dregeana is poisonous and widely used as fish poison in eastern and southern Africa [7,30,31,39,40], and only well-prepared seed oil is considered as safe for consumption [7]. Similarly, research by Kunene et al. [75] showed that the leaves of T. dregeana are consumed by cattle, goats, and sheep, but the species is known to cause diarrhea and even death of these animals after consuming the leaves [75]. ...
Trichilia dregeana is an underutilized plant species native to tropical Africa and known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. The present review compiles existing information on botany, traditional uses, and chemical and pharmacological properties of T. dregeana. Multiple searches on existing literature on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of T. dregeana were conducted in online databases such as Scopus®, Google Scholar, SpringerLink®, SciELO, ScienceDirect®, PubMed® and Web of Science, as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. Trichilia dregeana is used as a medicinal plant against human and animal diseases in seven countries, that is, 33.3% of the countries where the species is indigenous. The phytochemical evaluation of the plant revealed that it contains alcohols, alkanes, amides, esters, lignan, limonoids, sesquiterpenes, steroids, and triterpenoids. The pharmacological assessments showed that the crude extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antiviral, acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, insecticidal, prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitory, nitric oxide production inhibitory, wound healing, mutagenicity, and toxicity activities. Detailed studies focusing on toxicity and safety, mechanisms of action in vivo, and clinical research aimed at corroborating the traditional medical applications of T. dregeana are recommended.
... It propagates by seeds (Ruffo et al. 2002;Achigan-Dako et al. 2010). Strychnos spinosa ( Figure 2b) is a small tree of 1-7 m height, having straight and curved axillary spines, as well as a corky back ( Van Wyk and Gericke 2000). Flowers are greenish-white, with 5 linear sepals, with a 5-6 mm long and fragrant 5-lobed cup calyx, (Arbonnier 2009). ...
Local practices in West Africa, including in Benin, critically affect fruit production of some key wild plant species. This study aims to assess how land use types, dbh, tree height, and fire, affect the fruit production of Strychnos innocua and Strychnos spinosa (Loganiaceae) and the extent of the phenological variability across various bioclimatic zones in Benin. 320 trees were randomly selected for each species across four land use types and two bioclimatic zones in Benin to assess fruit production. The mean number of fruits produced per tree varied between 43.3 and 81.2 in the Sudanian zone and 12.7 and 20.8 in the Sudano-Guinean zone for S. innocua and S. spinosa, respectively. The bioclimatic zone significantly affected (p < 0.001) the number of fruits produced by individuals of both species. A strong relationship was also found between fruit production and dendrometric characteristics, land use types, and human disturbance (p < 0.001). The study concluded that sites of both species in the Sudanian zone are more suitable for conservation.
... 9,11 The roots and the bark are taken orally either powdered or as infusions for treating chest pains, headache, inflammation, abortion, ritual suicide, infertility problems, venereal diseases. 12,13 To our knowledge limited literature exists on phenolic compounds of the leaves of S longipedunculata. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity, and the phytochemical constituents contained in different plants parts of S longipedunculata. ...
Objective
The objective of our study was to investigate the chemical composition and the biological activities of different parts of Securidaca longipedunculata from South Africa.
Methodologies
The chemical analysis methods, including chromatography and spectroscopy, were employed to identify the diverse array of compounds present in the roots, leaves, and stems of S longipedunculata.
Results
The proximate analysis revealed that the leaf extracts had higher (P < .05) crude protein, gross energy, and ether extract contents when compared to the stem bark and the root bark. A similar trend was observed with the mineral analysis where copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc were in abundance in the leaves. Concurrently, bioassays reveal significant biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, associated with these plant parts. The extracts demonstrated high lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity at the concentration of 250 μg/mL, with the highest percentage inhibition of 94% recorded in the dark leaf extract, followed by 92% and 73% at the concentrations of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial analysis revealed that the root bark extract was active against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis with the average minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.67 mg/mL (dark type) and 0.63 mg/mL (light type).
Conclusion
Our findings emphasize the medicinal potential of S longipedunculata and underscore the importance of understanding its chemical makeup in explaining its therapeutic effects. This research provides valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of S longipedunculata, offering a foundation for further exploration in drug development and natural product discovery.
... In South Africa, its roots and fruits are used to treat convulsions and epilepsy [49], mental disorders [20,22], and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's [29]. P. capense leaves and roots are used in decoction as sleep aids [52]. The roots are used to treat tuberculosis, coughs, bronchitis, leprosy, and infertility [24]. ...
Commonly known as wild pepper, Piper capense (P. capense) is a culinary herb mainly used as a secret in preparation of “Nkui” and “Nah poh” in Bayangam, West Cameroon. However, it also has many interesting pharmacological properties, which is why the people of sub-Saharan Africa so highly prize it for the treatment of multiple human pathologies. This study aimed to highlight the traditional uses, phytochemical composition, biological activities, and toxicological profile of the P. capense plant, to draw the attention of pharmaceutical companies to its enormous potential for the development of future phyto- or pharmaceutical products. Documentary research was meticulously carried out in the Web of Sciences, Scopus, Pubmed/Medline, and Google Scholar databases according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The results show that extracts and compounds isolated from Piper capense have interesting anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial, hypoglycemic, anti-epileptic, and antidepressant activities. Methanolic extracts and essential oils from P. capense exhibit no harmful effects when directly applied to normal human hepatocytes, umbilical cord cells, intestinal cells, and keratinocyte cell lines. Additionally, methanolic extracts administered acutely or subchronically at low doses (≤250 mg/kg body weight) in Wistar rats also demonstrate no adverse effects. In conclusion, given its interesting activities, P. capense is a viable option for developing new antimalarial, anticancer, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, anti-epileptic, and antidepressant drugs. However, many avenues still need to be explored before translation into drugs.
... infausta (family Rubiaceae) as traditional medicine for infertility (Chauke et al. 2015, Maroyi 2018 Out of the functional uses, H. integrifolius is used as a food plant in South Africa, mainly for its edible fruits, leaves and stems (Fox & Norwood Young 1982, Rose & Jacot Guillarmod 1974, Welcome & Van Wyk 2019. In South Africa (Mabogo 1990, Van Wyk & Gericke 2018, Magwede et al. 2019, Ndhlovu et al. 2019, Mbanjwa 2020, Setshego et al. 2020, Mohlakoana & Moteetee 2021 and Tanzania (Clement et al. 2024), the leaves and stems of H. integrifolius and H. mystacinus are used as soap substitute. In the Western Himalaya in India, H. lanceolatus is used as fodder (Pandey et al. 2017(Pandey et al. , 2021, while in Kenya, the bark and stems of H. mystacinus are used to make baskets and other crafts (Ichikawa 1987). ...
Background: Helinus species are distributed in tropical Africa and Asia and are widely used as sources of traditional medicines and cosmetics. This review compiles existing information on ethnobotanical uses, chemical, pharmacological properties, and further use potential and applications of Helinus species. Methods: Information on ethnobotanical uses, chemical, pharmacological properties of Helinus species was obtained from online databases such as Scopus®, Google Scholar, SpringerLink®, SciELO, ScienceDirect®, PubMed® and Web of Science, and pre-electronic sources such as books, journal articles, dissertations, book chapters, theses and other scientific articles obtained from the University of Fort Hare library. Results: This comprehensive review summarizes the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of five Helinus species: H. brevipes, H. integrifolius, H. lanceolatus, H. mystacinus and H. spartioides. Four of these species have ethnomedicinal records, with H. integrifolius and H. mystacinus having the highest utility reports. Chemical compounds isolated from the species include aconitic acid, saponins, scyllitol, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and benzoic acid. The crude extracts of H. integrifolius, H. lanceolatus and H. mystacinus exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, glucose stimulatory and cytotoxicity activities. Conclusions: Results of this study contribute towards the existing knowledge about ethnomedicinal uses of Helinus species that could be useful in bio-prospecting for new health-promoting products required in the primary healthcare delivery system. Future research should focus on elucidation of phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, in vivo and clinical research of Helinus species. Keywords: Helinus, pharmacological, phytochemical, Rhamnaceae, traditional knowledge, tropics
... It is used to treat leprosy, tuberculosis and gonorrhea [1] . The roots are boiled in water and half a cup of this infusion is drunk three times per day to manage cough and chest pain [7,9] . Despite the continued use of C. tomentosa in management and treatment of many ailments among many communities, it has been reported to be toxic to livestock [8,10] . ...
The current study investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity, in vivo antidiabetic efficacy and safety of Capparis tormentosa aqueous root extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), phosphomolybdate and reducing power assay with ascorbic and gallic acid as references. Six groups of BALB/c mice each comprising of five were used in evaluating the antidiabetic activity. Diabetes mellitus was induced in five groups using 10% alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 186.9 mg/kg body weight. Non-diabetic control mice was orally administered with 0.1 ml physiological saline; diabetic mice with 0.075 mg of reference drug, glibenclamide at 3 mg/kg body weight; 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, and 5 mg extracts in 0.1 ml physiological saline for 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, and the other group of diabetic mice was given 0.1 ml physiological saline. The blood glucose level was determined after 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. Safety was evaluated by daily administration of a single dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight extract to BALB/c male mice of comparable age and weight over a period of one month, while recording body weights every 7 days and organs weights after the 28 th day. The antioxidant activity by DPPH was 35.50 ± 0.02%, by phosphomolybdate assay was 41.22 ± 0.17 mg/kg ascorbic acid equivalent, and the reducing power increased with increase in concentration up to a maximum at 800 µg/ml. The antidiabetic activity was dose dependent and significantly higher. There was no significant change in body weights for treated and untreated mice in safety studies (p = 0.69), and the weight gain was normal for both experimental and control mice. Except kidneys, which changed significantly (p = 0.009), all the other organ weights were not affected. The study supports the claim that C. tormentosa is effective and safe in the management of diabetes mellitus.
... 0.01% oil, 0.5% fibre, 5% carbohydrate, 18 -25 µg vitamin A, 0.04mg Thiamin, 0.03mg Riboflavin, 8mg Ca, Iron, 0.02mg, Niacin 0.06mg, Ascorbic acid, 15mg and Potassium 6mg per 100g edible portion of the fruit (Inuwa et al., 2011). Both the flesh and water melon peels can be fed to livestock (Van Wyk and Gerike, 2000). ...
The success of an intercropping system depends largely on the choice of crop species, their compatibility and the various management practices, including the time of sowing. Relative sowing time variations in sweet maize/ water melon intercropping system was examined in the 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons. The experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Akwa Ibom State University Obio Akpa campus, between March, 2022 and August, 2023. Maize was either sown simultaneously on the same day with water melon or 2, 4 or 6 weeks before or after water melon. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Results indicated significant effects of the cropping system and the relative time of sowing on the component crops. The growth and yield of sweet maize and water melon were significantly decreased due to the intercropping system. Generally, the yield of component crops increased when sown earlier, but decreased when sown later than the component sown earlier. Sweet maize had better competitive ability over water melon in this arrangement; when water melon was sown later than 2 weeks after maize, it was smothered and yielded nothing. Optimum productivity of the system was however achieved when sweet maize and water melon were sown simultaneously on the same day.
... 0.01% oil, 0.5% fibre, 5% carbohydrate, 18 -25 µg vitamin A, 0.04mg Thiamin, 0.03mg Riboflavin, 8mg Ca, Iron, 0.02mg, Niacin 0.06mg, Ascorbic acid, 15mg and Potassium 6mg per 100g edible portion of the fruit (Inuwa et al., 2011). Both the flesh and water melon peels can be fed to livestock (Van Wyk and Gerike, 2000). ...
The success of an intercropping system depends largely on the choice of crop species, their compatibility and the various management practices, including the time of sowing. Relative sowing time variations in sweet maize/ water melon intercropping system was examined in the 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons. The experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Akwa Ibom State University Obio Akpa campus, between March, 2022 and August, 2023. Maize was either sown simultaneously on the same day with water melon or 2, 4 or 6 weeks before or after water melon. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Results indicated significant effects of the cropping system and the relative time of sowing on the component crops. The growth and yield of sweet maize and water melon were significantly decreased due to the intercropping system. Generally, the yield of component crops increased when sown earlier, but decreased when sown later than the component sown earlier. Sweet maize had better competitive ability over water melon in this arrangement; when water melon was sown later than 2 weeks after maize, it was smothered and yielded nothing. Optimum productivity of the system was however achieved when sweet maize and water melon were sown simultaneously on the same day.
... Cullen tomentosum has psychotropic properties with an effect on human mind-set. In traditional medicine, its leaves and stem are smoked and used as narcotics while macerations of the whole plant have been used for the treatment of rashes and sores on the skin, and as magic and charm in folkloric medicine [27][28][29]. The present study was aimed at synthesizing green AgNP using acetone extract of C. tomentosum and evaluating its antibacterial potency in comparison to the chemically profiled acetone extract. ...
... In Zambia, the plant is prominently called Umunsokansoka. A decoction of the bark is used to treat stomach aches, malaria, while a mixture of leaves, roots and stem bark is used to manage dysentery, menstrual cycles problems, venereal diseases, gastrointestinal complications and as an arbotifacient [9][10][11][12] . In Kenya, various parts of C. abbreviate have been used as a treatment options for epilepsy, syphilis, gonorrhea, hernia, jaundice, infertility and many more complications [13,14] . ...
In Zambia, the yearly incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is 34 instances per 10,000 people, with men being afflicted nearly twice as often as females. Neisseria gonorrhoea has been reported to have developed chromosomally or plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) towards most first of line treatment options. In this study aqueous root extracts of Cassia abbreviate, Combretum hereroense Schinz, and Acacia polyacantha were tested individually and in combination for antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoea strain. Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline and Floxacin were used as standard drugs. Neisseria gonorrhea was cultured from a swab sample on chocolate agar first to allow the bacteria to grow in an environment that is optimal and specific for its growth. Additional biochemical testing, such as oxidase testing and gram staining were done to confirm the identity of Neisseria gonorrhea. Disc diffusion and Well methods were used to conduct susceptibility tests. The results showed that bacterial growth in combined extracts against Neisseria gonorrhoea strain was less than the bacterial growth when individual extracts were used. A combination of C. abbreviate + C. hereroense Schinz + A. polyacantha was most effective (++++), while C. abbreviate + A. polyacantha was effective (+++) whereas C. hereroense Schinz + A. polyacantha was least effective(++) and C. abbreviate + C. hereroense Schinz was not effective (+). The zones of inhibition of 20.75 mm (susceptible), 19 mm and 20 mm were observed using disc diffusion method whereas 21 mm, 15 mm and 19 mm were recorded via the Well method for C. abbreviate, C. hereroense Schinz, and A. polyacantha respectively. These finding support the continued use of medicinal plants to manage Neisseria gonorrhea with a combination of the three plant extracts proving more effective.
... [3] . Plants are always surrounded by an enormous number of potential enemies such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, insect [4] . Natural products have been a consistently successful source in drug discovery and offer more opportunities to find antimicrobial drugs [5] . ...
Clerodendrum infortunatum is known as hill glory bower and a plant which is widely distributed throughout the whole world. Up to now, many species of C. infortunatum have been described in various indigenous systems of medicine that are used in preparation of folklore medicines for the treatment of various life-threatening diseases, and much of this plant have been very well studied for their chemical constituents and biological activities. It also is used in Unani, Ayurveda, and siddha system of medicine for many years. From Clerodendrum infortunatum many compounds, including mono-turpentine and its derivatives, sesquiterpene, diterpenoids, tri-terpentine, flavonoid, quercetin, acacetin, gallic acid, sterol and flavonoid glycoside, phenylethanoid glycoside, steroids and steroid glycosides, cyclohexylethanoids, anthraqunine, cyanogenic glycolsides, and others have been isolated and identified. In the present study, Chloroform, pet. ether, and water stem extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum obtained by Soxhlet extraction was screened to detect the presence or absence of several bioactive compounds which are reported to cure different diseases. Anti-microbial analysis of stem extract was carried out against lactobacillus, E.coli and staphylococcus aureus organisms by agar well diffusion method. It was observed that the zone was recorded against this organism. The results indicate that the chloroform, pet.ether and water extracts of C. infortunatum are having anti- microbial efficiency in controlling the microorganisms. So, Clerodendrum infortunatum is the plant which are beneficial on human health.
... The species names were updated based on the Plants of the World Online (POWO, 2024) and the native status of the species (i.e., native, native-endemic, or non-native) was verified. The ethnobotanical data recorded for the studied species were further complemented with information from online databases and a literature review (Gossweiler, 1953;Bossard, 1996;Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;Costa and Pedro, 2013;Göhre et al., 2016;Kissanga, 2016;Bruschi et al., 2017). ...
... In Tanzania, P. capensis is regarded as a food additive, added to milk and meat-based soups (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Heine et al. 1988, Johns et al. 1999, Kokwaro 2009, Roulette et al. 2018. Pappea capensis is regarded as an excellent fodder plant for game and domestic stock (Van Wyk 2008, Van Wyk & Van Wyk 2013. The fruits of P. capensis are regarded as pleasant-tasting and widely used as a fruit snack in tropical Africa (Palmer & Pitman 1972, Schmidt et al. 2017, Van Wyk & Gericke 2018. ...
Background: Pappea capensis has potential as a fruit plant on the basis of fruit size, palatability, yield, abundance and nutritional properties. But today, P. capensis it is a well-known medicinal plant throughout its distributional range, with local communities relying on its traditional materia medica for primary healthcare needs. The present review compiles existing information on traditional uses, chemical, pharmacological properties, and further use potential and applications of P. capensis. Methods: Multiple searches on existing literature on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of P. capensis were conducted in online databases such as Scopus, JSTOR, PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. Results: This study showed that P. capensis is a multipurpose species used as food plant, source of firewood, timber and herbal medicine. Pappea capensis is used as medicinal plant against human and animal diseases in 11 countries, representing 55.0% of the countries where the species is indigenous. The chemical evaluation of the plant species revealed that it contains acids, alcohols, aliphatic, alkaloids, alkyl, amino acids, anthocyanidins, cardiac glycosides, cyanidins, cyclic esters, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolics, phytol, phytosterols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The pharmacological evaluations showed that the crude extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species demonstrated anthelmintic, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antigonococcal, antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, cardioprotective and molluscicidal. Conclusions: Detailed ethnopharmacological evaluation of P. capensis focusing on its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicological evaluations, in vivo and clinical research are recommended. Keywords: indigenous pharmacopeia, materia medica, Pappea capensis, traditional medicine, tropical Africa
... They are very large here and the Bushmen 2 eat themselves fat on them' (https:// digitalcollections.lib.uct.ac.za/4th-journey-dutch). The bright-red fruit pulp has a delicious sweet-sour flavour (van Wyk and Gericke 2000), while a golden-yellow, edible, fragrant and non-drying oil can be extracted from the roasted seeds, although this has a somewhat purgative effect. The oil is also suitable for soap making and lubrication and people additionally use it to treat ringworm or skin infections caused by a fungus (Watt and Breyer Brandwyk 1962: 931-932). ...
... It is also high in important vitamins, including A and C. In the research conducted by Moyo et al. (2018), it was found that C. gynandraleaves contain greater amounts of calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin C in comparison to commercially available vegetables such as cabbage and swiss chard. The leafy parts of the plant are the most commonly consumed edible component (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Fresh leaves can be dried and then stored in a jar for eating in the winter and spring (Mashmaiteet al., 2022). ...
Using wild plants as food is one of the survival strategies, and it is closely linked to a strong aspect of their customs and culture. The prevalence of malnutrition, non-communicable diseases associated with diet, and poverty worldwide has led to the investigation of wild crops as a potential solution for a wholesome food crop to deal with these problems. For centuries, wild vegetables have been a primary source of micronutrients for humans, supplying essential vitamins and minerals necessary for maintaining good health and bolstering immunity against infections. This has resulted in millions of people relying on them as a dietary staple. Wild vegetables are characterized by their resilience and low maintenance requirements, making them superior to traditional cultivated varieties. Additionally, they are an abundant source of essential nutrients. Therefore, their potential to address micronutrient malnutrition and ensure food security is significant. Wild vegetables are an excellent source of nourishment due to the abundance of accessible components with the ability to stand against different abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, and heavy metals. They can make significant contributions to people's diets around the world. Natural selection has refined the genetic diversity of wild crops over millennia, enabling them to flourish in a variety of environmental situations. Genes that confer resistance to abiotic stressors such as heat, salinity and drought are present in wild relatives. To increase the robustness of cultivated cultivars, these genes have been effectively introgressed.
... B. frutescens leaves are often used to treat acne, burns, cold sores, insect bites and ringworms and are also known to be a good anti-coagulant (Coopoosamy and Naidoo, 2012;Teffo et al., 2021). The roots of the species are traditionally used to treat blood disorders, convulsions, diabetes, nausea, rheumatism and venereal diseases (Watt et al., 1962;Van Wyk et al., 1997, 2009Felhaber, 1997;Van Wyk et al., 2000;Rood, 2008, Van Wyk, 2011. B. frutescens is one of the few Bulbine species that is used traditionally by indigenous people for the management of diabetes related illnesses in South Africa (Erasto et al., 2005). ...
Bulbine frutescens is an indigenous succulent medicinal plant in South Africa. The plant is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of skin related ailments. B. frutescens has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-viral and antimicrobial properties. To date, most studies have been conducted on the leaves, while limited reports have been documented on the roots, as well as comparative analyses between both plant parts. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the leaves and roots of B. frutescens. Methanolic extracts of each plant part were assessed on the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant (DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating) and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The results from the phytochemical screening showed that the leaves contained more phytochemical groups than the roots. The roots displayed higher total phenolics (991.7 ± 54.1 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (285.8 ± 60.6 mg QE/g) and total tannin contents (1698.75 ± 28.15 mg GAE/g) than the leaves. The roots also showed a stronger antioxidant activity in DPPH (3.43 ± 0.16 mg/ml) and metal chelating (0.54 ± 0.01 mg/ml) assays, compared to the leaves, which only showed a higher scavenging power against hydrogen peroxide radicals (1.48 ± 0.02 mg/ml) than the roots. Both plant parts showed intermediate zones of inhibition (10-19 mm) against both bacterial strains, with the exception of the leaves which had a 20.67 ± 0.67 mm inhibition against S. aureus. These results validate the uses of both leaves and roots of B. frutescens in traditional medicine and further suggests for the application of the roots in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Bulbine frutescens is an indigenous succulent medicinal plant in South Africa. The plant is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of skin related ailments. B. frutescens has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-viral and antimicrobial properties. To date, most studies have been conducted on the leaves, while limited reports have been documented on the roots, as well as comparative analyses between both plant parts. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the leaves and roots of B. frutescens. Methanolic extracts of each plant part were assessed on the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant (DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating) and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The results from the phytochemical screening showed that the leaves contained more phytochemical groups than the roots. The roots displayed higher total phenolics (991.7 ± 54.1 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (285.8 ± 60.6 mg QE/g) and total tannin contents (1698.75 ± 28.15 mg GAE/g) than the leaves. The roots also showed a stronger antioxidant activity in DPPH (3.43 ± 0.16 mg/ml) and metal chelating (0.54 ± 0.01 mg/ml) assays, compared to the leaves, which only showed a higher scavenging power against hydrogen peroxide radicals (1.48 ± 0.02 mg/ml) than the roots. Both plant parts showed intermediate zones of inhibition (10-19 mm) against both bacterial strains, with the exception of the leaves which had a 20.67 ± 0.67 mm inhibition against S. aureus. These results validate the uses of both leaves and roots of B. frutescens in traditional medicine and further suggests for the application of the roots in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
... The transmission of herbal medicine knowledge from generation to generation is a cultural practice among tribal communities 3 . A significant portion, around 10%, of the world's higher plant species known for treating animal diseases have reported from Indian origin 4,5 . ...
Plant sources plays vital role in the medicinal field as new bioactive compounds are found to be isolated. Present work was focused on isolation and structure elucidation of compounds from Psychotria dalzellii(family-Rubiaceae) leaves in methanol extract. The extract was fractionated through thin layer chromatography followed by column chromatography. Spectroscopic technique like FT-IR, NMR and LC-MS has been used to identify the fractionated compounds. Spectral data supports the structural elucidation of compounds like Harmaline, Emetine, Dimethyltryptamine and Psychollatine. These lead molecules are responsible for high anti-diabetic property and antioxidant property. The lead molecules are conspicuous in showing bioactivity and have future scopes.
... Tulbaghia violacea (Amaryllidaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant species, particularly in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal regions. The species occurs across South Africa due to cultivation in gardens and commercial medicinal plant farms (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Leaves of T. violacea are used to repel ticks, mosquitoes and other pests when crushed (Staffa et al., 2020). ...
Since the 1980s, the field of anthracology has continued to expand in Southern Africa to study the interaction between past human societies and their environments, including plant resources and forest management from prehistoric times. To answer such questions, the need for comparative wood anatomy analyses of the local taxa is of particular relevance in this rich species environment to perform rigorous taxonomic identification. This paper introduces the first computer-assisted identification tool specifically designed for the analysis of archaeological charcoals from Southern Africa. This online database, called SACHA for Southern African CHArcoals, is accessible via the following link: https://sacha.identificationkey.org/ . It currently includes anatomical descriptions, as well as ecological and ethnobotanical information for 68 taxa of modern specimens collected in the Savanna Biome. An identification key is available on the Xper ³ online platform, which is designed for descriptive data management and interactive identification. This article presents a survey of the existing reference collections on Southern African woods and charcoals and proposes an overview of the development of computerised tools for systematic wood descriptions and identification keys. The SACHA database can be easily updated and enriched without requiring computer science skills. Furthermore, it can serve as a training tool for beginners in wood anatomy. The database offers an online interactive key option, a fact sheet catalogue, and conventional dichotomous and tabular keys for offline or printed versions. These functions are facilitated by the various export formats that are available in the database.
The baobab, a freak among trees with its massive swollen trunk and sparse stubby branches, is an integral part of the African landscape and emblematic of Madagascar. Today the baobab is integrally interrelated with human civilization as well as a culture throughout the world. The giant exotic baobab tree has been introduced in the Indian subcontinent from time immemorial. This article is an eye-opener that summarizes the information on medicinal properties, nutritional value and traditional knowledge.
The use of medicinal plants in the management of microbial infections is significant to the health of the indigenous people in many Angolan communities. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of medicinal plants used for the management of microbial infections in Angola. Relevant information was extracted from research articles published and associated with the use of medicinal plants in the management of microbial infections in Angola (from January 1976 to November 2023). Data or information were gathered from the literature sourced from Wiley Online, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, BMC, Elsevier, SpringerLink, PubMed, books, journals and published M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis. A total of 27 plant species, representing 19 families, were recorded in this study. Hypericaceae (11%), Lamiaceae (11%), Malvaceae (11%), Phyllanthaceae (11%), Fabaceae (16%) and Rubiaceae (16%) were the most predominant families. The leaves are the most used parts (96%), followed by bark (74%) and root (70%). The data revealed that medicinal plants continue to play significant roles in the management of microbial infections in Angola. In order to explore the benefits of the therapeutic potential of indigenous medicinal plants for diseases related to infections; further scientific research studies are important to produce data on their effectiveness using appropriate test models. This approach might assist with the continuing drive regarding the integration of Angolan traditional medicine within mainstream healthcare systems.
Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. is a common semi-evergreen shrub, which is widespread throughout mainly the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa. It is used by several ethnic groups for its medicinal properties and has been extensively evaluated for its in vitro antimicrobial activity and its phytochemical content; however, only three compounds have been identified from the plant, which have been evaluated for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. This chapter highlights the ethnobotanical usage and pharmacological properties of B. salviifolia.
Heteropyxis natalensis is a hardy semi-deciduous tree that lacks thorns and is located along the eastern coastline and central regions of South Africa. Characteristics of the tree are that it has a mottled and flaking bark and can grow up to 15 m. The leaves of the tree are waxy and shiny with a pale green colour and a strong lavender fragrance when crushed. The ethnobotanical usage of the tree includes pain relief, anti-infection and blood purification. The essential oil produced from the leaves of H. natalensis has been studied extensively, and it has yielded compounds such as linalool and myrcene. Extracts from the leaves have shown antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory and anticancer activities in laboratory trials.
Multiple plant species are used in traditional southern African medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases. Traditional southern African therapies used to treat cardiovascular diseases were identified and recorded following an extensive review of ethnobotanical books, reviews, and other scientific literature. This was followed by a critical analysis of the validation studies, while highlighting gaps for further investigation. A total of 235 plant species were identified and are itemised herein. Notably, only 45 of these plant species (»19 %) have been tested in vivo or screened in vitro for any bio-activities relevant to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The remaining 190 species are yet to be tested in any cardiovascular disease biomarker assay. Additionally , the plant species that have been evaluated for cardiovascular disease-relevant activities have generally only been tested in a single bio-assay model (most frequently ACE inhibition assays). This study highlights the need for further in vitro and in vivo assays in this neglected field of research.
This book consists of chapters about the medicinal plants, species lists, geology, KhoiSan folklore etc
Cleome gynandra is a wild vegetable that is rich in nutrients especially vitamins, mineral elements and protein. It is consumed in most parts of South Africa as a vegetable. The leaves and seeds of this plant are used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of head and stomach aches. Despite its high dietary-medicinal value, the plant is still regarded as a weed in many Provinces of South Africa while the conditions necessary for its optimum growth in the wild are still obscure. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of various environmental factors and sowing depth on the germination of two types of seeds of C. gynandra in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The result shows that the average seed weight was 1.2 ± 0.003 mg and the viability of Lot A and B were 22.6 ± 2.3% and 67.3 ± 5.0% respectively. The optimum germination was achieved at 30 o C for both Lots A and B when watered biweekly at a sowing depth of 0.5 cm. The result also showed that germination was best in the dark (28.7%) for both Lot A and B. In overall, the germination rate under all the conditions was highest in Lot B. This study indicates that Cleome gynandra has the potential of thriving successfully under varied environmental conditions despite the great fluctuations of temperatures in South Africa during summer and winter respectively.
Background and Aims
Lippia javanica is an aromatic plants with several biological active compounds including the essential oils. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extract from the fresh and dried leaves of Lippia javanica was validated.
Methods
The essential oil was extracted from fresh and dried leaves and the composition were identified using GC-MS. The brine shrimp lethality test was used to assess the toxicity of the oils. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the plant extracts were determined on bacteria and fungi strains. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the data among the plant fractions at 0.05% alpha level.
Results
The essential oils obtained from the fresh and dried leaves of Lippia javanica have similar chemical composition with most documented reports on other Lippia species. Nineteen active compounds were found to be present in all test oils of Lippia javanica. No significant variations between the aromatic profiles of the fresh and dried leaves, but the extracted oil yielded more in the dried leaves than the fresh leaves (2.7%: 0.7%). The brine shrimp assay of the essential oils extracted from both fresh and dried leaves of Lippia javanica showed LC50 values of 35.7 and 48.7 µg/mL. The oils exhibited a concentration dependent toxicity against brine shrimp. Lippia javanica shows more antibacterial and antifungal potency than the control drug.
Conclusion
Based on this study, it can be inferred that the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lippia javanica are less toxic and have high antimicrobial potency.
Hemionitis calomelanos (Sw.) Christenh. is a fern widely used as a traditional medicine throughout its distributional range. This study aims to record, analyze, and provide insights into the historical, scientific, and ethnopharmacological properties of H. calomelanos. Multiple searches on existing literature on the medicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of H. calomelanos were conducted in online databases such as Scopus, JSTOR, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. This study revealed that the leaves, rhizomes, roots, stems and whole plant parts of H. calomelanos are mainly used as ethnoveterinary medicines, lucky and protective charm, and traditional medicine for colds, boils, cough, sores, and diarrhoea. Phytochemical research showed that the species is characterized by flavonoids, steroids, tannins, esters, alcohols, ketones, and alkanes. Ethnopharmacological research revealed that the extracts of the species demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities. H. calomelanos is an important medicinal plant species in several countries with numerous medicinal applications. Despite its historical and traditional medicinal uses, many questions regarding the species’ ethnopharmacological properties and potential therapeutic effects remain to be answered. Therefore, future research should focus on validating the medicinal uses of H. calomelanos through elucidation of phytochemical composition, pharmacology, clinical application, toxicology, and safety.
Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially invited for publication.
Background: Artabotrys brachypetalus is best known for its edible fruits, but today, it is a well-known medicinal plant. However, there are several uses of the species, some of them known since prehistoric times. Aim: This study compiles the existing information of the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, and future potential applications of A. brachypetalus . Setting: This review provides an overview of uses and ethnopharmacological properties of A. brachypetalus . Method: Multiple searches on existing literature were carried out on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of A. brachypetalus in online databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Science Direct as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. Results: This study showed that A. brachypetalus is a multipurpose species used as a food plant, source of fibre, firewood, timber, and herbal medicine. Artabotrys brachypetalus serves as a medicinal plant in five countries to treat human and animal diseases, accounting for 55.6% of the countries where the species is naturally found. The phytochemical evaluation of the plant revealed that it contains alkaloids, cyclohexane carboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolics, sesquiterpenes, and sugars. The pharmacological assessments showed that the phytochemical compounds isolated from the species and crude extracts demonstrated antifungal, antidiabetic, antiplasmodial, and larvicidal activities. Conclusion: Further research should focus on elucidation of pharmacological, phytochemical, toxicological, in vitro, in vivo and clinical research of the species. Contribution: This study contributes to the existing knowledge about A. brachypetalus that could be useful in bio-prospecting for new health-promoting products required in the primary healthcare delivery system.
provides access to scientific and medical research. The extensive literature survey revealed that plants that belong to this genus are used as folkloric medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, toothache, diarrhea, cancer, malaria, leprosy, and genital and oral diseases in the case of HIV/AIDS-related diseases. To date, more than 40 secondary metabolites have been isolated and identified from these plants, especially from E natalensis and E. divinorum. Among these, naphthoquinones, terpenes, and flavonoids are potential secondary metabolites with profound biological activities. Euclea plant extracts and their bioactive compounds possess outstanding pharmacological properties, especially antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I hereby declare that this work in its entirety is my own original work and personal experience for which I have carried the total cost. As the sole author of this dissertation, the publication and/or reproduction thereof or part thereof, will infringe on my intellectual property unless written consent of such action has been given. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher would like to sincerely thank my Mentor and Promotor Professor M.D. Herholdt for his many years of guidance, encouragement and counselling which has ultimately transformed experience, knowledge, and passion into this manuscript. The researcher would also like thank Pierre my husband, companion and for continuous support and council-much of this work should also be attributed to him. 4 CONTENTS
Nigeria is one of the most floristic rich countries on the continent of Africa due to the variation in climate, which favors the growth of several species. Sadly, its biodiversity is one of the most threatened in the world, mainly due to deforestation and various unsustainable land use patterns, which are human activities. However, these anthropogenic activities are more prevalent in Nigeria's northern savanna zone (NSZ). In this study, we present the first regional conservation assessments and red listing of tree species in the northern savanna zone (NSZ) of Nigeria according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria and categories. We recorded 31 tree species as the most utilized in the region. For the assessments, we provided the fundamental taxonomic information of each species, their local names, and their uses. This study provided the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, population size and trend, description of habitats, and ecological requirements and discussion of the threats affecting each species and their habitats. We further inform conservation actions and research activities needed to ensure the future of the tree species and their sustainable uses. Overall, approximately 97% of the taxa were evaluated as threatened (41% as endangered, 31% as critically endangered, 24% as vulnerable, and 4% as least concerned). Therefore, we recommend the adoption of the risk status of the species to develop sound conservation strategies and measures for the management of flora in this inundated region.
Ecosystem services (ESs) valuation is important for advancing biodiversity objectives and investing in green infrastructure (GI) establishment. Little is known about the potential of health clinic gardens (HCGs) to provide ESs and their potential values. This study sought to determine the plant and bird species composition and potential value of ESs provided by 32 HCGs in two South African district municipalities. HCG sizes range from 513.0m² to 13531.0m² and each had at least one micro-garden. Among the 312 plant species observed across all HCGs, 60% were exotic. The small HCGs had 31 ± 3.6 different plant species per garden, compared to the medium-sized (32 ± 3.7) and large ones (49 ± 5.2). Provisioning ESs from the observed species were prominent with 17.4 ± 1.16 species potentially used for general well-being, 13.66 ± 1.08 as potential food plants, and 11.91 ± 0.93 potentially raw materials. Trees in HCGs were estimated to sequester up to 163481.87 kg of carbon from trees covering an area of up to 9620.80m². Approximately 1390.70 ± 427.50m² of HCG space had the potential to provide a habitat for plants and birds, and 11 bird species were observed across all HCGs. Sixty-three bird nests encountered in 18 HCGs are believed to belong to the Passer domesticus. HCGs resemble other types of gardens like home and domestic gardens, and their rich plant biodiversity positions them as ideal ecosystems to benefit even the most vulnerable members of society. They provide an opportune platform for knowledge upscaling in the cultivation and use of plant species as a supplement of primary healthcare and food security issues in the summer months to the rural, urban, and peri-urban poor in the Global South.
Serotonergic disorders like depression, anxiety, or other neuropsychiatric disorders impact a person’s quality of life, daily interaction, and social relationships. Several synthetic anti-depressants are available in the market today, but they have limited effects or restricted clinical applications and come with adverse drug reactions. The available medications could have negative behavioral and cognitive impacts. Anti-depressants from natural sources, such as herbal medicines that have been used traditionally, are safe for human health. Traditionally, these herbal formulations were used medicinally in different regions worldwide. Therefore, medicinal herbs, plant-based formulations, or plant extracts that have anti-depressant action have been studied in vitro or in rodent models of serotonergic disorders. These medicinal plants either prevent neurotransmitter reuptake or inhibit monoamine oxidase, which may be used to treat serotonergic disorders and replenish the neurotransmitter. A general overview of the serotonergic system, associated disorders, and natural compounds involved in the modulation of the serotonergic system with potential therapeutic applications have been reviewed in the current chapter.
Nigeria is one of the most floristic rich countries on the continent of Africa due to the variation in climate, which favors the growth of several species. Sadly, its biodiversity is one of the most threatened in the world mainly due to deforestation and various forms of unsustainable land use patterns, which are human activities. However, these anthropogenic activities are more prevalent in Nigeria's northern savanna zone (NSZ). In this study, we present the first regional Conservation assessments and Red Listing of tree species of the Northern Savanna Zone (NSZ) of Nigeria according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria and categories. We recorded 31 tree species as the most utilized in the region in the region. For the assessments, we provided the fundamental taxonomic information of each species, their local names, and uses. This study provided the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, population size and trend, a description of habitats, ecological requirements; discussion of the threats affecting each species and their habitats. We further also inform conservation actions and research activities needed to ensure the future of the tree species and their sustainable uses. Overall, about 97% of the taxa were evaluated as threatened (41% as Endangered, 31% as critically endangered, 24% as Vulnerable, and 4% as Least Concerned). Based on this, we recommend the adoption of the risk status of the species to develop sound conservation strategies and measures for the management of flora in this inundated region
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the chemical profiles and biological activities of different extracts (ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water) of Pelargonium endlicherianum parts (aerial parts and roots). Free radical scavenging, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating were assayed for antioxidant properties. To detect enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase were chosen as target enzymes. The ethanol extract of the aerial parts contained higher amounts of total bioactive compounds (120.53 mg GAE/g-24.46 mg RE/g). The ethanol and water extracts of these parts were tentatively characterized by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and 95 compounds were annotated. In addition, the highest acetylcholiesterase (3.74 mg GALAE/g) and butyrylcholinesterase (3.92 mg GALAE/g) abilities were observed by the ethanol extract of roots. The water extract from aerial parts exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on multiple cancer cell lines, especially A549 (IC50: 23.2 µg/mL) and HT-29 (IC50: 27.43 µg/mL) cells. Using network pharmacology, P. endlicherianum compounds were studied against cancer, revealing well-connected targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, and growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB2) with significant impact on cancer-related pathways. The results could open a new path from natural treasure to functional applications with P. endlicherianum and highlight a new study on other uninvestigated Pelargonium species.
The objective of this review is to explore information about D. caffra and get good ideas about future research requirements and development activities. Dovyalis caffra (Warb.) (Kei apple) which belongs to the family Flacourtacea is a thorny evergreen tree/shrub native to the Kei River area of southwest Africa and abundant in the wild around the eastern Cape, Kaffraria, and Natal. It is now found distributed in many countries of the world including Ethiopia. Propagation of D. caffra is mostly by seed but its propagation is also possible vegetatively using stem cuttings. Propagation by stem cuttings is preferred to propagation by seed for faster, lesser cost, and easier establishment and to counteract the challenges posed by the storage behavior of the recalcitrant nature of seeds. D.caffra has many uses such as live fences, fodder for livestock, traditional medicine, and food for human beings. It has also allelopathic chemicals that suppress or control the growth of weeds in its vicinity. D.caffra can be managed by pruning and trimming. The purpose of the management is to keep live fences in good condition including shape and appearance, to avoid dead and diseased wood, to maintain and improve flower display, and to make the plants take small space. Studies regarding this valuable species are very limited in Ethiopia but some studies done in agroforestry, especially in home gardens show a high frequency of the species since it is used widely in live fences and to some extent as food.
The use of green methods for ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (RuONPs) synthesis is gaining attention due to their eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and availability. However, reports on the green synthesis and characterization of RuONPs are limited compared to other metal nanoparticles. The green synthesis and characterization of RuONPs using water extracts of Gunnera perpensa leaves as a reducing agent is reported in this study. The RuONPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–VIS). MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the RuONPs against MCF7 and Vero cell lines. X-ray diffraction analysis results revealed the presence of crystalline and amorphous forms of RuONPs, while IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups associated with G. perpensa leaves. SEM showed that the RuONPs consisted predominantly of hexagonal and cuboid-like structures with a considerable degree of agglomeration being observed. The cell culture results indicated a low anticancer efficacy of RuONPs against MCF7 and Vero cell lines, suggesting that RuONPs may not be a good lead for anti-cancer drugs. This study highlights the potential of using green synthesis methods to produce RuONPs and their characterization, as well as their cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
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