Content uploaded by Lulëjeta Ferizi-Shabani
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Lulëjeta Ferizi-Shabani on Jul 23, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Open Access Full Text Article
Journal of Dental and Oral Health
www.scientonline.org J Dent Oral HealthVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 003
Research Article
The Correlation between DMFT and OHI-S Index among 10-15 Years
Old Children in Kosova
Luljeta Ferizi Shabani1*, Agim Begzati1,
Fatmir Dragidella2, Valë Hysenaj Hoxha1,
Vlorë Hysenaj Cakolli2 and Blerta Bruçi1
1Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry,
University Dental Clinical Center of Kosovo -
Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
2Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine,
University Dental Clinical Center of Kosovo -
Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
Abstract
Introduction: The DMFT and OHI-S indexes are two of the most important
quantitative factors, measuring tooth health and oral hygiene.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between DMFT and OHI-S
indexes in 10-15 years old children treated at the University Dentistry Clinical Center of
Kosova - Pediatric Dentistry Clinic.
Methods: The study has been carried out during 2 years period (2013-2014) on 695
children (51.7% females and 48.3% males), ages 10-15 years from urban and rural areas,
included in this cross-sectional study.
Children’s oral health status was evaluated using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria
for Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth (DMFT), and simplied oral hygiene index by Green-
Vermilion (OHI-S).
Results: The ndings of our study demonstrated that children aged 10-15-year-old
living in the urban areas had higher prevalence of caries than those in rural areas. The
average and standard deviation of DMFT in children from urban areas was 2.8 and 2.1,
respectively the average and standard deviation of DMFT was 2.4 and 1.7, for children from
rural areas. OHI-S index, on the other hand, showed an average 1.4.
Conclusion: Based on the result of the t-test, the correlation coefcient was r= 0.70.
We have concluded that there is a strong correlation between DMFT and OHI-S index in
children 10-15 years old, and they had high caries prevalence. Preventive approach and
measures are recommended for children due to higher caries prevalence, related to their
diet and poor oral health maintenance.
Keywords: DMFT, OHI-S, 10-15 years old, Cross-sectional study
Introduction
Oral health is now recognized as equally important in relation to general health
[1]. Healthy teeth and oral tissues and the need for oral health care are important for
any section of society. Oral disorders can have a profound impact on the quality-of-life.
Good oral health has real health gains, in that it can improve general health and quality-
of-life and contribute to self-image and social interaction. Epidemiologic studies may
be of value in assessing the prevalence of diseases, in disclosing trends in disease
Kosovo is the youngest European country, in Southeastern Europe. After the war
educational institutions did not emphasize oral health promotion. Currently, Kosovo
has an underdeveloped economy and rather poor educational and health systems. Basic
in preventive dentistry organized by Kosovo’s Ministry of Health. Some preventive
activities are accomplished by the Group for Public Oral Health Promotion, established
It has already been mentioned that dental caries is the mostly spread disease in
the world. In a study carried out in Kosovo we have assessed the prevalence of dental
of children of Kosovo showed a very high caries experience in both the primary and
*Corresponding author: Luljeta Ferizi Shabani
DDS, Department of Pediatric and Preventive
Dentistry, University Dental Clinical Center of Kosovo
Address: Rr. e Spitalit PN 10000 Prishtina, Republic
of Kosovo, Tel: +381 38 500 600 ext: 2230, Email:
luljetaferizi@gmail.com
This article was published in the following Scient Open Access Journal:
Journal of Dental and Oral Health
Received May 25, 2015; Accepted May 31, 2015; Published June 12, 2015
Citation: Shabani LF, Begzati A, Dragidella F, Hoxha VH, Cakolli VH, et al. (2015). The Correlation between DMFT and OHI-S Index among 10-15
Years Old Children in Kosova
Page 2 of 5
www.scientonline.org J Dent Oral HealthVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 003
high. Epidemio
study showed a high prevalence of dental caries among children
Pediatric and preventive dentists have advocated early oral
examinations, appropriate interventions and parental counseling,
but these have not been carried out systematically in Kosovo.
Similarly, the majority of preschool-age children have never been
to a dentist [4].
Dental caries is a common oral disease in children. Pain and
dentoalveolar abscess are the severe complications that may
only in the case of acute pain and never on the basis of preventive
measures.
health of these children in Kosovo is worse than that of children
the low treatment rate of the children in Kosovo is unfavorable
Dental caries is a lifetime disease, with highest priority
factors such as culture, socioeconomic status, life style and
dietary pattern can have a greater impact on caries-resistance or
development [7].
Clinical Center of Kosovo.
for the Ministry of Health of Kosovo, to demostrate the actual
situation of oral health and the resulting tooth decay. We did this
new projects for promotion of oral health in school aged children.
Materials and Methods
Prior to the start of the study, the children, their parents were
informed. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of
questionnaire included their demographic data, age, gender,
residence and dental status. It was performed by dentists from
Preventive Dentistry Department and Periodontology and Oral
Medicine Department.
Children’s oral health status was evaluated using the WHO
caries diagnostic criteria for Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth
experience and is obtained by calculating the number of decayed
assigning scores to the tooth surfaces are the same as those use for
the OHI-S are selected from four posterior and two anterior teeth.
selected upper molars and the lingual surfaces of the
selected lower molars are inspected.
In the anterior portion of the mouth, the labial surfaces
opposite side of the midline is substituted.
Criteria for classifying debris:
1. Soft debris covering not more than one third of the tooth
surface, or presence of extrinsic stains without other
debris regardless of surface area covered
Soft debris covering more than one third, but no more
than two third, of the exposed tooth surface.
Soft debris covering more than two thirds of the exposed
tooth surface [9].
Inclusion criteria
Children present on the day of examination.
Exclusion criteria
• Primary teeth present were ignored and their carious
status not recorded.
• Individuals suffering from systemic illness
• Individuals who were not willing to participate in the
study
Statistical Analysis
Citation: Shabani LF, Begzati A, Dragidella F, Hoxha VH, Cakolli VH, et al. (2015). The Correlation between DMFT and OHI-S Index among 10-15
Years Old Children in Kosova
Page 3 of 5
www.scientonline.org J Dent Oral HealthVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 003
Result
f our study demonstrated that children aged
from urban
which is considered as a
Discussion
provides information on prevalence
of dental caries and oral health in a representative sample
differences between adjacent age groups showed a difference for
Caries prevalence varies from country to country and from
climate, diet, culture and economic factors also affect the caries
prevalence. In spite of these variations an attempt has been made
within and outside the country [11].
these children in Kosovo is worse than that of children in other
14
in another
al health in Slovenian children
Table 1: Patients analyzed based on gender and residence.
Residence
Gender Total
Female Male
N % N % N %
Rural 182 50.7 153 45.5 335 48.2
Urban 177 49.3 183 54.5 360 51.8
Total 359 100.0 336 100.0 695 100.0
51.7 - 48.3 - 100.0 -
Table 2: The average and standard deviation of DMFT in children from urban
and rural areas.
Residence N Average of DMFT SD of DMFT
Rural 335 2.4 1.7
Urban 360 2.8 2.1
Total 695 2.6 1.9
Age N Average of DMFT SD of DMFT
9 year 2 1.5 0.7
10 year 113 1.8 1.4
11 year 123 2.1 1.4
12 year 142 2.3 1.7
13 year 146 3.2 2.1
14 year 128 3.0 2.1
15 year 28 4.2 2.7
16 year 8 3.4 2.5
17 year 3 4.7 0.6
18 year 2 2.5 0.7
TOTAL 695 2.6 1.9
Table 3. DMFT was evaluated based on age.
Table 4. The average of OHI-S and DMFT index according to gender
Gender N Average of OHI-S Average of DMFT
Female 359 1.42 2.67
Male 336 1.44 2.54
Total 695 1.43 2.61
Graph 1: Coefcient of correlation between DMFT and OHI-S index
Citation: Shabani LF, Begzati A, Dragidella F, Hoxha VH, Cakolli VH, et al. (2015). The Correlation between DMFT and OHI-S Index among 10-15
Years Old Children in Kosova
Page 4 of 5
www.scientonline.org J Dent Oral HealthVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 003
was explained by the establishment of preventive programmes,
with the stress on supervised teeth brushing with concentrated
low treatment rate of the children in Kosovo is unfavorable and
[19].
in this study had poor oral health behavior and oral hygiene. But,
this index is lower in comparition with the mean oral hygiene
economic status and health, as well as a relationship between
socio- economic status and the incidence and prevalence of
economic factors, such as low quality of life, low educational
level, and the impact of cultural life on the promotion of oral
educational levels in underdeveloped countries as well as lower
consumption was present only among children with poor tooth-
a future dietary shift toward the inclusion of more products with
high sugar content, their generally poor oral hygiene may leave
perceived general health was closely associated with perceived
increased incidences of gingivitis and
Conclusions
WHO Euro
[9].
they had high caries prevalence in comparison with Western
European countries. Although caries is a multifactorial disease, it
seems that the level of professional engagement affects oral health
an urgent need for increased oral health education. Because
oral hygiene habits, such as tooth brushing, do not appear to be
education programs delivered through the school system may be
useful.
Acknowledgment
participants for their valuable help and cooperation.
References
1. Kamran A, Bakhteyar K, Heydari H, Lot A, Heydari Z. Survey of Oral
Hygiene Behaviors, Knowledge and Attitude among School Children: A
Cross-Sectional. Inter J Health Sciences. 2014;2(2):83-95.
2. Olsson B. Dental caries and uorosis in Arussi province, Ethiopia. Community
Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1978;6(6):338-343.
3. Kosovo and its Population. Statistical Ofce of Kosova, September 2003,
revised version. Accessed on October 15th, 2009.
4. Begzati A, Meqa K, Siegenthaler D, Berisha M, Mautsch W. Dental Health
Evaluation of Children in Kosovo. Eur J Dent. 2011;5(1):32-39.
5. Adekoya - Sofowora CA, WO Nasir, AO Oginni, M Taiwo. Dental caries in
12-year-old suburban Nigerian school children. Afr Health Sci. 2006;6(3):145-
150.
6. Begzati A, Meqa K, Azemi M, et al. Oral Health Care in Children A Preventive
Perspective. 2014.
7. ur Rehman MM, Mahmood N, ur Rehman B. The relationship of caries with
oral hygiene status and extra-oral risk factors. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad.
2008;20(1):103-108.
8. World Health Organization. PAHO/WHO Oral Health survey Basic Methods
(4th ed.), World Health Organization, Geneva, 1997.
9. Simplied Oral Hygiene Index | OHI-S - Oral Health Database, Malmö
University, 1964.
10. Petersen PE. Challenges to improvement of oral health in the 21st century-
the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Inter Dental J.
2004;54(6 Suppl 1):329-343.
11. Joshi N, Sujan S, Joshi K, Parekh H, Dave B. Prevalence, severity and
related factors of dental caries in school going children of vadodara city - an
epidemiological study. J Int Oral Health. 2013;5(4):35-39.
12. Agbelusi GA, Jeboda SO. Oral health status of 12-year-old Nigerian children.
West Afr J Med. 2006;25(3):195-198.
13. Marthaler TM, O’Mullane DM, Vrbic V. The prevalence of dental caries in
Europe 1990-1995. Caries Res. 1996;30(4):237-255.
14. Oral Health Country/Area Prole Project - Malmö University.
15. Nurelhuda NM, Trovik TA, Ali RW, Ahmed AF. Oral health status of 12-year-
old school children in Khartoum state, the Sudan; a school-based survey.
BMC Oral Health. 2009;9: 15.
16. Markovic N, Arslanagic Muratbegovic A, Kobaslija S, et al. (2013) Caries
prevalence of children and adolescents in Bosnia Herzegovina. Acta Med
Acad. 2013;2(2):108-116.
17. Vrbic V. Reasons for the caries decline in Slovenia. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol. 2000;28(2):126-132.
18. Woodward M. Walker AR. Sugar consumption and dental caries: evidence
from 90 countries. Br Dent J. 1994;176(8):297-302.
19. Burt BA, Pai S. Sugar consumption and caries risk: a systematic review. J
Dent Educ. 2001;65(10):1017-1023.
20. Sukhabogi JR, Shekar CBR, Hameed IA, Ramana IV, Sandhu G. Oral Health
Status among 12- and 15-Year-Old Children from Government and Private
Schools in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ann Med Health Sci Res.
2014;4(Suppl 3):S272-S277.
21. Eberhardt MS, Pamuk ER. The Importance of Place of Residence: Examining
Health in rural and nonrural areas. Amer J Public Health. 2004;94(10):1682-
1686.
22. Gibson S, Williams S. Dental caries in pre-school children: associations with
social class, tooth brushing habit and consumption of sugars and sugar-
containing foods. Further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition
Survey of children aged 1.5-4.5 years. Caries Res. 1999;33(2):101-113.
23. Fukuda H, Cyril N. Ogada, Eunice Kihara, Evelyn G. Wagaiyu, Hayashi Y. Oral
Health Status among 12-Year-Old Children in a Rural Kenyan Community
Hideki. J Dent Oral Health. 2014;1:1-5.
Citation: Shabani LF, Begzati A, Dragidella F, Hoxha VH, Cakolli VH, et al. (2015). The Correlation between DMFT and OHI-S Index among 10-15
Years Old Children in Kosova
Page 5 of 5
www.scientonline.org J Dent Oral HealthVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 003
24. Richmond S, Chestnutt I, Shennan J, Brown R. The relationship of medical
and dental factors to perceived and dental health. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol.
2007;35(2):89-97.
25. Dolic O, Vojinovic J, Djukanovic D, Cupic S, Sukara S, et al. Caries
Prevalence in the Primary and Permanent Dentition of Rural and Urban
Children in the Municipality of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Oral
Health Dent Manag. 2010;9: 406.
Copyright: © 2015 Luljeta Ferizi Shabani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
