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Evaluating The Continuum Of Syntactic Variability In Spoken European Portuguese (Madeira Island)

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From a Labovian quantitative perspective of language variation, social dimensions of speakers may correlate with their linguistic uses, revealing whether a variant is a stereotype, or a marker, and showing systematic social stratification (Labov, 1994). The social meaning of variation is an emergent phenomenon and the evaluation of linguistic forms take place through interaction in different ways depending on who is using them and who is doing the interpretation. In addition to the systematic recording of spontaneous speech, other elicitation techniques such as written questionnaires and oral tasks are needed, in order to achieve a greater observational and explanatory force of linguistic variation. It is generally accepted that the acceptability of linguistic variables occurs on a continuum of grammatical judgment degrees made by the speakers, presented by the preference for prescriptive and/or a prestige variant on one side, and a stigmatized variant in the opposite scenario (Cornips, 2014) This talk deals with syntactic or morphosyntactic variation in Portuguese, exploring their spatial and social dimensions (Johnstone, 2010; Brit Mæhlum, 2010), as part of an ongoing research project on the Sociolinguistic of Spoken European Portuguese in Madeira Island. This project intends to describe the social representations of a select group of syntactic variants of Spoken European Portuguese (SEP) in use in this insular region of Portugal. The presentation will provide evidence to support the hypothesis referred above, that, patterns of linguistic variation exist along a continuum which involves not only the social value of linguistic variants but the level at which they occur. According to previous data concerning SEP syntactic variation (Carrilho & Pereira, 2011; Bazenga, 2011, 2012), this work follows a survey applied, between April and December 2013, to 126 respondents, living in seven locations points on the island of Madeira (Andrade, 2014). For this presentation, three selected variable phenomena in European Portuguese (EP) are analyzed, taken from the questionnaire (section 4): (a) the existential construction: by haver ‘there is’ - há várias calças no armário. (‘there is many pants in-the closet ’) vs. ter ‘to have’ - tem várias calças no armário. (‘has many pants in-the closet’); (b) the aspectual construction: progressive periphrasis with estar ‘to be’+ a + V[Infinitive] – Maria está a cantar (‘Maria is.SL to sing’) vs. estar ‘to be’+ V[Gerund] – Maria está cantando (‘Maria is.SL singing’); (c) the realization of the anaphoric direct object: by an accusative clitic - eu vi-o ontem (‘I saw him-CL yesterday’), vs. a nominative pronoun - eu vi ele ontem (‘I saw he-NOM yesterday’) vs. a dative pronoun - eu vi lhe ontem (‘I saw he-DAT yesterday’) vs. an empty category eu vi ∅ ontem (‘I saw ∅ yesterday’). The analysis, following a variationist approach, by taking into account social variables, such as sex, age, school attendance, and using Likert scale for mesuring the acceptability jugdgement, allows the identification of different patterns of social stratification on the perception of community speech. Regarding social evaluation, the (a) and (b) phenomenon are located at the prestigious and dominant extreme of the linguistic variation continuum, in insular varieties. The phenomenon considered in (c) is typical of popular and non-dominant varieties and subject to very strong social stigma. This talk can provide new insights regarding possible directions of linguistic change in this insular Portuguese community, namely, in levelling of prestige variety’s (Kerswill, 2003), or, on the contrary, by strengthening its regional specificity, as an act of identity (Johnstone, 2010). Keywords: Sociolinguistic Evaluation; Syntactic variation; Spoken European Portuguese Variety of Funchal (Madeira Island).
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EVALUATING THE CONTINUUM OF
SYNTACTIC VARIABILITY IN SPOKEN
EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE (MADEIRA
ISLAND).
!"#$%&'!(%$)!&*&+!,!-#$!&!$.-!.%&
UNIVERSITY*OF*MADEIRA*
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
AIM
Present some results from the Project “Attitudes and
Sociolinguistic Variation Awareness of Madeiran
speakers”.
!4 selected variable phenomena in European Spoken Portuguese in
Madeira and their perception by Maderian speakers
!how Perceptual data may contribute to explain some syntactic
variable phenomena in use /attested
!the social value of the perception and the use linguistic variants
2
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INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
M ADEIRAN V ARIETY OF EP(EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE)
E MPIRICAL DATA AND STUDIES ON SYNTACTIC VARIATIONIN EP
P ERCEPTIONAL D IALECTOLOGYOF OF EP
P ATTERNS OF NON STANDARD SYNTAX OF BP (BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE)
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INTRODUCTION
First settlers (1420); Madeirian society
as the result of several migratory
processes
!Migration flows regulated by economic
cycles resulted in different situations
of language contact; important
diaspora
Autonomous Region (1976), with
270.000 inhabitants; the emergence
of madeirensidade”(Rodrigues,
2010)
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4
EP Dialects Classification (Cintra, 1971;
Segura & Saramago, 2001), based on
Phonetic and Lexical features
!Northern dialects
!Central Southern dialects
!Insular dialects
Higher internal variation in lexicon and
phonetic features (Cintra, 1990)
Spoken European Portuguese in Madeira
Island (Bazenga, 2013)
INTRODUCTION
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Figure 1. http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html
Areal distribution of non-standard
syntax of EP (Carrilho & Pereira, 2011;
2 0 1 2 , 2 0 1 3 ) b a s e d o n
CORDIAL-SIN: Syntax-oriented Corpus
of Portuguese Dialects)
a.Aspectual constructions involving the gerund form of a
main verb (also in Azores and southern dialects of
penisular EP)
b.Existencial Impersonal Constructions with TER (to have)
c.Non-standard uses of a gente
d.Constructions as Pre-nominal possessives without article
(also in Azores but with less frequency)
INTRODUCTION
Figure 2. Carrilho & Pereira (2011, 2013)
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INTRODUCTION
Perceptual Dialectology in EP: Ferreira (2004; 2007);
Cabeleira (2006); Haddar (2008);
Duarte, Abreu & Paiva (2013) “Patterns of variation in non-
dominant varieties of Brazilian Portuguese”.
7
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
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INTRODUCTION
The Corpus of Madeira Island (CMI) (cf. Bazenga, 2014) and
works on non standard syntax in the Madeiran Variety
!Pronoun subject a gente
(lit. “the people”) in BP and EP (Vianna,
2011; and Subject doubling in EP, MARTINS, 2009.
!Patterns of third person plural verbal agreement (Bazenga, 2012;
Vieira & Bazenga, 2013)
!Pronominal constructions ( Anaphoric OD) (Bazenga, 2011)
!Existential constructions ter/to have and haver/there
is (Bazenga, 2012)
8 World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
(1) FNC10-MB2
INF: yes _ yes indeed madam i am Madeiran but i prefer the Lisbon accent
INQ: Which accent you don’t like?
INF: The one from Câmara de Lobos more than _ of _ well the fishermen’s ones
but (…) its more the accent from fishermen _ because not everyone from Câmara
de Lobos ) speaks_ has the same accent
*
INTRODUCTION
9
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(2) FNC11_MB3
INQ1: eh regarding pronunciations and accents which you like best?
INF: so I think I like the Madeiran accent
INQ1: why?
INF: there are continentals who try to imitate Madeirans and it comes out
Azorean, also because its my land and I think we have to defend what is ours
therefore (…) at the national (…)_from Lisbon, Lisbon because I think it is the
most correct Portuguese mainly I think that’s it
INQ1: are there any you do not like?
INF: Azorean
INTRODUCTION
( 3) FNC11_CM3
INQ: what's the accent or pronunciation that you like most?
INF: from Coimbra
INQ: from Coimbra why Fatima?
INF: because it is where they speak the most correct Portuguese
INQ: more correct and is there any that Fatima doesn’t like from the way we
speak?
INF: I do not like talking Madeiran but I adore Madeira and the people of Madeira
but I don’t like the accent
INQ: you don’t like it?
INF: although its also my accent
(…)
INQ: no_ and has someone tried to fix your speech or how you express yourself?
INF: I mean ,my mother told me I should talk with a more continental accent
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INTRODUCTION
(4) Anaphoric OD by lhe (DAT)
a. tento-lhe explicar e lhe informar [-lo] sobre as coisas (FNC11_HA1426)
try -1SG him-DAT explain_INF and him-DAT inform-INF
I try to explain and inform him about things
b. levo-lhe [-o] à escola (FNC11_MA1 006)
bring-1SG him-DAT at school
I bring him to the school
c. eu não gostava dele nem lhe [o] podia ver à frente (FNC11_MA1 204-5)
I didnt like him and him-DAT couldnt -1SG see-INF
I didnt like him and I couldnt see him
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INTRODUCTION
(5) Anaphoric OD by ele (NOM)
a. ponho ele [-o] a ver boneques [bonecos] (FNC11_MA1 243)
put-1SG he-NOM watch-INF cartoons
“I put him watching cartoons”
b. só vi ele [-o] a passar ao pé dela (FNC11_MA1 270)
only saw-1SG he-NOM pass-INF near her
“I only saw him passing by her”
c. e depois o maride deixou ela [-a] e ficou na quinta (FNC11_MC1.1 453)
and then the husband left she-NOM and stayed-3SG in the farm
“and then the husband left her and stayed in the farm “
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INTRODUCTION
(5) a gente + V-Se Construction (Subject dubling, cf. Martins, 2009)
a.eu ainda falo um pouco como a gente fala-se lá na calheta
(FNC11_HA1152-3)
i still talk a little like pron.1PL talks-SE in calheta
“i still talk a little like us people talk in Calheta”
b. a gente pede-se o bilhete de identidade tira-se o nome tira-se tudo gravas e
depois vão vão dormir (FNC11_MC1.1 099)
people/pron.1PL ask-SE for the Identification document, take –SE the name out,
save-2SG and then sleep-3PL
“We ask for the Identification document we take the name out, you save it and after
they go to sleep”
c. e cada vez a gente ouve-se mais falar sobre isso (FNC-MA3.1 271)
each time people/ pron.1PL listen-SE talk-3SG about
Each time we listen more and more people talking about it”
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INTRODUCTION
(6)Existential construction with TER (To have)
a. tem [] bastantes colégios aqui na madeira (FNC11_MA3 111-2)
has-3SG lot colleges here in madeira
There are many colleges in Madeira”
b. tem [] pessoas com estudos e não têm trabalho (FNC11_MC1.2 177)
has--3SG people with studies which have-3PL no job
“there are people with studies which have no job”
c. na rua dos ilhéus onde tem [] dez vinte prédios de apartamentos
(FNC-CH 3.1 102)
In the ilheus street where has--3SG ten, twenty apartment buildings
In the ilheus street where there are ten, twenty apartment buildings”
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INTRODUCTION
This Study focus on the perception of the following syntactic
patterns in use in Madeiran Spoken Variety of EP:
Existential constructions
! haver ‘there is’ - há várias calças no armário. (‘there are many pants in-the closet ’) vs. ter
‘to have’ - tem várias calças no armário. (‘has many pants in-the closet’);
Aspectual constructions
! progressive periphrasis with estar ‘to be’+ a + V [Infinitive] – Maria está a cantar (‘Maria
is.SL to sing’) vs. estar ‘to be’+ V[Gerund] – Maria está cantando (‘Maria is.SL singing’);
Anaphoric OD Constructions
! accusative clitic - eu vi-o ontem (‘I saw him-CL yesterday’), vs. a nominative pronoun - eu vi
ele ontem (‘I saw he-NOM yesterday’) vs. a dative pronoun - eu vi lhe ontem (‘I saw he-DAT
yesterday’) vs. an empty category eu vi
ontem (‘I saw yesterday’).
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METHODS
SUMMARY
SURVEY: 7 LOCATIONS, 126 PARTICIPANTS;
QUESTIONNAIRE: 4 sections, Likert’s Scale)
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY USING THE STATISCAL
PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES (SPSS)
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METHODS
Survey Points (7)
Funchal, Santa Cruz, Machico,
Câmara de Lobos, Santana
and S. Vicente
Figure 3. Surveys Locations
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Indirect assessment
Evaluation from participants
using a questionnaire;
3 sections with series of rating
scale tasks (Likerts scale)
METHODS
Figure 4. Questionnaire
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Section A
Section B
Section B1
Section C
Questionnaire’s Structure
Socio-economic data
Self evaluation: Insular linguistic diversity and
factors of saliency: rural/urban; education; the
influence of Funchal Variety in Regional Dialect
Evaluation of others: evaluation of geographic
Varities of EP: Selected attributes: Pleasantness;
Intelligibility; Degree of Difference.
Evaluation of correctness of some syntactic
constructions: clitics and pronouns; existential
verbs; aspectual constructions
METHODS
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Participants
18 by survey locations (6)
= 126 participants
Age Education Gender
A
18 to 35
years (42)
1Fundamental
(42) H Male (63)
B
36 to 55
years (42)
2
Intermediate
(42)
M
Female (63)
C
56 to 75
years (42)
3
Higher
(42)
Table 1. A socially stratified sample - 3 cells x 3 cells x 2
cells = 18 cells informants for each survey point
METHODS
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RESULTS (SECTION C
PATTERNS OF SYNTACTIC
CONSTRUCTIONS) AND
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
Global and most salient data; social
representations (extra-linguistic factors); for
discussion of data presented, see Andrade (2013)
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ANAPHORIC OD CONSTRUCTIONS
65%
16%
7% 8%
4%
10% 6% 7%
13%
63%
54%
17%
11% 9% 10%
33%
11% 9%
18%
29%
1- very bad 2- bad 3-average 4- good 5- very good
Sim, eu sei, eu vi-lhe ontem
Sim, eu sei, eu vi-o ontem
sim, eu sei, eu o vi ontem
sim, eu sei, eu vi ele ontem
O namorado da Carolina estava na praia
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Graph 1.
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EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
13%
3%
12%
16%
56%
40%
7%
21% 20%
13%
17%
13%
23% 20%
28%
1-Very bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
No Funchal, pelas 18 horas,
há muito tránsito. tem muito trânsito. existe muito trânsito.
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Graph 2.
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ASPECTUAL CONSTRUCTION (PROGRESSIVE
PERIPHRASIS WITH “ESTAR”)
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16%
7%
19% 21%
37%
12%
2%
8%
21%
58%
1- Very Bad
2- Bad
3- Average
5- Very Good
Porque estava chovendo. porque estava a chover.
Graph 3.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
42%
17% 15% 14% 12%
4% 2%
7%
20%
67%
65%
9% 10% 11%
6%
1- Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
Porque só no verão é que vai-se a praia
Porque só no verão é que se vai a praia.
Porque só no verão é que a gente vai-se a praia.
25
Graph 4.
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INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
76%
7%
31%
46%
67%
8%
2%
7%
19% 15%
3% 2%
17% 16%
8%
7%
13%
22%
9% 6%
6%
75%
22%
10%
5%
Ela trazia livros pra mim
ler
Ela trazia livros pra eu
ler
ela trazia livros pra
gente ler
ela trazia livros pra se
ler
ela trazia livros pra ler-se
1- Very Bad
2- Bad
3- Average
4- Good
5- Very Good
Sempre que a minha avó me visitava...
26
Graph 5.
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EDUCATION FACTOR
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Graph 6.
26%
17%
12% 12%
33%
0% 0%
7% 10%
83%
1- Very bad% 2-Bad 3-Average% 4-Good % 5-Very good
Eu vi-o ontem
Fundamental Higher
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EDUCATION FACTOR
Graph 7.
55%
14%
7% 10% 14%
98%
0% 0% 2% 0%
1- Very bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very good
Ela trazia livros para mim ler
Fundamental Higher
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EDUCATION FACTOR
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Graph 8.
10% 7%
17% 17%
50%
14% 14%
24%
31%
17%
1-Very bad% 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very good
Comprei !na feira
Fundamental Higher
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GENDER FACTOR
30
Graph 9.
32%
22%
14% 17% 14%
52%
11%
16%
11% 10%
1-Very Bad% 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
Porque só no Verão é que vai-se à praia
Male Female
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GENDER FACTOR
31
Graph 10.
29%
16%
8%
16%
32%
37%
6%
10%
21%
27%
1- Very bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
Sim, eu sei, eu vi ele ontem
Male Female
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LOCATION FACTOR
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32
56%
0%
22%
17%
6%
50%
11%
17%
6%
17%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Tem muito trânsito
Calheta Câmara de Lobos
0%
6%
33% 33%
28%
6% 6%
44%
33%
11%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Tem muito transito
Funchal Machico
Graph 11. Graph 12.
LOCATION FACTOR
33
50%
17%
0%
22%
11%
61%
0% 0% 6%
33%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Sim, eu vi ele ontem
Calheta Câmara de Lobos
11%
22%
17%
28%
22%
0% 0%
17%
39%
44%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Sim, eu vi ele ontem
Funchal Machico
Graph 13. Graph 14.
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08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
PERCEPTUAL CONTINUUM
34
58%
48%
33%
17%
12%
“Porque estava chovendo” “Sim, eu sei, eu vi ele
ontem.”
“Tem muito trânsito nas
ruas.”
Porque só no verão é que
a gente vai-se à praia.”
“Sim, eu sei, eu vi-lhe
ontem.”
Perception of non-standard constructions of EP
Series1
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
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!Both social status and location revealed themselves as
important extra-linguistic variables as in previous
studies on syntactic variation of Spoken European
Portuguese in Madeira
"
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
!The present study further supports other studies,
specially those recent ones based on sociolinguistic
interviews, that show some non standard syntactic
constructions in use in Madeiran EP which are not in use
in Peninsular EP
!This study can be a basis of comparison to be used by
further studies on perceptual dialectology and/or
sociolinguistics
"
CONCLUDING REMARKS
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THANK YOU!
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World Conference on pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
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Presentation
Full-text available
Este trabalho resulta de duas investigações empíricas realizadas na ilha da Madeira, cujos questionários contêm um conjunto de perguntas que apelam aos juízos de valor dos falantes sobre variantes sintáticas em uso no português, nomeadamente, as de realização pronominal anafórica do objeto direto (OD), ou seja, variantes com: clítico acusativo O (eu vi-o), pronome nominativo Ele (eu vi ele) ou ainda com clítico dativo LHE (eu lhe vi). Os inquéritos sociolinguísticos desta investigação apresentam configurações distintas: um primeiro conjunto de dados foi recolhido entre abril e dezembro de 2013, junto de 126 indivíduos de sete comunidades linguísticas (18 por localidade), estratificados por idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade; já o segundo, realizado em outubro de 2015, foi aplicado a 412 estudantes da Universidade da Madeira, no Funchal, a capital da ilha. A análise, quantitativa e qualitativa, será conduzida, tendo em consideração dados retirados do Corpus do Português Falado no Funchal e os estudos recentes sobre vários aspetos da variação sintática em variedades do português (europeias, brasileiras e africanas). Os resultados das tarefas de julgamento realizadas por falantes madeirenses permitem (i) confirmar a relevância dos fatores sociais na consciência linguística da variação inerente dos sistemas linguísticos, por um lado, e, por outro, (ii) contribuir para a discussão do papel desempenhado por este tipo de dados subjetivos nos processos de mudança linguística.
Article
Full-text available
Dialectal classifications and dialect characterization generally leave aside syntactic aspects of linguistic variation. Recent developments on dialect syntax enlarged the empirical ground for researching dialect differentiation and call for new regards upon the identification of dialects. This paper presents and discusses the geographical distribution of a selection of non-standard syntactic constructions in European Portuguese, drawn from the dialect corpus CORDIAL-SIN. The aims of this study are twofold: (i) to identify the areal distribution of some dialectal constructions in the Portuguese territory; (ii) to show how these syntactic areas meet, to a certain extent, important boundaries already identified for Portuguese dialects.
Article
Full-text available
This paper aims to provide a Labovian sociolinguistic description of 3rd person plural patterns of agreement in European (EP), Brazilian (BP) and São Tomé (STP) Portuguese based on very recent samples of speech stratified for age, sex/gender and education. Linguistic and social restrictions for the variation are investigated. Results from statistical analysis indicate that there are two patterns of agreement in Portuguese: a semi-categorical rule, typical of EP, and a variable rule, typical of BP and STP, restricted by specific linguistic and social factors. Additionally, the results indicate that general linguistic constraints – such as the position of the subject, semantic feature of the subject or even discursive parallelism – cannot say anything about historical origin of Portuguese varieties, since they can be concerned with any language. Therefore, besides the quantitative expression of non-agreement, the quality of the occurrences of non-plural marking may support the characterization of each variety.
Article
Vernacular universals arise in the context of sociolinguistic dialectology as generalizations about intralinguistic variation, and their universal status is emerging from analyses of putative crosslinguistic counterparts. The external factors that underlie them have distinctive social and functional aspects. I exemplify them by examining one of them, default singulars, a specific type of copula nonconcord. In English, default singulars occur as invariant was (as in They was too sick to travel). Socially, default singulars appear to develop naturally in the absence of contact models, as dramatically illustrated by Schreier's work (2002) on Tristan da Cunha. Functionally, they appear to result from stripping away inflectional redundancies, especially when they involve complex look-up mechanisms. Vernacular universals, unlike UG-based generalizations, are identified partly in terms of their social patterning, in so far as there are regularities in the way they are socially embedded, and this added dimension may provide a concrete basis for coming to grips with them.
Article
Traditional dialectology took region as its primary and often its only independent variable. Because of numerous social changes, region is no longer the primary determinant of language variation, and contemporary (sociolinguistic) dialectology has expanded the number of independent variables. In Dialect Topography, we survey a representative population, and that population inevitably includes some subjects born outside the survey region. We want to know how these non-natives affect language use in the community. Admitting them thus requires us to implement some mechanism for identifying them in order to compare their language use to the natives. The mechanism is called the Regionality Index (RI). Subjects are ranked on a scale from 1 to 7, with the best representatives of the region (indigenes) receiving a score of 1, the poorest (interlopers) a score of 7, and subjects of intermediate degrees of representativeness in between. I look at three case studies in which RI is significant: bureau in Quebec City, running shoes in the Golden Horseshoe, and soft drink in Quebec City. These results introduce a new dimension to the study of language variation as a regional phenomenon and provide a framework for the integration of regionality as one independent variable among many in dialect studies. The RI provides, perhaps for the first time, an empirical basis for inferring the sociolinguistic effects of mobility.
Article
Incluye bibliografía e índice
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