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EVALUATING THE CONTINUUM OF
SYNTACTIC VARIABILITY IN SPOKEN
EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE (MADEIRA
ISLAND).
!"#$%&'!(%$)!&*&+!,!-#$!&!$.-!.%&
UNIVERSITY*OF*MADEIRA*
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
AIM
Present some results from the Project “Attitudes and
Sociolinguistic Variation Awareness of Madeiran
speakers”.
! 4 selected variable phenomena in European Spoken Portuguese in
Madeira and their perception by Maderian speakers
! how Perceptual data may contribute to explain some syntactic
variable phenomena in use /attested
! the social value of the perception and the use linguistic variants
2
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
• M ADEIRAN V ARIETY OF EP(EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE)
• E MPIRICAL DATA AND STUDIES ON SYNTACTIC VARIATIONIN EP
• P ERCEPTIONAL D IALECTOLOGYOF OF EP
• P ATTERNS OF NON STANDARD SYNTAX OF BP (BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE)
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
First settlers (1420); Madeirian society
as the result of several migratory
processes
! Migration flows regulated by economic
cycles resulted in different situations
of language contact; important
diaspora
Autonomous Region (1976), with
270.000 inhabitants; the emergence
of “madeirensidade”(Rodrigues,
2010)
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
4
EP Dialects Classification (Cintra, 1971;
Segura & Saramago, 2001), based on
Phonetic and Lexical features
! Northern dialects
! Central Southern dialects
! Insular dialects
Higher internal variation in lexicon and
phonetic features (Cintra, 1990)
Spoken European Portuguese in Madeira
Island (Bazenga, 2013)
INTRODUCTION
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
5
Figure 1. http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html
Areal distribution of non-standard
syntax of EP (Carrilho & Pereira, 2011;
2 0 1 2 , 2 0 1 3 ) b a s e d o n
CORDIAL-SIN: Syntax-oriented Corpus
of Portuguese Dialects)
a. Aspectual constructions involving the gerund form of a
main verb (also in Azores and southern dialects of
penisular EP)
b. Existencial Impersonal Constructions with TER (to have)
c. Non-standard uses of a gente
d. Constructions as Pre-nominal possessives without article
(also in Azores but with less frequency)
INTRODUCTION
Figure 2. Carrilho & Pereira (2011, 2013)
6
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
Perceptual Dialectology in EP: Ferreira (2004; 2007);
Cabeleira (2006); Haddar (2008);
Duarte, Abreu & Paiva (2013) “Patterns of variation in non-
dominant varieties of Brazilian Portuguese”.
7
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
The Corpus of Madeira Island (CMI) (cf. Bazenga, 2014) and
works on non standard syntax in the Madeiran Variety
! Pronoun subject “a gente
”
(lit. “the people”) in BP and EP (Vianna,
2011; and Subject doubling in EP, MARTINS, 2009.
! Patterns of third person plural verbal agreement (Bazenga, 2012;
Vieira & Bazenga, 2013)
! Pronominal constructions ( Anaphoric OD) (Bazenga, 2011)
! Existential constructions “ter/to have” and “haver/there
is” (Bazenga, 2012)
8 World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
(1) FNC10-MB2
INF: yes _ yes indeed madam i am Madeiran but i prefer the Lisbon accent
INQ: Which accent you don’t like?
INF: The one from Câmara de Lobos more than _ of _ well the fishermen’s ones
but (…) its more the accent from fishermen _ because not everyone from Câmara
de Lobos ) speaks_ has the same accent
*
INTRODUCTION
9
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
(2) FNC11_MB3
INQ1: eh regarding pronunciations and accents which you like best?
INF: so I think I like the Madeiran accent
INQ1: why?
INF: there are continentals who try to imitate Madeirans and it comes out
Azorean, also because its my land and I think we have to defend what is ours
therefore (…) at the national (…)_from Lisbon, Lisbon because I think it is the
most correct Portuguese mainly I think that’s it
INQ1: are there any you do not like?
INF: Azorean
INTRODUCTION
( 3) FNC11_CM3
INQ: what's the accent or pronunciation that you like most?
INF: from Coimbra
INQ: from Coimbra why Fatima?
INF: because it is where they speak the most correct Portuguese
INQ: more correct and is there any that Fatima doesn’t like from the way we
speak?
INF: I do not like talking Madeiran but I adore Madeira and the people of Madeira
but I don’t like the accent
INQ: you don’t like it?
INF: although its also my accent
(…)
INQ: no_ and has someone tried to fix your speech or how you express yourself?
INF: I mean ,my mother told me I should talk with a more continental accent
10
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
(4) Anaphoric OD by lhe (DAT)
a. tento-lhe explicar e lhe informar [-lo] sobre as coisas (FNC11_HA1426)
try -1SG him-DAT explain_INF and him-DAT inform-INF
“I try to explain and inform him about things”
b. levo-lhe [-o] à escola (FNC11_MA1 006)
bring-1SG him-DAT at school
“I bring him to the school “
c. eu não gostava dele nem lhe [o] podia ver à frente (FNC11_MA1 204-5)
I didn’t like him and him-DAT couldn’t -1SG see-INF
“I didn’t like him and I couldn’t see him”
11
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
(5) Anaphoric OD by ele (NOM)
a. ponho ele [-o] a ver boneques [bonecos] (FNC11_MA1 243)
put-1SG he-NOM watch-INF cartoons
“I put him watching cartoons”
b. só vi ele [-o] a passar ao pé dela (FNC11_MA1 270)
only saw-1SG he-NOM pass-INF near her
“I only saw him passing by her”
c. e depois o maride deixou ela [-a] e ficou na quinta (FNC11_MC1.1 453)
and then the husband left she-NOM and stayed-3SG in the farm
“and then the husband left her and stayed in the farm “
12
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
(5) “a gente “ + V-Se Construction (Subject dubling, cf. Martins, 2009)
a. eu ainda falo um pouco lá como a gente fala-se lá na calheta
(FNC11_HA1152-3)
i still talk a little like pron.1PL talks-SE in calheta
“i still talk a little like us people talk in Calheta”
b. a gente pede-se o bilhete de identidade tira-se o nome tira-se tudo gravas e
depois vão vão dormir (FNC11_MC1.1 099)
people/pron.1PL ask-SE for the Identification document, take –SE the name out,
save-2SG and then sleep-3PL
“We ask for the Identification document we take the name out, you save it and after
they go to sleep”
c. e cada vez a gente ouve-se mais falar sobre isso (FNC-MA3.1 271)
each time people/ pron.1PL listen-SE talk-3SG about
“Each time we listen more and more people talking about it”
13
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
(6) Existential construction with TER (“To have”)
a. tem [há] bastantes colégios aqui na madeira (FNC11_MA3 111-2)
has-3SG lot colleges here in madeira
“There are many colleges in Madeira”
b. tem [há] pessoas com estudos e não têm trabalho (FNC11_MC1.2 177)
has--3SG people with studies which have-3PL no job
“there are people with studies which have no job”
c. na rua dos ilhéus onde tem [há] dez vinte prédios de apartamentos
(FNC-CH 3.1 102)
In the ilheus street where has--3SG ten, twenty apartment buildings
“In the ilheus street where there are ten, twenty apartment buildings”
14
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INTRODUCTION
This Study focus on the perception of the following syntactic
patterns in use in Madeiran Spoken Variety of EP:
Existential constructions
! haver ‘there is’ - há várias calças no armário. (‘there are many pants in-the closet ’) vs. ter
‘to have’ - tem várias calças no armário. (‘has many pants in-the closet’);
Aspectual constructions
! progressive periphrasis with estar ‘to be’+ a + V [Infinitive] – Maria está a cantar (‘Maria
is.SL to sing’) vs. estar ‘to be’+ V[Gerund] – Maria está cantando (‘Maria is.SL singing’);
Anaphoric OD Constructions
! accusative clitic - eu vi-o ontem (‘I saw him-CL yesterday’), vs. a nominative pronoun - eu vi
ele ontem (‘I saw he-NOM yesterday’) vs. a dative pronoun - eu vi lhe ontem (‘I saw he-DAT
yesterday’) vs. an empty category eu vi
∅
ontem (‘I saw ∅ yesterday’).
15
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
METHODS
SUMMARY
• SURVEY: 7 LOCATIONS, 126 PARTICIPANTS;
QUESTIONNAIRE: 4 sections, Likert’s Scale)
• QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY USING THE STATISCAL
PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES (SPSS)
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
METHODS
Survey Points (7)
Funchal, Santa Cruz, Machico,
Câmara de Lobos, Santana
and S. Vicente
Figure 3. Survey’s Locations
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World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
Indirect assessment
Evaluation from participants
using a questionnaire;
3 sections with series of rating
scale tasks (Likert’s scale)
METHODS
Figure 4. Questionnaire
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World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
Section A
Section B
Section B1
Section C
Questionnaire’s Structure
Socio-economic data
Self evaluation: Insular linguistic diversity and
factors of saliency: rural/urban; education; the
influence of Funchal Variety in Regional Dialect
Evaluation of others: evaluation of geographic
Varities of EP: Selected attributes: Pleasantness;
Intelligibility; Degree of Difference.
Evaluation of correctness of some syntactic
constructions: clitics and pronouns; existential
verbs; aspectual constructions
METHODS
World Conference on pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
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Participants
18 by survey locations (6)
= 126 participants
Age Education Gender
A
18 to 35
years (42)
1Fundamental
(42) H Male (63)
B
36 to 55
years (42)
2
Intermediate
(42)
M
Female (63)
C
56 to 75
years (42)
3
Higher
(42)
Table 1. A socially stratified sample - 3 cells x 3 cells x 2
cells = 18 cells informants for each survey point
METHODS
20
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
RESULTS (SECTION C –
PATTERNS OF SYNTACTIC
CONSTRUCTIONS) AND
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
Global and most salient data; social
representations (extra-linguistic factors); for
discussion of data presented, see Andrade (2013)
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
ANAPHORIC OD CONSTRUCTIONS
65%
16%
7% 8%
4%
10% 6% 7%
13%
63%
54%
17%
11% 9% 10%
33%
11% 9%
18%
29%
1- very bad 2- bad 3-average 4- good 5- very good
Sim, eu sei, eu vi-lhe ontem
Sim, eu sei, eu vi-o ontem
sim, eu sei, eu o vi ontem
sim, eu sei, eu vi ele ontem
O namorado da Carolina estava na praia
22
Graph 1.
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
13%
3%
12%
16%
56%
40%
7%
21% 20%
13%
17%
13%
23% 20%
28%
1-Very bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
No Funchal, pelas 18 horas,
há muito tránsito. tem muito trânsito. existe muito trânsito.
23
Graph 2.
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
ASPECTUAL CONSTRUCTION (PROGRESSIVE
PERIPHRASIS WITH “ESTAR”)
World Conference on pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
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16%
7%
19% 21%
37%
12%
2%
8%
21%
58%
1- Very Bad
2- Bad
3- Average
4- Good
5- Very Good
Porque estava chovendo. porque estava a chover.
Graph 3.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
42%
17% 15% 14% 12%
4% 2%
7%
20%
67%
65%
9% 10% 11%
6%
1- Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
Porque só no verão é que vai-se a praia
Porque só no verão é que se vai a praia.
Porque só no verão é que a gente vai-se a praia.
25
Graph 4.
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
76%
7%
31%
46%
67%
8%
2%
7%
19% 15%
3% 2%
17% 16%
8%
7%
13%
22%
9% 6%
6%
75%
22%
10%
5%
Ela trazia livros pra mim
ler
Ela trazia livros pra eu
ler
ela trazia livros pra
gente ler
ela trazia livros pra se
ler
ela trazia livros pra ler-se
1- Very Bad
2- Bad
3- Average
4- Good
5- Very Good
Sempre que a minha avó me visitava...
26
Graph 5.
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
EDUCATION FACTOR
27
Graph 6.
26%
17%
12% 12%
33%
0% 0%
7% 10%
83%
1- Very bad% 2-Bad 3-Average% 4-Good % 5-Very good
Eu vi-o ontem
Fundamental Higher
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
28
EDUCATION FACTOR
Graph 7.
55%
14%
7% 10% 14%
98%
0% 0% 2% 0%
1- Very bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very good
Ela trazia livros para mim ler
Fundamental Higher
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
EDUCATION FACTOR
29
Graph 8.
10% 7%
17% 17%
50%
14% 14%
24%
31%
17%
1-Very bad% 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very good
Comprei !na feira
Fundamental Higher
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
GENDER FACTOR
30
Graph 9.
32%
22%
14% 17% 14%
52%
11%
16%
11% 10%
1-Very Bad% 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
Porque só no Verão é que vai-se à praia
Male Female
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
GENDER FACTOR
31
Graph 10.
29%
16%
8%
16%
32%
37%
6%
10%
21%
27%
1- Very bad 2- Bad 3- Average 4- Good 5- Very Good
Sim, eu sei, eu vi ele ontem
Male Female
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
LOCATION FACTOR
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
32
56%
0%
22%
17%
6%
50%
11%
17%
6%
17%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Tem muito trânsito
Calheta Câmara de Lobos
0%
6%
33% 33%
28%
6% 6%
44%
33%
11%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Tem muito transito
Funchal Machico
Graph 11. Graph 12.
LOCATION FACTOR
33
50%
17%
0%
22%
11%
61%
0% 0% 6%
33%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Sim, eu vi ele ontem
Calheta Câmara de Lobos
11%
22%
17%
28%
22%
0% 0%
17%
39%
44%
1-Very Bad 2- Bad 3- Average% 4- Good 5- Very Good
Sim, eu vi ele ontem
Funchal Machico
Graph 13. Graph 14.
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
PERCEPTUAL CONTINUUM
34
58%
48%
33%
17%
12%
“Porque estava chovendo” “Sim, eu sei, eu vi ele
ontem.”
“Tem muito trânsito nas
ruas.”
Porque só no verão é que
a gente vai-se à praia.”
“Sim, eu sei, eu vi-lhe
ontem.”
Perception of non-standard constructions of EP
Series1
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
CONCLUDING REMARKS
World Conference on Pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
! Both social status and location revealed themselves as
important extra-linguistic variables as in previous
studies on syntactic variation of Spoken European
Portuguese in Madeira
"
World Conference on pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
08-11 July 2015, University of Graz, Austria
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
! The present study further supports other studies,
specially those recent ones based on sociolinguistic
interviews, that show some non standard syntactic
constructions in use in Madeiran EP which are not in use
in Peninsular EP
! This study can be a basis of comparison to be used by
further studies on perceptual dialectology and/or
sociolinguistics
"
CONCLUDING REMARKS
World Conference on pluricentric languages and their non-dominant varieties
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THANK YOU!
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REFERENCES
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