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Origins of Mexican Malpighiaceae
Abstract and Figures
The approximately 42 lineages of Malpighiaceae currently known in Mexico are identified and briefly described and discussed. All the Mexican lineages have their ultimate roots in South America, although in some cases the connections are inferred only through phylogeny and several Mexican genera probably originated in Mexico. All the lineages have effective adaptations for dispersal except the genus Galphimia, but distributions outside Mexico and a phylogenetic tree suggest that while many Malpighiaceae reached Mexico through ???stepping-stone??? dispersal, some lineages probably arrived as the result of episodes of long-distance dispersal from South America.
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... Lasiocarpus is the sole genus in the Mexican Malpighiaceae with dioecious and trioecious species, with life forms such as trees or shrubs, with simple, opposite, deciduous leaves, eglandular petioles, and five free eglandular petals and sepals. Fruits are schizocarpic, splitting into three setose mericarps, sometimes densely pubescent (Anderson 2013). In Lasiocarpus, as in any Malpighiaceae, the inflorescence is compound, a thyrse or pseudoraceme, in which the first unit is a uniflorous cincinnus (Anderson 1981). ...
... However, the monophyly of Lasiocarpus has not yet been tested. Moreover, the sister group to Lasiocarpus turned out to be Ptilochaeta Turcz., a genus mainly distributed in South America with functionally bisexual flowers, whereas in Lasiocarpus flowers usually are unisexual (Davis and Anderson 2010;Anderson 2013). ...
... Lasiocarpus is distributed from Sinaloa to Chiapas, found mostly in seasonally dry tropical forests, though there are records in xerophytic scrub (Anderson 2013) (Fig. 1). The species reach elevations of 50 to 2000 m a. s. l. (Lott and Atkinson 2006;Le on 2014). ...
... La familia Malpighiaceae Juss 1 789 con 75 géneros y 1 300 especies es de distribución cosmopolita con su centro de dispersión original en el continente africano (Anderson, 1979, Anderson, 2013. En el continente americano esta familia de plantas vasculares presenta gran diversidad en la porción sudamericana. ...
... En el continente americano esta familia de plantas vasculares presenta gran diversidad en la porción sudamericana. El género Malpighia contiene unas 50 especies, de las cuales, 12 son endémicas de México y solo Malpighia glabra es de distribución más amplia encontrándose en toda América Neotropical y las Indias Orientales (Anderson, 2013). Las especies de Malpighiaceae se reproducen sexualmente mediante el intercambio de gametos, y un alto porcentaje de ellas basa su éxito reproductivo en la producción de alguna recompensa floral (e.g., aceite, polen, aroma) para atraer a los polinizadores (Simpson y Neff, 1983;Endress, 1994;Neiland y Wilcock, 1998). ...
Los principios geográficos son la base para el desarrollo y operación del componente espacial del Sistema de Monitoreo de los Manglares en México (smmm). Los manglares son ecosistemas complejos y biodiversos de las costas mexicanas que ofrecen servicios ecosistémicos de gran relevancia. En este capítulo se exponen métodos y técnicas utilizados para generar la cartografía del smmm, mediante el uso de datos satelitales como insumo para el monitoreo del ecosistema e identificación de los agentes de cambio. Asimismo, se presentan herramientas para la visualización y distribución de los resultados. La disponibilidad de información y conocimiento sobre estos ecosistemas, tanto de tipo cualitativo como cuantitativo, es fundamental para la toma de decisiones en los temas de conservación de la biodiversidad”
... This genus had its circumscription drastically reduced (Anderson 2006a;Anderson & Davis 2007, 2013Anderson & Corso 2007) and currently includes about 45 species (Anderson et al. 2006a). In southern Brazil, five species of lianas were registered in the Atlantic Forest, all of which occur in the state of Paraná, and two (Mascagnia australis C.E. Anderson and M. divaricata (Kunth) Nied.) also present in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. ...
... A possible segregation of Tetrapterys s.l. to a new genus was mentioned by Almeida et al. (2016), however, there is no recent taxonomic review of the genus. Tetrapterys comprises approximately 70 species (Anderson 2013). In southern Brazil, seven species were registered, including lianas and upright subshrubs. ...
Recent studies have contributed to a better understanding of the circumscription of some genera of Malpighiaceae and the overall diversity of the family in Brazilian tropical ecosystems. In southern Brazil, however, this important group of lianas and shrubs still has not been fully categorized. The present study provides identification keys based on floral and fruit morphology for the 23 genera reported from southern Brazil. The importance of the number of styles and the position and shape of the stigmas for the recognition of genera was confirmed. Illustrations of morphological characteristics used in the keys and notes about taxonomy, species richness and distribution are provided. It should be noted that the occurrence of some Malpighiaceae genera that are represented by only one species in the southern region, such as Bronwenia, Camarea and Heladena, are not yet cited in the Flora do Brasil 2020 database. A total of 95 species were confirmed and documented by voucher specimens. Banisteriopsis pseudojanusia, Heteropterys dusenii and Peixotoa catarinensis, occur exclusively in southern Brazil and are classified as “Critically Endangered”, “Vulnerable” and “Endangered” in the Brazilian Red List, respectively.
... La circunscripción y la nomenclatura de los géneros y las especies está basada en Anderson (2006;2013), Anderson & Davis (2007;2013), Davis & Anderson (2010), Anderson & Anderson (2016), Anderson et al. (2020), Davis et al. (2020b) (Thiers, 2020), así como de Cuatrecasas (1958), Giraldo-Cañas (1996;2011) y Anderson & Anderson (2016. A los ejemplares de herbario se les tomó toda la información de sus respectivas fichas, tales como departamento, municipio, localidad, altitud, coordenadas (aunque en la mayoría de los ejemplares de herbario este dato no figuraba), usos, nombres populares, estado reproductivo, fechas de colección, recolectores, números de colección y herbario. ...
... La circunscripción y la nomenclatura de los géneros y las especies está basada en Anderson (2006;2013), Anderson & Davis (2007;2013), Davis & Anderson (2010), Anderson & Anderson (2016), Anderson et al. (2020), Davis et al. (2020b) (Thiers, 2020), así como de Cuatrecasas (1958), Giraldo-Cañas (1996;2011) y Anderson & Anderson (2016. A los ejemplares de herbario se les tomó toda la información de sus respectivas fichas, tales como departamento, municipio, localidad, altitud, coordenadas (aunque en la mayoría de los ejemplares de herbario este dato no figuraba), usos, nombres populares, estado reproductivo, fechas de colección, recolectores, números de colección y herbario. ...
Malpighiaceae constitutes a family of 77 genera and ca. 1300 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. They are mainly diversified in the American continent and distributed in a wide range of habitats and altitudinal gradients. For this reason, this family can be a model plant group to ecological and biogeographical analyses, as well as evolutive studies. In this context, an analysis of distribution, richness, endemism and phylogenetic diversity of Malpighiaceae in natural regions and their altitudinal gradients was undertaken. Malpighiaceae are represented in Colombia by 34 genera and 246 species (19.1% of endemism). Thus, Colombia and Brazil (44 genera, 584 species, 61% of endemism) are the two richest countries on species of this family. The highest species richness and endemism in Colombia is found in the lowlands (0-500 m a.s.l.: 212 species, 28 endemics); only ten species are distributed on highlands (2500-3200 m a.s.l.). Of the Malpighiaceae species in Colombia, Heteropterys leona and Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides have a disjunct amphi-Atlantic distribution, and six other species show intra-American disjunctions. Both richness and endemism decrease with altitude (y = -0.061x + 173.57; R2 = 0.82; y = -0.009x + 27.76; R2 = 0.95, respectively). Amazonia (116 species, 4 endemics) and the Andes (89 species, 23 endemics) exhibit the highest richness among the family. In Colombia, 15 of the 19 clades among the family are represented, where the most diversified are the Stigmaphyllon clade (5 genera, 48 species, 10 endemics), the Byrsonima clade (3/39/5) and the Hiraea clade (3/31/9). The relationship of phylogenetic diversity with altitude is similar to the pattern of specific richness by altitudinal interval. Amazonia, Orinoquia, and Magdalena Valley show highest phylogenetic diversity. These results, combined with those of other highly diversified biological groups in the country, could be important to define and delimitate new priority areas for conservation in Colombia.
... These two instances constitute the first record altogether of cambial variants outside the tetrapteroid and stigmaphylloid clades in Malpighiaceae. The Hiraea clade is sister to the tetrapteroids and stigmaphylloids clades, while Bunchosia clade is sister to tetrapteroids + stigmaphylloids + Hiraea clades (Fig. 1) and has one of the most species-rich genera in the family, the arboreal Bunchosia [63]. While Hiraea is a neotropical genus being more diverse in northwestern South America [5,64], Tristellateia is the only paleotropical genus within the Bunchosia clade, exclusively distributed in continental Africa, Madagascar, and South-east Asia [65]. ...
Background
Phloem wedges furrowing the wood are one of the most notorious, widespread types of cambial variants in Angiosperms. Many lianas in Malpighiaceae show these variations in the arrangement of the secondary tissues. Here we explore their ontogeny, structure, and evolution in Malpighiaceae, where phloem wedges appeared multiple times, showing how they have contributed to the anatomical diversification of the family. Using a broad sampling with 143 species from 50 genera, covering all major lineages in Malpighiaceae, we crossed data from ontogeny, stem anatomy, and phylogenetic comparative methods to determine ontogenetic trajectories, final anatomical architectures, and evolution within the most recent phylogeny for the family.
Results
Phloem wedges appeared exclusively in lianas and disappeared in shrub lineages nested within liana lineages. At the onset of development, the vascular cambium is regular, producing secondary tissues homogeneously across its girth, but soon, portions of the cambium in between the leaf insertions switch their activity producing less wood and more phloem, initially generating phloem arcs, which progress into phloem wedges. In the formation of these wedges, two ontogenetic trajectories were found, one that maintains the continuity of the cambium, and another where the cambium gets dissected. Phloem wedges frequently remain as the main cambial variant in several lineages, while in others there are additional steps toward more complex cambial variants, such as fissured stems, or included phloem wedges, the latter a novel type of interxylary phloem first described for the family.
Conclusions
Phloem wedges evolved exclusively in lianas, with two different ontogenies explaining the 10 independent origins of phloem wedges in Malpighiaceae. The presence of phloem wedges has favored the evolution of even more complex cambial variants such as fissured stems and interxylary phloem.
... (With 1 figure) Malpighiaceae contains approximately 1300 species in 75 genera (Anderson, 2013). Brazil has 572 Malpighiaceae species grouped in 45 genera, occupying all Brazilian phytogeographic domains (JBRJ, 2018). ...
... (Malpighiaceae) is a perennial shrub widely distributed in the Mexican states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas (Sharma et al., 2018). The plant, commonly called "árnica de raíz", "árnica roja", "calderona amarilla", "flor de estrella", or "yerba del desprecio" (González-Cortazar et al., 2014;Tortoriello et al., 1998), is associated with different ecosystems ranging from semiarid to forest (Anderson, 2013). An infusion of the aerial parts is used in the traditional medicine to treat nervous central system disorders like anxiety, respiratory diseases like asthma and allergies (González-Cortazar et al., 2005;Tortoriello and Ortega, 1993), and several ailments with infectious etiology including diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, and mycoses (Camacho et al., 2002;Navarro-García et al., 2003). ...
Both DNA barcoding and phylogenetic data of the studied botanical material suggested the existence a new population of Galphimia glauca. Their leaves afforded three new nor-3,4-seco-friedelanes named galphimines M-O, together with known galphimines D, E, G, and I. Galphimines M and N possess bicyclic orthoacetates which are the first examples of orthoesters found in the Malpighiaceae family, while galphimine O has a 27,20-δ-lactone moiety. The structures elucidation followed from spectroscopic means and the absolute configuration followed from single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Tests for antibacterial and antifungal activities of galphimines N and M showed no promising effects.
... Heteropterys Kunth is the largest genus of Malpighiaceae with c. 152 species (Anderson 2013;Amorim et al. 2017) distributed throughout the Neotropics and one species reaching western Africa (Anderson 2001a). The genus is monophyletic with fairly strong support (Davis and Anderson 2010) and subdivided into several lineages recovered with modest support, including some that correspond to infrageneric categories, such as those proposed by Niedenzu (1903Niedenzu ( , 1928. ...
The distribution of Heteropterys syringifolia is more restricted than previously thought. The specimens from north-eastern Brazil that have been identified as H. syringifolia are here recognised as a new species, H. parvifructa. This species is characterised by the membranaceous leaf blades with a pair of glands on the abaxial surface, yellow petals with erose margins and, more importantly, by the reduced samaras with orbicular nuts and slightly curved dorsal wings. In this work, we compare the morphology of H. parvifructa to that of H. syringifolia and other related species. According to IUCN criteria, the new species was assessed as Endangered (EN).
We describe three new species of Malpighiaceae that are endemic to central Brazil and related to the Heteropterys pannosa complex, a group of xylopodiferous, unbranched subshrubs with fruit in mericarps that have a strongly reduced or no dorsal wing. Heteropterys tocantinensis is more common in eastern Tocantins State and on the border with Bahia State, and there are a few records from Mato Grosso State. Heteropterys veadeirensis is restricted to northern Goiás State and H. walteri has a wider distribution, occurring in some municipalities in northern Goiás and southern Tocantins. Additionally, we also provide detailed redescriptions of H. pannosa and H. rosmarinifolia, the two previously known species in this complex. All species are considered Endangered (EN) based on IUCN criteria, especially due to the low area of occupancy. Illustrations, distribution maps, and information about phenology and habitat are also provided for all taxa.
Wild plants represent relatively unexplored resource of high economic potential, especially as an alternative to developing new crops and, even more relevant, for improving existing crops and contributing to nutrition and health. The wild species Malpighia mexicana (manzanita) has a wide tradition of food, medicinal and ornamental use in Mexico. It is part of the American-origin group of tropical shrubs that produce edible red fruits, such as Acerola, which is considered the most important natural source of vitamin C in the world. Given the role played by M. mexicana in Mexico, and particularly in Barranca del Río Santiago (Santiago River Canyon), we modelled its potential distribution in both geographical areas. We used species’ records from databases, local herbaria and records collected by the authors as well as climatic variables representing long term average, variability and extreme conditions of temperature and precipitation. To fit the models we used the modelling algorithm Maxent and selected an adequate configuration by testing a range of model complexity settings. The results indicate a clear species preference for warm-dry tropical forest, most extensively in the Balsas river depression and the central valleys of Oaxaca. The probability of the species presence in the western region was also high, although the probability was also high for smaller surface areas, such as the region of Santiago river canyons, which are covered by warm-dry tropical forests.
The most recent phylogenetic analysis of Malpighiaceae shows the small Caribbean genus Triopterys to be nested within the larger continental genus Mascagnia. The morphology of Triopterys is consistent with that of Mascagnia, and the samara-shape for which Triopterys was named is not found in all its species, so the two genera are combined under the name Mascagnia. A key to the triopteroid species of Mascagnia is provided, and each species is treated with its correct name, full synonymy, and a diagnostic description. The new names or combinations M. adamsii, M. lucida, and M. paniculata are proposed, and lectotypes are designated for the names Malpighia paniculata, Mascagnia buchii, T. ovata, T. ovata f. acuminata, T. ovata f. obtusa, T. ovata var. domingensis, T. parvifolia, T. rigida f. nana, T. rigida f. oblonga, and T. rigida var. ovatifolia.
Among the many explanations for the large biological diversity of Mexico is that it is the result of the contact between the Nearctic and Neotropical biotas; however, this contact-related explanation is not fully satisfactory and needs further examination in the light of historical biogeography. We offer newer insights into this issue by examining the history of the flora and the vegetation heterogeneity of the seasonally dry tropics of this country. Several environmental criteria can be used to define the seasonally dry tropical regions, but setting their precise geographical boundaries is not always straightforward. This is largely due to the large vegetation heterogeneity of this region, within which the tropical dry forest (TDF) is prominent. The origin of the TDF flora can be traced back at least as far as 20 million years before present and seems to be associated with the Tertiary North American flora. Available evidence does not support a South American origin of the TDF flora. Similarly, the separation of the TDF and the hot North American desert floras into two different biogeographical realms is not warranted. The history of the seasonally dry tropical flora of Mexico strongly suggests that this biogeographical dichotomy should be replaced by the recognition of the existence of a Pan-American Realm.
Fossil flowers with affinities to Malpighiaceae have been discovered in the Middle Eocene Claiborne formation of northwestern Tennessee. The new taxon Eoglandulosa warmanensis gen. et sp. nov. Taylor and Crepet, has paired glands on the five sepals, clawed petals and tricolporate pollen with reticulate ornamentation and an unusual infratectal wall structure of anastomosing elements. The fossil is similar in wall structure to some extant species of Malpighiaceae. Glandular floral morphology in extant species is associated with specific anthophorid bee pollinators and the fossil evidence suggest that such specific plant-pollinator relationships existed during the Eocene. This fossil species also suggests that by the Eocene, South American floral elements had migrated to North America via island pathways, and that the Mississippi embayment was nearly frost-free. -Authors
Mascagnia leticiana W. R. Anderson is transferred to Malpighia to become Malpighia leticiana (W. R. Anderson) W. R. Anderson & C. Cav. Davis, on the basis of a new phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences and morphological characters. The morphology of M. leticiana is illustrated and discussed in the context of the problem of distinguishing between Malpighia and Mascagnia. Anderson (1990) assigned Mascagnia leticiana W. R. Anderson to Mascagnia because of its samara-like fruit. In a new, unpublished phylogenetic analysis of Mal- pighiaceae, Mascagnia leticiana is nested within a very strongly supported Malpighia clade (see Fig. 1). The purpose of this paper is to transfer this species from Mascag- nia to Malpighia, and to discuss its morphology and the problem of distinguishing between Malpighia and Mascagnia.
The monotypic genus Callaeum (Malpighiaceae) was proposed by J. K. Small in 1910 to accommodate an aberrant mascagnioid plant, Jubelina nicaraguensis Griseb. On the basis of flower, fruit, and leaf characters this genus is again recognized as distinct from Mascagnia, in which it was submerged by Niedenzu, and is augmented by the addition of most of the remaining members of Niedenzu's Mascagnia subg. Plagiogynixa, to which Niedenzu assigned C. nicaraguense. This makes necessary the new combinations Callaeum antifebrile, C. macropterum, C. malpighioides, C. psilophyllum, and C. septentrionale. In addition, C. chiapense is added by transfer from Stigmaphyllon, and three new species, Callaeum clavipetalum, C. coactum, and C. reticulatum, are described. Keys, descriptions, and citations of representative specimens are provided for the ten recognized species, and the segregation of this genus from Mascagnia is discussed.
Stigmaphyllon is a genus of Malpighiaceae characterized by a vining habit, long-petioled leaves with broad or sometimes lobed laminas, interpetiolar stipules, inflorescences composed of umbels or pseudoracemes dichasially arranged, yellow petals, connate carpels, and a schizocarpic fruit splitting into three samaras. In most species the stamens are heteromorphic, the styles are apically foliolate, and each samara bears an elongate dorsal wing. The genus is distributed in the Neotropics from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, except Chile and the high Andes. One species, S. bannisterioides, is also found in coastal West Africa (Guinea Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone). Stigmaphyllon is allied with Banisteriopsis and its relatives among the wing-fruited genera of Malpighiaceae. It is marked by a high incidence of parallelisms and/or convergences and, in some species, a great diversity in leaf shape. In this study, the species are circumscribed and provisionally grouped on the basis of morphological characters, particularly traits of the androecium and gynoecium. Stigmaphyllon comprises 90 species, including two varieties. Two species, S. boliviense and S. carautae are newly described. The often extensive nomenclature is reviewed for each taxon. All species are described and mapped, and many are illustrated. Two kinds of keys are provided, one for the whole genus and, in an appendix, nine for species from single countries or specific regions.
The phylogenetic relationships of some Neotropical plant groups have proved to be different from expectation assuming plate tectonics as the underlying model, and these unanticipated relationships (and their timing) have required further work to explain how they came into existence. Well‐known Neotropical families, such as Bromeliaceae and Cactaceae, have one to a few species in Africa, but these can be explained by recent long‐distance dispersals; the estimated ages of the Transatlantic crown and stem clades of these families are of relatively recent origin, so long‐distance dispersal is the only possible explanation and plate tectonic explanations are not viable. Other families with a crown age appropriate to be explained by plate tectonics did not seem to have distributions indicating an involvement of long‐distance dispersal, but the advent of molecular systematics and molecular clocks has shown this to be otherwise. Families exhibiting this pattern include Fabaceae and Lauraceae (and many others), and in spite of the unlikely dispersal qualities of their generally large seeds, they exhibit many instances of long‐distance dispersal occurring throughout their evolutionary history; in fact, long‐distance dispersal is the most probable explanation to account for the current distributions of the great majority of land plant families. One factor that sometimes is overlooked is the boreotropics hypothesis, which may explain more recent connections between American, African and Asian floristic components. However, in some old lineages with small propagules that appear well adapted to long‐distance dispersal, such as Marattiaceae and Orchidaceae, we find a pattern suggesting that tectonics is the primary factor, with clades clearly restricted to one tropical region. These patterns appear to have little to do with dispersability and it is probable that their conforming to expected (tectonic) biogeographical patterns has to do with their specialized life‐history strategies that have acted to make intercontinental establishment unlikely even though dispersal almost certainly occurs. Molecular studies have identified additional, unanticipated clades, and these fit into the relictual category with what may be an overlay of old long‐distance dispersal events. Examples at the ordinal level are Crossosomatales and Huerteales, and we expect future studies to identify more of these relict and unexpected clades at many taxonomic levels. Overall, molecular systematic studies and molecular clocks have demonstrated that there are many more connections between the Neotropics and Palaeotropics, both Asia and Africa, than previously would have been thought under a plate tectonic model. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012,, –.