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[Biofeedback effectiveness in patients with fecal incontinence]

Authors:

Abstract

Fecal incontinence is defined as an involuntary bowel movement through the anal canal in inadequate time and place. There are different types of therapies for the management of fecal incontinence, being biofeedback therapy one of the most effective techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the necessary number of sessions of biofeedback electromyographyc therapy to achieve the maximum sphincteric complex contraction. Descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study. 65 patients with fecal incontinence were included. Weekly electromyographyc biofeedback therapies were applied, with a maximum of 6, in which the sphincteric complex contraction was measured. A two ways Friedman analysis was made to determine the significant differences between the sessions. A total of 65 patients were evaluated for fecal incontinence. The values for pelvic floor contraction were significantly higher in the third session, and did not show any significant difference in posterior sessions. The maximum contraction of the sphicnteric complex was achieved in the third weekly biofeedback session, without any significant differences in the posterior sessions.
472
Aportaciones originales
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2015;53(4):472-5
Efectividad del biofeedback
en pacientes con incontinencia
fecal
José Raúl Guerra-Mora,a,b José María Buenrostro-Acebes,a
Nancy Erciga-Vergara,a Gregorio Zubieta-O’Farrill,a,b Juan de Dios Castillo-
Calcáneo,c Maria Elena Mosqueda,a,b Montserrat Monroy-Argumedo,a,b
Carlos González-Alvarado,a,b Eduardo Villanueva-Saenza,d
Biofeedback effectiveness in patients with fecal
incontinence
Background: Fecal incontinence is dened as an involuntary bowel
movement through the anal canal in inadequate time and place. There
are different types of therapies for the management of fecal inconti-
nence, being biofeedback therapy one of the most effective techniques.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the necessary number of sessions
of biofeedback electromyographyc therapy to achieve the maximum
sphincteric complex contraction.
Methods: Descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study. 65 patients
with fecal incontinence were included. Weekly electromyographyc bio-
feedback therapies were applied, with a maximum of 6, in which the
sphincteric complex contraction was measured. A two ways Friedman
analysis was made to determine the signicant differences between the
sessions.
Results: A total of 65 patients were evaluated for fecal incontinence.
The values for pelvic oor contraction were signicantly higher in the
third session, and did not show any signicant difference in posterior
sessions.
Conclusion: The maximum contraction of the sphicnteric complex was
achieved in the third weekly biofeedback session, without any signicant
differences in the posterior sessions.
Recibido: 30/09/2013 Aceptado: 30/10/2014
Keywords
Fecal incontinence
Biofeedback
Electromyography
Palabras clave
Incontinencia fecal
Biorretroalimentación
Electromiografía
La incontinencia fecal se dene como la salida
involuntaria de materia fecal a través del ano
en un tiempo y lugar inadecuados.1 Afecta
entre el 1 al 2 % de la población general2 y al 2.2 %
de la población mayor de 65 años de los Estados Uni-
dos de América.3 Es un problema incapacitante que
deteriora la calidad de vida de manera signicativa.
La prevalencia en hombres y mujeres es similar; sin
embargo, la severidad tiende a ser mayor en mujeres y
con síntomas más insidiosos.
La incontinencia fecal tiene diversas etiologías, las
cuales pueden coexistir en el mismo individuo. Las
causas más comunes y factores contribuyentes son:
lesión del esfínter anal externo y/o interno, diarrea,
pérdida del reservorio rectal, pérdida de sensación
defecatoria, constipación o evacuación incompleta,
patología anorrectal, incapacidad física con dicultad
para trasladarse al baño, incapacidad mental para cum-
plir con normas sociales del comportamiento defecato-
rio (demencia) e idiopáticas.4
El mecanismo siopatológico de la incontinencia
fecal es complejo a pesar de la simplicidad con la que
los médicos se reeren a él. El adecuado mecanismo
del complejo esntérico requiere de la capacidad de
discriminar entre sólido, líquido y gas, permitiendo de
manera voluntaria su salida de manera coordinada.5
La evaluación de la incontinencia fecal requiere
del entendimiento de la complejidad de la musculatura
del piso pélvico, inervación, función, así como de los
mecanismos que deben de estar presentes para garan-
tizar la continencia.
Los síntomas de la incontinencia fecal van de leves
a severos, el abordaje y tratamiento de este desorden
es muy variado. Los pacientes pueden presentar un
cuadro de incontinencia a atos, líquidos o sólidos.
En algunos pacientes el solo hecho de saber que en
cualquier lugar o momento puede tener un accidente
asociado a la incontinencia disminuye signicativa-
mente su calidad de vida y limita su capacidad para
interactuar socialmente.6
Existen diferentes terapias para el manejo de la
incontinencia fecal, dentro de las cuales destaca por
aHospital Ángeles del Pedregal
bFacultad Mexicana de Medicina, Universidad La Salle
cDepartamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Central, Sur de Alta Es-
pecialidad, Petróleos Mexicanos
Distrito Federal, México
Comunicación con: Eduardo Villanueva-Saenz
Teléfono: (55) 5627 7070
Correo electrónico: dredvilla@me.com
Resumen
473
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2015;53(4):472-5
Guerra-Mora JR et al. Efectividad del biofeedback en pacientes con incontinencia fecal
Introducción: la incontinencia fecal se dene como
la salida involuntaria de materia fecal a través del
ano en tiempo y lugar inadecuados. Existen diferen-
tes terapias para el manejo de la incontinencia fecal,
destacando por su efectividad la terapia biofeedback.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la cantidad de
sesiones necesarias con terapia de biofeedback con
técnica electromiográca para alcanzar la máxima
contracción del complejo esntérico.
Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitu-
dinal. Se incluyeron 65 pacientes con el diagnóstico
de incontinencia fecal aislada. Se realizaron terapias
biofeedback con método electromiográco de manera
semanal con un máximo de 6 sesiones, midiendo la
contracción del complejo esntérico. Se realizó un
análisis de dos vías de Friedman para determinar dife-
rencias signicativas entre las sesiones.
Resultados: fueron evaluados un total de 65 pacientes
con incontinencia fecal. Los valores de contracción del
piso pélvico fueron mayores de manera signicativa en
la tercera sesión de terapia biofeedback, no mostrando
mejoría signicativa en sesiones posteriores.
Conclusión: se alcanzó la máxima contracción del
complejo esntérico a la tercera sesión semanal de
terapia biofeedback sin lograr diferencias signicativas
en terapias posteriores.
diciones normales. Se encontró que 2/3 de los pacien-
tes mostraron una disminución del 75 % de episodios
de incontinencia fecal, sin embargo solo en el 50 %
de ellos desaparecen los síntomas de incontinencia.11
Son predictores que se relacionan de manera negativa
con el biofeedback los siguientes: El daño anatómico
severo del complejo esntérico,12 la lesión nerviosa13 y
una presión basal baja del esfínter anal interno.14
Entre los estudios previamente realizados existe
una variación en la duración de la terapia (30-60 min),
así como el intervalo entre cada sesión, que va de
una o dos a la semana, y el número de sesiones, que
inuye en los resultados y en la efectividad del uso
de la terapia biofeedback para la incontinencia fecal.
Se desconoce el número de sesiones necesarias para
lograr la máxima contracción del complejo esntérico
en pacientes con incontinencia fecal.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la cantidad
de sesiones necesarias con terapia de biofeedback con
técnica electromiográca para alcanzar la máxima
contracción de los músculos pélvicos, con la nalidad
su efectividad la terapia biofeedback, término que se
reere al uso de mecanismos mecánicos y eléctricos
que aumentan la sensibilidad de la respuesta biológica
para que el paciente, mediante el proceso de prueba y
error, pueda mejorar el control voluntario de dicha res-
puesta.7 Se ha reportado que aproximadamente el 70 %
de los pacientes obtienen un resultado satisfactorio con
el uso de ésta técnica.4 Los puntos críticos de este trata-
miento son el aumento de la sensibilidad somática y la
mejoría de la habilidad motora, los cuales representan
la base de la autorregulación biológica (biofeedback).8
El tratamiento biofeedback se propuso hace 30
años por Engel,9 quien le enseñaba a los pacientes a
mejorar la habilidad para contraer voluntariamente el
esfínter anal externo durante el llenado rectal, aumen-
tando la fuerza del esfínter (entrenamiento de habi-
lidad motora) o aumentando la habilidad de percibir
una distensión rectal leve (entrenamiento de discrimi-
nación), o combinando ambos. No se reportaron efec-
tos adversos y fue bien aceptado.6
La terapia con biofeedback signica que las señales
biológicas del paciente son transformadas en señales
visuales y auditivas para poder dar una guía de entre-
namiento acorde a las actividades siológicas y subse-
cuentemente promover una recuperación funcional.10
Existen diferentes modalidades de biofeedback,
siendo la medición en la contracción voluntaria
mediante el uso de la electromiografía (EMG) intraa-
nal y la manometría anorrectal las principales técni-
cas empleadas. La EMG intraanal se realiza con el
paciente sentado, con un sensor intraanal conectado
a una computadora, siendo esta técnica la más sioló-
gica. Por otro lado, la técnica manométrica se realiza
con el paciente en decúbito lateral izquierdo, mediante
el uso de sonda rectal con globo.5
La mayoría de los estudios referentes al uso de bio-
feedback se han llevado a cabo con la técnica mano-
métrica, a pesar de que los pacientes son colocados en
una posición no siológica para la defecación en con-
474 Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2015;53(4):472-5
Guerra-Mora JR et al. Efectividad del biofeedback en pacientes con incontinencia fecal
de lograr un mejor apego al tratamiento y una dismi-
nución en gastos innecesarios, tanto para el paciente
como para la institución que brinda esta herramienta
de tratamiento.
Métodos
Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal reali-
zado en la Unidad de Diagnóstico y Rehabilitación de
Piso Pélvico de la Clínica de Fisiología Digestiva del
Hospital Ángeles del Pedregal. Se incluyeron a todos
los pacientes con el diagnóstico de incontinencia fecal
aislada, se excluyeron pacientes que no acudieron como
mínimo a 3 sesiones de manera consecutiva y con enfer-
medades neurológicas o mentales en el periodo del 01
de abril del 2008 al 30 de noviembre del 2012.
Al ingreso se llevó a cabo una EMG intraanal basal,
posteriormente se realizaron sesiones de biofeedback
cada semana con un máximo de seis. El equipo utili-
zado para la EMG fue un módulo de adquisición de
datos SRS Regain (SRS medical systems, Redmont
WA), con el software Muscle Works (SRS medical
systems, Redmont WA) y un sensor intraanal de Perry
de cerámica (SRS medical systems, Redmont WA)
(gura 1). La sesión inicial tiene una duración de una
hora, se le explica al paciente detalladamente la ana-
tomía y siología del piso pélvico, posteriormente el
paciente se coloca el sensor intraanal, el cual recibe las
señales eléctricas y las convierte en señales visuales
en un monitor, mediante un módulo receptor de datos,
mostrando al usuario la contracción del piso pélvico
en tiempo real. Durante la sesión permanece vestido y
cómodamente sentado; se le pide que realice 6 contrac-
ciones rápidas con la nalidad de determinar la fuerza
muscular o el grado de actividad de las bras de res-
puesta rápida (icks), y por último realiza 6 contraccio-
nes sostenidas de 10 segundos (holds) para medir tono
muscular y resistencia. Una vez nalizado el protocolo
de valoración se le explican al paciente los resultados
obtenidos, con base en los cuales se realiza un programa
de entrenamiento personalizado por un terapeuta certi-
cado en piso pélvico por la Cleveland Clinic de Fort
Lauderdale, Florida, EUA, el cual puede ser modicado
de acuerdo a la evolución semanal del paciente. Cada
sesión dura de 35 a 50 minutos dependiendo del des-
empeño del paciente y de las dudas que puedan surgir,
estableciéndose así un programa de trabajo en casa.
Análisis estadístico
Los resultados se expresan en media ± DE y rango, se
realizó un análisis de dos vías de Friedman de varianza
por rangos de muestras relacionadas para determinar
diferencias signicativas entre los diferentes valores
de contracción del complejo esntérico durante las
sesiones de tratamiento biofeedback, se tomó como
estadísticamente signicativo un valor de p < 0.05. El
análisis estadístico fue realizado mediante el programa
SPSS versión 20.0.
Resultados
Fueron evaluados un total de 65 pacientes con incon-
tinencia fecal en el periodo antes mencionado, se
excluyeron 4 pacientes por no cumplir mínimo con 3
sesiones de tratamiento consecutivas y 2 por enferme-
dades neurológicas o mentales, quedando incluidos 59
sujetos de estudio, de los cuales 41 (69.4 %) fueron
del sexo femenino y 19 (32.2 %) de sexo masculino.
La media de las sesiones de biofeedback realizadas
Cuadro I Valores de EMG en las diferentes sesiones de tratamiento con
biofeedback
Sesión nRango Media (mV) DE
Basal 59 34.00 15.25 8.72
Sesión 1 59 40.24 18.77 9.56
Sesión 2 54 61.20 22.70 12.16
Sesión 3 32 75.60 29.29 16.73
Sesión 4 12 47.90 24.34 13.69
Sesión 5 7 47.50 27.91 15.21
Sesión 6 6 42.80 27.98 14.29
EMG = electromiografía, mV= milivolts
Milivolts
0.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Basal
Sesiones de biofeedback
20.00
10.00
Sesión 1 Sesión 2 Sesión 3 Sesión 4 Sesión 5 Sesión 6
*
**
***
Figura 2 Medias +/- DE del voltaje obtenido por medio de EMG del complejo
esfintérico en pacientes sometidos a terapia biofeedback a lo largo de las
diferentes sesiones. Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la
medición basal *(p = 0.008) y la sesión 1** (p = 0.022) respecto a la sesión
3***, de acuerdo al análisis de varianza de Friedman
475
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2015;53(4):472-5
Guerra-Mora JR et al. Efectividad del biofeedback en pacientes con incontinencia fecal
por paciente fue de 3.84 ± 1.33. Los valores de con-
tracción del piso pélvico (cuadro I), fueron mayores
de manera estadísticamente signicativa en la tercera
sesión de terapia biofeedback, no mostrando mejoría
signicativa en sesiones posteriores (gura 2).
Conclusiones
No existen reportes en la literatura que mencionen el
número de sesiones biofeedback con técnica electro-
miográca ni manométrica necesarias para alcanzar
la mayor contractilidad del complejo esntérico en
pacientes con incontinencia fecal. En nuestro estu-
dio realizamos terapia biofeedback semanalmente de
manera consecutiva, observando que posterior a la
tercera sesión de tratamiento no hay un incremento
signicativo de la contractilidad del complejo esn-
térico, sin embargo la fuerza máxima alcanzada se
mantiene, lo cual constituye una de las metas de la
rehabilitación. Existe evidencia de que hasta el 50 %
de los pacientes en los que se realizan 3 sesiones de
biofeedback ya no presentan incontinencia fecal,15
sin embargo se desconoce el número de sesiones se
requieren para alcanzar el máximo benecio en los
músculos pélvicos. En 10 sesiones el 50 % de los
pacientes obtuvieron mejoría clínica así como mejoría
manométrica, sin embargo no se hace mención de la
sesión en la que se obtuvieron mejores resultados.16
En nuestro estudio excluimos a los pacientes con
enfermedades mentales debido al pobre resultado que
presentan con terapia biofeedback dada la falta de la
realización correcta de los ejercicios de piso pélvico
en casa.
Es de interés observar que con más de tres sesiones
no aumenta la contractilidad del complejo esntérico,
incluso disminuye de manera no signicativa, lo cual
es de utilidad para el ahorro de insumos y comodidad
para el paciente.
No se obtuvieron datos clínicos de los pacientes y
no se valoró la mejoría en la calidad de vida, por lo
cual es necesario elaborar trabajos prospectivos que
tomen en cuenta los datos clínicos y correlacionarlos
con la contractilidad del complejo esntérico.
Declaración de conicto de interés: los autores han
completado y enviado la forma traducida al español de
la declaración de conictos potenciales de interés del
Comité Internacional de Editores de Revistas Médicas, y
no fue reportado alguno en relación con este artículo.
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The current literature does not provide unequivocal data on prognostic factors in conservative management of fecal incontinence. Moreover, the physiopathologic effects of pelvic floor rehabilitation on anorectal function are not well understood. Our aim is to identify some prognostic parameters and assess their effects on anorectal physiology of biofeedback therapy plus anal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence. We studied prospectively 45 consecutive adult patients with fecal incontinence treated at our institution with biofeedback plus electrostimulation. The outcome parameter was modification of the Wexner Incontinence Score (WIS) at the end of treatment. In addition, we studied the modifications of anorectal manometry and the rectal sensitivity threshold after treatment. At univariate analysis, age, the pretreatment WIS, and the pretreatment resting and maximum squeeze pressures were correlated with the clinical outcome. Patients showed a significant reduction in the rectal sensitivity threshold but no significant change in manometric parameters after treatment. We identify good sphincter function and mild to moderate symptomatology as favorable prognostic factors in biofeedback and anal electrostimulation therapy. Improvement in rectal sensitivity can be implicated in symptomatic improvement. The impossibility of correlating the clinical results with the effects on anorectal physiology suggests a nonspecific effect of conservative treatment.
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Fecal incontinence is a debilitating problem facing ~2.2% of the U.S. general population over 65 years of age. Etiologic factors include traumatic, neurologic, congenital, and iatrogenic. Most commonly, obstetric trauma causes fecal incontinence as well as poorly performed anorectal surgery or pelvic radiation. Several severity scores and quality of life indexes have been developed to quantify incontinent symptoms. There are several nonsurgical and surgical options for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Biofeedback is among the most successful nonoperative strategies. Depending on the cause, anal sphincter repair, artificial bowel sphincter, and sacral nerve stimulation are used to treat fecal incontinence with some success. Unfortunately, fecal incontinence is an extremely difficult problem to manage: there has not been one, single treatment option that has proven to be both safe and effective in long-term studies.
Article
The prognostic value of postoperative manometry in fecal incontinence is still controversial. The aims of this study were to establish if Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQL) scores correlate with anal manometry and endoanal ultrasound findings and to define if there is any prognostic value in performing anal manometry after patients are surgically treated for fecal incontinence. Fifty-three patients, all women, were identified. All patients underwent a surgical procedure and were analyzed pre- and postoperatively. Fecal incontinence was assessed using the FISI and FIQL. Patients who did not have these score were excluded. Manometry and ultrasound findings before treatment and manometry findings after treatment were compared with surgical patient's incontinence scores. Anal canal length was noted, and its association with the pre- and postoperative manometry finding and incontinence scores were compared. No correlation of pre- and postoperative resting and squeeze pressures with incontinence scores was found. Ultrasound findings had no correlation with manometry results and incontinence scores. Anal canal length correlated with both pre- and postoperative manometry findings but not with incontinence scores. Preoperative anal manometry and endoanal ultrasound help in guiding treatment options in patients with fecal incontinence. A decrease in FISI and increase in FIQL scores after a sphincter repair quantifies improvement after incontinence surgery, while changes in anal manometry pressures readings do not.
Article
A wide range of secretory (salivation, gastric acid and bile secretion) and motor functions (rumination, esophageal and anal sphincter contraction, gastric and colonic motility) have been successfully modified using operant conditioning procedures or biofeedback training. The clinical syndromes to which these studies have been addressed include rumination, reflux esophagitis, hypersecretion of acid associated with peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, and fecal incontinence. The available evidence strongly suggests that biofeedback is effective and is the treatment of choice for some types of fecal incontinence, and the evidence supports the effectiveness of operant conditioning for the treatment of intractable rumination in infants or retarded individuals. There is suggestive evidence that a nonspecific biofeedback technique, EMG biofeedback for skeletal muscle relaxation, may contribute to the healing of peptic ulcers, but the data are so far inconclusive. Biofeedback approaches to the treatment of other clinical syndromes are at the investigational stage only, and no predictions can be made regarding their efficacy.
Article
A study was carried out in 25 incontinent patients to evaluate some of the factors thought to be responsible for the success of retraining for fecal incontinence. Subjects were initially allocated to one of two groups; one group was trained to perceive small rectal volumes (active retraining), the other group carried out the same maneuvers but were not given any information or instruction. Active sensory retraining reduced the sensory threshold from 32 +/- 8 to 7 +/- 2 ml (P less than 0.001), corrected any sensory delay that was present (P less than 0.004), and reduced the frequency of incontinence from 5 +/- 1 to 1 +/- 1 episodes per week (P less than 0.01). Sham retraining caused a modest reduction in the sensory threshold (from 29 +/- 9 to 20 +/- 8; P less than 0.05) but did not significantly reduce the frequency of incontinence. Subsequent strength and coordination training did not significantly improve continence, although at the end of the study, 50% of patients had no incontinent episodes at all and 76% of patients had reduced the frequency of incontinence episodes by more than 75%. This improvement in continence was not associated with any change in sphincter pressures or in the continence to rectally infused saline but was associated with significant improvements in rectal sensation. The functional improvement was sustained over a period of two years in 16 of the 22 patients available for follow-up. In conclusion, the results support the use of retraining in the management of fecal incontinence and suggest that retraining may work by enhancing rectal sensitivity and instilling confidence.
Article
Six patients with severe fecal incontinence and manomctric evidence of external-sphincter impairment were taught to produce external-sphincter contraction in synchrony with internal-sphincter relaxation. These responses were induced by rectal distention. During follow-up periods ranging from 6 months to 5 years, four of the patients remained completely continent, and the other two were definitely improved. One patient who was trained to relax her internal sphincter as well as to contract her external sphincter not only was continent but also regularly had normal bowel movements, which she had not had before. The training technic was relatively simple to apply, and learning occurred within four sessions or less. The findings highlight the importance of synchronized rectosphincteric responses in the maintenance of fecal continence, and they show that these responses can be brought under voluntary control in patients with chronic fecal incontinence, even when the incontinence is secondary to organic lesions.
Article
Eight patients with fecal incontinence after surgery for anorectal malformations received one to four sessions of biofeedback therapy. The physiologic status of the anorectum before and after biofeedback therapy was investigated by anorectal manometry and electromyography of the external sphincter. The effectiveness of biofeedback treatment and the indications for its use in patients with fecal incontinence were investigated. Three of the four patients responded well to biofeedback therapy following three or four training sessions. However, in the other five patients who had only one or two sessions, a good response to the therapy was not obtained. Anorectal manometry and electromyography recordings of the external sphincter showed that biofeedback therapy improved voluntary sphincter function. The three good responders had an adequate and resting pressure both before and after biofeedback therapy and had good electrical activity of the external sphincter after therapy. In the presence of adequate resting and pressure, biofeedback therapy should be attempted for the treatment of fecal incontinence after correction of anorectal malformations before resorting to further surgical intervention. However, biofeedback therapy may not be suitable if the sphincters are markedly hypoplastic, or do not surround the anal canal after an inappropriate pull-through operation.
Article
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of perioperative biofeedback training on postoperative continence in patients with rectal prolapse. Thirty-six consecutive patients were operated on between 1987 and 1993. Twenty-nine could be traced for reexamination. Four were excluded because of a recurring prolapse. Anal manometry, assessment of rectoanal sensation, and surface electromyography were performed during the reexamination. From 1987 to 1991, no perioperative biofeedback training was given (Group 1, n = 14). Since the beginning of 1992, incontinent patients were given biofeedback training (Group 2, n = 11). Continence scores improved in both study groups. Both study groups had equally low resting pressures compared with Group 3 (controls) (30.6 +/- 14.9 vs. 53.0 +/- 11.9 mmHg; P < 0.001). Anal resting pressure correlated with postoperative continence score, whereas contractile pressures did not (r = -0.5,P < 0.05, and r = -0.3, p = not significant, respectively). Biofeedback therapy can improve the function of external sphincter; however, the most important reason for postoperative incontinence in rectal prolapse patients is low resting pressure that cannot be corrected by biofeedback therapy.