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Proposition d’un modèle relationnel de l’intention de donner son sang : les effets de l’empowerment psychologique et de l’engagement
Abstract
Cette recherche a pour objet de déterminer dans quelle mesure la prise en compte des relations qu’entretiennent les donneurs et donneurs potentiels avec la cause « don de sang » et l’organisme collecteur peut expliquer leur intention de donner leur sang. La mobilisation des théories de l’empowerment psychologique et de l’engagement permet de proposer un modèle relationnel devant amener à une meilleure compréhension de l’attitude des donneurs et donneurs potentiels vis-à-vis du système de collecte en général, de l’organisme de collecte en particulier, et de leur intention de donner. Les résultats montrent que le modèle relationnel ainsi proposé, testé sur 1149 répondants, explique de façon probante l’intention de don à court et moyen termes. Ils mettent également en évidence l’importance de l’empowerment du donneur et donneur potentiel, tout particulièrement sur l’intention de donner à moyen terme. Cette recherche invite les organismes de collecte à s’assurer de la continuité de leur relation avec les donneurs et donneurs potentiels en mobilisant notamment les outils de marketing relationnel.
https://www.cairn.info/revue-journal-de-gestion-et-d-economie-medicales-2015-1-page-23.htm
... La littérature en marketing propose des travaux s'appuyant notamment sur le modèle de la TPB pour expliquer les comportements de don du sang (Armitage et Conner, 2001). Néanmoins, il apparaît que ce modèle ne parvient pas à rendre compte des influences non cognitives qui participent aux intentions et aux comportements de don (Ambroise et al., 2015), ni à anticiper le passage l'acte du premier don (Duboz et al., 2012). De plus, les travaux réalisés sur le don du sang tendent à analyser de manière dissociée la pratique de don d'un côté, et les représentations et usages du sang d'un autre côté. ...
... Ces différents travaux témoignent de l'ambiguïté des relations que les individus entretiennent avec leurs corps, au niveau représentationnel et au niveau expérientiel. D'ailleurs, le don du sang est à la fois fortement dépendant de la volonté des individus, mais également de leur capacité physique et psychique, réelle ou imaginée (Ambroise et al., 2015). Concrètement, ces dimensions s'observent de manière collective par la mise en place de critères de sélection pré-don et de manière individuelle dans les représentations que les sujets ont de leur propre corps, et de leur sang. ...
RESUME: Si les donneurs de sang ont tous en commun une même pratique, les significations associées à ce geste sont variées et semblent dépendre des trajectoires de vie individuelles, et des relations subjectives que les individus entretiennent avec leur corps. Le présent travail propose de mieux comprendre les comportements des donneurs à travers l'analyse des dimensions symboliques et identitaires existantes dans la réalisation du don de sang. La littérature en comportement du consommateur fait émerger différents enjeux identitaires du don en général. A l'issue d'une exploration qualitative, la présente recherche suggère que dans le contexte du don de sang, le concept d'identité corporelle, ou bio-identité, apparait essentiel. En particulier, il semble que la perception plutôt biologique ou symbolique que les individus ont de leur propre corps et de leur sang conditionne la manière de donner son sang. L'identité corporelle participe alors à la construction de significations particulières associées à cette pratique, et réciproquement elle évolue en fonction du parcours du donneur. MOTS-CLEFS: don du sang, identité, identité corporelle, approche qualitative UNDERSTANDING DONORS: BLOOD DONATION AS (BODY) IDENTITY EXPRESSION. SUMMARY: All blood donors share the same practice, but seem to associate various meanings with this practice. Those meanings seem to be related to individual lifespans, and to the subjective relationships individuals enjoy with their body. The current research aims to better understand blood donors' behavior trough the exploration of symbolic dimensions and identity issues related to blood donation. Extant literature show a strong link between identity issues and donation, in general. Through an exploratory qualitative analysis, the present research suggests that, in the blood donation context, bioidentity or body identity appears as a key concept. It seems in particular that biological or symbolic body's perception and blood's perception affect the way to give blood. Body identity participates in the formulation of particulars associated meanings with this practice. Reciprocally, body identity changes in accordance with donor's path.
... Ce cadre théorique nous a semblé intéressant dans la mesure où il prend en compte des dimensions telles que l'autonomie (auto-détermination) et la possibilité d'agir sur son environnement (impact) qui peuvent, lorsqu'elles sont ambivalentes, faire émerger un paradoxe de la vie privée. D'autre part, l'empowerment étant reconnu comme une source motivationnelle (Spreitzer, 1995) qui vise à donner plus de pouvoir d'action aux individus (Ambroise et al., 2015;Chouk et Zouaghi, 2018), ce concept apparaît pertinent dans le cadre de l'adoption de dispositifs innovants. Par ailleurs, prenant acte du caractère polémique du compteur Linky, nous mobilisons la théorie des représentations sociales (RS) pour étudier les perceptions paradoxales d'empowerment psychologique associées à l'objet, cette théorie permettant en effet de considérer les enjeux de légitimation sociale qui caractérisent le compteur intelligent. ...
La participation du consommateur à la maîtrise de la consommation électrique (MCE) est apparue comme un enjeu de taille dans un contexte de transition énergétique. Le compteur Linky dont l'usage permet de contribuer à la MCE, a fait l'objet de nombreuses polémiques qui reflètent les enjeux de légitimation sociale qui sous-tendent son évaluation. Cet article propose d'étudier le paradoxe de la vie privée dans le cadre de l'usage du compteur Linky à partir du cadre théorique de l'empowerment psychologique. Pour ce faire, une analyse de la structure des représentations sociales auprès de 271 individus a été menée. Les résultats mettent en évidence, d'une part, un paradoxe de la vie privée impliquant 3 des 4 dimensions de l'empowerment psychologique, et d'autre part la présence de multiples paradoxes suggérant d'autres tensions liées à l'usage du compteur. A la lumière des résultats obtenus, des recommandations managériales sont formulées. Mots clef : paradoxe de la vie privée ; empowerment psychologique ; représentations sociales; maîtrise de la consommation électrique.
... Other authors emphasize the need for considering the capacities of the body and the possible limits that body imposes on the achievement of identity projects (Patterson & Schroeder, 2010). At the same time, blood donation is strongly dependent on the will of the individuals, but also on their physical and psychic, real or imagined capacities (Ambroise et al., 2015). The majority of work in marketing focuses on phenomena in which the body and its uses are visible, contrary to blood donation where the action of-and on-the body is invisible until the moment of the gift. ...
In marketing, voluntary dispossession corresponds to a psychological process leading to a separation of an object including different steps and strategies. Voluntary dispossession is more complex and contains various identity issues when this object is integrated into the self. Moreover, gift is a specific form of voluntary dispossession. Thus, considering blood as a substance related to the self, this study attempts to transpose voluntary dispossession process in blood donation context. To what extent existing knowledge about voluntary dispossession are relevant to better understand blood donation practice? In order to respond to this question, a combination of qualitative methodologies is applied. As a result, the present research assumes that blood donation is composed of specific dispossession vectors and particular donation strategies. Of particular concern is problematic blood supply in many countries, some operational contributions are mentioned regarding this matter.
... En France, le don de sang est volontaire et sans contrepartie (Athané, 2009) puisqu'il repose sur un principe de solidarité (Ambroise et al., 2015 ;Thouvenin, 1997). Comprendre les facteurs qui conduisent à augmenter la fréquence de don des donneurs réguliers ( communiqués dans ces rapports sont des variables plus opérationnelles ("satisfaction générale", "accessibilité", "moments d'attente", "satisfaction sur le prélèvement") et peuvent être reliées à la "qualité de service dans l'établissement" et à la "satisfaction de l'expérience de collecte" dans le tableau 1. Si ces deux variables ont bien un effet positif sur l'intention de donner son sang, elles n'influencent pas de manière significative le comportement de don. ...
Le don de sang est souvent associé au bien-être dans les campagnes de communication et dans les croyances liées à cette pratique. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’examiner les relations entre le bien-être, l’implication dans la cause et le don de sang (comportements et intentions des donneurs et donneurs potentiels). À partir de la littérature et d’une étude empirique (N=407), les résultats montrent que l’implication a un effet sur les intentions de don et de bouche-à-oreille ainsi que sur le comportement de don. À l’inverse, ils remettent en cause le lien direct établi par l’EFS (Etablissement français du sang) entre le bien-être et le comportement de don (plus particulièrement la fréquence de don) et proposent de modifier les actions de prévention afin d’accroître le comportement de don de sang.
... Appropriation tactics might help ensure compliance and enhance pro-social behaviors but they may need to be aligned with the patient's levels of reactance and relationship proneness to be really efficient [41]. Another avenue for future research in order to create customer/patient commitment is to increase the level of customer/patient empowerment [42]. The facets of empowerment refer to people's ability to make more informed, responsible choices [43], so the impact of communication initiatives designed to inform and raise public awareness might be questionable. ...
Abstract:
Prevention programs are critical in the health sector but require voluntary commitment from patients. In this sense, prevention programs share some attributes with relationship marketing programs. Indeed, all patients are not willing to commit and, when they are, they may want to do it via different ways. To better understand the fact that prevention programs are not always successful, a literature review has been conducted and stresses the importance of two key concepts: the psychological reactance (i.e., reluctance to enter a formal contract) and relationship proneness (i.e., willingness to maintain a relationship). A field study (184 respondents) dedicated to a dental network proposing an experimental prevention program demonstrates the benefit of simultaneously accounting for these two concepts to better explain commitment to a prevention program. Psychological reactance reduces the propensity to commit to a prevention program, while anxiety and relationship proneness increase commitment. Trust in the practitioner mediates the effect of relationship proneness on commitment to the prevention program.
Keywords: reactance; health prevention program; relationship proneness/orientation; commitment.
Depuis la pandémie de la Covid19, le déploiement de dispositifs technologiques de self-service s’est accéléré. Dans la littérature francophone, Cova et al. (2013) ont conceptualisé ces dispositifs sous le terme de technologies d’auto-production « dirigée », insistant sur les transferts plus ou moins imposés de tâches opérés par les entreprises. Parmi les consommateurs, ces dispositifs technologiques d’auto-production font l’objet de représentations positives liées notamment à la possibilité de développer son autonomie, mais également de représentations négatives de déshumanisation ou de perte de contrôle sur sa vie privée lorsque ces technologies nécessitent le partage de données personnelles de consommation. Ces représentations ambivalentes du client invitent à investiguer leur impact sur l’utilisation de ces technologies. Le présent travail doctoral, positionné en prolongement de la littérature sur le self-service technologique, mobilise pour la première fois le concept d’empowerment psychologique pour traiter de la question de l’acceptation des ces technologies. Deux terrains sont investigués: les dispositifs de self-service en grande distribution (ex : self-scanning) qui délèguent une tâche équivalente à celle qui pourrait être réalisée par un employé, et les dispositifs de self-service avec feedback intelligent (ex : compteur électrique intelligent) qui permettent un enrichissement du service, bien que limité, par la transmission au client d’un feedback sur sa consommation. Une méthodologie mixte permet dans une première phase exploratoire de collecter des données qualitatives et quantitatives en vue d’enrichir la conceptualisation de l’empowerment par la prise d’aspects relationnels. Après une seconde phase de la recherche visant à mieux caractériser la catégorie des technologies de self-service reposant sur le suivi intelligent, une troisième phase de nature explicative introduit la notion de « chaîne de formation » de l’empowerment psychologique et capture ses effets sur l’acceptation de ces technologies. Les résultats font émerger une conceptualisation enrichie de l’empowerment psychologique autour des trois niveaux du concept de soi et soulignent le rôle des représentations sociales dans la construction de l’empowerment des consommateurs. Nous montrons que la prise en compte des facettes sociales de l’empowerment psychologique est pertinente pour rendre compte des représentations paradoxales des consommateurs vis-à-vis des technologies d’auto-production dirigée. Enfin, après avoir introduit une nouvelle catégorie de dispositifs technologiques d’auto-production dirigée reposant sur le suivi intelligent, nous montrons que l’intention d’utiliser ces dispositifs est largement expliquée par la chaîne générative des représentations d’empowerment psychologique.En mobilisant le concept d’empowerment psychologique, cette thèse se propose d’enrichir sa conceptualisation dans le champ du marketing et d’offrir un nouvel éclairage aux recherches existantes sur l’acceptation des technologies de self-service, et plus largement des objets « intelligents ». Elle s’adresse également aux managers désireux d’installer des dispositifs technologiques d’auto-production, en leur suggérant de prendre en compte l’empowerment psychologique lors de la conception de ces dispositifs, ainsi que dans la création de leurs campagnes de communication. Nous espérons également renouveler les méthodes traditionnellement utilisées dans la recherche en marketing en combinant des méthodes d’analyse des données moins utilisées telles que la lexicométrie, les représentations sociales et la revue de littérature interprétative.
Avec des besoins en hausse, la collecte de sang est une priorité en matière de santé publique. Or le don du sang, bien que valorisé socialement, n’est pratiqué que par 4 % des individus en capacité de le faire, selon l’Etablissement Français du Sang. En s’appuyant sur un cadre théorique mêlant les théories du don et de la valeur, cet article vise à comprendre comment les individus deviennent donneurs et le restent. Pour cela, il se focalise à la fois sur les différentes étapes qui précèdent le passage à l’acte et sur les bénéfices retirés du don, qui en favorisent la répétition. Une étude qualitative focalisée sur les donneurs et combinant des entretiens semi-directifs, une immersion sur le terrain et des matériaux visuels, permet 1) de rendre compte des processus individuels et sociaux favorisant l’acte de don, 2) de souligner les bénéfices que les donneurs retirent de la réalisation et de la répétition de cette pratique et 3) de fournir des recommandations opérationnelles afin de recruter et de fidéliser des donneurs.
Avoir une carte de donneur d’organes n’est pas suffisant pour s’assurer que la volonté du défunt sera respectée, car le corps médical répugne à contrer l’avis des proches. Il est donc important que les porteurs de cartes expriment à leurs proches leur volonté de dons d’organes (DO) pour permettre de sauver plus de patients qui sont en attente de greffe. Cette recherche propose, à partir de la théorie de l’ empowerment , de montrer le rôle positif de la compétence , de la confiance en soi et de la force de la conviction dans le choix des donneurs de parler à leurs proches de leur décision, ainsi que de l’impact qu’a cette discussion sur la confiance qu’ils ont que leur volonté sera respectée . Les résultats montrent également la force du tabou de la mort pour empêcher la discussion. C’est ainsi qu’une procédure de pied-dans-la-porte utilisant le don du sang comme acte préparatoire, ainsi que la conception d’une nouvelle carte de donneur sont proposées pour amener à discuter avec les proches. D’autres propositions sont également faites pour diminuer le nombre de personnes qui adhèrent au tabou de la mort. Des actions de communications adaptées sont également proposées.
L’objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les apports du numérique dans la sphère médicale avec une approche centrée autour du patient. Aujourd’hui, Internet a transformé la façon dont le patient a accès à l’information santé, ce patient dit « connecté » est de plus en plus informé et devient un acteur de sa santé. Conjointement, certains dispositifs numériques de santé contribuent également à impliquer les patients dans le processus de soin. Aussi, le concept d’empowerment du patient prend tout son sens avec l’arrivée des technologies numériques. Une revue de la littérature relative au concept d’empowerment du client puis du patient a été menée et complétée par deux études qualitatives complémentaires. Il s’agit d’identifier les sources de pouvoir associées au numérique et à l’empowerment du patient ainsi que les bénéfices et les risques de ce gain de pouvoir ressenti par ces derniers.
Voluntariness stands for one of the four pillars of ethics in blood donation; it is, however, more related to tradition than to legislation. Because it seems necessary to apply "marketing" techniques to blood collection in order to meet the needs in blood components, both in terms of quantity and quality, one wonders if this may be at the expense of this principle of voluntariness. This seminar-belonging actually to a series of seminars in Ethics in Transfusion Medicine-aimed at questioning the possible weakness of voluntariness in the field of blood donation. To achieve this goal, specialists of numerous disciplines in medical sciences, law and humanities gathered to discuss all related issues to voluntariness in blood donation.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
A field investigation of 337 employees and their immediate superiors tested the mediating role of empowerment in relations between job characteristics, leader-member exchange (LMX), team-member exchange (TMX), and work outcomes. The meaning and competence dimensions of empowerment mediated the relation between job characteristics and work satisfaction. The meaning dimension also mediated the relation between job characteristics and organizational commitment. Contrary to prediction, empowerment did not mediate relations between LMX, TMX, and the outcome variables. Rather, LMX and TMX were directly related to organizational commitment. In addition,TMX was directly related to job performance. These findings suggest that work satisfaction is explained largely by job characteristics (through empowerment) but that LMX and TMX combine with job characteristics and empowerment to explain variation in organizational commitment and job performance.
In this article, we examine the concept of humility among chief executive officers (CEOs) and the process through which it is connected to integration in the top management team (TMT) and middle managers' responses. We develop and validate a comprehensive measure of humility using multiple samples and then test a multilevel model of how CEOs' humility links to the processes of top and middle managers. Our methodology involves survey data gathered twice from 328 TMT members and 645 middle managers in 63 private companies in China. We find CEO humility to be positively associated with empowering leadership behaviors, which in turn correlates with TMT integration. TMT integration then positively relates to middle managers' perception of having an empowering organizational climate, which is then associated with their work engagement, affective commitment, and job performance. Findings confirm our hypotheses based on social information processing theory: humble CEOs connect to top and middle managers through collective perceptions of empowerment at both levels. Qualitative data from interviews with 51 CEOs provide additional insight into the meaning of humility among CEOs and differences between those with high and low humility.
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
Cet article propose une définition de la confiance dans la marque selon trois dimensions (crédibilité, intégrité et bienveillance), qui s'appuie sur les recherches menées en psychologie sociale et en marketing. Une échelle de 8 items est ensuite testée sur deux échantillons de consommateurs (300 et 937 personnes). Les indicateurs classiques de validation attestent la qualité de l'échelle. Une relation positive forte est obtenue entre confiance dans la marque et engagement du consommateur.
Relationship marketing-establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges-constitutes a major shift in marketing theory and practice. After conceptualizing relationship marketing and discussing its ten forms, the authors (1) theorize that successful relationship marketing requires relationship commitment and trust, (2) model relationship commitment and trust as key mediating variables, (3) test this key mediating variable model using data from automobile tire retailers, and (4) compare their model with a rival that does not allow relationship commitment and trust to function as mediating variables. Given the favorable test results for the key mediating variable model, suggestions for further explicating and testing it are offered.
Examines research on the relation between attitude and behavior in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude–behavior relations are obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature. (4½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The donor bases of many charities suffer high lapse rates that both restrict growth and carry a heavy cost in recruitment needed to replace the lost donors. This paper argues that it should be possible to reduce these high lapse rates, based on the experience of businesses that have reduced their lapse rates by giving customers better value. Giving customers good value gives them good reason to come back for more. The paper looks at evidence that donors, like customers, want satisfaction in return for their money. The paper proposes a model of donor value to identify how charities can give donors more for their money, providing a route to reduce lapsing and so improve charity profitability and growth.
Companies have recently begun to use the Internet to integrate their customers more actively into various phases of the new product development process. One such strategy involves empowering customers to cooperate in selecting the product concepts to be marketed by the firm. In such scenarios, it is no longer the company but rather its customers who decide democratically which products should be produced. This article discusses the first set of empirical studies that highlight the important psychological consequences of this power shift. The results indicate that customers who are empowered to select the products to be marketed show stronger demand for the underlying products even though they are of identical quality in objective terms (and their subjective product evaluations are similar). This seemingly irrational finding can be observed because consumers develop a stronger feeling of psychological ownership of the products selected. The studies also identify two boundary conditions for this “empowerment–product demand” effect: It diminishes (1) if the outcome of the joint decision-making process does not reflect consumers’ preferences and (2) if consumers do not believe that they have the relevant competence to make sound decisions.
Cost-efficient and multimedia-rich interaction opportunities offered by the Internet and the existence of online communities have made virtual co-creation a suitable means of creating value and improving the overall success of new products. Information technology enables new forms of producer-consumer collaboration in new product development processes. However, little research exists on consumers' experiences during virtual co-creation tasks. Drawing on the literature on organizational behavior, we introduce the construct of consumer empowerment to describe consumers' perceived influence on product design and decision making. This paper presents the first large-scale empirical study investigating how consumers are empowered through Internet-based co-creation activities. To analyze the impact of applied interaction tools, 727 consumers having taken part in virtual co-creation projects were asked about their experienced tool support, their perceived empowerment, how much they enjoyed the task, and their readiness to participate in future co-creation opportunities. The results show that consumers engaging in co-creation feel more or less empowered. The level of experienced empowerment depends on the design of the applied virtual interaction tool, the related enjoyment of the virtual interaction, the participants' task and product involvement, as well as their creativity and lead-user characteristics. The design of the interaction tool determines to what extent consumers with varying capabilities are able to solve the assigned co-creation task. It determines the consumers' perceived empowerment and experienced enjoyment. Both the levels of perceived empowerment and enjoyment have a strong impact on the consumers' willingness to participate in future virtual new product development projects. These findings contribute to a better understanding of antecedents and consequences of successful consumer co-creation. They provide recommendations on how to design a compelling virtual new product co-creation experience.
To examine the risk and frequency of falls, prevalence of fear of falling and activity avoidance, the magnitude of fall-related self-efficacy, and anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A cross-sectional study in patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who visited a lung clinic at a university hospital in Sweden.
Successive inclusion from autumn 2005 to spring 2006 of 80 patients with a mean age of 65 years.
Nil.
A questionnaire about fall history and consequences of fall, The Falls Efficacy Scale, Swedish version, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used.
Twenty patients (25%) reported at least one fall in the last year and 29% displayed fear of falling. Odds ratio for falling was 4-5 times higher in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Older patients, women and patients with previous falls had a higher rate of fear of falling, and those with fear of falling had lower fall-related self-efficacy, increased level of anxiety and depression, more activity avoidance and use of assistive device.
The increased risk of falls in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease warrants attention in order to reduce serious and adverse health consequences of falls.
Various models for sets of congeneric tests are considered, including models appropriate for the analysis of multitrait-multimethod data. All models are illustrated with real data. The special cases when two or more tests within a set are tau-equivalent or parallel are also considered. All data analyses are done within the framework of a general model by Jöreskog [1970].
This research finds that high- and low-commitment consumers use different information-processing strategies when exposed to competitive brand information. High-commitment consumers use a disconfirmatory processing strategy, focusing on the dissimilarities between their preferred brand and the competitor brand. Low-commitment consumers focus on the similarities between the advertised brand and their preferred brand. These processing differences lead to differences in the evaluation of a competitive brand between high- and low-commitment consumers. However, priming high-commitment consumers to focus on the similarities and low-commitment consumers on the dissimilarities between their preferred brand and a competitor brand mitigates the effects of the different processing strategies. (c) 2008 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..
Valid predictions for the direction of nonresponse bias were obtained from subjective estimates and extrapolations in an analysis of mail survey data from published studies. For estimates of the magnitude of bias, the use of extrapolations led to substantial improvements over a strategy of not using extrapolations.
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity, reliability, and utility of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), which is a measure of diabetes-related psychosocial self-efficacy.
In this study (n = 375), the psychometric properties of the DES were calculated. To establish validity, DES subscales were compared with 2 previously validated subscales of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP). Factor and item analyses were conducted to develop subscales that were coherent, meaningful, and had an acceptable coefficient alpha.
The psychometric analyses resulted in a 28-item DES (alpha = 0.96) with 3 subscales: Managing the Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes (alpha = 0.93), Assessing Dissatisfaction and Readiness To Change (alpha = 0.81), and Setting and Achieving Diabetes Goals (alpha = 0.91). Consistent correlations in the expected direction between DES subscales and DCP subscales provided evidence of concurrent validity.
This study provides preliminary evidence that the DES is a valid and reliable measure of diabetes-related psychosocial self-efficacy. The DES should be a useful outcome measure for various educational and psychosocial interventions related to diabetes.
A field investigation of 337 employees and their immediate superiors tested the mediating role of empowerment in relations between job characteristics, leader-member exchange (LMX), team-member exchange (TMX), and work outcomes. The meaning and competence dimensions of empowerment mediated the relation between job characteristics and work satisfaction. The meaning dimension also mediated the relation between job characteristics and organizational commitment. Contrary to prediction, empowerment did not mediate relations between LMX, TMX, and the outcome variables. Rather, LMX and TMX were directly related to organizational commitment. In addition, TMX was directly related to job performance. These findings suggest that work satisfaction is explained largely by job characteristics (through empowerment) but that LMX and TMX combine with job characteristics and empowerment to explain variation in organizational commitment and job performance.
The author presents a value-based model of consumer involvement and preventive health care behavior. Through in-depth interviews, consumer views were elicited on three health care policy issues—health information use, the patient-physician relationship, and health compliance. Value maps are developed that explain the motivations and desired outcomes underlying consumer health care involvement and behavior. The author discusses the dynamics of control, empowerment, and trust and introduces a value-based conceptual model of health care involvement and preventive behavior incorporating these values. He concludes by offering implications for enhancing comsumer involvement in social marketing health care programs.
Relationship marketing—establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges—constitutes a major shift in marketing theory and practice. After conceptualizing relationship marketing and discussing its ten forms, the authors (1) theorize that successful relationship marketing requires relationship commitment and trust, (2) model relationship commitment and trust as key mediating variables, (3) test this key mediating variable model using data from automobile tire retailers, and (4) compare their model with a rival that does not allow relationship commitment and trust to function as mediating variables. Given the favorable test results for the key mediating variable model, suggestions for further explicating and testing it are offered.
Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref)
Cette recherche examine les effets de la satisfaction cumulée, de la confiance et de l'engagement vis-à-vis d'une marque sur la décision de participer à son boycott. L'étude montre que leurs influences diffèrent selon la nature du boycott (instrumental / expressif). Quatre résultats distinguent les deux boycotts expressifs envisagés: 1) la gravité perçue de l'acte de l'entreprise et/ou la crédibilité du message médiatisent totalement leurs effets sur la décision de boycott; 2) la satisfaction cumulée produit un effet de contraste alors que l'engagement génère un effet d'assimilation (minimisation de la faute); 3) la crédibilité du message favorise la participation au boycott; 4) le volume de consommation limite uniquement la participation au boycott social. Des implications stratégiques pour les organisations de consommateurs comme pour les entreprises sont ensuite précisées.
Empowering employees to meet customers' needs or solve their problems can be one of the best ways to satisfy customers. The objectives of this study are to investigate the extent to which the level of psychological empowerment (meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact) is perceived by employees; to examine whether leadership, trust, and organizational culture function as the antecedents of empowerment; and to look into whether empowerment influences job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Using structural equation modeling, this study supports the conclusion that leadership has a positive, direct effect on trust and organizational culture, which are important antecedents related positively to psychological empowerment constructs. The study also suggests that self-determination in psychological empowerment has a significant effect on job satisfaction and is related to organizational commitment.
Donation and/or organ removal
This article looks at how the bio-ethical laws dated 29 July 1994 were intented to allow organ removal from a deceased person while at the same time ensuring that the respect due to that person was maintened. On the one hand, the needs of those on the transplant waiting list are considered to be legitimate, but are not, however, enough to justify obtaining organs by any means whatsoever; and on the other, to avoid any suspicion of commercial interest, organs can only be obtained via a donation. However, the use of the term donation, while it ensures that organs are not considered as potentially commercial items, implies an expression of consent and consequently limits the organs available to those who have specifically expressed their approval. In practice, a donation only represents a finality authorising an opération on a deceased person. The law stipulates that physicians are responsible for organ removal and that they must respect a number of conditions when doing so. They must, first and foremost, check that the person was not opposed to removal, which is not easy to do in cases where the deceased person did not take any particular stand while alive. For this reason, the contribution of family members is crucial, as they are best placed to know how the deceased person felt about organ donation prior to death.
This paper examines the contribution of each of the four dimensions in Thomas and Velthouse’s (1990) multidimensional conceptualization of psychological empowerment in predicting three expected outcomes of empowerment: effectiveness, work satisfaction, and job-related strain. The literature on the four dimensions of empowerment (i.e., meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact) is reviewed and theoretical logic is developed linking the dimensions to specific outcomes. The expected relationships are tested on a sample of managers from diverse units of a manufacturing organization and then replicated on an independent sample of lower-level employees in a service organization using alternative measures of the outcome variables. The results, largely consistent across the two samples, suggest that different dimensions are related to different outcomes and that no single dimension predicts all three outcomes. These results indicate that employees need to experience each of the empowerment dimensions in order to achieve all of the hoped for outcomes of empowerment.
This paper examines the contribution of each of the four dimensions in Thomas and Velthouse's (1990) multidimensional conceptualization of psychological empowerment in predicting three expected outcomes of empowerment: effectiveness, work satisfaction, and job-related strain. The literature on the four dimensions of empowerment (i.e., meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact) is reviewed and theoretical logic is developed linking the dimensions to specific outcomes. The expected relationships are tested on a sample of managers from diverse units of a manufacturing organization and then replicated on an independent sample of lower-level employees in a service organization using alternative measures of the outcome variables. The results, largely consistent across the two samples, suggest that different dimensions are related to different outcomes and that no single dimension predicts all three outcomes. These results indicate that employees need to experience each of the empowerment dimensions in order to achieve all of the hoped for outcomes of empowerment. © 1997 JAI Press Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
In both the United States and the United Kingdom donor attrition rates are an increasing cause for concern. Many organizations lose up to 60% of cash donors after their first donation. In this study we delineate the factors that drive donor commitment to a cause and subsequent loyalty. A series of nine focus groups were employed to derive study hypotheses that were then tested using the technique of structural equation modelling. We conclude the factors (1) perceived service quality, (2) shared beliefs, (3) perceived risk, (4) the existence of a personal link to the organization/cause, and (5) trust, drive commitment in this context of charity giving.
This paper introduces the constructs of interpretive styles from the empowerment literature. It proposes these styles as cognitive variables that shape communica tion apprehension (CA). We report an empirical study of oral briefings by naval officers. Results show that CA was linked to two interpretive styles: it was posi tively linked to deficiency focusing (the tendency to focus on what is wrong, can go wrong, and is wrong with oneself) and negatively linked to envisioning suc cess (the tendency to build mental images of succeeding). Results also show that CA diminished performance on the briefing, and that greater preparation was not an effective way of coping with apprehension.
Purpose – The relationship marketing literature puts forward that customer commitment is central to the development of marketing relationships. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which two components of customer commitment (affective commitment and continuance commitment) both enhance and undermine customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach – A theoretical model was developed to determine the extent to which the components of commitment both served as mediators of and interacted with one another in the relationship between service quality and switching and advocacy intentions. This model was examined in a survey of customers in three service settings; financial services, retail-grocery services and telecommunications services. Findings – Commitment serves as a partial mediator of the service quality-loyalty relationship. It was also found that affective commitment made a negative impact on switching intentions and a positive impact on advocacy intentions in all three service settings. Continuance commitment had mixed effects on switching intentions and made a negative impact on advocacy intentions.. At the same time there was an interactive effect between the two components of commitment such that continuance commitment depressed the positive effects of affective commitment on both dependent variables. Originality/value – While the positive impact of identification based affective commitment is well understood in the marketing literature, the role of continuance commitment is not so well appreciated. This study reinforces the weakness of a relationship based on continuance commitment. In addition, few studies prior to this one have demonstrated the interactive effects between the two components of commitment.
This paper builds on previous research into blood donation behaviour, focusing on perceptions of risk associated with blood donation in the UK. It compares indicators of risk perceptions obtained through probability and importance indicators and calculated using additive versus multiplicative models. It examines the relationships between perceived risk and blood donation with specific attention to donation frequency. The findings demonstrate that apparent perceived risk in blood donation varies substantially depending on the indicator that is used and that a more accurate indicator of risk is obtained if two components of risk are combined through a multiplicative model rather than an additive one. Social risk emerged as the more prominent aspect of perceived risk, implying a high level of trust by donors in the Blood Transfusion Service. Perceived risk was found to be significantly associated with donation frequency, highlighting the need to keep track of donors and to communicate with those whose donations lapse.
While public organizations have focused on structural empowerment as a strategy to reform public bureaucracies, there is no consensus on the conceptualization or dimensionality of this construct. In addition, public organizations have paid little attention to the importance of psychological empowerment in their reform efforts. This article examines the construct validity of multidimensional measures of structural empowerment – consisting of participative decision making, feedback, and delegation – and psychological empowerment – consisting of meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact – and develops an integrative model of empowerment. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), conducted with the data from a sample of 191 public employees, showed support for a multifactor model that integrates the two types of empowerment.
Explores the reasons that implementation of empowerment programs for employees often proves difficult in large organizations. The authors present 7 critical questions aimed at helping executives confront the challenges of implementing employee empowerment. These questions are: (1) What do we mean when we say we want to empower people? (2) What are the characteristics of an empowered person? (3) Do we really need empowered people? (4) Do we really want empowered people? (5) How do people actually develop a sense of empowerment? (6) What organizational characteristics facilitate employee empowerment? and (7) What can leaders do to facilitate employee empowerment? Most empowerment programs, say the authors, are embedded in a mechanistic perspective, which assumes that empowerment is a set of managerial practices focused on cascading power to lower levels. Yet, this perspective is incomplete by itself. It needs to be counterbalanced with an "organic perspective" that embodies personal risk, trust, and initiative. The authors argue that it is only by juxtaposing these 2 perspectives that we can begin to fully understand what it means for organization to effectively empower their employees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
There is a growing belief among some that employee empowerment provides the most appropriate basis for designing and implementing new organizations. However, from a structural perspective, empowerment represents a moral hazard dilemma for managers, with the possibility of control loss and decreased organizational outcome. While there are several mechanisms for tempering the potential downside of empowerment, we focus on two: organizational constitutions and the development of trusting relationships. We present six specific propositions relating to organizational constitution and trust as controls for tempering the potential downside of empowerment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The purpose of this research is to develop a model of the explanatory factors that determine the predisposition to donate blood in order to improve the effectiveness of donor recruitment and retention programs. A personal survey was conducted on a sample of 303 potential donors between 18 and 60 years old and from both sexes, who are resident in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) and have either never donated blood or not donated in the last 3 years. The findings lead us to say that the predisposition to donate blood is positively influenced by the information that the potential donor has about the requirements to become a donor, and by the motivations to donate blood. It is negatively influenced by the inhibiting factor of fear of the extraction procedure and its after-effects. However, prior experience as a donor and links with reference groups who are donors do not have any direct influence on the predisposition. These findings suggest that it is necessary (1) to design communication campaigns in which information and education are the goals, and which aim to make donation a habit; (2) to clarify to society the need for blood donation and to describe the process of donation in order to eliminate those inhibitors linked to fear and the perception of risks; (3) to design advertising campaigns focused on rational messages since information exercises a greater influence on the predisposition to donate than motivations linked to altruism; (4) to recommend that no great efforts be made to recapture previous donors, since experience is not a direct antecedent of the predisposition to donate but an indirect antecedent via information and (5) to stimulate word-of-mouth among reference groups using member-get-member programs whereby current donors bring new donors to the system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In broad terms, the donation of blood along with organ and bone marrow donation is considered to be the ultimate act of humanity involving a voluntary and anonymous exchange between two people of a life saving commodity. Yet motivating people to donate blood is a significantly difficult task. The aim of this paper is to use the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to examine non-donors on the basis of their likely intention to donate blood in the future and to identify barriers on these more favourable non-donors. This exploratory research finds that subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and time related barriers are related to intent to donate by current non-donors. Differences between higher and lower intention donors are also explored.
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In this article, we develop a framework for assessing the relational content of nonprofit Internet sites. We operationalize this as a series of eight relational constructs applicable to the context of Web site design and operation and explore the relationship between the presence of these dimensions and the fundraising performance of nonprofit Web sites. We conclude that accessibility, accountability, education, interaction, and empowerment are significantly correlated with the number of new donors a site is able to attract, and that accessibility, accountability, and education are also highly correlated with the total value of online donations offered.
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.
This paper provides the first empirically based marketing model of the perceptions of givers and the resulting impact on donations. Within nonprofit marketing there is a considerable amount of extant research to support the view that both extrinsic and intrinsic variables can be used to separate givers and non-givers to nonprofits. However, they are less useful in explaining the level of support that will be offered. Perceptual factors may offer more utility in this regard. Structural equations models are presented based on a survey of over 1300 donors that link a series of perceptual determinants to the level of the average donation to a specific organization. The potential mediating roles of trust and commitment are also explored. Trust appears unrelated to the direct benefits that accrue to donors as a consequence of their gift. Rather, trust (and indirectly, commitment) is predicated on the perceived benefits supplied to beneficiaries and the manner in which the impact of these benefits is communicated back to donors.
This study tested Construal Level Theory and examined social desirability and cultural differences as factors affecting blood donation intention across different time frames. Findings showed that individuals indicated stronger intentions for the distant future (one-year and no-time indication frames) than for the near future (one-week and three-month frames). The relationship between social desirability rating of blood donation and intention was positive and significant for the no-time indication frame, but it was not significant for the one-week time frame and the three-month time frame. Koreans and Americans did not differ in the relationship between social desirability and intentions across different time frames.
Presyncopal reactions are among the most common systemic reactions experienced by blood donors, occur most frequently in novice donors, and can serve as a deterrent to future donation regardless of donation experience. This report describes the validation of a presyncopal reactions scale that can be used to standardize assessment of the donor's subjective experience.
A psychometric analysis of the Blood Donation Reactions Inventory (BDRI), a measure of presyncopal reactions, was conducted using data obtained from two independent samples of volunteer blood donors. Based on these analyses, a new, brief version of the BDRI is proposed, and psychometric data regarding the reliability and construct validity of this instrument are presented.
Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicate that a 4-item version of the BDRI can be used to assess subjective perception of mild, prefaint symptoms. Additional analyses indicate that the BDRI has good internal consistency and demonstrates concurrent validity relative to other indices of donor reactions (e.g., donor chair reclines and loss of consciousness). Construct validity is supported by factor analyses, expected score differences in different donor groups, and convergent validation against measures of donor satisfaction and likelihood of repeat donation.
The BDRI provides an assessment of subjective ratings of presyncopal symptoms that is brief, easily understood by donors, and quick to administer and score. The BDRI yields important information about the donor's experience that can be used to predict satisfaction and likelihood of repeat donation.
Religions instruct individuals to engage in prosocial behaviors. Previous studies are lacking on a positive relation between religiousness and blood donation. We tested this hypothesis using a national survey of 7611 women and 4282 men aged 18-44 years. In women, positive associations of childhood religious affiliation, current affiliation and attendance with blood donation were seen on bivariate analysis but were no longer significant when socio-demographic variables were controlled for. Religiousness was not associated with history of blood donation in men, with the exception of higher donation rates in Catholic men aged 35-44.
Donor retention poses a significant problem to blood collection agencies around the world. Previous research using an augmented theory of planned behavior (TPB) approach has demonstrated that attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, moral norm, anticipated regret, donation anxiety from prior blood donations, and self-identity as a blood donor predicts experienced donors' intentions and that intentions, self efficacy, moral norm, and anticipated regret may impact upon people's actual blood donation behavior.
Established blood donors (n = 263) completed questionnaires assessing standard TPB constructs, anticipated regret, moral norm, donation anxiety, and self-identity as a blood donor. Three months later, a second questionnaire assessing blood donation behavior in the intervening 3 months was mailed and returned by 182 donors.
With structural equation modeling, the final augmented TPB model provided an excellent fit to the data and included a direct path from intention to behavior and indirect paths to behavior through intention for attitude, self-efficacy, and anticipated regret. Moral norm, donation anxiety, and donor identity indirectly predicted intention through attitude. In total, 51 percent of the variance in donors' attitudes, 86 percent of variance in donors' intentions, and 70 percent of the variance in donors' behavior were accounted for in the final model.
An augmented TPB framework proved efficacious in determining the predictors of the intentions and behavior of established blood donors. Further, this framework highlighted the importance of considering in the future how donors' motivations for donating blood may evolve as a function of the number of prior donations.
Discussed several issues related to psychological empowerment. The thesis of this paper is that the development of a universal and global measure of psychological empowerment may not be a feasible or appropriate goal. I begin by distinguishing between empowerment processes and outcomes. Underlying assumptions are discussed including the notion that empowerment differs across people, contexts, and times. A nomological network that includes intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components is also presented. Two examples of psychological empowerment for voluntary service organization members and members of a mutual help organization are described to help illustrate differences in the specific variables that may be used to measure psychological empowerment in different populations and settings.
The need for blood is an important concern to society as a whole. However, many fears associated with the blood donation process inhibit donors from giving. The authors employ structural equations methodology to assess the effects of donor knowledge and perceived risk on the intentions of 430 active and inactive donors to give blood. Results suggest that donor knowledge increases the perceived risk of donating blood and that perceived risk decreases the frequency that donors intend to give. Research and managerial implications for developing marketing strategies to retain existing blood donor pools are discussed.
Appealing to people's altruism may not be the best way to reach those who never donate blood. Rather, the authors found that several variables influence the decision, including whether or not people trust blood banks. Decreasing the perception that there are health risks associated with donating blood can also go a long way toward increasing the declining pool of blood donors.
Demographic, psychographic, and blood donation factors were hypothesized to account for differences among blood donor segments defined on the basis of frequency of donation. A stepwise multiple discriminant analysis shows 10 of the 29 initial predictor factors to be very useful for distinguishing among the donor categories. The gender of the donor, locus of control, risk taking, humanitarianism, and other factors differentiate donor categories. Results are considered in relation to prior research and theorizing, and the strategic implications for collection agency and hospital administration are given.
The aim of this study was to identify factors explaining the intention to donate blood.
A random sample of 4000 respondents drawn from the general population received a questionnaire by mail. This questionnaire assessed variables as defined by the most prominent social cognitive theories.
Overall, the respondents expressed a neutral mean level of intention to give blood in the next 6 months (2.84 on a five-point scale); 56.2% had never given blood in the past. The variables explaining 74% of the variance of intention were: perceived behavioural control (beta = 0.39; P < 0.001); factors facilitating taking action (beta = 0.25; P < 0.001); anticipated regret (beta = 0.16; P < 0.001); moral norm (beta = 0.11; P < 0.001); attitude (beta = 0.08; P < 0.01); level of education (beta = -0.03; P < 0.05); and past experience in giving blood (beta = 0.09; P < 0.001). Nonetheless, the predictive power of perceived behavioural control and moral norm was higher among the ever donors (both at P < 0.01) compared to the never donors, whereas the reverse was observed for attitude (P < 0.05).
People's intentions are mainly determined by perceived barriers and obstacles regarding blood donations. This suggests that promotional strategies should focus on the elimination of barriers to action as well as the development of a higher perception of control. Also, messages should be adapted to the targeted population, based on their previous blood donation behaviour (i.e. never donors vs. ever donors).
Public and non-profit organizations have long debated how marketing concepts and management styles apply to their sector of activity as they are largely derived from principles of consumerism and economic decision-making proper to the private sector. The arrival of marketing in the world of blood donation is no exception. The purpose of this article is to illustrate concretely how marketing techniques can contribute in achieving the objectives of a blood donation program: a marketing model that is adapted to the realities of blood donation in Quebec. Although types of marketing are as varied as the fields they are used in, the major marketing activities of this program fall under positioning, operational or relationship marketing. The process is presented in the form of a cycle that includes four major phases containing all marketing functions, that is, raising public awareness, acquiring a clientele, client retention and loyalty building, and establishing the relationship. Finally, the information and effective management of information are at the heart of the marketing process. In fact, research, understanding our customers and their expectations, and measuring our performance are essential for the success of any marketing initiative.
Understanding blood donation motivation among non-donors is prerequisite to effective recruitment. Two studies explored the psychological antecedents of blood donation motivation and the generalisability of a model of donation motivation across groups differing in age and educational level. An older well-educated population and a younger less well-educated population were sampled. The studies assessed the role of altruism, fear of blood/needles and donation-specific cognitions including attitudes and normative beliefs derived from an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Across both samples, results showed that affective attitude, subjective norm, descriptive norm, and moral norm were the most important correlates of blood donation intentions. Self-efficacy was more important among the younger less well-educated group. Altruism was related to donation motivation but only indirectly through moral norm. Similarly, fear of blood/needles only had an indirect effect on motivation through affective attitude and self-efficacy. Additional analyses with the combined data set found no age or education moderation effects, suggesting that this core model of donation-specific cognitions can be used to inform future practical interventions recruiting new blood donors in the general population.
With an ever-increasing demand on blood supplies worldwide, there is an immense need to ensure a safe and sufficient supply of blood products. However, recruiting and retaining blood donors remain key challenges for blood agencies. In an attempt to address these problems, researchers have identified a range of sociodemographic, organizational, physiological, and psychological factors that influence people's willingness to donate blood. Although past research has largely focused on donor recruitment, in particular, demographic variables associated with blood donation behavior, the issue of donor retention has become increasingly important. A growing number of studies have also highlighted the role of psychological factors in explaining, predicting, and promoting blood donation behavior. In line with recent trends in blood donation research, the present article reviews the contributions of, and current directions in, psychological research on blood donation attitudes and behavior, with special emphasis on donor return and repeat blood donation behavior. Although there is overlap between factors that predict the initiation and the maintenance of blood donation behavior, it is suggested that changes in motivation and the development of self-identity as a blood donor are crucial for understanding the processes whereby first-time donors become repeat donors.