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LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
ANALYSIS AND
ASSESSMENT
Ankara 2014
ISBN: 978-605-136-201-4
AT THE REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL
(PROVINCIAL) LEVELS
NATIONAL TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR
PANTONE 159 C
C0 M74 Y100 K7
PANTONE 355 C
C100 M0 Y100 K0
PANTONE 294 C
C100 M70 Y0 K30
Amblem-Logotype 3 renkten oluflmaktad›r.
Trigromi (CMYK) ve Pantone kullan›m› afla€›da detayl› olarak belirtilmifltir.
AMBLEM-LOGOTYPE RENK DE⁄ERLER‹
NATIONAL TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT AT
THE REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL (PROVINCIAL) LEVELS
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior
General Directorate of Local Administrations
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
General Directorate of Spatial Planning
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks
PANTONE 159 C
C0 M74 Y100 K7
PANTONE 355 C
C100 M0 Y100 K0
PANTONE 294 C
C100 M70 Y0 K30
Amblem-Logotype 3 renkten oluflmaktad›r.
Trigromi (CMYK) ve Pantone kullan›m› afla€›da detayl› olarak belirtilmifltir.
AMBLEM-LOGOTYPE RENK DE⁄ERLER‹
NATIONAL TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT AT
THE REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL (PROVINCIAL) LEVELS
Ankara 2014
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior
General Directorate of Local Administrations
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
General Directorate of Spatial Planning
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks
Authors:
Şükran Şahin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)
Halim Perçin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)
Ekrem Kurum (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)
Osman Uzun (Republic of Turkey Düzce University)
Bayram Cemil Bilgili (Republic of Turkey Karatekin University)
Authors : Şükran Şahin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)
Halim Perçin (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)
Ekrem Kurum (Republic of Turkey Ankara University)
Osman Uzun (Republic of Turkey Düzce University)
Bayram Cemil Bilgili (Republic of Turkey Karatekin University)
Reference: Şahin, Ş., Perçin, H., Kurum, E., Uzun, O. and Bilgili, B.C. (2014). National Technical
Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional
(Provincial) Levels. TÜBİTAK KAMAG 1007 Program PEYZAJ-44 Project No 109G074 outcome, where
Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs are
the Beneficiary Institutions and Ankara University is the Coordinating Institution, 146 Pages, Ankara.
About PEYZAJ-44 Project;
Funding Institution: TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) Public
Institutions Research Funding Program (KAMAG), 1007 Program
Project Owners as Beneficiary Institutions:
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior General Directorate of Local Administrations
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Spatial Planning
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs General Directorate of Nature Conservation and
National Parks
Project Representatives from the Beneficiary Institutions:
By the name of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior; Yavuz Selim Köşger (Genel Director) and Levent
Tülay Pusatlıoğlu
By the name of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization; Mehmet Ali Kahraman (Genel
Director) and Sedat Yılmaz
By the name of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs; Ahmet Özyanık (Genel Director),
Gülhan Çetin Sönmez, Serap Kargın and Selçuk Özmen
Coordinating Institution:
Republic of Turkey Ankara University
Core Project Team: Prof. Dr. Şükran Şahin (Project Coordinator), Prof. Dr. Halim Perçin, Assist. Prof. Dr.
Ekrem Kurum, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman Uzun, Assist. Prof. Dr. Bayram Cemil Bilgili, Prof. Dr. İhsan Çiçek,
Prof. Dr. Hakan Yiğitbaşıoğlu, Assoc. Prof. Levent Tezcan, Res. and Teach. Assist. Volkan Müftüoğlu,
Res. and Teach. Assist. Ömer Lütfü Çorbacı, Simten Sütünç, Duygu Doğan, Ersin Ateş, Bilge Tarım, Özlem
Koç, Gözde Kurtoğlu, Elif Namal, H.Volkan Gökmenoğlu and Res. and Teach. Assist. Yeliz Kaşko Arıcı
Translation to English: Pelin Yiğit
Print: Elma Technical Press Printing House,
Çatal Sokak 11/A Maltepe / ANKARA, Tel: 0312 229 92 65,
www.elmateknikbasim.com
Number of issues: 500
ISBN Number: 978-605-136-201-4
National Technical Guideline for
Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the
Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This guideline has been prepared in close collaboration with the General Directorate of Local
Administrations under the Ministry of Interior; General Directorate of Spatial Planning under
the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and General Directorate of Nature and National
Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. The guideline has been developed on the
works of the 2,5 years lasting project entitled “Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis
and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation” in the pilot area of Malatya province, nanced
by KAMAG (Public Institutions Research Funding Program) 1007 Program of TÜBİTAK (The
Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey), in which the mentioned Ministries
took part as Beneciary Institutions and Ankara University was the Coordinating Institution.
The project has been realized by the contributions Mr. Halil İbrahim Daşöz, the Governor of
Malatya province from 2006 to 2009. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ulvi Saran, the Governor of
Malatya province from 2009-2012, has ensured the continuity of the project in the pilot area and
has also contributed his sincere support. Mr. Vasip Şahin, assuming the post of Governor in
2012, hosted the meeting for the results of the project. As the Malatya Province was proclaimed
a Metropolitan Municipality at the time of harvesting project results, Mr. Ahmet Çakır; Mayor of
Malatya Metropolitan Municipality also attended the meeting for results of the project. Mr. Ali
Kazgan, former Secretary General of Special Administration of Malatya Province, defended the
project powerfully on legal grounds during the application panel of TÜBİTAK at the project initial
phase. Prof. Dr. Öner Demirel and Prof. Dr. Sevgi Yılmaz, panelists of the project, contributed
positively to the quality of the project with their interim reports about project execution. Mr. Basri
Dağdelen, project personnel from Malatya Special Provincial Administration, has committed
himself to project for a total of six years; three years in the preparation phase and three years
during implementation. Mr. Dağdelen has provided active and efcient service to the project
as much as the project core team in supporting the project in managerial and bureacratic
functioning, coordination, workshop organizations, personnel training for pilot area and in many
more areas on a voluntary basis. Mrs. Esra Yavaşoğlu and Mrs. Tuğba Tansel Engin, project
personnel from Special Provincial Administration, has been easily accessible and supporting for
three years.
Director General for Environmental Impact Assessment from the repealed Ministry of
Environment and Forestry, a beneciary institution as per TÜBİTAK KAMAG 1007 Program,
Mr. Fevzi İşbilir’s foresighted contributions and role in the development phase of the project
bear an unquestionable signicance. He claimed a critically important role in the initiation of
the project in believing the necessity of applying landscape knowledge into the environment
plans in line with the European Landscape Convention (ELC). Environmental Development Plan
for six regions were initiated just around the time of initiation of the project. Changes had to be
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
vi
made to the Technical Specication for integration of the project outcomes to these planning
activities. Mr. Sedat Yılmaz’s realistic and rational approaches directed the project in that sense.
He made great efforts, provided his opinions and support thoroughout the project and made his
permanent to the project. There is another unit responsible for the project in the same repealed
Ministry, Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate. General Director Prof. Dr.
Mustafa Kemal Yalınkılıç during the development of rst project report from the time of project
initiation in June 2010 until December 2010, and followingly his successor Mr. Yaşar Dostbil,
did not refrain their supports from the project. Division of Landscape Protection founded under
this General Directorate fullls the implementation of ELC in Turkey. Hence, General Directorate
of Nature Protection and National Parks played active role in the coordination with the General
Directorate of EIA and Planning which is established under the above mentioned repealed
Ministry. This General Directorate is responsible for environmental development plans in which
the outcomes of this guideline will be integrated. The intensive efforts exerted by Mrs. Aynur
Gönül, the Division Director of Landscape Protection at the time, are invaluable without a doubt.
Another beneciary institution of PEYZAJ-44 Project that creates the grounds of this guideline
is the Ministry of Interior. Governor is the responsible legal entity for provincial environmental
development plans, and Local Administrations General Directorate under the Ministry of Interior
is the higher authority as per Law of Special Provincial Administration. Mr. Ercan Topaca being
General Director at the initial phase of the project facilitated the startup and following processes.
Mr. Yavuz Selim Köşger, being next General Directorate, strongly supported the organization
of training programs for disseminating the subject of Landscape Character Analysis and
Assessment to other provinces in Turkey.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry was split into two Ministries at the time of project realization;
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Thus,
General Directorate of Spatial Planning under Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and
General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and
Water Affairs became two separate beneciary institutions. Director of the Spatial Strategies and
Environment Development Plans Division of General Directorate of Spatial Planning under the
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Mr. Sedat Yılmaz took key role in the preparation of
new Project Outcomes Implementation Plan (POIP) as he was the contact point of the beneciary
institution, as well as the nalization of the project. Likewise, Director of Landscape Protection
Division of the Deparment for Sensitive Areas, General Directorate of Nature Protection and
National Parks under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Mrs. Gülhan Çetin Sönmez and
her colleagues Mrs. Serap Kargın and Mr. Selçuk Özmen played key role in the project due to
the fact that they were the contact points of the beneciary institution and also their institutional
responsibilities covers the national implementation of ELC.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
vii
General Director of Local Administrations under the Ministry of Interior, Mr. Yavuz Selim
Köşger strongly supported the training program directed to the local administrators about the
introduction of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment. Mr. Levent Tülay Pusatlıoğlu, the
contact point for this beneciary institution contributed continous support with her constructive
and facilitative approach.
Academic members from İnönü University, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taner Tatar, Assist. Prof. Dr. Vehbi
Bayhan, Assoc. Prof. Dr Hüsniye Canbay Tatar and Assist. Prof. Dr. Ersan Ersoy have nalized the
image analysis, user prole and demand analysis of the pilot area of the project very effectively
in short time with exerting intensive effort.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakan Uyguçgil; Ender Kelleci, Serdar Ergen ve Çağrı Sandıkçıoğlu carried out
a vary meticulous performance in the preparation of Interactive Landscape Information System.
Successive Rectors of Ankara University during project period; Prof. Dr. Cemal Taluğ and Prof.
Dr. Erkan İbiş provided supports for the execution of both administrative and nancial works
of the project. In that context, Dean of Ankara University Prof. Dr. Ahmet Çolak, and succesive
Heads of the Department of Landscape Architecture Prof Dr Hayran Çelem and Prof. Dr. Yalçın
Memlük contributed signicantly to the project providing the work place for project team,
especially for scholarship holding students.
PEYZAJ-44 scholarship holding students Res. and Teach. Assist. Volkan Müftüoğlu, Res.
and Teach. Assist. Ömer Lütfü Çorbacı, Simten Sütünç (PhD student), Duygu Doğan (PhD
student) Ersin Ateş (MSc Student), Özlem Koç (MSc Student), Bilge Tarım (MSc student) ,
Gözde Kurdoğlu (MSc student), Hamdi Volkan Gökmenoğlu (MSc student), Elif Namal (MSc
student), Res. and Teach. Assist. Yeliz Kaşko; they all have played key role in realization of the
project with their energy, perseverance, hardworkingness and positive attitudes. Department
of Landscape Architecture moved its location to the new premise during the project. These
students maintained their performance and enabled project to come to a conclusion despite the
challenges before and after moving.
Participation of Mr. Dirk Wascher, executor of the EU FP6 Project entitled “LANMAP European
Landscape Character Areas: Typologies, Cartography and Indicators for the Assessment of
Sustainable Landscapes” to the project for the initial phase has yielded positive results in nding
direction.
Ofcers from a lot of public institutions attended the LCAA Method National Applicability and
Coordination Workshops organized during the project, and contributed greatly.
Deputy undersecretaries from the beneciary institution showed interest and supported the
project since the iniation of the project by being informed comprehensively and showing
sensivite attention to functioning of the works. In this context, Deputy Undersecretaries from
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
viii
Ministery of Interior; respectively, Dr. Hasan Canpolat, Mr. Necmettin Kılıç; Deputy Undersectary
of repealed Ministry of Environment and Forestry Mr. Sedat Kadıoğlu, Deputy Undersecretary of
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization Mr. İrfan Uzun and Deputy Undersecretary of Ministry
of Forestry and Water Affairs Mr. Mustafa Eldemir ensured the continuity of the project.
Mr. Mustafa Ay, the Executive Commitee Secretary of TÜBİTAK KAMAG 1007 program, together
with the ofcers Mr. Fatih Mehmet Ağkaya and Ms. Nağme Buğse Şener replied our numerous
questions about realization of the project patiently and conscientiously.
This project was put to design with Assist. Prof. Dr Ülgen Bekşioğlu Yenil, who made it possible
for a few academic member from Ankara University to have an appointment with the Governor
of Malatya province in 2006, and thus prioritised the development of tourism and recreation
policies for Malatya within the scope of the project.
Malatya MP Mr. Ömer Faruk Öz, showed that he has a high opinion of the project by honoring the
First National Applicability and Coordination Worshop and keeping track of the project.
Numerous experts got involved in the preparation of this guideline during the project with
their assessments and comments. Endless thanks to those all mentioned above and those
unmentioned academicians, bureaucrats and experts who provided valueable contributions.
The project was brought to life thanks to the supports of the Minister of Industry for the 57th
and 58th government, Mr. Ali Çoşkun in the initial phase and after, and thanks to him the target
was met.
Şükran Şahin, Halim Perçin, Ekrem Kurum, Osman Uzun and B. Cemil Bilgili
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
ix
FOREWORD
The development of urban and rural areas bring along several environmental problems in
Turkey. One of the main reasons of this problem is the phenomenon that the environmental
problems which focus on the dirturbed areas and spread to world scale is not provided as it
should within the framework of landscape science that denes the relationship between human
and nature. The human-nature relationship should be addressed within the context of landscape
in the current legal practice related to shaping the habitats. Basically, the foundation of the
environmental or ecological problems is social. Because while the modern era has made human
the master of the nature, it also made human forget that he/she is a part of the nature. Being a
part of something reects the existence of a whole. The whole is more than the aggregation of
pieces as the totalitarian view puts forwards, the scope includes more than that. This scope is
about interaction among different pieces. In other words, the ongoing interaction among pieces
creates the whole. The character of a place is shaped by the certain patterns of continuous
events. However; in Turkey especially in urban places the human-nature relationship concept
has still not taken its place properly in the social dynamics, and thus the nature has become
the “other” and more important than that, the concepts of landscape and the integrity of the
landscape is ignored in the legal processes. If it stays like this in our country, the landscapes will
keep on changing against the survival and even quality of the habitats and the landscapes will be
transferred to the future generations in a degraded way. The future generations will ascribe the
reasons to today’s practises and they will tackle with trying to restore, rehabilitate and recreate the
“degraded landscapes” in other words the damaged natural processes and interactions. These
action elds which are described with the concepts of “landscape planning” and “landscape
management” are recognized in our country legally with the “European Landscape Convention”.
Hence it is necessary to transfer the legal process into practice and claim the responsibility of
continuous and rapid deterioration on behalf of our future generations. The aim of this guideline
is to light the way for the activities of landscape planning and management.
Yavuz Selim Köşger General Director, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior General Directorate
of Local Administrations
Mehmet Ali Kahraman General Director, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization, General Directorate of Spatial Planning
Ahmet Özyanık General Director, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
General Directorate of Natural Protection and National Parks
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
x
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................xiv
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................xvi
LIST OF BOXES ......................................................................................................................xviii
DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................................................................xix
ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................................xxii
PART 1 GENERAL FRAMEWORK ...............................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Why does this guideline exist? ......................................................................................2
1.2 How was this Guideline developed? ................................................................................ 3
1.3 Who can use this Guideline?...........................................................................................5
1.4 Concept of landscape ...................................................................................................... 8
1.5 LIS (Internet Based Landscape Information System)....................................................10
1.6 How to use the Guideline of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment ...............11
2. METHOD .............................................................................................................................14
2.1 Landscape Inventory (LI) ..............................................................................................17
2.2 Landscape (Character) Analysis (LCAn)........................................................................17
2.2.1 Denition and mapping of landscape structure (landscape character types .........17
2.2.2 Analysis and mapping of landscape functions ...................................................... 20
2.2.3 Landscape change and pressure analysis .............................................................22
2.3 Landscape (Character) Assessment (LCAs) ............................................................. 23
2.3.1 Formation of general landscape vision .................................................................23
2.3.2 Targets for each landscape component, functions and potentials ........................23
2.3.3 Production of Landscape Protection- Development- Management Strategies ......24
2.3.4 Landscape Plan ....................................................................................................24
2.4 Landscape Management ............................................................................................... 24
PART 2 STAGES OF LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT ...................... 25
3. DETERMINATION OF SCOPE (STAGE 1) ..............................................................................26
3.1 Aim ...............................................................................................................................26
3.2 Scale and Level of Detail ...............................................................................................28
3.3 Human Resources and Timing ......................................................................................31
3.4 Subjective and Objective Evaluation ..............................................................................31
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
xi
3.5 Assessments at Different Scales: Landscape Hierarchy ................................................31
3.6 Outputs .........................................................................................................................31
4. DATA COLLECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DATABASE:
LANDSCAPE INVENTORY AND LIS (STAGE 2) ........................................................................33
4.1 Preparation of Data Layers............................................................................................33
4.2 Baseline Data ................................................................................................................35
4.2.1 Climate .................................................................................................................35
4.2.2 Geology ................................................................................................................36
4.2.3 Geomorphology ....................................................................................................38
4.2.4 Topography .........................................................................................................39
4.2.5 Hydrology ............................................................................................................. 39
4.2.6 Soil .......................................................................................................................39
4.2.7 Vegetation Cover ..................................................................................................39
4.2.8 Wildlife .................................................................................................................40
4.2.9 Socio-cultural Landscape Features ....................................................................... 40
4.2.9.1 Demographic features and dynamics ................................................................. 40
4.2.9.2 Land cover/land use ..........................................................................................45
4.2.10 Landscape Pattern .............................................................................................. 45
4.3 Hierarchical LIS structure .............................................................................................46
5. LANDSCAPE SURVEY (STAGE 3) ........................................................................................47
5.1 Conducting Survey .......................................................................................................47
5.2 Method for Landscape Survey ......................................................................................47
5.2.1 Registration method and form of landscape element ...........................................48
5.2.2 Visual landscape assessment eld survey form .................................................... 55
5.2.3 Field survey form for aesthetics-perceptual assessment ......................................55
5.3 Survey route determination and landscape survey in the eld ...................................... 56
6. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS (STAGE 4) ................................................................ 59
6.1 Landscape Structure Analysis .......................................................................................59
6.1.1 LU, LCT and LCA overlaying map layers at regional and sub-regional level ..........59
6.1.2 Landscape Unit (LU) .............................................................................................59
6.1.2.1 Landscape Units Level 1 ...............................................................................60
6.1.2.2 Landscape Units Level 2 ...............................................................................67
6.1.3 Landscape Character Type (LCT) ..........................................................................73
6.1.3.2 Landscape Character Types Level 2 ..............................................................78
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
xii
6.1.4 Landscape Character Areas ..................................................................................81
6.1.5 Encoding of Landscape Units and Landscape Character Types, and Naming of Land-
scape Character Areas ...................................................................................................83
6.1.6 Landscape Character Area Catalogue .................................................................... 84
6.2 Landscape Function Analysis ........................................................................................87
6.3 Landscape Change Analysis .......................................................................................... 90
7. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT (STAGE 5) .......................................................... 91
7.1 Landscape Vision and Goals ......................................................................................... 93
7.2 Landscape Protection and Development Strategies ...................................................... 93
7.2.1 Landscape Protection Strategies ..........................................................................98
7.2.1.1 General landscape protection strategies ....................................................... 98
7.2.1.2 Comprehensive landscape protection strategies .........................................104
7.2.1.3 Landscape Policies ..................................................................................... 108
7.2.2 Sectoral Landscape Guidances ........................................................................... 109
7.2.3 Landscape Corridors ..........................................................................................113
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 116
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
xiii
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Rhythym of landscape. Thayer (1994) denes the perceived landscape as the “surface
values”, and the related processes as “core values”. The system is balanced when these two
elements are in harmony. ...........................................................................................................9
Figure 2: LIS Malatya province sample (provisional internet address: peyzaj44.ankara.edu.tr) 12
Figure 3: General framework of landscape identication and assessment/landscape planning
process ....................................................................................................................................15
Figure 4: Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment (LCAA) Process National Approach 16
Figure 5: Components forming landscape pattern (Wascher, 2004) ........................................18
Figure 6: Landscape character in the functional hierarchy of abiotic, biotic and cultural pheno-
mena by Mücher et al. (2003) ..................................................................................................19
Figure 7: The relation between Landscape Character Types and Landscape Character Areas and
their formation .........................................................................................................................21
Figure 8: The scope of Landscape Protection-Development-Management Strategies ..............24
Figure 9: Example of how landscape type boundaries do not coincide with administrative bor-
ders ..........................................................................................................................................27
Figure 10: Hierarchy of LCAA ...................................................................................................30
Figure 11: Landscape survey method of PEYZAJ-44 Project ...................................................58
Figure 12: Overlaying maps of Landscape Units Level 1 for Malatya Province .........................66
Figure 13: Malatya Province Landscape Units Level 1 Map ......................................................67
Figure 14: Overlaying maps of Landscape Units Level 2 for Malatya Province .........................72
Figure 15: Malatya Province Landscape Units Level 2 Map ......................................................73
Figure 16: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 1 overlaying maps .................76
Figure 17: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 1 Map ....................................77
Figure 18: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 2 overlaying maps .................80
Figure 19: Malatya Province Landscape Character Types Level 2 Map ....................................81
Figure 20: Malatya Province Landscape Character Areas Map .................................................83
Figure 21: Technique of encoding and naming LUs and LCTs. ................................................84
Figure 22: Catalogue Info of Malatya Castle Apricot Gardens Landscape Catalogue Info .........85
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
xv
Figure 23: Malatya province natural landscape function maps .................................................88
Figure 24: Malatya province visual and cultural landscape function maps ...............................89
Figure 25: Malatya province landscape changes ......................................................................90
Figure 26: Landscape Planning and LCAA in the entire management process .........................92
Figure 27: Clustering map of natural landscape functions used in PEYZAJ-44 Project for produ-
cing protection strategies .........................................................................................................97
Figure 28: Clustering map for tourism/recreation sector used in PEYZAJ-44 .........................98
Figure 29: General Landscape Protection Strategies Map of Malatya Province ......................100
Figure 30: Malatya Province Kale Apricot Gardens General Landscape Protection Strategies
Map ........................................................................................................................................101
Figure 31: Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies Map of Kale Apricot Garden Land-
scape .....................................................................................................................................107
Figure 32: Landscape Policy Map of Kale Apricot Garden Landcape ......................................109
Figure 33: Tourism and Recreation Sectoral Landscape Guidance for Malatya province, prepared
under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project. .................................................................................110
Figure 34: Agricultural Use Sectoral Landscape Guidance for Malatya province, prepared under
the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project ............................................................................................112
Figure 35: Malatya province Ecologic and Cultural Corridors (Doğan, 2012). ........................113
Figure 36: Malatya province Landscape Corridors (Doğan, 2012) .........................................114
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Natonal data sources and the nventory prepared wth PEYZAJ-44 Project ................34
Table 2: ornthwate’s clmate classfcaton ............................................................................35
Table 3: Clmate classfcaton developed accordng to ornthwate ........................................37
Table 4: Man geomorphologc unts at Ankara provnce (Erol, 1973) ......................................38
Table 5: Demographc ndcators to be used n Landscape Character Analyss and Assessment at
regonal and sub-regonal scale (Adapted from Dnçer and Özaslan, (2004). ............................ 42
Table 6: Demographc ndcators and varables to be used at regonal and sub-regonal scale
Landscape Character Analyss and Assessment .......................................................................... 43
Table 7: Lst of Natural and Cultural Enttes for Landscape Survey ......................................... 49
Table 8: LIS T&R Structure ..................................................................................................... 53
Table 9: A Part from Landscape Survey Element Regstry form for Malatya Provnce “ ..under the
scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project ..................................................................................................... 54
Table 10: Vsual Landscape Assessment Land Form for Malatya Provnce under the scope of
PEYZAJ-44 Project (Uzun et al., 2010; BLM, 2011; Uzun and Müderrsoğlu, 2011 and chan-
ged from BLM, 2014) LC: Contrbuton to Landscape Character ............................................56
Table 11: Feld survey form for aesthetcal and perceptual assessment .......................................57
Table 12: Data classes regardng LU Level 1 clmate, geology, geomorphography and landscape
pattern .....................................................................................................................................61
Table 13: LU Level 1 and 2 geomorphologcal unt classes that are defned based on Erol
(1973)’s geomorphologcal map model ..................................................................................... 62
Table 14: Man geomorphologcal unts n PEYZAJ-44 Project for plot area of
Malatya provnce ......................................................................................................................63
Table 15: Landscape classfcaton and codng standard based on CORINE land cover/land use
classfcaton ............................................................................................................................. 64
Table 16: Data classes regardng LU Level 2 clmate, geology, geomorphography and landscape
pattern .....................................................................................................................................68
Table 17: Geologcal structure classfcaton based on European Sol Database (ESDB) developed
by Mücher et al. (2003) ............................................................................................................ 71
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Table 18: Data classes regardng LCT Level 1 clmate, geology, geomorphography and landscape
pattern .....................................................................................................................................75
Table 19: LCT Level 1 and 2 geomorpholocal unt classes based on geomorphology map model
developed by Erol (1973) .........................................................................................................78
Table 20: Data classes regardng LCT Level 2 clmate, geology, geomorphography and landscape
pattern .....................................................................................................................................79
Table 21: Malatya Provnce Landscape Character Areas ............................................................82
Table 22: Goals related wth the landscape functons for Malatya provnce ...............................94
Table 23: Assessment crtera of SC ..........................................................................................95
Table 24: Varables used n the clusterng analyses, cluster numbers and SC values for provncal
data sets .................................................................................................................................... 96
Table 25: General Landscape Protecton Strateges ...................................................................99
Table 26: Comprehensve Landscape Protecton Strateges for Kale Aprcot Gardens Landscape
n Malatya Provnce ................................................................................................................105
Table 27: Database used for Comprehensve Landscape Protecton Strateges n Kale Aprcot
Gardens n Malatya Provnce ..................................................................................................106
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LIST OF BOXES
Box 1: Some remarks related to LU and LCT mapping .............................................................20
Box 2: Scope and aim determination questions in LCAA activities ...........................................27
Box 3: Some important notes with regards to scale of data and level of detail: .......................29
Box 4: Important points on map overlays for LU, LCT and LCA detection within the context of
regional and sub-regional scale LCAA ...................................................................................... 60
Box 5: Certain signicant matters in respect of the landscape character assessment process 91
Box 6: PEYZAJ-44 Project function clustering technique .........................................................95
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DEFINITIONS
Meanings of the terms related to the consept of landscape used within the scope of the guideline
are given below. Public project called shortly PEYZAJ-44, prepared as a necessity of European
Landscape Contract and creates the base of this guideline provides the necessary accumulation
of scientic knowledge for the denitions which do not yet have a place in the legislation. National
and international legislation are denitive for the denitions such as landscape, biodiversity,
basin, recreation, etc.
European Landscape Convention: The Convention which was ratied in Florence (Italy) on
20.10.2000, went into force on 01.03.2004 (Council of Europe Treaty Series No 176). The
Convention promotes the protection, management and planning of the European landscapes
and European cooperation on landscape issues.
According to the European Landscape Convention, Each Party undertakes: (i) to identify its own
landscapes throughout its territory; (ii) to analyse their characters and the forces and pressures
transforming them; (iii) to take note of changes; and to assess the landscapes thus identied,
taking into account the particular values assigned to them by the interested parties and the
population concerned. On the other hand, Each Party undertakes to integrate landscape into
its regional and town planning policies and in its cultural, environmental, agricultural, social
and economic policies, as well as in any other policies with possible direct or indirect impact
on landscape. The Convention came into force with the “Law Pertaining to the Approval of
Ratication of European Landscape Convention”, no. 4881, and was promulgated in the Ofcial
Gazette no. 24141 , dated 17.06.2003.
Landscape: Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of
the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (European Landscape Convention)
Landscape Element/Component: They are the components that make up the landscape and are
in reciprocal interaction among themselves.
Landscape Character: The distinctive and recognisable components and/or the pattern created
by those components in the landscape that makes it different from another.
Identication of Character: It is the process of determining, dening, classifying, mapping and
assessing the character of an area.
Landscape Unit: They are the smallest, homogenous areas that are different from others, which
display the same resistance, development opportunities and need for care; in other words, they
need similar measures for the safety and endurance of natural potential. They have similarities
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among themselves in structural components of the landscape such as climate, geological
structure, physiography, landscape design and soil.
Landscape Character Types: These are distinct types of landscapes that are relatively
homogeneous in character. While landscape units provides descriptive information about the
structural character of a landscape, landscape character types mean the smallest distinctive
areas that can be recognized by people and may occur in different areas in different parts of the
landscape. Landscape units can be reclassied to describe the landscape character types.
Landscape Character Areas: These are idiocratic, unique and/or extraordinary areas. Thus they
reect the geographical features of its region and are called with a special name.
Landscape Character Assessment (LCA): Fuction-character based landscape planning and
management process to be able to make judgements on the protection, enhancement and
management of landscapes.
Landscape Pattern: It is the spatial and temporal structure of land coverage created by land use
and biophysical conditions together with areal, point and linear landscape elements as well as
perceptual features.
Landscape Function: Ecological, cultural and visual processes that shape and sustain a
landscape.
Landscape Quality: This term express the value of a landscape in terms of structure, ecology,
aesthetics and function.
Landscape Change: It is the phenomena of landscape’s demonstrating different characters in
the time and space dimensions due to natural events and human intervention.
Landscape Vision: These entail the targets that are desired to be achieved in terms of aesthetics,
ecological and cultural quality of a certain landscape within a reasonable time scale. Target denes
the quality, potential and function of the landscape that needs improvement and enhancement.
Landscape Strategies: These are function-pattern and/or function-character based targets for
future, which is developed with a holistic assessment of each landscape element and function,
and realised after determination of a vision for a certain landscape.
The following denitions are taken from Vision 2023’den (Saner et al., 2002).
Data: Data are numerical or alphanumerical symbols series that are collected with the aims of
reecting the current situation of any subject, transforming it into information and enabling the
indicators to be calculated which will cast light upon the path of decision makers.
Database: It is a storage operation, in which the data acquired are organized according to a
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specic order by considering the relations among them.
Metadata: It is the name of the data clusters in which the information about the stored data is
dened.
Information System: It is the chain of operations that starts with the planning of collection of the
data, and covers the range of collection, storage and analyse of the acquired information right
until the usage.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a system that enables all spatial information
to be associated with maps and those data to be examined and analysed within the information
system.
Portal: They are the web sites that provide content and service in great amounts. It is an access
point that directs one to other resources for the topics they deliver information and service
about. The examples of services provided simultaneously on a portal can be listed as; free e-mail
address, customizable web pages and news contents, chat and discussion rooms, personal
agendas and etc.
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ABBREVIATIONS
CORINE : Coordination of Information on the Environment
DPT : State Planning Organization
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
ELC : European Landscape Convention
ESDB : European Soil Database
EU : European Union
EUNIS : European Nature Information System
GIS : Geographical Information Systems
INSPIRE : Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe
KAMAG : Public Institutions Research Funding Program (1007 Program),
TÜBİTAK (The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey)
LANDMAP : Landscape Assessment and Decision Making Process
LCA : Landscape Character Alanı
LCAA : Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment
LCAn : Landscape Character Analysis
LCAs : Landscape Charact r Assessment
LCT : Landscape Character Type
LI : Landscape Inventory
LIS : Landscape Information System
LU : Landscape Unit
MTA : General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration
PEYZAJ-44 : The acronym of the project entitled Provincial Scale Landscape
Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation
RS : Remote Sensing
T&R : Tourism and Recreation
TMMOB : The Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects
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PART 1
GENERAL FRAMEWORK
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Why does this guideline exist?
The fundamental reasons that encouraged the preparation of this guideline are the Law
Pertaining to the Approval of Ratication of European Landscape Convention with Law no.
4881 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 24141 dated 17.06.2003, and also the “European
Landscape Convention”1 which was opened for signatures in the framework of “Ministerial
Conference on the Protection of Landscape” organized in Florence on 20.10.2010 and signed
by our Minister of Environment who attended the meeting on behalf of our country. Numerous
countries have become the signatories of the convention until so far.
The mentioned international convention is a legal enforcement that denes the scope of the
landscape concept and designates common goals in planning, protection and management of
European landscapes.
Our country is responsible for protecting, planning and managing all the landscape on our land
(natural, rural, urban and peripheral places, elds, inlands and seas) within the framework of
European Landscape Convention (ELC). Besides this, our country has undertaken to put into
practice and without any deviation from the Convention to adapt the provisions to its own
policies.
According to the Article 5 and Each Party undertakes (i) to identify its own landscapes throughout
its territory; (ii) to analyse their characters and the forces and pressures transforming them;
(iii) to take note of changes; and to assess the landscapes thus identied, taking into account
the particular values assigned to them by the interested parties and the population concerned.
The Project encoded TÜBİTAK KAMAG Project No. 109G074 and entitled “Provincial Scale
Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation (PEYZAJ-44)” in
which the preparation phase of this technical guideline had been included, was developed within
the scope of those articles.
The scientic and practical endeavors on the identication and assessment of the landscapes
have been in progress since 1950s within the eld of occupation in “landscape planning” in
the scientic and artistic eld of landscape architecture. ELC denes “landscape planning” as
strong forward- looking actions to enhance, restore or create landscapes. Other action elds
dened by ELC are developing landscape policies, designating landscape quality goals landscape
protection are in the process of landscape planning. Even though the issues of identication and
assessment of the landscapes academically dates back to 1960s, they still do not appear in the
legislation that designates the spatial planning processes. ELC is a pioneering power that caters
enforcement in this issue.
1 http://www.coe.nt/t/dg4/culturehertage/hertage/landscape/
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The obsolete Ministry of Environment and Forestry (currently the Ministry of Forestry and Water
Affairs) had established the Branch Ofce of Landscape Protection in order to examine the
legal dimension of the Convention in Europe, enable exchanges of experience and knowledge;
and coordinate the national activities such as plans, projects, meetings, practises and actions
of awareness raising in the eld of landscape planning, protection and management under the
Department of Nature Conservation in the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National
Parks. One of the important goals of this unit is the preparation of technical guidelines which
can be used in the identicaition of landscapes that can adapt to the national spatial planning
processes that covers different scales. This guideline has been developed for the activities on
provincial (sub-regional) and regional scales. There is still need for technical guidelines for the
scales of national, local and basin in order to identify and assess the landscapes.
On the other hand, Each Party has also undertaken to integrate landscape into its national,
cultural, environmental, agricultural, social and economic policies, as well as in any other
policies with possible direct or indirect impact on landscape as per ELC. As it can be inferred
from this text, the implementation of this convention requires participation especially of the
public institutions. The main function of the unit responsible for the implementation of ELC is the
coordination. The institutions who are responsible from every action about the spatial planning
and management are to full their responsibilities that ELC brings along. Related legislation that
denes the usage elds of LCAA method is laid out with the “1.3 Who can use this guideline”.
Supplementary Document 3 of technical guideline explains the enforcements that this guideline
can be used within the framework of LCAA in the legislation.
On the other side during the implementation of PEYZAJ-44 Project, which was carried out for
the preparation of this document, in the National Applicability and Coordination Workshop I
and II (2010-2012) the possibilities, problems and strategies about the adaptation of LCAA into
national spatial planning process were determined. Supplementary Documents 4 of technical
guideline consists of those outcomes acquired during those workshops.
1.2 How was this Guideline developed?
This guideline is one of the important outcomes of the “Provincial Scale Landscape Character
Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation”2 project funded by KAMAG (Public
Institutions Research Funding Program) 1007 Program of TÜBİTAK (The Scientic and
Technological Research Council of Turkey). The information of the project is as follows:
Project Title: Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism
and Recreation (PEYZAJ-44). The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK) KAMAG Project No 109G074.
2 Reference: Şahn, Ş, Perçn, H., Kurum, E., Uzun, O, Blgl, B. C., Tezcan, L., Ççek, İ., Müftüoğlu, V., Çorbacı, Ö.L., Sütünç,
S., Doğan, D., Koç, Ö., Ateş, E., Tarım, B., Kurdoğlu, G., Gökmenoğlu, H. V., Namal, E., and Kaşko Arıcı, Y., 2013. Provincial Scale
Landscape Character Analysis and Its Assessment for Tourism and Recreation (PEYZAJ-44). Fnal Project Report, TÜBİTAK
KAMAG 1007 Program, Project No 109G074.
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Coordinating Institution: Ankara University
Beneciary Institutions: General Directorate of Local Administrations under the Ministry
of Interior, General Directorate of Spatial Planning under the Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization, and General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks under the
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
Project Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Şükran Şahin
Project Researchers: Prof. Dr. Halim Perçin, Assitant Prof. Dr. Ekrem Kurum, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Osman Uzun, Assistant Prof. Dr. Bayram Cemil Bilgili
Project Consultants: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Levent Tezcan, Prof. Dr. İhsan Çiçek, Prof. Dr. Hakan
Yiğitbaşıoğlu
Scholarship Holders: Volkan Müftüoğlu (Research and Teaching Asstistant and PhD Student),
Ömer Lütfü Çorbacı (Research and Teaching Asstistant and PhD Student), Simten Sütünç (PhD
Student), Duygu Doğan (PhD Student), Ersin Ateş (MSc Student), Özlem Koç (MSc Student),
Bilge Tarım (MSc Student), Gözde Kurdoğlu (MSc Student), Hamdi Volkan Gökmenoğlu (MSc
Student), Elif Namal (MSc Student), Yeliz Kaşko Arıcı (Research and Teaching Asstistant and
PhD Student)
Project Duration3: June 2010-December 2013
Coordinating Institution for this project is Ankara University, and the beneciary institutions
are Ministry of Interior (General Directorate of Local Administrations General Directorate),
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (General Directorate of Spatial Planning) and
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (General Directorate of Nature Protection and National
Parks). Project was initiated on June 2010 and completed in December 2013. Pilot area for the
project is Malatya province, and the stages to carry out the “Landscape Character Analysis and
Assessment (LCAA)” is explained with the example of pilot area. Malatya-Tunceli-Bingöl-Elazığ
planning region was open to bids for tender by the General Directorate of EIA and Planning of the
repealed Ministry of Environment and Forestry around the time project was initiated. Following
additions were put into technical specication of the tender in order to integrate the outcomes
of the project into the Environmental Development Plans.
“Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action
and interaction of natural and/or human factors.4
Landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the signicant or characteristic
features of a landscape, justied by its heritage value derived from its natural conguration and/
or from human activity.4
3 Plan for Implementng Project Results that covers the years from 2014 untl 2017 s ongong.
4 ELC, 2000. e European Landscape Conventon. European Treaty Seres - No 176.
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Landscape planning means strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create
landscapes. 4
Landscape character is the features that differentiate one landscape from another, and conveys
the judgement of good or bad, that is describable and continuous. Landscape character denes
the type of cover of a certain area and its other spatial relations and features.
Landscape character areas should be dened and the strategies for protection, development and
improvement of landscapes should be produced by using the method provided by the Ministry
(as submitted project outcome), based on the main inventory (topography, climate, geology,
soil, ora, land use and other necessary data) gathered during the preparation of Environmental
Development Plan and the data provided by eld works according to a specic method.”
The Project entitled “Landscape Management, Protection and Planning for Bozkır-Seydişehir-
Ahırlı-Yalıhüyük Districts and Suğla Lake of Konya province”, which was put out the tender
by General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks under the repealed Ministry of
Environment and Forestry, and was carried out by Uzun et al. (2010), provided signicant input
to the above mentioned project.
1.3 Who can use this Guideline?
Landscape Character Analysis is addressed as one of the increasing number of tools that is used
with the aim of providing sustainable development (Swanwick, 2002). The need to include the
landscape assessments into decision taking processes is nothing new, whereas as the focus to
sustainable development has increased, its importance is gradually increasing too.
Guiding methods and practises for landscape character assessment are available for the use of
people and institutions that affect the landscape with legal foundations. Some examples from
different countries can be found in IUCN Commission on Environmental Law, 2000; Bastian,
2000; Swancwick, 2002; Wascher, 2005; Ikebe, 2012 and Lambrick et al., 2013.
Questions and possibilities about applicability of the ELC in Turkey was discussed by the
public institutions in I. Applicability and Coordination Workshop (Supplementary Document
4) organized in Ankara on 27.09.2010 while efforts on PEYZAJ-44 Project which actually is
the ground work for the preparation of this guideline were ongoing. Also, which institutions
would need to implement the LCAA process, thus this guideline, was dened as a result of this
workshop by considering the national legislation. Following points summarize some of the main
responsibilities of the Ministerial level public institutions in transferring the landscape information
as a preliminary action eld. Detailed information is given in Supplementary Document 3.
• Ministry of Environment and Urbanization: Spatial planning, Environment Development
Plans, Provincial Environmental Development Plans, Construction Plans, Development
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Plans, sectoral plans on basin or regional level; planning and management of urban
open green areas; rural areas planning and management; determination of urban
transformation zones and related improvement activities and planning; Environmental
Impact Assessment, landscape and/or nature restoration works; Strategical Impact
Assessment; detection, registry, planning and management of protected areas.
• Ministry of Forestry and Water Works: Detection, planning and management of nature
protection areas; protection and management of water resources, basin management
plans; forestation, protection, improvement and management of forest areas, land
degradation and erosion prevention activities, green belt activities; detection of areas for
hunting; plans and policies for climate change.
• Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Detection of Culture and Tourism Development Regions;
detection and registry of historical, archaeological and cultural landscape elements.
• Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology: Site selection and management of industrial
areas.
• Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock: Agricultural and rural development plans,
and preparation of implementation projects, agricultural land use plans, management of
agricultural soil.
Public institutions that are responsible for planning, protection and management of natural
and cultural areas/resources make up the target group that is to benet from this guideline in
transferring the landscape knowledge into their activities at regional and sub-regional scale.
On the other hand, the existing legislation should be reviewed so as to guarantee the reection
of guideline, hence the LCAA process on the mentioned action elds. Mentioned issue was
discussed and targets were set by the public institutions in the II. Applicability and Coordination
Workshop organized in Malatya on 28-29.05.2012 while efforts on PEYZAJ-44 Project which
actually is the groundwork for the preparation of this guideline were ongoing (Supplementary
Document 4).
Some of the current legislation that could be referred to for this guideline was summarized as
follows: Law Pertaining to Approval of the Participation of Turkey to the Convention Concerning
the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage with Law no. 2658 promulgated in
the Ofcial Gazette no. 17670 on 20.04.1982, Decision on the Approval of the Conservation
of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats with Decision no. 84/7601 promulgated in the
Ofcial Gazette no. 18318 on 20.02.1984, Law Pertaining to Approval of the Convention for
the Protection of European Architectural Heritage with Law no 3534 promulgated in the Ofcial
Gazette no. 20145 on 20.04.1989, Law on Pertaining to Approval of Participation of Turkey to
the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat with
Law no. 3958 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 21937 on 17.05.1994, Law Pertaining to
Approval Decision of the Convention on Biological Diversity with Law no. 4177 promulgated in
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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the Ofcial Gazette no. 22746 on 03.09.1996, Decision Pertaining to Approval of the Participation
of Turkey to the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the
Mediterranean with Decision no. 2002/4545 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 24854 on
22.08.2002, Law Pertaining to Approval Decision of the European Landscape Convention with
Law no. 4881 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 25141 on 17.06.2003, Law Pertaining
to Approval Decision of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change with Law no. 4990
promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 25266 on 21.10.2003, Law of National Parks with Law No.
2873 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 18132 on 11.08.1973, Law of Tourism Incentives
with Law no. 2634 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 17635 on 16.03.1982, Law Pertaining
to Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets with Law no. 2863 promulgated in the Ofcial
Gazette no. 18113 on 23.07.1983, Law of Agricultural Reform Pertaining to Land Regulation of
Irrigated Lands with Law no. 3083 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 18592 on 01.12.1984,
Construction Law with no. 3194 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 18749 on 09.05.1985,
Mining Law with no. 3213 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 18785 on 15.06.1985, Law
of Coasts with no. 3621 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 20495 on 17.04.1990, Law of
Pastures with no. 4342 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 23272 on 28.02.1998, Law on
Organized Industrial Zones with Law no. 4562 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 24021 on
15.04.2000, Law of Hunting on Land with Law no. 4915 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no.
25165 on 11.07.2003, Law of Metropolitan Municipalities with law no. 5216 promulgated in the
Ofcial Gazette no. 25531 on 23.07.2004, Law of Special Administration of Provinces with Law
no. 5302 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 25745 on 04.03.2005, Regulation on Protection
of Wetlands promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 25818 on 17.05.2005, Law on Soil Protection
and Land Use with Law no. 5403 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 25880 on 19.07.2005,
Law of Agriculture with no. 5488 promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 2614 on 25.04.2006,
Law on Geothermal Resources and Waters with Natural Minerals with Law no. 5686 promulgated
in the Ofcial Gazette no. 26551 on 13.06.2007, Regulation on Restoration of Degraded Nature
due to Mining Activities promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 27471 on 23.01.2012, Regulation
Pertaining to Plans to be Developed for the Protected Areas promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette
no. 28242 on 23.03.2012, Regulation on Protection of Underground Water from Pollution or
Deterioration promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 28257 on 07.04.2012, National Basin
Management Strategy promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 28358 on 19.07.2012, Regulation
on Protection of Water Basins and Preparation of Management Plans promulgated in the Ofcial
Gazette no. 28444 on 17.10.2012, Implementation Regulation of the Law Pertaining to Transition
of the Areas Under Disaster Risk promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 28498 on 15.12.2012,
Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no. 28784
on 03.10.2013, Regulation on Spatial Plans Development promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette no.
29030 on 14.06.2014, National Basin Management Strategy promulgated in the Ofcial Gazette
no. 29050 on 04.07.2014.
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1.4 Concept of landscape
Landscape has been dened in numerous ways, but the two most widely accepted denitions
are as follows:
• Landscape is an area where human and nature interaction is reected upon.
• Landscape is the natural and cultural properties that fall in a single viewpoint.
There are two main disciplines benetted from in dening the landscape; the natural sciences
(landscape ecology) and the social sciences (cultural processes). Rather than adapting a
fragmented approach in understanding the nature-human relationship, the natural sciences
should be analysed and assessed in a system approach. This system is a whole covering not
only the biological phenomena but also the non-livings (for exp. geomorphological processes).
This system includes the landscape units within the scope of human-nature relationship that are
hierarchically structured from earth scale to organism level.
The landscape ecology discipline provides the most important basis to dene the complex
structure of nature in planning and management purposes. The landscape ecology is a discipline
that deals with the complex relation between the dominant environmental conditions in any
section of the landscape and the living species in a holistic way (Odum & Barrett, 2008). In
other words, landscape ecology is the scientic eld of occupation that examines the structure,
function and the transformation of landscape from the perspective of ecology (Koç & Şahin,
2008).
The concept of landscape embodies the following statements within the integrity of meaning
(Şahin, 2009):
1. Dynamism and sustainability: ELC denes landscape as an area, as perceived by people,
whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors.
However, this perception does not represent a snapshot, it represents a dynamic, continuously
improving and changing area. Thus, the protection concept in landscape planning not only
covers the areas of protection and conservation but also management.
2. Perception and reality: The natural and cultural processes shape a landscape perceived by
people. The rhythm of the landscape (Thayer, 1994) is revealed by the ceaselessness of the
processes that creates it (Figure 1). The structure of an ecosystem (or landscape) is the physical
scope of the organizational pattern. The process covers the entirety of activities in organizational
pattern (Capra, 1996). Then it is necessary to examine the mechanisms that shape the landscape
in order to research what kind of results may arise due to decisions taken in the eld of landscape
development.
3. Change: Landscape changes constantly. Today’s environmental conditions are the results
of events that have taken place since past. It is important to realise that the landscape changes
may take place in such a long term that exceeds a human life as well as very instantly in some
certain conditions.
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4. Scale and hierarchy: Landscape covers local, regional, national and global scales
hierarchically. This hierarchy is signicant in terms of landscape characters and its dynamics
before the fact that it should be considered by its scale of plan. For instance , a population of
species may show a decreasing trend on a local scale study, while a contrary situation may
come up in an upper scale assessment which also covers the very same area. Alternatively, the
local scale water reserves might be in good condition while the indicators might show that water
sources could be under risk in terms of feeding under the scope of the landscape mechanisms
in an upper scale assessment.
5. Interaction: The interaction between the components of landscape designates the mechanisms
that shape that landscape. For example two areas with the same level of erosion according to
the current national soil data might have very different values in components and processes of
landscape in terms of the ora quality, biomass process, hydrogeological landscape structure,
surface water ows according to slopes (natural drainage pattern), and be of different importance.
6. Distinctness: Each landscape is different concerning its elements and processes that create
it. Even though there are spatial repetitions of elements (valley, spring, wetland, etc.), the result
of interactions of elements; the landscape is unique to its area.
7. Boundary: Landscape entails different boundaries on every level of spatial hierarchy in
consequence of its structural and functional characteristics in time and space dimension. For
instance, while the boundaries of the basin should be taken into account when dening landscape
within the scope of water cycle; different spatial boundaries may be taken into account when
working on different analyses such as, biomass process, biodiversity, visual quality or cultural
landscape value.
Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment (LCAA) activities assess data from various
disciplines under the above mentioned framework and transforms them into information which
could be used for spatial planning. In other words, rstly the complex structure of the nature
which human affects and in which human exists is analysed and made comprehensible, and
after that the landscape prioritised spatial assessments are made based on that information.
These assessments consist of strategies, plans and plan notes towards spatial protection,
Fgure 1: Rhythym of landscape. ayer (1994) defnes the perceved landscape as the “surface values”, and the related processes as
“core values”. e system s balanced when these two elements are n harmony.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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development, improvement and rehabilitation. Only after that, the policies, plans and programs
should be developed on the balance of protection and utilization for a sustainable future. In
this context, LCAA is the “preliminary action eld that prioritises landscape” with regards to
spatial planning processes.
1.5 LIS (Internet Based Landscape Information System)
IV. Working Group; “Turkish Symposium towards the Implementation of European Landscape
Convention” organized in 2007 by the obsolete Ministry of Environment and Forestry, General
Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks in cooperation with the TMMOB Chamber
of Landscape Architects determined the information that the Landscape Information System
(LIS) design should comprise of, and content of the LIS structure (Şahin et al., 2008). LCAA
database design is based on the above mentioned study. Following issues should be resolved in
establishing Landscape Information System (Şahin et al., 2008).
• Data sources, metadata
• Data warehousing and storage method
• Object catalogue, coding and description
• Database architectural design and associated interfaces
Landscape Information System (LIS) should cover various scales of Landscape Character
Analysis and Assessments (LCAA) hierarchically. In other words, the scope of LCAA denes
the framework of LIS. The material of the LIS is comprised of the existing spatial and/or textual
data resources, systems and e-governance5 applications. Legislation as an intervention tool
over the landscapes is as indicative as existing information resources to improve the method in
establishment of LIS. Internet Based LIS structure of PEYZAJ-44 can be seen at Supplementary
Document 1 of this guideline. LIS interface is developed for the pilot area of PEYZAJ-44 Project
and the portal of PEYZAJ-44 Project and it can be found in provisional internet address of
peyzaj44.ankara.edu.tr (Figure 2).
5 e-government: European Commsson has launched “e-Europe Acton Plan” n June 2000 n order to transfer EU to an nformat-
on based economy, to create a compettve structure through R&D and nvestment n educated human power as well as to dssemnate
nternet cheaper, faster and safer. Emergency Acton Plan prepared by 58th Government ncluded e-Transformaton Turkey Project.
Prme Mnstry Crcular No 2003/12 specfed the ams, nsttutonal structure and mplementaton prncples of e-Transformaton
Turkey project. Accordng to Prme Mnstry Crcular 2003/12, the fundamental am of e-Transformaton Turkey Project s to prepare
the condtons that wll set up a state structure whose prncples are to be partcpatory, transparent, eectve and possessng smple
work processes n order to serve ctzens better qualty and faster publc servces (DPT, 2005).
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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1.6 How to use the Guideline of Landscape Character Analysis and
Assessment
Guideline comprises of two main chapters:
Part 1: General Framework
Part 2: Stages of Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment
Following explanations are given in the Part 1; the aim of the guideline, by whom it can be used,
under which legislation it can be referenced to and what landscape concept means. Apart from
these, a general framework is presented about the method of Landscape Character Analysis and
Assessment.
Part 2 gives detailed information about the stages of Landscape Character Analysis and
Assessment; such as, preparation of landscape inventory, determination of landscape character
types, scope of the landscape function analysis, as well as useful techniques and methods for
landscape protection and development strategies and landscape assessments for preparing the
sectoral landscape guidelines.
There are four supplementary documents of the guideline as follow:
• LIS Database Structure, Coding and Symbologies
• PEYZAJ-44 LCAA Report: Provincial Scale Landscape Character Analysis and Its
Assessment for Tourism and Recreation - Pilot Area of Malatya Province
• Legislation that can be referenced to LCAA
• Proceedings of the I. and II. National Applicability and Coordination Workshops
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 2: LIS Malatya provnce sample (provsonal nternet address: peyzaj44.ankara.edu.tr)
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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2. METHOD
Landscape is shaped by the composition of its elements and by the processes that occur due to
elements’ reciprocal interaction. A change in a single parameter could alter the whole landscape.
Landscape is a concept that can only be understood by a holistic6 approach. In this context,
each element should be dealt within the framework of its interactions with other element in
whole in the landscape assessments. In other saying, each element in the landscape should be
identied by its expression in the whole context.
Emphasis about landscape as a reference information in land use planning and management was
put on landscape evaluation in for many years, especially in 1970’s; which rendered one area
better than another. Landscape assessment has emerged after 1980’s as a tool that includes
landscape characterization and identication, which renders one places different from another.
The latest products of the landscape characterization and identication are landscape types or
landscape character areas or both described as value-free, and also key processes that create
that character. Transforming forces and pressures like changes in the land uses and stresses
created by development types are also dened. The main products of judgment process of
landscape character are developing landscape strategies, designation of statuses to landscapes,
providing guiding information about landscape usage capacity and, as a nal output, landscape
plan.
Landscape analyses and assessments in practice, which are based or not based on landscape
characters from around the world are examined comprehensively before introducing the LCAA
method dened with this technical guideline. Apart from that, recent academic and scientic
articles, dissertations, books, etc. and are examined in detail. These studies which create the
scientic basis of this guideline are revealed in Supplementary Document 2. Some of the primary
resources referred to are as follows: McHarg, 1969; Sözen, 1981; Klijen and Udo de Haes,
1994; Şahin,1996; Cleland et al., 1997; Jones, et al., 1997; Swanwick, 2002; Berman, 2002;
Uzun, 2003; Wrbka et al., 2004; Wascher, 2005; Hampshire County Council, 2006; Preece, E.J.,
2007; Pastor et al., 2007; Van Eetvelde and Antrop, 2007; Steiner, F.R., 2008; Seguin, 2008;
Uzun et al., 2010; Chuman and Romportl, 2010; Natural England, 2012; Hong Kong Planning
Department, 2014; Staffordshire Borough Council, 2014.
Apart from the national spatial planning language, the terminology used in landscape character
analysis and assessments in the world was taken into account when the guideline was prepared.
In general, landscape denition process consists of two fundamental steps, the identication
of landscapes (inventory and analysis) and the landscapes assessment as emphasized by ELC
(Figure 3)
6 Holsm: School of thought whch suggests that actvtes or systems should be studed as a whole because they show emergent
propertes whch cannot be predcted by the study of the behavour of ndvdual components.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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In recent years, landscape inventory and analysis process shown in Figure 3 has been described
with the term “Landscape Character Analysis (LCAn)”. The difference between landscape analysis
and LCAn is that LCAn covers a landscape character classication and description which makes
an area different from another. Besides, the information obtained as a result of LCAn process is
necessary for ‘character based’ assessments.
The mechanisms, shaping a landscape (or the character of a landscape), are explained under
three titles by Forman and Godron (1986) who made valuable contributions to the science of
landscape ecology. For this reason, a landscape analysis process should cover these titles.
• Landscape structure
• Landscape function
• Landscape change
Natural and cultural elements of a landscape and structure-function-change analysis which
explains the interaction between them, should form the basis of Landscape Character Analysis
and Assessment (LCAA), which enables the character based implementation of landscape
planning and management activities. This approach called as Landscape Character Analysis and
Assessment (LCAA) is expected to include information with qualications below (Orhan, 2007;
changed from Şahin et al, 2010).
• Landscape hierarchy, i.e. spatial transition of landscape information among different
scales like local, regional, national and global
• Landscape elements and landscape types dening the landscape structure
• Interaction among elements, processes, landscape function
• Perception of landscape by society
• Dynamic landscape character/landscape change
Structure-function-change analysis, which is used to dene above mentioned landscape
information, is the base of LCAA process. Figure 4 shows the ow diagram of LCAA process.
Fgure 3: General framework of landscape dentfcaton and assessment/landscape plannng process
LANDSCAPE
INVENTORY AND
ANALYSIS
LANDSCAPE
ASSESSMENT
• Structure
• Function
• Change
• Landscape Vision
• Landscape (Protection-Development
and Management) Strategies
• Landscape Plan
• Landscape Management
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 4: Landscape Character Analyss and Assessment (LCAA) Process Natonal Approach
LANDSCAPE PLANNING
LANDSCAPE VISION
PEYZAJ STRATEJİLERİ
PEYZAJ PLANI
PEYZAJ YÖNETİMİ
LANDSCAPE INVENTORY (LI)
LANDSCAPE (CHARACTER)
CLASSIFICATION
(LU, LCT AND LCA)
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSİS AND ASSESSMENT (PKAD)
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT (LCAS)
TTargets a for each landscape
component, functions and
potentials
LANDSCAPE CHANGE AND
PRESSURE ANALYSIS
PEYZAJ KORUMA DEĞERİ
YÜKSEK ALANLAR
LANDSCAPE FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
• Biotic production value
• Soil erosion risk
• Underground water recharge
• Rainfall surface runoff potential
• Bioclimatic comfort
• Habitat value
• Visual landscape value
• Naturalness
• Cultural Landscape Value
• Depremsellik, vd. kilit süreçler
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSİS (LCAN)
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Landscape functions in the gure were determined for regional and sub-regional spatial scales.
Key processes, explaining landscape formation in other scales and special areas can be different.
The method consists of two sections; Landscape Character Analysis (LCAn) to be based on
detailed landscape inventory activities and Landscape Character Assessment (LCAs) to be
realized within the framework of general landscape vision determined by LCAn. These sections
are briey dened below. The success of LCAA is based on a well planned and regularly repeated
landscape survey and participation just as much as meticulous accomplishment of these phases.
Interest groups that represent the local, regional and national levels are the cultural landscape
factors that are involved in LCAA process on information and coordination basis.
2.1 Landscape Inventory (LI)
Landscape inventory is the expression of every existing natural and cultural data within the
context of entire landscape from holistic perspective. A full documentation about landscape,
which enables to dene landscape elements contributing the character of landscape and the
interaction between them should be documented via Landscape Inventory. Furthermore, a
landscape inventory work should also cover aesthetical and perceptual data in order to dene
feeling of space created by landscape over people exactly.
Landscape inventory should also include information that will be acquired by landscape survey.
Survey activity stations should be identied according to the results of structural, functional
and change related landscape analysis and assessment activities. Feedbacks which enable data
update/verication between landscape character analyses and assessments; and landscape
survey activities should be provided.
2.2 Landscape (Character) Analysis (LCAn)
It consists of steps below.
2.2.1 Denition and mapping of landscape structure (landscape character types
It is the step that Landscape Character Types and Landscape Character Areas are determined.
Landscape Character is the term which denes the distinctive and recognizable components
and/or the pattern created by those components in the landscape that makes it different from the
others. It reects different combinations of features like geological structure, soil type, climate,
and land use type, land cover, etc.
In the determination of landscape types, by superposing landscape components in a certain
hierarchy, homogenous patterns with same features are classied under a certain name. Natural
and cultural landscape components together determine landscape pattern and landscape
character (Figure 5).
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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In terms of their formations, functions and spatial distributions, landscape components are
interdependent (Figure 6). McHarg (1969) emphasized that in ecosystem analysis method,
landscape components should be analyzed in an order based on cause and effect principle.
In the denition of major ecosystem components to identify spatial pattern, scale based hierarchy
is taken into attention generally. For example, main pattern can be determined with climate
and geology at global scale. With physiographic structure, these components are determinant
of soil features. Then, the interaction of these four parameters is an important factor in the
characteristics of ora. In this order, there are feedbacks. For example, while ora affects soil
features, it also affects the climate component. At European scale, climate and geomorphology
are taken as the main determinants of ecological pattern. Geology and soil follow those (Mücher
et al, 2003).
Fgure 5: Components formng landscape pattern (Wascher, 2004)
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After landscape components/data layers are determined, features of each component can be re-
grouped. The aim is to decrease the number of landscape types to be revealed by superposing
many features considering spatial scale. After encoding re-grouped features, it is necessary to
encode landscape types originated from features superposition of these regrouped features with
each other.
The structure analysis of landscape covers three studies, hierarchically related with each other.
1. Landscape Units Analysis
2. Landscape Character Types Analysis
3. Landscape Character Areas Analysis
The hierarchical structure of Landscape Units (LU), Landscape Character Types (LCT) and
Landscape Character Areas (LCA) enables the transfer of national and regional policies related
with landscape features into strategy development and planning activities at regional (Level 1),
sub-regional and local scales (Level 2) and implementation and management activities at lower
scales (Box 1).
Hierarchically, LCT analysis should be elaborated after LU analysis.
Landscape Unit (LU) is the smallest different and homogenous areas, determined with the
superposition of certain landscape elements/data layers. These smallest distinguishable areas
have same usage suitability, same resilience capacity and same development opportunity and
maintenance requirements. In other words, they are units which require same precautions in
terms of security and durability of natural potential (Koç and Şahin, 1999).
Fgure 6: Landscape character n the functonal herarchy of abotc, botc and cultural phenomena by Mücher et al. (2003)
Climate/Geology
Geomorphology
Hydrology
Increasing
dependency
Landscape character
Abiotic
Biotic
Cultural
Soil
Vegetation
Fauna
Land use
Landscape pattern
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Features/typologies of landscape components (as denitive attributes) to be superposed for the
formation of landscape character types are re-grouped in order to emphasize the deterministic
elements, which make the type recognizable and different. In this grouping, scale based data
details are taken into attention. For example, while typologies of rock structure are prepared in
detail at 1/25.000 scale national database related with geological structure, the re-classication
of them only as metamorphic, sedimentary and volcanic rocks can be sufcient for determining
landscape character types and areas.
Landscape Character Types (LCT) are the areas with different and relatively homogenous
character. Types are found by re-grouping the typologies of LU data layers in such a way that
they can show the dissimilarities in landscapes. Landscape types, which can be replicated in
a landscape, have same attributes in terms of superposition data layers. LU can cover very
small areas or can produce many units based on the heterogeneity of superposition parameters
and data details. The formation of many units can make difcult to dene landscapes with
different characters in terms of human perception. There is a need of data groupings and data
simplication to characterize landscapes. The polygons obtained from this re-grouping are
called as Landscape Character Type. Thereby, the structure of landscape can be dened with
easily perceivable types.
Landscape Character Areas (LCA) can cover different landscape types based on scale. A
Landscape Character Area; is different from others, due to common cultural, natural and visual
features represents a place or a region, and therefore it is frequently called by the name of that
place. The approach of LCA determination from LCT is hypothetically explained in Figure 7.
2.2.2 Analyss and mappng of landscape functons
Landscape function analysis covers natural, cultural and perceptual processes which shape/
transform a landscape. Ecological processes that can change and transform with human
Box 1: Some remarks related to LU and LCT mappng
1. LU and LCT should be prepared n the levels below:
• Level 1: Scale of data detal s 1/25.000. In ths scale, n the groupng at Level 1, man elements
whch make landscape derent n the study area (for example; agrcultural pattern, land cover,
etc.) are taken nto attenton.
• Level 2: Scale of data detal s 1/25.000. In ths scale, n the groupng at Level 2, the percevable
and detaled characterstcs of the man elements whch make the landscape derent n the
study area (for example; plant cover types, crop type of agrcultural pattern, etc.) are taken
nto attenton.
• Level 3: Data detal scale s 1/5000. More detaled nformaton about landscape elements s
ncluded nto analyses n determnaton of landscape characterstcs.
2. Admnstratve and natonal border relatons should be establshed
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 7: e relaton between Landscape Character Types and Landscape Character Areas and ther formaton
LCT-REGIONAL
LEVEL 1
LCT/PROVINCIAL/SUB-REGIONAL
LEVEL 2
LOCAL SCALE
1/5000
REGIONAL
1/100.000
1/50.000
1/25.000
PROVINCIAL/
SUB-
REGIONAL
1/25.000
LCA-REGIONAL
LEVEL 1
LCA/PROVINCIAL/SUB-REGIONAL
LEVEL 2
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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interactions should be prioritized. World Protection Strategy put forward in 1981 highlights the
importance of protecting life supporting systems to sustain important ecological processes and
survival of human race (Demirel, 2005).
In LCAA process, after value-free landscape (character) classication, criteria/indicators, which
will constitute a basis for landscape (character) assessment, are revealed with landscape function
analyses. Landscape function is a process that occurs with the mutual interaction of elements/
components. Hydrologic cycle, habitat value, cultural landscape value, biodiversity, erosion risk,
visual value, etc. should be studied within the scope of landscape function analysis. As a result
of their unique structures/characters, each landscape can be shaped by ontologically different
fundamental and key processes. In LCAA process, these fundamental and key processes should
primarily be determined. On the other hand, the topics below are effective in the determination
of functions to be analyzed:
• Data accessibility
• Technical facilities
• Experts contribution
• Time
The analysis and assessment of landscape functions give service to LCAA in three ways:
• The function analysis of landscape will enable the determination of areas of high
landscape protection value and the production of landscape protection and development
strategies.
• By explaining the relation of each landscape type and pattern with function, consistent
protection-use strategies can be developed.
• The effect of landscape functions on sectoral (agriculture, industry, settlement, etc.)
decisions or the effect of sectors on landscape functions can be detected.
2.2.3 Landscape change and pressure analysis
In this step of LCAA process, besides temporal and spatial landscape change analysis, the
analysis of current and potential threats, contradictions and risks originated from human
activities (agriculture, forestry, industry, trafc, settlement) is also carried out.
In ELC, it is emphasized that it is necessary to analyze pressures and driving forces transforming
landscapes and to record changes. Landscape change and threat analysis can be performed
through GIS and Remote Sensing technologies. In addition, written and oral documents about
landscape can be evaluated for explaining landscape change. Moreover, there are studies in
which landscape changes were determined with names of places.
The interpretation of the opportunities and limitations of the information obtained from landscape
inventory and analysis studies can be made in terms of protection-use decisions in this step. In
this context, SWOT Analysis, in which strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats about
planning area are evaluated together, can be used.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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2.3 Landscape (Character) Assessment (LCAs)
Landscape (Character) Assessment (LCAs) is a synthesis study during which landscape
development strategies and landscape plan are prepared in terms of the situation/sustainability of
landscapes and/or in line with certain aim/ sector-oriented purposes based upon the judgements
on the relative values of different landscapes or their different features. The landscape protection
values, developed by taking landscape structure, function and landscape change analysis into
account, should be taken as basis in LCAs process.
LCAs contain the development of provisions about landscape character in order to enlighten
different users and decision makers.
The assessments undertaken which took the landscape structure, function and change analyses
into consideration fall into four fundamental categories.
1. Landscape protection strategies: Restoration, improvement, development and protection
of the landscape are targeted. The assessments cover the strategies of protection and
development for the areas with high landscape protection value and landscape corridors.
2. Sectoral landscape guidance: They are the landscape development guidelines focusing on
different sectors (i.e. forests, plateaus, tourism, recreation, energy, residence, agriculture,
etc).
3. Landscape Plan: It is the synthesis plan that composes all the plans of landscape
development, restoration and protection as well as planning notes and reports.
4. Landscape Management: From the perspective of sustainable development, landscape
management covers the actions to ensure regular maintenance of a landscape that will
guide and adapt the changes occurring in a landscape due to the social, economic and
environmental processes.
2.3.1 Formation of general landscape vision
Landscape vision covers the targets in terms of aesthetical, ecological and cultural landscape
quality related to a certain area within a reasonable period of time. Target means quality,
potentials and functions to be restored and enhanced. All factors affecting landscape should be
included in the determination of vision. Landscape vision is a part of wide-range environmental
targets.
2.3.2 Targets for each landscape component, functions and potentials
In this step, separate strategies should be primarily given in terms of landscape functions.
This information should be used in the preparation of general and comprehensive landscape
protection strategies that will be revealed in subsequent step of LCAA process. It is important
to set potential targets besides the targets for current landscape. On the other hand, conict
analyses should also be carried out among targets.
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2.3.3 Production of Landscape Protection- Development- Management Strategies
Landscape strategies are actions for future that are developed after determination of a specic
vision for a landscape based on function-landscape pattern and/or function-character which
consider every single landscape element, landscape component and function holistically.
Landscape protection-development strategies will introduce the protection and usage value of
a landscape (Figure 8). In other words, the protection value of a landscape with “Landscape
Protection Strategies” and the development value of landscape with “Sectoral Landscape
Guidance” are given, respectively. By combining these strategies with synthesis map in a holistic
approach, “Landscape Protection-Development Strategies” are prepared.
Within the step of the production of landscape strategies, management strategies should be
dened as integrated with landscape protection and development strategies.
Landscape protection strategies and policies: It should include strategies and policies towards
restoration, improvement, development and protection of landscape.
Sectoral landscape guidance: Based on landscape protection strategies and policies,
development potentials for different elds in planning should be identied after taking current
problems, possible suggestions for solution, user prole and demands.
2.3.4 Landscape Plan
This is a synthesis study including all landscape protection and development strategies.
Landscape plan is a product in which protection and use value of a landscape was integrated
and multi-functional plan decisions are reected. It should consist of plan, plan note and report.
2.4 Landscape Management
ELC denes landscape management as action, from a perspective of sustainable development,
to ensure the regular upkeep of a landscape, so as to guide and harmonize changes which are
brought about by social, economic and environmental processes.
Landscape Strategies: Protection-Development-Management Strategies
Protection Value
Landscape Protecton Strateges
Landscape Polces
Synthess:
Landscape Protecton-Development-Management Strateges
Landscape Corrdors
Sectoral Landscape Gudances
Development/Use Value
Fgure 8: e scope of Landscape Protecton-Development-Management Strateges
PART 2
STAGES OF LANDSCAPE
CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND
ASSESSMENT
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National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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3. DETERMINATION OF SCOPE
(STAGE 1)
3.1 Aim
LCAA is rst and foremost a “preliminary action” eld for spatial planning and policy development
activities. In this context, LCAA can be used for several reasons under the national legislative
framework, which is presented in the Introduction chapter. While it is necessary to execute whole
LCAA stages comprehensively and responsively for a spatial planning process in which land use
decisions will be taken at regional and sub-regional scales; structural landscape analyses and
the protection strategies within that content could be sufcient for an Action Plan for Biodiversity
and Landscape Diversity for example. On the other hand, nature restoration activities may
require works to be concentrated on the function of the landscape. For sector based (tourism,
settlement, agriculture etc.) plan and policy development activities, sector-specic analyses on
the structure and function of the landscape would be required. The important aspect here is to
dene clearly the main aim, which will affect how the assessment will be undertaken, the results
will be used, who will be informed and how/where will it be distributed. The aim simply might be
to prepare landscape inventory and to describe the landscape character (landscape structure),
or it could also cover to assess previously studied landscape information for a specic purpose
(tourism/ recreation, landscape restoration etc.) on a predened area.
The control list for LCAA scope determination questions in Box 2 can be considered for
performing an effective LCAA work (adapted from Swanwick, 2002).
Scope denition activities throughout the LCAA process cover the denition of the spatial
boundary and extent of the working area besides the structural and functional analyses. Generally,
the administrative boundaries (provincial boundary, district boundary, property line, etc.) do not
coincide with the landscape boundaries (Figure 9). A new boundary should be dened that
enables the structural and functional analyses of a landscape at regional and sub-regional scales.
The decisions and physical land use plans in Turkey are carried out within the administrative
boundaries. On the other hand, the continuity of landscape’s ecological function occurs within
the natural boundaries laid out by natural vital processes not in the human-made administrative
boundaries (Treewek, 1999). The method of this technical guideline differs from other planning
approaches in this way and it grounds its basis for the benet of nature. The coordination among
stakeholders is critically important, since such an approach might cover transboundary nature
of administrative lines. In addition to that, the pressures and driving forces must be considered
when the spatial scope of LCAA process is dened.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Box 2: Scope and aim determination questions in LCAA activities
Aim:
• What s the am of the LCAA?
• What s the scale and ts level of detal?
• What s the relaton between ths assessment and other spatal analyss and assessment
herarchy?
• At whch scale(s) should the actvty be carred out?
• What s level of detal that s requred n order to acheve the am?
Human resources, budget and timing:
• Who are the stakeholders, when and how should they be ncluded n the process?
• What knd of professonal sklls are requred?
• Wth whch am wll the GIS be used? What are the other softwares requred?
Outputs:
• What wll be the form of the landscape character defnton?
• Wll the landscape character defnton be dealt wth separately from assessments?
• What wll be the meda of (CD-ROM, report, nteractve web page, vdeo) outputs?
• How wll the all content of LCAA be kept updated?
• Who wll use the establshed database and how?
Fgure 9: Example of how landscape type boundares do not concde wth admnstratve borders
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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First landscape survey must be completed before identication of the target and scope of the
study. A level of familiarity with the eld will be gained and the general characterization will be
shaped. Thus, target and the scope of the work plan related to those items can be structured in
a consistent manner.
3.2 Scale and Level of Detail
Generally, LCAA process could be elaborated at national, regional and local scales, in addition
to that each level gradually could cover lower and upper scales. Existing spatial planning
hierarchy must be taken into consideration in order to create the possibility for integration while
developing the scale hierarchy in LCAA process. This guideline embraces the LCAA process at
regional and sub-regional scales. These scales correspond to current national spatial land use
planning and management practices at 1/100.000, 1/50.000,1/25.000 and 1/10.000 scales. The
scale of 1/25.000 is mostly put into practice as the scale for data detail. Important aspect here
is to establish the associations between upper and lower scales in terms of level of detail and
planning terminology. Only by that, the results of LCAA at regional and sub-regional scales
can be reected into national spatial plans and policies gradually (Box 3). In other words, it
is necessary to have reection principles and standards for a 1/25.000 scale LCAA results, to
be able to integrate them into the scales of 1/5.000-1/1.000. The LCAA work at the scale of
1/25.000 should embody those principles and standards. This guideline builds upper and lower
scales integration between the national spatial planning hierarchy and PKAD levels at regional
and sub-regional scales (Figure 10). Efforts should be invested in developing similar works at
national and local scales.
Landscape Character Types and Areas cover “different levels” which reect the structure of the
landscape in LCAA process, as seen in Figure 10.
The regional and sub-regional scales include Level 1 and 2 structural analyses in the national
data detail at 1/25.000 scale. Documents on Level 1 are prepared on the planning terminology at
1/250.000, and Level 2 are at 1/100.000, 1/50.000 and 1/25.000.
Functional aspects of the landscape should be analysed with different methods depend upon
the scale too. Analyses of the landscape function described in Landscape Assessment Chapter
in this guideline should be used for Level 1 and 2 LCAA activities. On the other hand, use of
indicators (landscape diversity, naturalness, ecological state, etc.) that reect the functionality of
the landscape would be more appropriate for function analyses in LCAA process at Level 1 that
covers large areas and basins. The analyses of landscape function at a provincial scale (Level 2)
should be renewed at the lower scales (1/5000, 1/1000) according to the detail level of the scale.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
29
Box 3: Some mportant notes wth regards to scale of data and level of detal:
1. Data groupng and/or the elmnaton of specfc spatal szes (Smlar to CORINE, establshng
natonal data on land cover and land use) wll be necessary for transferrng 1/25.000 scale
LCAA results that used raw data nto the upper scales.
2. Data whose detal was lost or grouped at the upper scale (1/25.000) and/or new detaled
data sets are ncluded nto LCAA process at 1/10.000 scale. Spatal analyses on the structure,
functon and changes of the landscape should be re-elaborated wth more detaled and verfed
data when worked at even lower scales of 1/5.000-1/1.000 than 1/25.000-1/10.000. For
nstance, the areas of more and less mportance wll der when the analyss of ranfall surface
ow potental related to the functon of landscape n an area defned as “hgh potental of
surface ow” at upper scale s based on more detaled and/or new data whch ncludes the
components of sol, ranfall, land cover, etc. at lower scale.
3. On the other hand, the locaton verfcaton of spatal data based on the geometry of pont,
lnes and polygons at an upper scale study wll be conducted durng the lower scale study.
us, the update of data from lower scale to upper scale s made possble.
4. e lower scales at local level wll add new elements to the landscape defntons (agrcultural
pattern, archtectural style, resdental pattern etc.). ese landscape elements are the dentfers
of landscape character and areas at a lower scale.
5. e assocaton of the LCAA works that are carred out at derent herarchcal scales s of
crtcal mportance. e data whch are based on comprehensve analyses (.e. land surveys, lab
analyses, frequency of samples, local clmate data etc.) on a lower scale wll reveal the mstakes
and losses at upper scale data. ese comprehensve analyses enable areas whch cover small
spatal extent but are very mportant n terms of landscape character to be detected (local
archtecture, endemsm n lmted area, unque agrcultural pattern due to the mcroclmatc
area, etc.).
6. e analyses of the landscape functon n the process of LCAA can be carred out based on
ndcators especally on natonal scale and basn levels. e ndcators wll serve for montorng
the landscape and defnng the qualty targets.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 10: Herarchy of LCAA
Level 4Level 5 Level 3
Data detal scale:
1/5.000-1/25.000
≤ 1/1.000
1/25.000
1/10.000
1/5.000
1/5.000
1/1.000
1/100.000
1/50.000
1/25.000
> 1/100.000
≥ 1/1.000.000
Level 2
Data detal scale:
1/25.000
Level 1
Data detal scale:
1/25.000-1/100.000
Level TR
LAND-
SCAPE
UNIT
PARCEL
FIELD
ECOSYSTEM
VILLAGE/
MASS HOUSING
SCALE
DISTRICT
<1/1.000<1/500 1/5.000
1/10.000
1/25.000
1/25.000 1/50.000
1/100.000
1/250.000
1/1.000.000 ≥1/1.000.000
LOCAL SCALE
LAND USE
PLAN
NATIONAL
(UPPER-
REGIONAL)
SPATIAL PLAN
CONTINENTAL
WORLD SCALE
UB-REGIONAL
PROVINCIAL
PROVINCIAL
METROPOLITAN
GREATER
MUNICIPALITY
SCALE SPATIAL
PLAN/PROVINCE
DEVELOPMENT
PLAN/SUB-BASIN
GUIDELINE CONTENT
REGIONAL
SPATIAL PLAN/
ENVIRONMENT
DEVELOPMENT
PLAN/BASIN
LCA
LCA
LCA
LCA
LCA
LCT
LCT
LCT
LCT
LCT
LCA-TR
LCT-TR
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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3.3 Human Resources and Timing
Participation of people with necessary educational experience who will provide the adequate
scientic and technologic knowledge in the ideal LCAA process is important. Besides in many
situations where there is a limited experience in decision taking process or in situations where
GIS is not used, the LCAA studies will be able to still provide important information input.
LCAA process necessitates data input from several disciplines (especially climate, geology,
hydrogeology, anthropology, ecology, geography, and statistics). Most of the work should be
carried out by a complementary team consisting of landscape ecologist, landscape planner,
city and region planning experts. Input from other disciplines should be provided as well when
required. Core team is responsible for a signicant part of ofce work, landscape survey and
management of project process and products. Users of GIS and RS technologies should be in
the core team.
GIS usage is inevitable for LCAA process. Establishment of data layers, data processing,
verication, updating and common coordinate denition operations create critical feasibility
in data overlaying, internet based interactive inquisitions and presentations etc. Physical and
perception related changes taking place in the landscape throughout the year require LCAA
landscape survey to include some seasons. Human resource requirements, work-time schedule
and scale details will lead the way to dene the necessary budget.
3.4 Subjective and Objective Evaluation
LCAA study may cover subjective evaluations and objective evaluations. Qualitative criteria
determined in line with scientic and technological advances are the basis of analyses
and assessments. On the other hand, planner foresight based on scientic background and
experience has an important place in landscape analysis and assessments.
3.5 Assessments at Dierent Scales: Landscape Hierarchy
In this guideline, an LCAA process, whose main national data detail scale is 1/25.000, but which
can be integrated with national spatial plans with the scales between 1/10.000-1/100.000 is
dened. In this context, technical guideline corresponds to provincial and basin scale in current
planning terminology. In this guideline; the term “sub-region” is used for provincial scale
covering rural landscape as well as metropolitans and metropolitan municipalities, and the term
“region” is used for basin scale covering main rivers.
3.6 Outputs
LCAA studies are produced in report format with the maps prepared at appropriate scales. This
can be prepared as a hardcopy, paper print out or on an internet site, CD-ROM or in video format
in order to reach more people. When considering current technologies, the National Landscape
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Information Systems (LIS) should be established too. Consequently, LCAA outputs at regional-
sub-regional scales should be associated to this system.
Deliverable outcomes of LCAA process are given below:
1. Maps: Landscape character types, landscape character areas, landscape functions,
function clusters, landscape development strategies and landscape plan
2. Descriptive feature charts about landscape character areas
3. LCAA Report
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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4. DATA COLLECTION AND
ESTABLISHMENT OF DATABASE:
LANDSCAPE INVENTORY AND LIS
(STAGE 2)
Data collection and database formation is a stage of preliminary preparation, during which main
data used for conducting LCAA activities are collected and stored in a way that such data can be
integrated with GIS based national database applications.
This step also covers the preparation of Landscape Information System (LIS) database.
Before Landscape Character Analysis and Assessments, enough time should be allocated for
carrying out detailed and reliable data collection activities.
The information to be compiled covers the topics as follows:
• Data collection and database formation is a stage of preliminary preparation, during which
main data used for conducting LCAA activities are collected and stored in a way that such
data can be integrated with GIS based national database applications.
• This step also covers the preparation of Landscape Information System (LIS) database.
• Before Landscape Character Analysis and Assessments, enough time should be allocated
for carrying out detailed and reliable data collection activities.
• The information to be compiled covers the topics as follows:
4.1 Preparation of Data Layers
Conventional and numerical data layers (maps, satellite images, air photos, etc) provide
framework information about the factors which affect the shaping of landscape, and their
interaction with each other while forming a landscape pattern.
In the denition of landscapes, besides the collection of natural, cultural and visual data in the
inventory, recording their temporal development and changes are also critically important.
“Baseline Data” for LCAA activities are obtained from national spatial data resources compatible
with scale. When baseline data are transformed into a usable format for LCAA, they are called
as “Landscape Inventory”. In order to obtain data which are not produced (geomorphology,
climate, etc.) or completed yet in national database but required for LCAA activities, data should
be prepared as stated in the Baseline Data chapter in that guideline. It is important that there is
a possibility of combining and comparing data when they are produced with similar techniques
in different landscapes. When there is an optimization of method in line with scientic and
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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technological advances, in order to adapt this change with completed LCAA activities, revisions
should be.
National spatial data resources of PEYZAJ-44 Project are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Natonal data sources and the nventory prepared wth PEYZAJ-44 Project
Baseline Data Availability Data sources
Power transmsson lne Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Rvers Obtanable General Drectorate of State Hydraulc Works
Dranage ponts Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Hydroelectrc power plants Obtanable Specal Admnstraton of Malatya Provnce
Basn Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Water Resources Obtanable General Drectorate of State Hydraulc Works
Water Surfaces Obtanable General Drectorate of State Hydraulc Works
Clmate Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Clmate statons Obtanable General Drectorate of State Meteorology Works
Clmate zones Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Draught ndex Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Temperature ecency Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Annual temperature Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Ranfall ecency Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Annual ranfall Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Geology Obtanable General Drectorate of Mneral Research and Exploraton
Forest cover Obtanable Mnstry of Forest and Water Aars
CORINE land cover Obtanable Mnstry of Forest and Water Aars
Muncpalty neghbourng border Obtanable Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Provncal border Obtanable Mnstry of Forest and Water Aars
Dstrct border Obtanable Mnstry of Forest and Water Aars
Resdental areas Obtanable Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Island Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Mountan Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Dolne Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Contour Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Geomorphography Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Peaks Obtanable Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Sol Obtanable Mnstry of Agrculture
Mountan houses Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Toursm recreaton areas Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Vsual ponts Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Aesthetcs and perceptonal crtera data Produced Produced wth LANDSCAPE-44 Project
Ralroad Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Ferry lne Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Roads Obtanable Specal Admnstraton of Malatya Provnce
Transportaton ponts Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Fsh breedng facltes Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Mlls Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Mnes Obtanable Dgtzed from Ocal Ste of GD of Mneral Research
and Exploraton
Industral stes Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Industral trade facltes Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Water products Obtanable General Command of Mappng
Poultry breedng facltes Obtanable General Command of Mappng
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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4.2 Baseline Data
Main important data are explained with reasons of usage in LCAA process below.
4.2.1 Climate
The distribution of ecosystems and species are determined with climatic conditions. With main
rock structure, climate is the determinant of soil features and hydrologic structure. On the other
hand, climate is determinant for agro-ecological areas and bioclimatic comfort analyses.
There is no national spatial climate data to be used in LCAA process yet. A classication system
based on scientic principles was suggested with the guideline. For this purpose, a study
was made in Malatya pilot area. In Landscape Inventory Chapter of LCAA Technical Guideline
Supplementary Document 2: PEYZAJ-44 LCAA REPORT, this study was explained in detail. In
that study, a new climate classication is suggested based on Thornthwaite method.
The globally accepted climate classication of Thornthwaite given in Table 2 is based on the
relationship between rainfall-evaporation and temperature-evaporation. Firstly, Thornthwaite
collects climates under two main groups as humid and arid climates, based on the relation
between rainfall and evaporation. According to their degrees, humid and arid climates are
divided into 6 and 3 classes, respectively. Primary letters of climate types in Thornthwaite
classication represent these classes: Thornthwaite denes the thermal characters of these 9
climate types with letters based on the relationship between temperature and evaporation. These
letters represent secondary letters of climate types in Thornthwaite classication (DMİ, 2014).
Table 2: ornthwate’s clmate classfcaton
Clmates accordng to ranfall – evaporaton
relatonshp
Clmates accordng to temperature – evaporaton
relatonshp
Hyper Humd A Megathermal (clmates n hgh temperature)
Humd B4
Mesothermal (clmates n medum temperature)
Humd B3
Humd B2
Humd B1
Sub Humd C2 Mcrothermal (clmates n low temperature)
Ard-LessHumd C1
Sub Ard D Tundra (clmates n very low temperature)
Ard (desert) E Frost (clmates n very low temperature)
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Thornwaite’s climate classication has four stages that are based on two factors of water balance;
rainfall and temperature efciency. First two stages are related to the main climate classication
and these steps are made use of in the guideline’s classication. First of these two steps forms
the temperature efciency by taking rainfall efciency that classies the level of humidity and
the latter takes annual potential evaporation into account. This guideline develops a new climate
classication (Table 3) by combining parameter of both classication, and the new classication
is tried on Malatya Pilot area of LANDSCAPE-44 Project. Similar classication should be used in
order to match up the results in LCAA efforts carried out in other provinces.
4.2.2 Geology
Rock structure is determinant in terms of soil formation, hydrogeology, biota development and
distribution, and landscape pattern. In terms of landscape function, this data is used especially
in erosion and hydrological cycle analyses.
Digital geology maps in our country are mainly composed of 1/25.000, 1/100.000 and 1/500.000
scaled maps prepared by MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration). In
addition to this, it is very difcult to say that these maps prepared for geological activities have
attribute information creating a basis for LCAA. The database presented with digital maps only
includes symbols dening ages and lithologic names of geologic units. With the help of the
distribution of geological formations observed on land surface and border lines among the
units, these maps show which unit is in lower level or upper level but they do not include
the information of distribution and underground thickness. These maps include the structural
formations of these units, their horizontal and vertical dislocations after formation and structural
elements (folds, faults) formed as a result of stress. It is of importance for geology maps to have
a standard level of detail on a national level to be able to integrate LCAA efforts carried out on
different regions and sub-regions.
Geological units play signicant role in dening the landscape character analysis. Development
of current landforms, morphologic structures, hydrological processes, hydromorphological
elements; forms of geological units, formation environments are directly linked with the origins
and the structural evolution that they have encountered, throughout out the geological periods.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Table 3: Climate classication developed according to ornthwaite7
7 It has been developed by the consultant of PEYZAJ-44 Prof. Dr. İhsan Ççek (Ankara Unversty, Faculty of Languages, Hstory
and Geography).
Man clmate type
(Ranfall ecency)
Secondary clmate type
(Temperature ecency)
Clmate types
and Codes
to be used n
LCAA
Clmate type explanaton
A ( Hyper Humd)
A (Megathermal) AA Hyper Humd Megathermal Clmates
All B’s (Mesothermal) AB Hyper Humd Mesothermal Clmates
All C’s (Mcrothermal) AC Hyper Humd Mcrothermal Clmates
D (Tundra) AD Hyper Humd Tundra Clmates
E Frost AE Hyper Humd Frost Clmates
B (Humd)
(B1, B2, B3, B4)
A (Megathermal) BA Humd Megathermal Clmates
All B’s (Mesothermal) BB Humd Mesothermal Clmates
All C’s (Mcrothermal) BC Humd Mcrothermal Clmates
D (Tundra) BD Humd Tundra Clmates
E Frost BE Humd Frost Clmates
C2 (Sub Humd)
A (Megathermal) C2A Sub Humd Megathermal Clmates
All B’s (Mesothermal) C2B Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmates
All C’s (Mcrothermal) C2C Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmates
D (Tundra) C2D Sub Humd Tundra Clmates
E Frost C2E Sub Humd Frost Clmates
C1 (Ard-Sub
Humd)
A (Megathermal) C1A Ard-Sub Humd Megathermal Clmates
All B’s (Mesothermal) C1B Ard-Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmates
All C’s (Mcrothermal) C1C Ard-Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmates
D (Sub Ard)
A (Megathermal) DA Sub Ard Megathermal Clmates
All B’s (Mesothermal) DB Sub Ard Mesothermal Clmates
All C’s (Mcrothermal) DC Sub Ard Mcrothermal Clmates
E (Ard)
A (Megathermal) EA Ard Megathermal Clmates
All B’s (Mesothermal) EB Ard Mesothermal Clmates
All C’s (Mcrothermal) EC Ard Mcrothermal Clmates
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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4.2.3 Geomorphology
Geomorphologic features and physiography of the area is very important in Identication
of landscape Character. Geomorphologic maps with necessary details for regional and sub-
regional scale LCAA works have not been prepared in Turkey yet. On the other hand, there are
many guiding studies on the preparation of such maps in scientic and academic level.
In terms of determining and managing country landscapes, geomorphology maps at 1/25.000
scale should be prepared. The geomorphology map prepared by Prof. Oğuz Erol (Erol, 1991)
gives details about geographical formations in Turkey at 1/1.000.000 scale. In sub-regional
studies (provincial scale), the legend structure of geomorphology map produced for Ankara
province by Erol (1973) can create a basis for national geomorphology maps at 1/25.000 scale
(Table 4). The preparation of this detailed inventory takes a long time and is very expensive but
it is necessary for LCAA works in Turkey.
Table 4: Man geomorphologc unts at Ankara provnce (Erol, 1973)
Codes Man Geomorphologc Unts
Inclned Area
TY Mountan Area Wth Hgh Hlls
THlly Terran
Y Slopes and Rdges
V Valleys
Plateaus
DO Plans on Peaks
DI Hghest Plateaus
DII Hgh Plateaus
DIII Medum Hgh Plateaus
DIV Low Plateaus
Plan and Bottom Area
SY Hgh Terrace Sets
SA Low Terrace Sets
K Talus Cones
OT Plan Floor
VT Valley Floor
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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4.2.4 Topography
Topography (contours, exposure and slope) or relief is the determinant of many natural
conditions like soil conditions, erosion and sedimentation, rainwater, surface and underground
water ow, meso, macro and micro-thermal climate conditions, land suitability for agriculture
and settlement, vegetation zones, etc. Many geomorphologic features and geomorphologic
process is directly related with topography.
4.2.5 Hydrology
Surface waters like lakes, seasonal and permanent rivers, channels and dams, etc. and drainage
system are the important elements of the hydrologic cycle that shapes a landscape. Hydrologic
landscape structure is determinant in surface ow, ood, erosion and sedimentation processes
and affects soil structure.
Water bodies and their environment are development areas of aquatic ecosystems. Underground
waters affect surface ow, land use and partially soil features.
The depth, inltration and exltration areas of underground waters constitute other important
data.
4.2.6 Soil
Soil is a natural landscape component, which plays a signicant role in erosion, sedimentation,
hydrologic cycle, surface ow and biomass processes besides ora and soil fauna formation. In
terms of cultural landscape, it is a main determinant element with climate in the development of
agricultural pattern and analysis of agroecological zones. Surface geology, geomorphology and
soil features should be dened in relation with each other.
4.2.7 Vegetation Cover
As a living organism, vegetation cover and other related biological processes affect
geomorphologic (erosion, sedimentation, surface ow) and hydrological processes. Current and
potential vegetation cover is the important determinant of biodiversity and landscape diversity.
Spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover can be the main indicators of changes in
ecological conditions, landscape character and climate.
Relict landscapes8 play an important role in the development of landscape restoration strategies
towards vegetation cover and/or related habitat, and in the assessments potential vegetation
cover.
The habitat value analysis of vegetation cover provides opportunity for comments on wildlife
presence. In the denition of landscapes at regional and sub-regional scale, vegetation cover
analyses must be made in the context of habitat value and vegetation associations. Ecosystem
and biotope analyses also provide benecial information.
8 Relct Landscape (or fossl landscape): Landscapes that completed a certan development process and demonstrate the remnants
of that development process.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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4.2.8 Wildlife
Wildlife, composition of species and population size are related with spatial and temporal
landscape features (biogeographic conditions, ora structure, existence of water, structure of
habitats and their connectivity, land cover, land use, etc.). Like its compilation with related
spatial habitat data, the compilation of wildlife data as temporal/historical has critical importance
for landscape and landscape change analyses.
4.2.9 Socio-cultural Landscape Features
Socio-cultural structure and its historical development are determinant factors like natural
conditions in the formation of Turkey’s landscape. In this context, three main issues should be
examined as related with each other:
• Demographic features and dynamics
• Land use/land cover
• Settlement and building characteristics
Within the context of LCAA process at regional scale, third issue cannot be considered during
data collection. However, different settlement patterns at sub-regional (provincial) scale should
be determined in landscape survey and assessed.
4.2.9.1 Demographic features and dynamics
Demographic features and dynamics play an important role in the change of landscape
character. Natural landscape continuously changes and this change can be different due to the
effect of humans at temporal and spatial dimensions. Consequently, the landscape character is
affected by this situation. For this reason, it is necessary to dene current and possible effects
of demographic features on landscape character.
Within this context, indicators dening socio-cultural landscape features which can affect
landscape character analysis should be determined, encoded, and its inventory should be
prepared, associated with geospatial data and analyzed.
Basic indicators related with population, which are suggested to be used at provincial scale
landscape character analysis, are given in Table 5.
It is no doubt that socio-cultural indicators will affect the landscape character. In order to make
comparative temporal change analyses of statistical indicators in different chronological periods,
the settlement information should be dened with “unique” codes. In order to associate statistical
information in different chronological periods with landscape, the positional data related with
provinces, districts and villages should be dened as “unique” value. GIS software and its
platforms give opportunity for this. In other words, it is necessary to dene every settlement, for
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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which spatial data is produced, with one value/identity/address that will never change. Ideally, in
the identication of every settlement, geospatial data of a coordinate system (X,Y) must be used.
In order to make temporal change analysis of socio-cultural features, indicators should be
dened as quantitatively with the help of variables. These variables are determined and encoded
through data standards taken from General Census and Address Based Population Registration
System (Table 6). The codication system to be used at landscape character analysis should be
understandable and readable (Supplementary Document 1).
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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1. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
1.1. Total Populaton
1.2. Urbanzaton Rate
1.3. Annual Average Populaton Increase Rate
1.4. Populaton Dependency Rate
1.5. Average Household Sze
2.EMPLOYMENT INDICATORS
2.1 Total Employment
2.2 Rate of Workers n Industry Sector to Total Employment
2.3 Rate of Workers n Trade Sector to Total Employment
2.4 Rate of Workers n Transportaton Sector to Total Employment
2.5 Rate of Workers n Constructon Sector to Total Employment
2.6 Rate of Workers n Fnance Sector to Total Employment
2.7 Rate of Workers n Agrculture Sector to Total Employment
2.8 Rate of Workers n Mnng Sector to Total Employment
2.9 Rate of Workers n Toursm Sector to Total Employment
2.10 Rate of Workers n Forestry Sector to Total Employment
2.11 Rate of Workers n Servce Sector to Total Employment
2.12 Rate of Wage Labourers to Total Employment
2.13 Rate of Employers to Total Employment
3. EDUCATION INDICATORS
3.1 Lteracy Rate
4. FINANCIAL INDICATORS
4.1 General Budget Income Per Capta
4.2 General Budget Expendture Per Capta
Table 5: Demographc ndcators to be used n Landscape Character Analyss and Assessment at regonal and sub-regonal scale (Adap-
ted from Dnçer and Özaslan, (2004).
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Table 6: Demographc ndcators and varables to be used at regonal and sub-regonal scale Landscape Character Analyss and
Assessment
Kod Sınıfı Kod Alt Kod Açıklamalar
Populaton
PE_NFS PE_NFS_ERK_** Male Populaton
PE_NFS_KDN_** Female Populaton
PE_NFS_TPL_** Total Populaton
PE_NFS_KNT_ERK_** Male Populaton Resdng n Urban Areas
PE_NFS_KNT_KDN_** Female Populaton Resdng n Urban Areas
PE_NFS_KNT_TPL_** Total Populaton Resdng n Urban Areas
PE_NFS_KIR_ERK_** Male Populaton Resdng n Rural Areas
PE_NFS_KIR_KDN_** Female Populaton Resdng n Rural Areas
PE_NFS_KIR_TPL_** Total Populaton Resdng n Rural Areas
PE_NFS_KNT_ORN_** Total Populaton Rato Resdng n Urban Areas
PE_NFS_KIR_RATIO_** Total Populaton Rato Resdng n Rural Areas
Age
PE_YAS PE_YAS_0_14_ERK_** Male Populaton Age Range from 0 to 14
PE_YAS_0_14_KDN_** Female Populaton Age Range from 0 to 14
PE_YAS_0_14_TPL_** Total Populaton Age Range from 0 to 14
PE_YAS_15_59_ERK_** Male Populaton Age Range from 15 to 59
PE_YAS_15_59_KDN_** Female Populaton Age Range from 15 to 59
PE_YAS_15_59_TPL_** Total Populaton Age Range from 15 to 59
PE_YAS_60_UST_ERK_** Male Populaton of 60 Years of Age and Above
PE_YAS_60_UST_KDN_** Female Populaton of 60 Years of Age and Above
PE_YAS_60_UST_TPL_** Total Populaton of 60 Years of Age and Above
PE_YAS_BAGIM_ORAN_E_** Male Dependent Populaton Rato
PE_YAS_BAGIM_ORAN_K_** Female Dependent Populaton Rato
PE_YAS_BAGIM_ORAN_T_** Total Dependent Populaton Rato
Household
Sze
PE_HNE PE_KSI_1_** 1 Inhabtant per House
PE_KSI_2_** 2 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_3_** 3 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_4_** 4 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_5_** 5 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_6_** 6 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_7_** 7 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_8_** 8 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_9_** 9 Inhabtants per House
PE_KSI_10_UST_** 10 Inhabtants and Above per House
PE_KSI_ORT_** Average Inhabtant per House
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Kod Sınıfı Kod Alt Kod Açıklamalar
Rates
PE_ORN PE_KNT_YZD_TPL_**_[**] Urbansaton Rato from **Year to [**]
PE_ART_YZD_ERK_**_[**] Increase of Male Populaton Rato from **Year to [**]
PE_ART_YZD_KDN_**_[**] Increase of Female Populaton Rato from **Year to [**]
PE_ART_YZD_TPL_**_[**] Increase of Total Populaton Rato from **Year to [**]
Employment
PE_IST PE_IST_ERK_** Total Male Employment
PE_IST_KDN_** Total Female Employment
PE_IST_TPL_** Total Employment
PE_IST_SNY_CLS_TPL** Total Workers n Industry Sector
PE_IST_SNY_CLS_TPL ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Industry Sector
PE_IST_TCR_CLS_TPL** Total Workers n Trade Sector
PE_IST_TCR_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Trade Sector
PE_IST_ULS_CLS_TPL** Total Workers n Transportaton Sector
PE_IST_ULS_CLS_TPL_ORN Rate of Total Workers n Transportaton Sector
PE_IST_INS_CLS** Total Workers n Constructon Sector
PE_IST_INS_CLS_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Constructon Sector
PE_IST_MLI_KRM_CLS_TPL** Total Workers n Fnance Sector
PE_IST_MLI_KRM_CLS_TPL_
ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Fnance Sector
PE_IST_TRM_CLS_TPL Total Workers n Agrculture Sector
PE_IST_TRM_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Agrculture Sector
PE_IST_MDN_CLS_TPL Total Workers n Mnng Sector
PE_IST_MDN_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Mnng Sector
PE_IST_TRZ_CLS_TPL Total Workers n Toursm Sector
PE_IST_TRZ_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Toursm Sector
PE_IST_ORM_CLS_TPL Total Workers n Forestry Sector
PE_IST_ORM_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Forestry Sector
PE_IST_HZM_CLS_TPL Total Workers n Servce Sector
PE_IST_HZM_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Workers n Servce Sector
PE_IST_UCR_CLS_TPL Total Wage Labourers
PE_IST_UCR_CLS_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Wage Labourers
PE_IST_ISV_TPL Total Employers
PE_IST_ISV_TPL_ORN** Rate of Total Employers
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Kod Sınıfı Kod Alt Kod Açıklamalar
Educaton
Indcators
PE_EGT PE_EGT_OKM_YZM_BLM** Illterate People
PE_EGT_OKM_YZM_BLN** Lterate People
PE_EGT_OKR_YZR_ORN** Lteracy Rate
PE_EGT_OKR_YZR_DRM_
BLM** Lteracy Level Unknown
PE_TPL_NFS** Total Populaton
PE_YAS_6_UST_TPL** Total Populaton, 6 Ages and Over
Fnancal
Indcators
PE_MAL PE_FRT_GLR_** General Budget Income per Capta
PE_FRT_GDR_** General Budget Expendture per Capta
4.2.9.2 Land cover/land use
In the denition of landscape, which is an area of interaction between nature and human, it is
necessary to compile data, temporally and spatially, related with land cover and land use.
Land cover is composed of the typologies of natural and semi-natural landscapes, agricultural
landscapes and residential areas, dened within the framework of a certain classication system.
High-resolution satellite images provide great opportunities to the classication of land cover.
In the determination of landscape character, it is critically important to use standard land cover/
land use classication system. Only by this way, landscape identications made for an area
with this method can be combined with adjacent zones and/or compared with other landscapes.
Within this context, it is advised to use national CORINE9 land cover/land use main data with
updating.
4.2.10 Landscape Pattern
Landscape pattern, one of the most important data in the determination of landscape character,
is a combination of natural and human-made elements/patches in different sizes formed with
the complicated interaction of physical, biological and social factors (Burgess and Sharpe, 1981;
Forman and Godron, 1986; Krummel et al., 1987; Turner, 1987, 1990; Hulshoff et al., 1995).
Landscape pattern can affect various ecological processes (Hulshoff et al., 1995). Krummel et
9 Coordnaton of Informaton on the Envronment Program s ntated by CEC. CORINE Project
s one of the most mportant land management projects under the scope of GMES (Global Montorng
for the Envronment and Securty). CORINE Program was executed from 1985 untl 1990 by European
Commsson, ts termnology and the methodology were developed. s project was ntated n 1998 n
Turkey. e objectve of the project s to detect the land use changes that are more than 5 ha by usng Re-
mote Sensng and Geographcal Informaton System between the years of 2000-2006 n Turkey, n addton
to establshng the most updated dgtsed Land cover database and sharng t va a portal. CORINE Land
Cover classfcaton s based on a three-levelled herarchcal system. ere are fve man classes under the frst
level land cover, 15 classes n second level under land cover and land use together, and 44 land use classes
under thrd level. Apart from that, countres can add more detal classes under the fourth level. (Mnstry of
Envronment and Urbanzaton, 2014).
**: Year
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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al. (1987) and Zemek and Herman (1998) dened landscape pattern as a terminology dening
the number, size and composition of landscape elements or patches which makes important
contributions in dening landscape structure and evaluating landscape processes. Briey,
landscape pattern is the composition of perceivable elements, which form itself.
Landscape pattern reects reect structural features related bio-physical conditions as well as
the temporal and spatial conditions of land use (land type, size, seasonal crops, cultural and
archaeological components, etc.) (Mücher et al., 2003).
Landscape pattern can be classied in a different way for different purposes. Similarly, the
detail or complexity of landscape pattern can change according to the scale that landscape is
perceived or evaluated.
In Turkey, landscape pattern inventory has not been prepared yet. While preparing and analyzing
landscape pattern inventory, it is benecial to use approaches developed within the context
of landscape ecology discipline with regards to natural landscape structure (patch-corridor-
matrix analyses, landscape metrics, etc.). There is no widely accepted method in literature for
the inventory of tangible, tangible, areal, point and linear data related to cultural landscape. In
general, landscape pattern inventory must reects;
1. Land use in terms of temporal and spatial way and structure as a reection of bio-physical
conditions,
2. Areal, point and linear landscape elements, and
3. Perceptual and aesthetical features.
The method related with the formation of landscape pattern data, to be used at regional and
sub-regional scaled LCAA works and describing land use and bio-physical conditions stated in
item 1, is presented in the Landscape Analysis chapter of this guideline. In the preparation of this
data, national CORINE land cover/land use classication with increased level of detail constitutes
a basis.
In order to obtain data stated in items of 2 and 3, besides ofcial documents, the process should
be executed based on the method described in the Landscape Survey chapter of this guideline.
The data related with items of 1, 2 and 3 together constitute landscape pattern data to be used
at regional and sub-regional scaled LCAA activities.
4.3 Hierarchical LIS structure
LIS, covering storage, inquiry and update processes, should be designed in hierarchical
structure. This hierarchy should be in parallel with LCAA steps. Hierarchical structure means
that lower components are connected to relatively upper components (Klijen and Haes, 1994).
LIS database design, presented with this guideline, was developed by taking national territorial
information systems and codes into attention (Supplementary Document 1).
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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5. LANDSCAPE SURVEY (STAGE 3)
Signicant perceivable features (i.e. roads, archaeological sites, historical artefacts, elements of
civilian architecture, land cover, interesting scenery etc) should be detected with eld survey.
Landscape survey should consist of four following works:
1. Data obtained through preparatory activities and rst outcomes of LCAA process (i.e.
landscape pattern, landscape character types, visual landscape value) should be examined
and veried.
2. Landscape elements and aesthetic-perceptional values being two signicant components
of landscape pattern should be registered on eld.
3. Social surveys should be carried out to identify abstract and concrete landscape elements
which are not registered yet, but known by the people.
4. Social surveys should be carried out to ensure the analysis of problems and targets to
be able to produce strategies for landscape protection as well as sectoral development
strategies.
5.1 Conducting Survey
It was aimed to detect local information (current recreation areas, traditional pattern, etc.) which
can be a source in landscape protection and sectoral landscape development strategies but
are not registered. A Landscape Information Form should be prepared including questions to
be able to record these sources. This form was applied to village headman, notable and old
people in the village. The route for landscape survey should be dened by taking the information
reached by the questionnaires into account.
5.2 Method for Landscape Survey
Database and the archive of visual data (pictures and videos) related to landscape survey should
be presented together with LCAA report.
Survey forms should be prepared before the landscape survey, and the data related to the
information obtained from literature studies in addition to ofcially registered natural and cultural
entities should be entered into these forms. The coordinates of these resources should be taken
and the current situation of these entities should be written in the forms.
Scope of the work that should be carried out before leaving for landscape survey are as follows:
1. Determination of registry method for landscape elements
2. Enlistment of the natural and cultural entities that are ofcially registered
3. Preparation of survey forms
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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5.2.1 Registration method and form of landscape element
The landscape resources are classied in eight groups for landscape survey
1. Water resources
2. Wetland resources
3. Topographical resources
4. Historical and cultural resources
5. Archaeological resources
6. Wildlife
7. Service areas
8. General landscape pattern
This classication adapted from Belknap and Furtado (1967)10 consists of sub-headings for each
resource group (Table 7). Data collection, coding, registry and classication of the landscape
elements should be carried out according to Table 7 during landscape survey.
10 Phlp Lews, who s one of the planner mentoned n the book “Tree Approaches for Landscape Plannng” developed ths method
n 1960s.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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TYPE OF RESOURCE T&R_RESOURCE_CODE
1. WATER RESOURCES K_CODE1
1.1 Natural Water Resources K_CODE1.1
1 Rver K_CODE1.1.1
2 Waterfall K_CODE1.1.2
3 Res (canoeng-raftng) K_CODE1.1.3
4 Seasonal rver K_CODE1.1.4
5 Beach K_CODE1.1.5
6 Natural water resources (sprng) K_CODE1.1.6
7 Pools (lake etc) K_CODE1.1.7
8 Mneral sprng water K_CODE1.1.8
9 ermal waters K_CODE1.1.9
10 Strats K_CODE1.1.10
1.2 Human-made aquatic structures K_CODE1.2
1 Dock marna) K_CODE1.2.1
2 Water storage K_CODE1.2.2
3 Campng ste K_CODE1.2.3
4 Boatyards K_CODE1.2.4
5 Watermlls K_CODE1.2.5
6 Boat usage K_CODE1.2.6
7 Dams K_CODE1.2.7
8 Other reservors K_CODE1.2.8
9 Water structures wth specal features K_CODE1.2.9
10 Fsh breedng facltes K_CODE1.2.10
2. WETLAND RESOURCES K_CODE2
2.1 Natural K_CODE2.1
1 Huntng areas K_CODE2.1.1
2 Observaton areas K_CODE2.1.2
3 Wetlands K_CODE2.1.3
2.2 Cultural K_CODE2.2
1 Huntng development stes K_CODE2.2.1
2 Wldlfe development areas K_CODE2.2.2
Table 7: Lst of Natural and Cultural Enttes for Landscape Survey
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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TYPE OF RESOURCE T&R_RESOURCE_CODE
3 Observaton towers K_CODE2.2.3
4 Wetland protecton projects K_CODE2.2.4
3.TOPOGRAPHICAL RESOURCES K_CODE3
3.1 Natural K_CODE3.1
1 Cave K_CODE3.1.1
2 Natural brdges K_CODE3.1.2
3 Cl K_CODE3.1.3
4 Fossle areas (beds) K_CODE3.1.4
5 Fary Chmneys K_CODE3.1.5
6 Glacal resdues K_CODE3.1.6
7 Canyon K_CODE3.1.7
8 Other geomorphologc forms K_CODE3.1.8
9 Plateau K_CODE3.1.9
10 Geoste K_CODE3.1.10
11 Hlls K_CODE3.1.11
12 Mountans K_CODE3.1.12
13 Plans K_CODE3.1.13
14 Valley K_CODE3.1.14
15 Rocky areas K_CODE3.1.15
3.2 Cultural K_CODE3.2
1 Clmbng K_CODE3.2.1
2 Golf K_CODE3.2.2
3 Skng areas K_CODE3.2.3
4 Teleferc, char lft, telesks, etc. K_CODE3.2.4
5 Nature treckng paths K_CODE3.2.5
6 Pcnckng areas K_CODE3.2.6
7 Campng stes (long-term, daly) K_CODE3.2.7
8 Oroad K_CODE3.2.8
9 Important Agrculture Landscape K_CODE3.2.9
10 Swmmng K_CODE3.2.10
4. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES K_CODE4
1 Brdges K_CODE4.0.1
2 Old mll K_CODE4.0.2
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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TYPE OF RESOURCE T&R_RESOURCE_CODE
3 Old mne K_CODE4.0.3
4 Mnng stes K_CODE4.0.4
5 Hstorcal buldngs, houses K_CODE4.0.5
6 Museums K_CODE4.0.6
7 Local shops K_CODE4.0.7
8 Abandoned resdental areas K_CODE4.0.8
9 Art museums K_CODE4.0.9
10 Local festvals K_CODE4.0.10
11 Hammam (Turksh bath) K_CODE4.0.11
12 Hstorcal marks K_CODE4.0.12
13 Hstorcal battle areas K_CODE4.0.13
14 Hstorcal graveyards K_CODE4.0.14
15 Shoppng mall K_CODE4.0.15
16 Hstorcal aqueducts K_CODE4.0.16
17 Interestng cvlan archtecture K_CODE4.0.17
18 Holy stes K_CODE4.0.18
19 Mausoleums K_CODE4.0.19
20 Dome shaped tombs K_CODE4.0.20
21 Caravansera-nns K_CODE4.0.21
22 Mosques K_CODE4.0.22
23 Church K_CODE4.0.23
24 Synagogue K_CODE4.0.24
25 Djemev K_CODE4.0.25
26 Namazgah (publc worshp area for muslms) K_CODE4.0.26
27 Monuments K_CODE4.0.27
28 Graveyard of martyrs K_CODE4.0.28
29 Hstorcal resdental areas K_CODE4.0.29
30 Mnarets K_CODE4.0.30
31 Masjds K_CODE4.0.31
32 Madrasahs K_CODE4.0.32
33 Sngle pece hstorcal artefact K_CODE4.0.33
34 Areas for vstng, assembly and sacrfce K_CODE4.0.34
35 Local plants’ ste K_CODE4.0.35
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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TYPE OF RESOURCE T&R_RESOURCE_CODE
36 Local cloths, weavng, carpets, rugs K_CODE4.0.36
37 Stud farm K_CODE4.0.37
38 Monastery K_CODE4.0.38
39 Protected areas K_CODE4.0.39
40 Monumental tree or group of trees K_CODE4.0.40
41 Hstorcal road markngs K_CODE4.0.41
42 Old manufacturng houses, factores K_CODE4.0.42
43 Hstorcal drnkng fountans K_CODE4.0.43
44 Kullye (Islamc socal complex) K_CODE4.0.44
45 Statues/Monuments K_CODE4.0.45
46 Old resdences K_CODE4.0.46
47 Mountan houses K_CODE4.0.47
5.ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES K_CODE5
1 Amphtheatres K_CODE5.0.1
2 Archaeologcal resdental areas K_CODE5.0.2
3 Castle and/or ts boundares K_CODE5.0.3
4 Hstorcal Aqueducts K_CODE5.0.4
5 Ssterns K_CODE5.0.5
6 Mound K_CODE5.0.6
7 Tumulus K_CODE5.0.7
8 Archaeologcal graveyards K_CODE5.0.8
9 Remnants of hammams K_CODE5.0.9
6. WILDLIFE K_CODE6
1 Areas of İmportant Fauna K_CODE6.0.1
7. SERVICE AREAS K_CODE7
1 Hosptal K_CODE7.0.1
2 Telefon K_CODE7.0.2
3 Drnkng Fountan K_CODE7.0.3
4 Pharmacy K_CODE7.0.4
5 Housng K_CODE7.0.5
6 Gas staton K_CODE7.0.6
7 Tolets K_CODE7.0.7
8 Restaurants K_CODE7.0.8
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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TYPE OF RESOURCE T&R_RESOURCE_CODE
9 Dry Cleanng K_CODE7.0.9
10 Socal Facltes K_CODE7.0.10
8. GENERAL LANDSCAPE PATTERN K_CODE8
1 Areas of Vsual, Perceptual Interests K_CODE8.0.1
Registry of landscape elements into the LIS database should be associated with the landscape
analyses and assessments. Thus, “Landscape Elements Attributes Catalogue” will be prepared.
For this aim, relational database for each landscape element with landscape character areas
and landscape strategies should be established. The way to establish “Landscape Information
System for Tourism and Recreation Resources (LIS T&R)”is to associate the landscape
elements registered in the LIS database with the appropriate tourism and recreation types.
Table 8 demonstrates the LIS T&R database structure. Tourism and recreation sectors are
signicantly closely linked to the landscape elements. So, when carrying out a tourism and
recreational assessment of landscape elements, decisions should be produced that are in line
with the landscape strategies developed for that particular Landscape Character Area. Table 9 is
the Landscape Survey Element Registry Form. Description of the current situation given in the
Table should fall in one of the four following classes:
• In good condition
• Damaged
• Greatly damaged
• Annihilated
It should be dened who or which institution performs the registry of the element and how
in the metadata. Control Situation column is the part for expressing that landscape elements,
which were dened by interviews or written sources during the preparation phase, are controlled
during eld survey.
Table 8: LIS T&R Structure
LANDSCAPE
CHARACTER AREA
LANDSCAPE
STRATEGIES
LANDSCAPE
ELEMENT CODE
TOURISM AND RECREATION TYPE
TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 ...
LCA-Code1
L-Code 1
L-Code 2
L-Code 3
…
LCA -Code1 L-Code 1
…
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Table 9: A Part from Landscape Survey Element Regstry form for Malatya Provnce “ under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project
* 1. CONTROLLED BY PEYZAJ-44
2. NOT CONTROLLED BY PEYZAJ-44
3. REGISTERED BY TURKISH REPUBLIC OF MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM AND CONTROLLED BY PEYZAJ-44
4. REGISTERED BY TURKISH REPUBLIC OF MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM AND NOT CONTROLLED BY PEYZ AJ-44
DISTRICT
_NO
DISTRICT_
NAME L CA
NAME
RESOURCE_
TYPE
RESOURCE_
CODE
LOCAL
NAME COORD_X COORD_Y STATUS PH OTO
NO
META
DATA
CONTROL
SITUATION
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
44002 ARAPGİR
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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5.2.2 Visual landscape assessment eld survey form
Form given in Table 10 should be used for identifying visual quality value. Following visual
landscape value (VLV) classes can be obtained by interpreting the visual quality forms (Uzun et
al., 2010; BLM, 2011; Uzun and Müderrisoğlu, 2011 and changed from BLM, 2014).
• Very low or low VLV: These are areas with low visual quality in the landscape. If these
areas have low protection value in terms of landscape function and structure; and if the
bearing capacity of the landscape is high, those areas, then, have considerable potential
for use.
• Moderate VLV: Current landscape character should be partially protected in moderate
visual landscape quality. Sudden changes and usage over landscape character capacity
should be avoided. Impact of the plans and managerial decisions can be observed in the
area; but they should not dominate the general landscape character.
• High VLV : Current landscape character should be protected in high visual landscape
quality. Changes to be made in the landscape character should not attract attention.
Impact of the concrete results of the plans could be observed in the area but they should
blend in the landscape character.
• Very High VLV: It is important to protect the current landscape character in areas of very
high visual landscape quality. Impact of the plan decisions made about these areas should
be unperceivable.
This evaluation that will be conducted during the survey is an expression of visual source’s
value of existence. In other words, these are the visual values assigned to characteristics of
the assessment area. It is the repetition of visual landscape analysis produced by overlapping
the visual source maps mentioned in the Chapter 6.2 Landscape Function Analysis, based on
eld observation. This repetition ensures the statistical check of the verication of visual quality
analysis elaborated by mapping.
5.2.3 Field survey form for aesthetics-perceptual assessment
Social perception of landscape is an important determinant of dening the landscape character.
Aesthetical-perceptual values are used under the scope of LCAA method described by this
guideline in mapping both the landscape pattern and the landscape character areas. Table 11
demonstrates the sample Fiel Survey Form for Aesthetical-Perceptual Assessment.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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5.3 Survey route determination and landscape survey in the eld
Data obtained in the preparation phase of LCAA, especially the Landscape Information Forms,
list of registered natural and cultural entities and visual value map could be of determining
factors in identication of survey route. Landscape survey method of PEYZAJ-44 Project is
given in Figure 11. Technological possibilities can be of help in lling the land survey out rather
than paper forms. Tablet computers can be used for that purpose. An interface is developed for
the same purpose under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project.
GPS Coordnates X Coordnate Y Coordnate Date:10.09.2011
436839 4316265 Photo No:12
Locaton Arguvan Dstrct, on the way to Yoncalık Dam
Sheet No: K-40-61 Feld on the Sheet No:
Key Factors Assessment Crtera Score LC
Land form
Hgh relefs, steep rft, ponty
peak, sand dune, valley,
canyon, rocky place, lava
5
Moderate relefs, nterestng
eroson patterns, steep peak,
sngle peak, narrow peak,
derent scale
3
Few relefs, lttle knobs, plans,
ordnary landscape 1
Vegetaton
Interestng texture, nterestn
form, vegetaton that changes
over the year or seasonally
5
Vegetaton that changes very
lttle 3
Very lttle or zero varety 1
Water
Domnant and clear stll or
owng water, whte water
cascade
5
Flowng or stll non-domnant
water 3
Insgnfcant, hard to notce
water 1
Key
Factors Assessment Crtera Score LC
Colour
Lkable contrast wth other
components, vbrant and rch
colour
5
Contrast wth components,
moderate but non-domnant
colour
3
Soft nconspcuous colour
combnatons 1
Rarty
Recognzable, rare n the regon,
tmely short term mages 5
Areas that are smlar to others
n the regon but have some
derences
3
Interestng areas however have
many common ponts wth other
areas n the regon
1
Cultural
Changes
at ncrease vsual harmony but
also support vsual dversty 2
No vsual clashes, lttle aect on
the vsual dversty 0
Hgh level of unconformty, very
rregular changes -4
Table 10: Vsual Landscape Assessment Land Form for Malatya Provnce under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project (Uzun et al., 2010;
BLM, 2011; Uzun and Müderrsoğlu, 2011 and changed from BLM, 2014) LC: Contrbuton to Landscape Character
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Table 11: Feld survey form for aesthetcal and perceptual assessment
GPS Coordnate X Coordnate Y Coordnate Date: 10.09.2011
434867 4320118 Photo No: 23
Locaton: Arguvan İlçes Sugeçt Köyü
Aesthetcs Value Percepton Value
State of Nature
Natural
Stmulant
Captvatng
Sem-natural X Interestng
Artfcal Ordnary
X
Surroundng
Open
Satsfacton
Fne
Sem-closed X Content X
Closed Dscontent
Dversty
Dverse
X Safety
Safe
XSngle type Edgy
Colour
Colourful Frghtenng
Sngle colour X
Domnance
Land form X
Dull Flora
Lnes
Vbrant Water element
Curved (sem
vbrant)
X
Agrculture
Horzontal
(nert)
Resdental-
Rural
Tranqullty
Dynamc Resdental-
Urban
Calm X
Perceved landscape type (survey pont): Oak forest uphll landscape
Perceved other landscape types (perphery): Valley landscape and rural settlement
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 11: Landscape survey method of PEYZAJ-44 Project
Ankara oce work Communication line
with Ankara oce
Logistics
- Contact with
Gerdarme via
Governorship for
security puposes
- Preparation of rst
aid kit
- Checkin the eld
equipments which
are GPS, compass
and camera, and
necessary for each
survey team
- Vehicle renting (4
off-road vehicle
with driver)
- Hotel reservation
(rooms and
working oce
preparations)
- Organizing
interviews with
local ofcials and
related peoples
during survey
- Press relations
Highways map
Visual value
maps
Topographic
maps with roads,
settlements, etc.
layers at
1/25.000
scaleerleşim, vd.
katmanları
Map and list
of registered
immovable
cultural property
Downloading
interface of Survey
Field Form into the
computers
Determination of signicant survey
stations and drawing possible road
connections over topographic map
Regular security and
health check of survey
team in certain time
intervalsekiplerinin belirli
aralıklarla sağlık ve güvenlik
amaçlı kontrolü
Dividing the number of survey
stations for four eld team
Arrival to Malatya
- Check in and preperation of project ofce at Hotel
- Communicating with drivers of rented cars about daily plan
planoförleriyle günlük planın kesinleştirilmesi
Daily Survey Plan and Preparations for Survey
- A night before revision of the survey route dened at Ankara and
preperation of detailed route plan, and preperation of daily maps
required for survey (visual value maps and the maps at 1/25.000 scale
on which the survey stations and the routes were indicated
Survey
- Access to the resources via maps/GPS and/or via local eld guides, and
coordinate reading
- Fullling the survey eld forms at each station
- Photographical survey
Reporting of Daily Survey
- Preperation of panoromic phographes, and photograph coding and
recording
- Revision and correction of survey sheets
- Transfering the survey data to Ankara ofce via computer interface
District
questionnaire
Village
questionnaire
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6. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
ANALYSIS (STAGE 4)
Landscape Character Analysis (LCAn) includes three different studies; landscape structure
(character type and area) analysis, landscape function analysis and landscape change analysis.
6.1 Landscape Structure Analysis
6.1.1 LU, LCT and LCA overlaying map layers at regional and sub-regional level
In the determination of landscape types by overlaying landscape components in a certain
hierarchy, homogenous patterns with same features are classied under a certain name. IV.
Working Group of the meeting entitled “Turkey in the Application of European Landscape
Convention”11 determines necessary fundamental data layers for national level landscape
classication12. These are as follows:
1. Climate
2. Geology
3. Geomorphology
4. Landscape pattern
At regional and sub-regional (provincial) scale LCAA study, above-mentioned fundamental
components for overlaying should be taken as a basis. In Box 4, important points on this
superposition are emphasized.
6.1.2 Landscape Unit (LU)
Typologies related with the inventories of climate, geology, geomorphology and landscape
pattern prepared at 1/25.000 scale of data detail are overlayed (by re-grouping when required)
in order to determine Level 1 and 2 Landscape Units. Maps of climate and geomorphology
among overlaying inventories are not produced in certain standards in Turkey. In this guideline,
a classication method is suggested for producing such inventories, which are not available yet.
11 It s realsed n 2007 by the General Drectorate of Natural Protecton and Natonal Parks under the repealed Mnstry of Env-
ronment and Forestry n cooperaton wth TMMOB Chamber of Landscape Archtects
12 Landscape classfcaton s also called as determnaton of landscape type and areas or landscape atlas n lterature and n practce.
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6.1.2.1 Landscape Units Level 1
Some of the inventories related with climate, geomorphology, geology and landscape pattern
are re-grouped in order to determine Landscape Units. Grouping classes for Level 1 are given
in Table 12.
Box 4: Important ponts on map overlays for LU, LCT and LCA detecton wthn the context of
regonal and sub-regonal scale LCAA
1. It s mportant that natonal nventory to be used n overlayng data layers should be prepared
n same standards for each provnce or regon. It s mportant to establsh a natonal database for
LCAA both n provncal scale and n other scales. e preparaton technque and re-groupng
typologes of nventory should be the same to be able to compare landscape characters of
derent provnces or combne provncal data for certan ams (.e. to use them for spatal
plans at basn and regonal level)
2. When the fundamental nventory s re-grouped for LCAA, t s called as “Landscape Inventory”.
3. In natonal database, among four overlayng components, there are only standards for geologcal
structure. Wth ths gudelne, typologes n Malatya provnce as plot area of PEYZAJ-44
for clmate, geomorphology and landscape pattern are determned by takng recent scentfc
knowledge and nternatonal practces nto attenton.
4. LU and LCT data superposton should be carred out n two levels n order to determne the
level of detal. Level 2 s more detaled and s necessary for sub-scale plannng actvtes.
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Table 12: Data classes regardng LU Level 1 clmate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern
Data Typology (LU Level 1 Classes) Code
Clmate
Hyper Humd Megathermal Clmate AA
Hyper Humd Mesothermal Clmate AB
Hyper Humd Mcrothermal Clmate AC
Hyper Humd Tundra Clmate AD
Hyper Humd Frost Clmate AE
Humd Megathermal Clmate BA
Humd Mesothermal Clmate BB
Humd Mcrothermal Clmate BC
Humd Tundra Clmate BD
Humd Frost Clmate BE
Sub Humd Megathermal Clmate C2A
Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmate C2B
Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmate C2C
Sub Humd Tundra Clmate C2D
Sub Humd Frost Clmate C2E
Ard-Sub Humd Megathermal Clmate C1A
Ard-Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmate C1B
Ard -Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmate C1C
Sub Ard Megathermal Clmate DA
Sub Ard Mesothermal Clmate DB
Sub Ard Mcrothermal Clmate DC
Ard Megathermal Clmate EA
Ard Mesothermal Clmate EB
Ard Mcrothermal Clmate EC
Geology
Magmatc Rocks MAG
Chemcal Sedmentares KST
Metamorphc Rocks MET
Polo-Quaternary Sedmentares PKT
Sedmentares SET
Volcanc Rocks VOL
Geomorphography
Slopy land E
Plateau P
Plans and Bottom Land OT
Landscape pattern
Natural Landscape D
Wetland Areas S
Water Surfaces SY
Agrcultural Landscape T
Settlement Landscape Y
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Table 13: LU Level 1 and 2 geomorphologcal unt classes that are defned based on Erol (1973)’s geomorphologcal map model
As there is no national climate data on 1/25.000 scale yet, this guideline is based on the
classication suggested by Çiçek (2011). The level of detail of this classication is limited with
the data quality and number of national climate stations. Therefore, main typologies of the
produced climate map are not re-classied for Level 1. On the other hand, it will be necessary to
update the climate units when national climate data network is strengthened or national climate
data is produced on 1/25.000 scale.
Geological units in the national database on 1/25.000 scale should be re-classied according to
Table 12.
When national geomorphography map on 1/25.000 scale is produced according to Erol (1973),
LU and LCT classications should use that map. Geomorphologic structure Level 1 and 2 classes
and codes are given in Table 13.
Man Geomorphologc
Unts Level 1 Code Man Geomorphologc Unts
Level 2 Code
Slopes E Mountan Area wth Hgh Hlls TY
Hlly Terran T
Slopes and Rdges Y
Valleys V
Plateaus P Plans on Peaks DO
Hghest Plateaus DI
Hgh Plateaus DII
Medum Hgh Plateaus DIII
Low Plateaus DIV
Plans and Bottom Land OT Hgh Terrace Sets SY
Low Terrace Sets SA
Talus Cone K
Plan Floor OT
Valley Floor VT
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It is an undispensible requisite to produce these maps that are time-consuming to prepare,
for every scale of LCAA activities in Turkey. PEYZAJ-44 Project carried out a study for Malatya
pilot province to produce this data that does not exist in the national database13. With that
aim; typologies in Table 14 are taken into account, topographical map is used and controls are
performed with land survey and as a result, the geomorphography map is prepared using a
GIS engine. Thus, geomorphography data coul be produced in a fairly short time. However due
to the existence of limited information, it is used directly without making a re-classication of
main data by typology grouping to establish Landscape Units and Landscape Character Types.
This study is explained in detail in Landscape Inventory Chapter of Supplementary Document 2:
PEYZAJ-44 LCAA REPORT.
Table 14: Main geomorphological units in PEYZAJ-44 Project for pilot area of Malatya province
Code Explanaton
D Mountan
DA Mountan Area
P Plateau
K Canyon
VT Valley Floor
TV Valley wthout oor
O Plan
CORINE landcover/land use classication provides a convenient database for establishing the
landscape pattern inventory. Landscape pattern map can be created by combining re-classied
CORINE data with point, linear, areal and perceptual landscape elements.
CORINE data should be re-classied according to Table 15 in order to establish landscape pattern
Level 1 and 2 maps. Landscape pattern data should be prepared on two levels for regional
and sub-regional LU activities. For example D (Level 1) represents natural areas; D1 (Level 2)
represents land cover closure that is more than 75%.
On the other hand, a third level codes should be included in order to dene a characteristic
feature of a landscape. CORINE classication list should be the primary document to review
in dening third level codes. A characteristic land pattern which is not included in this list (for
example apricot elds in Malatya province) should be dened with an additional third code.
The overlaying maps of Landscape Units Level 1 for Malatya province being as PEYZAJ-44
Project pilot area are given in Figure 12. The map of Landscape Units Level 1 is given in Figure
13.
13 Prof. Dr. Hakan Yğtbaşıoğlu (Ankara Unversty Faculty of Language, Hstory and Geography) developed the new geomorp-
hography classfcaton.
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LANDSCAPE PATTERN LEVEL 1
Y-SETTLEMENT LANDSCAPE
LANDSCAPE PATTERN LEVEL 1
T-AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
LANDSCAPE
PATTERN
LEVEL 2
TYPOLOGIES BASED ON
CORINE LAND COVER
LANDSCAPE
PATTERN
LEVEL 2
TYPOLOGIES BASED ON
CORINE LAND COVER
Y1
1 Artfcal surfaces 2 Agrcultural areas
1.1 Urban fabrc 2.1 Arable land
111 Contnuous urban fabrc
T1
211 Non-rrgated arable land
112 Dscontnuous urban fabrc 2111 Areas of Dry Farmng
1121 Dscontnuous bult-up urban settlements 2112 Greenhouses wthn the Areas of Dry
Farmng
1122 Dscontnuous bult-up rural settlements
T2
212 Permanently rrgated land
1.2 Industral, commercal and transport unts 2121 Irrgated Farmng
121 Industral or commercal unts 2122 Greenhouses wthn the Areas of Irrgated
Farmng
122 Road and ral networks and assocated land 213 Rce felds
123 Port areas
T3
22 Permanent crops
124 Arports 221 Vneyards
Y2
1.3 Mne, dump and constructon stes 222 Frut trees and berry plantatons
131 Mneral extracton stes 2221 Non-rrgated Orchard
132 Dump stes 2222 Irrgated orchard
133 Constructon stes 223 Olve groves
Y3
1.4 Artfcal non-agrcultural vegetated areas
T4
2.3 Pastures
141 Green urban areas 231 Pastures
142 Sport and lesure facltes
T5
2.4 Heterogeneous agrcultural areas
241 Annual crops assocated wth permanent
crops
242 Complex cultvaton
2421 Non-rrgated Complex cultvaton
2422 Irrgated Complex cultvaton
T6 243 Land prncpally occuped by agrculture,
wth sgnfcant areas of natural vegetaton
Table 15: Landscape classfcaton and codng standard based on CORINE land cover/land use classfcaton
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LANDSCAPE PATTERN LEVEL 1
D-NATURAL AND SEMI NATURAL LANDSCAPE
LANDSCAPE PATTERN LEVEL 1
S-WETLANDS
LANDSCAPE PATTERN LEVEL 1
SY-WATER BODIES
LANDSCAPE
PATTERN
LEVEL 2
TYPOLOGIES BASED ON
CORINE LAND COVER
LANDSCAPE
PATTERN
LEVEL 2
TYPOLOGIES BASED ON
CORINE LAND COVER
LANDSCAPE
PATTERN
LEVEL 2
TYPOLOGIES BASED ON
CORINE LAND COVER
3 Forests and sem-natural areas
S1
4 Wetlands
SY1
5 Water bodes
3.1 Forests 4.1 Inland wetlands 5.1 Inland waters
D1 311 Broad-leaved forest (cov.>%70) 411 Inland marshes 511 Water courses
D2 311 Broad-leaved forest (cov.<%70) 412 Peatbogs 512 Water bodes
D1 312 Conferous forest (cov.>%70) 4.2 Coastal wetlands
SY2
5.2 Marne waters
D2 312 Conferous forest (cov.<%70) 421 Salt marshes 521 Coastal lagoons
D1 313 Mxed forest (cov.>%70) 422 Salnes 522 Estuares
D2 313 Mxed forest (cov.<%70) 423 Intertdal ats 523 Sea and ocean
3.2 Shrub and/or herbaceous
vegetaton assocaton
D5 321 Natural grassland (cov.>%70)
D6 321 Natural grassland (cov.<%70)
D3 322 Moors and heathland (cov.>%70)
D4 322 Moors and heathland (cov.<%70)
D3 323 Sclerophyllous vegetaton
(cov.>%70)
D4 323 Sclerophyllous vegetaton
(cov.<%70)
D2, D4, D6 324 Transtonal woodland shrub
D7
3.3 Open spaces wth lttle or no
vegetaton
331 Beaches, dunes, and sand plans
D8
332 Bare rocky felds
3321 Bare rock
3322 Bare Rock wth hgh level of salt
content
D2, D4, D6 333 Sparsely vegetated areas
D8 334 Burnt areas
D9 335 Glacers and perpetual snow
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Fgure 12: Overlayng maps of Landscape Unts Level 1 for Malatya Provnce
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Fgure 13: Malatya Provnce Landscape Unts Level 1 Map
6.1.2.2 Landscape Units Level 2
Some of the inventories related with climate, geomorphology, geology and landscape pattern
are re-grouped in order to determine Landscape Units. Grouping classes for Level 2 are given
in Table 16.
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Table 16: Data classes regardng LU Level 2 clmate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern
Data Typology (LU Level 2 Classes) Code
Clmate
Hyper Humd Megathermal Clmates AA
Hyper Humd Mesothermal Clmates AB
Hyper Humd Mcrothermal Clmates AC
Hyper Humd Tundra Clmates AD
Hyper Humd Frost Clmate AE
Humd Megathermal Clmates BA
Humd Mesothermal Clmates BB
Humd Mcrothermal Clmates BC
Humd Tundra Clmates BD
Humd Frost Clmates BE
Sub Humd Megathermal Clmates C2A
Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmates C2B
Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmates C2C
Sub Humd Tundra Clmates C2D
Sub Humd Frost Clmates C2E
Ard-Sub Humd Megathermal Clmates C1A
Ard-Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmates C1B
Ard -Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmates C1C
Sub Ard Megathermal Clmates DA
Sub Ard Mesothermal Clmates DB
Sub Ard Mcrothermal Clmates DC
Ard Megathermal Clmates EA
Ard Mesothermal Clmates EB
Ard Mcrothermal Clmates EC
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Data Typology (LU Level 2 Classes) Code
Geology
Rver Alluvon
Marne Alluvon DA
Glacouval Resdues
Lme Rock KIR
Soft Clay Materal YKM
Hard Clay Materal SKM
Claystone KT
Sand K
Sandstone KUT
Soft Sol
Terrestral Chps KAK
Crystalne Rock and Mgmattes KRI
Volcanc Rocks VOL
Other Rocks DK
Organc Materal
Geomorphography
Mountan Area Wth Hgh Hlls TY
Hlly Terran T
Slopes and Rdges Y
Valleys V
Plans on Peaks DO
Hghest Plateaus DI
Hgh Plateaus DII
Medum Hgh Plateaus DIII
Low Plateaus DIV
Hgh Terrace Sets SY
Low Terrace Sets SA
Talus Cones K
Plan Floor OT
Valley Floor VT
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Data Typology (LU Level 2 Classes) Code
Landscape Pattern
Dense Tree Cover (>%70) D1
Sparse Tree Cover (<%70) D2
Dense Shrub Cover (>%70) D3
Sparse Shrub (<%70) D4
Dence Herbaceous Cover (>%70) D5
Sparse Herbaceous Cover (<%70) D6
Open spaces wth lttle or no vegetaton D7
Bare lands D8
Wetlands S1
Inland waters SY1
Marne waters SY2
Non-rrgated arable land T1
Irrgated Farmng Land T2
Permanent crops T3
Pastures T4
Heterogeneous agrcultural areas T5
Land prncpally occuped by agrculture, wth
sgnfcant areas of natural vegetaton T6
Urban-Rural Resdental Landscape, Industral and
Commercal Landscape Y1
Mnng Landscape Y2
Open-Green Areas Y3
When method and data for climate is created in the nationa wide, which will enable second level
detail, typological classes can be separated into sub-units.
Geological evolution plays an important role in the appearance of current landscape. However,
geological structure for the whole country and it is not expressed in a standard way (mapping)
completely. For this reason, geological units are classied according to their conditions of
evolution and types, which will pose a standard for national level, and these classes are used for
landscape character analysis in pilot area of PEYZAJ-44 Project, Malatya province.
The geological classication, which developed by Mücher et al. (2003) in the base of European
Soil Database (ESDB) builds up groundwork for LU Level 2 and is presented in Table 17. This
classication system gives information about the resistance of these units, their formation
environment, permeability and chemical origins, besides the formation types of current surface
formations. ESDB consists of 127 rst level and 9 second level main material classication and it
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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is carefully reviewed by Mücher et al. (2003); and 15 thematic classes are dened for geological
structure. These classes are used in dening Level 2 typologies of national provincial scale
landscape units’ geological structures. Those classes can be further divided into sub-classes if
necessary taking into account very rich geological structure in Turkey.
Geomorphologic Structure and Landscape Pattern for Level 2 should be created according to
Table 13 and Table 15.
The overlaying maps of Landscape Units Level 2 for Malatya province being as PEYZAJ-44
Project pilot area are given in Figure 14. The map of Landscape Units Level 2 is given in Figure
15.
Table 17: Geological structure classication based on European Soil Database (ESDB) developed by Mücher et al. (2003)
LU Level 2 Man Materal Classes Code Typology
Rver Alluvum Alluval Sedments
Marne Alluvum DA
Glacouval Deposts Glaco-uval-Deposts
Calcerous Rocks KIR Calcerous Rocks
Soft Clayey Materals YKM Clayey Sedments
Hard Clayey Materals SKM Clayey Rocks
Slstone KT
Sands K Sandy Sedments
Sandstone KUT Sandy Rocks
Soft Loam YT Loamy Sedments
Detrtal Formatons KAK Detrtal Rocks
Chrystalne Rocks and Mgmattes KRI Chrystalne Rocks
Volcanc Rocks VOL Volcanc Rocks
Other Rocks DK Other Rocks
Organc Materals OM Organc Materals
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Fgure 14: Overlayng maps of Landscape Unts Level 2 for Malatya Provnce
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Fgure 15: Malatya Provnce Landscape Unts Level 2 Map
6.1.3 Landscape Character Type (LCT)
With Landscape Character Type (LCT) are determined by re-grouping the typologies of LU data
layers in such a way that they can show the differentiations in landscapes. LU can cover very small
areas or many units based on the heterogeneity of superposition parameters and data details. The
formation of many units can make difcult to dene landscapes with different characters in terms
of human perception. There is a need of data groupings and data simplication to characterize
landscapes. Thereby, the structure of landscape can be dened with easily perceivable types.
On the other hand, sub-units of the re-classied/generalised main data with distinguished or
remarkable characteristic details can be included in order to dene landscapes. For example, if
the karstic formation has a characteristic value in dening a particular landscape; it can be added
to geological classes as a sub-unit.
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6.1.3.1 Landscape Character Types Level 1
Some of the inventories related with climate, geomorphology, geology and landscape pattern are
re-grouped in order to determine Landscape Character Types. In this stage, LU data groupings
can be used instead of main data. Typological classes of inventories to be superposed for LCT
Level 1 are given in Table 18. The overlaying maps of Landscape Character Types Level 1 for
Malatya province being as PEYZAJ-44 Project pilot area are given in Figure 16. The map of
Landscape Character Types Level 1 is given in Figure 17.
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Table 18: Data classes regarding LCT Level 1 climate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern
Data Typology (LCT Level 1Classes) Code
Clmate
Humd, Hyper Humd Megathermal Clmate NMg
Humd, Hyper Humd Mesothermal Clmate NMz
Humd, Hyper Humd Mcrothermal Clmate NMk
Humd, Hyper Humd Frost Clmate ND
Humd, Hyper Humd Tundra Clmate NT
Sub Humd Tundra Clmate YRNT
Sub Humd Frost Clmate YND
Sub Humd, Ard-Sub Humd Megathermal Clmate KYNMg
Sub Humd, Ard-Sub Humd Mesothermal Clmate KYNMz
Sub Humd, Ard-Sub Humd Mcrothermal Clmate KYNMk
Sub Ard Megathermal Clmate YKMg
Sub Ard Mesothermal Clmate YKMz
Sub Ard Mcrothermal Clmate YKMz
Ard Megathermal Clmate KMg
Ard Mesothermal Clmate KMz
Ard Mcrothermal Clmate KMk
Geology
Magmatc Rocks MAG
Chemcal Sedmentares KST
Metamorphc Rocks MET
Plo-Quaternary Sedmentares PKT
Sedmentares SET
Geomorphography
Mountanous Area DA
Valleys V
Canyon K
Summt plans ZD
Plateau P
Terrace S
Bottom Area TA
Landscape Pattern
Natural Landscape D
Wetland Areas S
Water Surfaces SY
Agrcultural Landscape T
Settlement Landscape Y
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Fgure 16: Malatya Provnce Landscape Character Types Level 1 overlayng maps
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Fgure 17: Malatya Provnce Landscape Character Types Level 1 Map
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6.1.3.2 Landscape Character Types Level 2
Some of the inventories related with climate, geomorphology, geology and landscape pattern are
re-grouped in order to determine Landscape Character Types. In this stage, LU data groupings
can be used instead of main data. Typological classes of inventories to be superposed for LCT
Level 2 are given in Table 20. Distinguished or remarkable characteristics of the landscape should
be taken into account when Landscape pattern Level 2 classes are re-grouped to establish LCT
second level. Third level codes should be added to Landscape pattern Level 2 classes that have
memorable and image shaping characteristic features (i.e. T52). In this context, the LCT Level
2 classication may vary among different provinces. For instance, apricot elds that create a
certain image for Malatya province should be added to Landscape pattern with a third level code
(i.e.T31). Other superposition parameters for LCT Level 2 could be put into further lower classes
similarly to highlight characteristic elements.
The overlaying maps of Landscape Character Types Level 2 for Malatya province being as
PEYZAJ-44 Project pilot area are given in Figure 18. The map of Landscape Character Types
Level 2 is given in Figure 18.
When the 1/25.000 scale national geomorphography map is produced according to Erol
(1973), this map should be used in LCT classications. In that case, classes and codes of
geomorpholocial units at Level 1 and 2 in LCT are given in Table 19.
Table 19: LCT Level 1 and 2 geomorpholocial unit classes based on geomorphology map model developed by Erol (1973)
LCT Level 1 Geomorphologc
Unt Classes Code LCT Level 2 Geomorphologc
Unt Classes Code
Mountanous zone DA
Hgh Hlly Mountaneous Terran DA
Hlly Terran TA
Slope and Rdge YS
Valleys V Valley V
Canyon K Canyons K
Plans on Peaks ZD Plans on Peaks ZD
Plateau P Hgh Plateau YP
Md and Low Plateau OAP
Terrace S Terrace S
Bottom Lland TA Plan O
Valley Floor VT
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Table 20: Data classes regarding LCT Level 2 climate, geology, geomorphography and landscape pattern
Ver Tpoloj Kod
Clmate
Dry-Sem Humd Mesothermal clmate KYNMz
Dry-Sem Humd Mcrothermal clmate KYNMk
Humd Mesothermal clmate NMz
Humd Mcrothermal clmate NMk
Sem Dry Mesothermal clmate YKMz
Geology
Magmatc Rocks MAG
Chemcal Sedmentares KST
Metamorphc Rocks MET
Plo-Quaternary Sedmentares PKT
Sedmentares SET
Volcanc Rocks VOL
Geomorphography
Hgh Hlly Mountaneous Terran DA
Hlly Terran TA
Slope and Rdge YS
Valley V
Canyons K
Plans on Peaks ZD
Hgh Plateau YP
Md and Low Plateau OAP
Terrace S
Plan O
Valley Floor VT
Landscape Pattern
D1-D3-D5: Dense Vegetaton Cover YBÖ
D2-D4-D6: Sparse Vegetaton Cover SBÖ
D7-D8: Open spaces wth lttle or no vegetaton BÖOlA
SY1-SY2-S1: Water Bodes SY
T1-T51-T4: Non-rrgated Agrcultural Areas KET
T2-T3-T52: Irrgated Agrcultural Areas, Orchards
and Grapeyards SKTMB
T6: Agrcultural Areas wth Natural Vegetaton DBÖBTA
Y1-Y2-Y3: Settlements Y
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Fgure 18: Malatya Provnce Landscape Character Types Level 2 overlayng maps
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Fgure 19: Malatya Provnce Landscape Character Types Level 2 Map
6.1.4 Landscape Character Areas
Landscape Character Areas (LCA) consists of distinctive features which is common in a landscape
and have no repetition which is different from character types. In other words, LCA is a term used
to identify landscapes that are different from each other in a landscape. In order to determine
LCA, main landscape inventory (climate, geomorphology, geological structure and landscape
pattern), landscape character types and landscape survey studies should be interpreted. With
the data below in particular, different landscapes can be dened: gGeomorphology, landscape
pattern, image analyses based on social surveys, distinguished elements recorded during
landscape survey and aesthetical and perceptual data recorded during landscape survey.
For the denition of Landscape Character Areas, landscape survey is critically important.
Before survey study, LU and LCT analyses carried out in ofce based on main data should be
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mapped. Furthermore, a preliminary work should be performed related with the determination
of character areas. This character areas should be visited to clarify the differences with land
notes during landscape survey. The stages followed are given below for the determination of
landscape character areas in Malatya province under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project Pilot area.
1. The re-classication of Landscape Pattern for determining character areas: Authentic
features dened via district questionnaire and observations during landscape survey are
taken into account in this classication (LCT Level 2 Landscape Pattern Classes).
2. The superposition of Landscape Pattern with re-grouped geomorphograc structure.
3. Upon this superposed map, the determination of character areas and borders by taking
LCT Level 1 Map, LCT Level 2 Map, Malatya province image features and landscape
survey into attention.
Malatya province Landscape Character Areas are given in Table 21. Malatya province LCA map
is shown in Figure 20.
Table 21: Malatya Province Landscape Character Areas
No Name of LCA No LCA
1 Kale Aprcot Gardens Landscape 21 Nurhak Mountans Landscape
2 Çakçak Mountan Forest Landscape 22 Zorbahan Mountan Landscape
3 Doğanyol Aprcot Landscape 23 Sürgü Stream Landscape
4Darende-Ayvalı Tohma Tea Landscape 24 Selv Mountan Landscape
5 Leylek Mountan Landscape 25 Kuru Stream Landscape
6 Çayır Lake Oak Forest Landscape 26 Kıyıcak Steppe Landscape
7 Kra and Ulubaba Mountan Landscape 27 Sürgü Dam Reservor Landscape
8 Gevheruşağı Oak Forest Landscape 28 Malatya Plan Landscape
9 Arguvan Dry Farmng Landscape 29 Battalgaz Aprcot Gardens Landscape
10 Keban Dam Reservor Landscape 30 Hayık Stream Forest Landscape
11 Göldağı Landscape 31 Sultansuyu Landscape
12 Söğütlü Rver Landscape 32 Kelle and Gayrık Hlls Mountan Landscape
13 Kozluk Stream Canyon Landscape 33 Boruk Mountan Landscape
14 Tlk Mountan Landscape 34 Yeşlyurt Oak Forest Landscape
15 Grpran Mountan and Rocky Landscape 35 Malatya Bey Mountan Landscape
16 Şro Stream Forest Landscape 36 Şro Stream Landscape
17 Yamadağı Landsape 37 Tohma Rver Landscape
18 Levent Valley Landscape 38 Doğanyol Oak Forest Landscape
19 Yazıhan Plateau Landscape 39 Yıkılgan Rock Canyon Landscape
20 Kurşunlu Dry Farmng Landscape
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6.1.5 Encoding of Landscape Units and Landscape Character Types, and Naming
of Landscape Character Areas
While encoding landscape units and landscape types, same method should be taken as a basis.
In Figure 21, an encoding method can be seen. Short codes (e.g. AB-KS-DA-D) instead of long
names enable an easy formation of map key. There should be clear denition of this encoding
(i.e. very humid mesothermal mountainous landscape covered with natural areas on chemical
sedimentary rocks) in GIS database. In short encoding, the abbreviations are written by the order
of climate, geology, geomorphology and landscape pattern. In Turkish naming, the typologies
related to geological structure, landscape pattern, climate and geomorphology should be used
respectively.
In Landscape Character Area, encoding should not be applied. For naming them, characteristic
landscape inventory should be used together with the name of the location. All the information
related to this area should be explained in detail in a Landscape Character Areas Catalogue and
it should be supported with sketches and pictures.
Fgure 20: Malatya Provnce Landscape Character Areas Map
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CLIMATE (LEVEL 1)
AB: Very humd mesothermal clmate
AC2: Very humd mcrothermal clmate
BB: Humd mesothermal clmate
BC2: Humd mcrothermal clmate
C2B: Sem-humd mesothermal clmate
C2C2: Sem-humd mcrothermal clmate
C1B: Dry sem-humd mesothermal clmate
C1C2: Dry sem-humd mcrothermal clmate
DB: Sem-dry mesothermal clmate
JGEOLOGY (LEVEL 1)
MG: Magmatc Rocks
MM: Metamorphc rocks
VK: Volcanc Rocks
KS: Chemcal sedmentary rocks
ST: Sedmentary deposts
PK: Plo Quaternary Unts
Landscape Character Type Code:
AB-KS-DA-D
(Accordng to order of superposton: Clmate+Geology+Geomorphography+Land cover)
Landscape Character Type Explanaton:
Mountanous landscape wth very humd mesothermal clmate over chemcal sedmentary rocks covered wth natural areas
(Accordng to order of namng [In Turksh Language Structure] Geology+ Land cover+Clmate+Geomorpgography)
GEOMORPHOGRAPHY (LEVEL 1)
D: Mountan
DA: Mountanous area
P: Plateau
K: Canyon
V: Valley
O: Plan
S: Water Surface
LANDSCAPE PATTERN (LEVEL 1)
K: Cultural landscape
Y: Resdental landscape
T: Agrcultural landscape
D: Natural and sem-natural areas
S: Aquatc areas
SY: Water Surfaces
Figure 21: Technique of encoding and naming LUs and LCTs.
6.1.6 Landscape Character Area Catalogue
In Figure 22, within the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project, catalogue designed for one LCA in Malatya
province can be seen. Supplementary Document 2 (PEYZAJ-44 Project LCAA Report) includes
catalogue information for all other LCA’s of Malatya province,
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Fgure 22: Catalogue Info of Malatya Castle Aprcot Gardens Landscape Catalogue Info
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREA:
KALE APRICOT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREA
CODE: 13
NATURAL LANDSCAPE FEATURES
Eroson: Hgh-%45,62, Moderate-%13,75, Low-%40,63
Surface ow potental: Low-%100
Water permeablty: Hgh-%32,49, Moderate-%44,38, Low-%23,13
Vsual score: Hgh-%15, Moderate-%17,5, Low-%67,5
Habtat: Moderate-%23,13, Low-%76,87
AESTHETICAL- PERCEPTUAL LANDSCAPE FEATURES
(Example: 9 ponts)
Naturalness: 3 Natural- 2 Artfcal- 4 Sem-natural
Enclosure: 2 Open- 1 Closed- 6 Sem-open
Varety:6 Dverse- 3 Sngle type
Colur: 1 Dull- 5 Colourful- 3 Sngle colour
Lnearty: 5 Curved(sem moble)- 4 horzontal (stll)
Calmness: 1 Actve- 8 Calm
Stmulaton: 1 Enchantng- 6 Interestng- 2 Medocre
Satsfacton: 7 Beautful- 2 Nce
Safety: 8 Safe- 1 Peaceful
Domnancy: 3 Land form- 3 land cover- 3 Water element
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FEATURES
(Example: 2 pont)
Bahr Mosque-Archaeologcal Hstory
Kale Flower Festval-Cultural Festval
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LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREA: KALE APRICOT GARDENS LANDSCAPE
CODE: 13
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6.2 Landscape Function Analysis
Landscape functions are natural and cultural processes shaping landscape. These fundamental
and key functions for each landscape can be different.
It is necessary to assess key functions primarily. Following issues should be taken into account
in dening the landscape functions to be analysed in LCAA process:
1. Key processes shaping the landscape
2. LCAA purpose and scope
3. Landscape change analysis
4. Sectoral impact assessment (if exists) and conict analysis
Landscape function analysis include 3 main topics:
1. Natural functions/processes
2. Cultural functions/processes
3. Visual function/value
Some of fundamental functions are given below:
• Underground water recharge
• Rainfall surface runoff potential
• Avalanche risk
• Soil erosion risk
• Landslide risk
• Costal erosion risk
• Biomass process
• Biodiversity
• Habitat value
• Wind process
• Solar radiation
• Cultural landscape value
• Biotic production value
• Bioclimatic comfort
• Visual landscape value
• Visibility
• Perceptual and aestetical values
• Cultural landscape value
• Image value
For the determination of function analysis method, recent scientic knowledge and technological
facilities should be taken into account. Scientic background and references should be included
in LCAA report. In Figure 23, maps related with natural functions are analyzed in Malatya
province within the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project. In Figure 24 demonstrates the maps of visual
and cultural landscape function analysis for Malatya province.
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Fgure 23: Malatya provnce natural landscape functon maps
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Fgure 24: Malatya provnce vsual and cultural landscape functon maps
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Socio-economic, demographic and cultural situations have direct impact on land use. In this
context, cultural landscape analyses should be based on user prole and demand; apart from
national data.
Information regarding natural, cultural and visual landscape function are given in detail in
Supplementary Document 2 within the PEYZAJ-44 Project pilot area example.
6.3 Landscape Change Analysis
Landscape change enables the analysis of development tendency and pressure factors in
the existing situation. Landscape changes should be examined in order to identify potential
targets for landscape functions. Targets should be identied according to positive or negative
developments trends of the landscape functions, besides the current situation.
Figure 30 shows Malatya province landscape pattern change map, which is determined within
the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project.
Fgure 25: Malatya provnce landscape changes
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7. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
ASSESSMENT (STAGE 5)
In this guideline, methods and techniques of assessments within the process of landscape
planning are dened. Landscape assessment process consist of establishment of landscape
vision and targets, development of landscape strategies and preparation of landscape plans
as explained in Method Chapter. Although the methods and techniques of “landscape plan”
preparation stage of the landscape planning process are not within the context of this guideline,
they are mentioned roughly to ensure the coherence of the process. On the other hand, there
stands a need for a separate technical guideline and/or regulation which describes the principles
of landscape plan preparation. The context of this guideline is intended for the development
of landscape protection strategies and preparing sectoral landscape guidances, which shall
constitute the basis of character based landscape planning. In the Box 5 certain signicant
matters in respect of the LCAss process are emphasized. Figure 26 shows the Landscape
Character Assessment (LCAs) stage of entire LCAA process.
Box 5: Certan sgnfcant matters n respect of the landscape character assessment process
• Character-based assessments are a requrement of ELC process n the landscape plannng and
management actvtes. However, every sngle landscape assessment may not be character-
based (e.g. certan envronmental assessments).
• It s crtcally mportant to nclude nterest groups n the assessment process whch comprses
the judgements on landscape protecton and development.
• Approaches to character-based assessments may be derent n respect of am and scope.
Justfcatons of the preferred approach should be put forward scentfcally.
• Landscape functons should be taken as a bass n assessments. It s mportant to take notce of
the potental functon values, whch can be determned by the analyses of landscape change,
landscape vson and targets, as well as the present functon value.
• Landscape value of an area s hgh f that area has a hgh value n terms of landscape functons
that are assessed. On the other hand, f one or a few of the functons of the assessed landscape
functons are hgh value than value of that area s stll hgh for those functon or functons.
• e data produced wth landscape analyses serve as a bass for strategc landscape assessment
maps, and a synthess map s produced by ntegratng these assessments. en the landscape
plan s prepared by generalzng the data on the detaled synthess map. Detaled provsons
as plan notes, strategc landscape assessments and synthess maps take place as nterrelatng
components of the landscape plan.
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Fgure 26: Landscape Plannng and LCAA n the entre management process
LANDSCAPE PLANNING
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
Landscape Inventory and Analysis
Landscape Assessment
Landscape Vision, Target and Policies
Landscape Protection and Management Strategies
LCAA PROCESS
• Landscape Protection Areas
• Restricted Landscape Use Areas
• Controlled Landscape Use Areas
• Landscape Statuses
• Signicant landscapes
• Special landscapes
• Symbolic landscapes
• Sectoral landscape development areas
• Landscape Corridors
• Tranfering the landscape plan into
Nation spatial plans and policies
• Implementation Plan
• Legistration development
• Institutional willpower
• Stakeholders and interest
groups
• Indicators
• Referece
• State
Protection Value
SYNTHESIS: Landscape Plan
Landscape Protection Strategies
Landscape Policies
Implementation Administration Monitoring
Landscape Corridors
Sectoral Landscape
Guidances
Development Value
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7.1 Landscape Vision and Goals
Before passing on to the landscape assessment, a general “landscape vision” has to be
determined , which is related to the eld that has been worked on and based on the landscape
inventory and analysis stages. This vision will indicate the desired prospective situation of a
landscape and it will also guideline and integrate the landscape assessments.
Following the determination of the landscape vision, goals are set for each landscape component
and function. In the planning process, landscape strategy stage should be carried out based on
these goal analyses. Paying attention to the pressure-impact factors on the current landscape
has a critical importance. In this context, while the maps of landscape functions are created,
potential landscape function analysis maps or goal maps comprising the issues such as spatial
enhancement, elimination of the pressure element etc. that may increase the quality of the
landscape can be created. Thus, a sensitive landscape which is already harmed due to human
originated pressure factors, can achieve high protection value with improvement targets. On the
other hand, these potential function assessments may be carried out at the landscape strategy
development stage.
Goals based on landscape functions which are determined for the province of Malatya within the
scope of the PEYZAJ-44 Project are shown on Table 22. These general goals will be turned into
character-function based assessments and detailed goals after the general landscape protection
development strategies are produced as it will be explained in further chapters.
7.2 Landscape Protection and Development Strategies
To produce character-function based strategies related with landscape protection and
development, the data produced with landscape analysis need to be assessed according to certain
criteria. Assessment approaches are generally carried out based on criteria such as landscape
protection value (areas whose landscape protection value is high-medium-low), quality,
sensitivity to change, carrying capacity etc. This guideline denes the strategy development
approach based on the landscape protection value.
Landscape function analyses must be used to dene the areas with high landscape protection
value. What needs to be considered in this identication is the combined value (i.e. combined
impact of high surface ow and high erosion risk) apart from the individual value of fundamental
processes (functions) that shape the landscape. Landscape protection value is high for those
areas that have a high function value in terms of risks and potentials.
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Different approaches could be adapted in dening the areas with high landscape value. Clustering
technique is one of those. Box 6 summarizes the clustering technic used in PEYZAJ-44 Project.
Figure 27 exhibits the clustering map of natural landscape functions prepared in PEYZAJ-44
Project. The key processes that shape the natural landscape (water process, rainfall surface
runaoff, habitat values and erosion risk) were used in clustering analysis in this project to be
able to develop landscape protection strategies. Besides that, visual landscape values were
separately considered in the landscape strategies. Also, strategies for cultural landscape value
should be produced with a LCAA activity and these should be included in the assessments.
Landscape strategies can be performed with or without function clusters. Numerous polygons
will emanate from function superposition considering territorial size and landscape diversity
on a provincial scale study. It will take time to examine each polygon and produce general and
comprehensive strategies. Function clusters would be a good alternative in that case.
Table 22: Goals related wth the landscape functons for Malatya provnce
Functon Functon value Goal/Polcy
Agro-ecologcal value Hgh Protecton of mportant agrcultural lands
Medum Potental agrcultural lands
Habtat functon Hgh Protecton of sgnfcant habtats and carryng out bodversty analyses
Medum Ecologcal connectvty transton zones
Eroson rsk analyss Hgh Sgnfcant eroson control
Medum Sol protecton measures
Runo potental Hgh Sgnfcant runo control
Medum Runo control
Water permeablty Hgh Protecton of sgnfcant groundwater recharge areas
Medum Protcton of water permeablty and search for mprovement potentals
Vsual value analyss Hgh Protecton of mportant vsual resources
Medum Protecton of mportant resources and search for mprovement potentals
Landscape elements Hgh Protecton of landscape elements and search for mprovement potentals
Orta Peyzaj ögelernn korunması ve yleştrme olanağının araştırılması
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Box 6: PEYZAJ-44 Project functon clusterng technque
Clusterng technque aggregates the results of functon analyss statstcally. Smlar clusters wll have
smlar protecton and development strateges.
Cluster analyss was used for puttng polygons nto groups n terms of ther smlartes n eroson rsk,
habtat value, water permeablty and vsual value. Man am n cluster analyss s to group ndvduals
or objects accordng to ther smlar man features. Cluster analyss put very much alke ndvduals or
objects n the same cluster accordng to the predefned selecton crtera. As a result of the analyss, the
ndvduals and objects whch are n the same cluster show resemblance whle they do not resemble
other cluster members. us the clusters are homogenous n themselves, but heterogeneous among
other clusters. Number of clusters are not known before the cluster analyss generally and clusters
are formed accordng to the current stuaton of data. Besdes, even though there s the assumpton
of normalty n the data of cluster analyss, the normalty of dstance values are deemed as adequate
(Tatlıdil, 1996; Johnson and Wichern, 2002; Özdamar, 2004).
In PEYZAJ-44 Project “k-medod clusterng method” was preferred. PAM (Parttonng Around
Medods) algorthm was used n small data sets and CLARA (Clusterng Large Applcatons) algorthm
n bg data sets. Spath or Kaufman-Rousseeuw approaches are used n detectng medods (Johnson
and Wchern, 2002; Özdamar, 2004).
Kaufman and Rousseeuw approach has a two step approach n order to mnmze the D dstance
between elements n each cluster. In an approprate clusterng, slhouette (S) statstcs s made use of
for the compatblty of clusters specfed accordng to the number of cores and core spots. Slhouette
statstc calculated for each unt vares from -1 to +1. If S s close to +1, . unt s correctly classfed.
If S s close to -1 than t means that . unt s ncorrectly assgned. Kaufman and Rousseeuw benefts
from average of all S unts (mean slhouette statstc, SC) n order to detect the number of clusters.
Assessment of SC can be found n Table 23 Kaufman and Rousseeuw, 1990; Özdamar, 2004).
Table 23: Assessment crtera of SC
SC Assessment
SC Assessment
Between -1 and 0.25 ere s no approprate clusterng structure
Between 0.26 and 0.50 ere s a mssng/artfcal clusterng structure
Between 0.51 and 0.70 ere s approprate/reasonable clusterng structure
Between 0.71 and +1 ere s a strong clusterng structure
Clusterng analyses n the project was made usng S-Plus 6 statstcal package. Number of clusters
were ncreased untl SC value was ≥0.70, n other words untl a strong clusterng structure was
acheved. Varables used n the clusterng analyses, determned cluster numbers and SC values for
provncal data sets are presented n Table 24 for provnce data sets.
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Table 24: Varables used n the clusterng analyses, cluster numbers and SC values for provncal data sets
Fle Name Varables Number of
Clusters SC
4-factor
clusterng
(Clusterng of Natural
Landscape Functons)
Eroson Rsk
Habtat Value
Water Permeablty Potental
Surface Flow Rsk
16 0,71
3-factor
clusterng (Clusterng for
Toursm& Recreatonal
Polces)
Boclmatc Comfort
Habtat Value
Vsual Value
11 0,71
5-factor
clusterng (Clusterng
of Natural Landscape
Functons and Vsual
Values)
Eroson Rsk
Habtat Value
Water Permeablty Potental
Surface Flow Rsk
Vsual Value
25 0,70
LANDSCAPE-44 Project focused on 16 clusters n developng landscape protecton strateges and
11 n land-use assessments for toursm and recreaton.
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Fgure 27: Clusterng map of natural landscape functons used n PEYZAJ-44 Project for producng protecton strateges
Cluster map used in developing landscape strategies for tourism and recreation sector within
PEYZAJ-44 Project is given in Figure 28. Landscape functions of bioclimatic comfort, visual
landscape value and habitat value are considered in tourism-recreation cluster. Landscape
elements are also taken into account in nalization of Landscape Development Strategies for
Tourism Recreation Sector, apart from the function clusters (Supplementary Document 2:
PEYZAJ-44 LCAA REPORT). Strategies regarding agriculture are also produced within the context
of mentioned project. Potential agricultural areas with high landscape value are determined by
associating agro-ecological function analysis with landscape pattern. landscape guidance map
for the sector of agriculture is formed by linking those areas with landscape protection strategies.
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Fgure 28: Clusterng map for toursm/recreaton sector used n PEYZAJ-44
7.2.1 Landscape Protection Strategies
At the regional and sub-regional (provincial scale) landscape protection strategies in the LCAA
process comprises of assessment stages whose degrees of detail are different but which
are somehow related hierarchically. The detailed plan provisions, requirements or action
eld about protection, development and enhancement at higher scale landscape assessment
are determinants for lower scale assessments. In other words, justication and reasons of
a decision to describe a place as “strict landscape protection area” at the higher scale LCAA
should be stated at detailed maps. In this context, landscape protection strategies are realized in
two stages: general and comprehensive.
7.2.1.1 General landscape protection strategies
This is the stage of developing landscape strategies that will direct spatial planning activities
at the scales of 1/25.000- 1/100.000. Detailed landscape protection strategies are linked with
general landscape strategies. Plan provisions should include the must for the detailed studies to
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be carried out at lower scales LCAA work when comprehensive landscape strategies cannot be
developed at upper scale activities.
General landscape protection strategies have to be produced as character-function related.
General strategies can be designated by combining areas of high landscape value, which is
determined based on the landscape function analyses, and the Level 1 Landscape Pattern map in
line with Table 25. Following ve main categories should be used in dening general landscape
protection strategies:
1. Landscape Protection Area
2. Restricted Landscape Use Area
3. Controlled Landscape Use Area
4. Potential Landscape Development Area
5. Landscape Statuses.
Figure 29 shows “Malatya Province Landscape Protection Strategies” based on above 4
categories examined within the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project. Figure 30 shows a closer look for
Kale Apricot Gardens Landscape Protection Strategies, which also includes landscape statuses.
Natural and cultural (as agricultural and residential) landscapes within the context of general
landscape strategies can be assigned under the same categories of “Controlled Landscape Use
Area” and “Potential Landscape Development Area”. The plan conditions, however, will differ,
which next chapter explains how it is.
Table 25: General Landscape Protection Strategies
Landscape
Functon
Value
Landscape Pattern (Level 1)
Natural landscape Agrcultural landscape Resdental landscape
Hgh
Landscape Protecton Area
1st Degree: Strct Landscape Protecton Area
(Code: D-SPKrm-1. Degree), (Colour: 255,0,0)
Lmted Landscape Use
Area n Agrcultural Land
(Code: T-SPK)
(Colour: 255,255,0)
Lmted Landscape Use
Area n Resdental Areas
(Code: Y-SPK)
(Colour: 255,255,190)
2nd Degree: Strct Landscape Protecton Area
(Code: D-SPKrm-2. Degree), (Colour: 168,0,0)
or
2nd Degree: Partal Landscape Protecton Area
(Code: D-BPK-3. Degree), (Colour: 255,170,0)
3rd Level Partal Landscape Protecton Area
(Code: D-BPK), (Colour: 255,170,0)
Medum Controlled Landscape Use Area n Natural Areas
(Code: D-KPK), (Colour: 0,169,230)
Controlled Landscape
Use Area n Agrcultural
Land (Code: T-KPK)
(Colour: 115,223,255)
Controlled Landscape Use
Area n Resdental Areas
(Code: Y-KPK)
(Colour: 230,255,255)
Low
Potental Landscape Development Area n Natural
Areas
(Code: D-PPG), (Colour: 78, 78, 78)
Potental Landscape
Development Area n
Agrcultural Land
(Code: T-PPG)
(Colour: 130, 130, 130)
Potental Landscape
Development Area n
Resdental Areas
(Code: Y-PPG)
(Colour: 225, 225, 225)
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Fgure 29: General Landscape Protecton Strateges Map of Malatya Provnce
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Fgure 30: Malatya Provnce Kale Aprcot Gardens General Landscape Protecton Strateges Map
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1. Landscape Protection Area: The areas with high landscape function value in the natural
landscapes are strict landscape protection areas. They constitute the sensitive landscapes with
high protection value in terms of sustainability and enhancement of natural, cultural and visual
landscape. The important issue here is the question of how the high value landscape areas are
determined based on landscape function analyses. High value function(s) and key processes
with regard to risks and potentials should be taken as a basis in the determination of high
value landscape areas. Natural, cultural and/or visual key processes should be determined at
rst while developing character-function based strategies for a landscape. The basic landscape
functions which generate a landscape are dened as key processes. An area which has a high
value according to more than one function is considered as a protection area which is more
important in comparison with others. Identication of the landscape protection areas can be
made in three levels in terms of compatibility with the national legislation. Landscape protection
areas should be dened under following three classes in this context.
• 1st Degree Landscape Protection Areas: Strict Landscape Protection Area These are
sensitive areas/ landscapes to be denitely protected. They are of high level landscape
function in terms of important key processes.
• 2nd Degree Landscape Protection Areas: Strict Landscape Protection Area or Partial
Landscape Protection: These are areas with high level landscape function for one
key process, and with moderate level value for others. If moderate level function
has improvement possibility depending on landscape pattern; these landscapes are
also sensitive landscapes to be protected denitely. if there is no possibility for that
improvement, they can be named as Partially Protected Landscape Areas, as qualied
nature protection areas with the condition of taking protection measures for high value
landscape function
• 3rd Degree Landscape Protection Areas: These are Partially Protected Landscape Areas.
They are landscapes with high value for one landscape function, and have relatively low
level of value for other functions.
2. Restricted Landscape Use Area: The areas with high landscape function value in the cultural
landscapes (agricultural areas, residential and industrial areas) are the areas of sustainable
protection and restricted landscape usage. In these areas, there is the need for measures which
ensure the sustainability and healthy operability of landscape functions. Such a restricted
development strategy is critically important especially for the key processes. For example, in
an urban fabric and its fringes the existence of areas with high level landscape value in terms
of water permeability requires restricted development at those areas. This situation may be
reected into the urban development plan to be conducted based on landscape assessments as
plan revision or urban transformation at those urbanized area. If this landscape is an area where
there is no settlement and which has not been planned yet, then it is a place which has to be
reserved as an open and green area.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Besides the high function that constitutes the restricted landscape usage, other limiting factor
is the fact that moderate level function value can be raised to high level with interventions made
into the landscape pattern. If the moderate level water permeability can be raised to high level
with land cover improvement or land rehabilitation; or it can turn into high risk area due to
moderate level erosion risk by grading14 activities, these factors limit usage. For example, in
an urban area, if planning of high volume excavation-lling activities in a slope which reached
steady state in the long term, increases erosion or landslide risk due to soil or rock structure,
that intervention should not take place and the steady state of the nature should not be disturbed.
3. Controlled Landscape Use Area: The areas with a medium landscape function value in the
natural and cultural landscapes are the areas of controlled landscape usage. The important issue
here is that the possibility of raising the medium landscape function value to upper levels with
improvement measures (plantation for water harvest, establishing an ecological corridor to
ensure habitat integrity), or risks to be originated from human interventions (erosion, landslide
etc.). In that case, the landscape development should focus on either restoration or rehabilitation.
Due to the fact that the value on moderate level in key processes is still important, land use or
intervention should respect the landscape function(s) in other cases.
4. Potential Landscape Development Area: The areas at respectively low landscape function
value in the natural and cultural landscapes are the areas of potential landscape development.
Potential development could be towards the purpose of protection or human usage. The factor that
determines the potential is again the possibility of raising the level of a landscape with relatively
low function value with improvement measures (plantation for water harvest, establishing an
ecological corridor to ensure habitat integrity), or risks originated from interventions (erosion,
landslide etc.).
Here the landscape development should focus on either restoration or rehabilitation. In other
cases, these areas are the most suitable areas for human interference.
5. Landscape statuses: Especially at sub-regional and local scale LCAA works, signicant places
of the region need to be designated and should be dened with the following statuses (Adapted
from Uzun et al., 2012):
• Signicant landscapes: They are unique places that contribute to character identication
with its natural, cultural and visual landscape elements (outstanding geomorphologic
structures microclimatic characteristics, etc.). Areas that have an important place in the
performance of ecological and cultural processes in landscapes with high function value
should be considered within this scope.
• Special landscapes: Special landscapes are the areas which are valuable for the local
community, described as beautiful by people and visited for the certain purpose at certain
14 Land formation: Inverventions into topographical structure; excavation and lling activities
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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times. Areas which has special values such as local architecture, local handcrafts, local
settlement texture, local culture of agriculture, local forest culture, as a part of cultural
landscape elements should be considered special for that region.
• Symbolic landscapes: Symbolic landscapes are the areas which have a resource
value with its solitary landscape element and surroundings like a monumental tree, an
architectural structure. Areas containing characteristically intangible values are also
called symbolic landscapes.
7.2.1.2 Comprehensive landscape protection strategies
This is the stage of developing landscape protection strategies that will direct spatial planning
activities at the scales of 1/25.000-1/10.000. Comprehensive landscape protection strategies
can not be prepared before determining the upper scale general protection landscape strategies.
Hence, general and comprehensive landscape strategies constitute a whole in the planning
process.
Comprehensive strategies about protection and development are developed in line with the pre-
dened landscape targets for each landscape functions (Table 22), by comparative interpretation
of a certain area’s landscape function value and corresponding General Landscape Strategies,
LCA and LCT features.
Areas with high landscape value are designated by means of the areas of high function
value resulted from the analysis of landscape function. Many techniques can be used in this
designation such as clustering, weighted average etc. Important issue is to consider the value of
each key process (function) that shapes the landscape as well as the combined value of them.
Assessment procedures based on function clusters can be carried out according to following
steps in developing comprehensive landscape protection strategies:
Step 1. Targets are set up for each function in each cluster.
Step 2. Landscape policies are shaped for each cluster parallel to set targets (it is explained
in detail in the next chapter of the guideline).
Step 3. Comprehensive landscape protection strategies are developed in each cluster by
considering landscape character type, landscape pattern and landscape elements.
Step 4. Clusters with similar strategies are grouped.
Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies were established in pilot area of PEYZAJ-44
Project, the province of Malatya in the LCA of “Kale Apricot Gardens Landscape”. Table 26
shows the comprehensive landscape protection strategies developed for different landscape
function value (Step 3 above). Table 27 demonstrates the database structure utilised to produce
comprehensive landscape protection strategies on function-character base. Table shows the
Kale Apricot Gardens Landscape Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies.
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Table 26: Comprehensve Landscape Protecton Strateges for Kale Aprcot Gardens Landscape n Malatya Provnce
Landscape Pattern (Level 1) Landscape Functon Values
Natural Areas (D) Hgh Moderate Low
Eroson (ERZ) ERZ_D1 ERZ_D2 ERZ_D3
Water Permeablty(SU_GCR) SU_GCR_D1 SU_GCR_D2 SU_GCR_D3
Habtat Functon(HBT_FNK) HBT_FNK_D1 HBT_FNK_D2 HBT_FNK_D3
Surface Flow Potental (YAP) YAP_D1 YAP_D2 YAP_D3
Agrcultural Land (T) Hgh Moderate Low
Eroson (ERZ) ERZ_T1 ERZ_T2 ERZ_T3
Water Permeablty(SU_GCR) SU_GCR_T1 SU_GCR_T2 SU_GCR_T3
Habtat Functon(HBT_FNK) HBT_FNK_T1 HBT_FNK_T2 HBT_FNK_T3
Surface Flow Potental (YAP) YAP_T1 YAP_T2 YAP_T3
Resdental Areas (Y) Hgh Moderate Low
Eroson(ERZ) ERZ_Y1 ERZ_Y2 ERZ_Y3
Water Permeablty (SU_GCR) SU_GCR_Y1 SU_GCR_Y2 SU_GCR_Y3
Habtat Functon (HBT_FNK) HBT_FNK_Y1 HBT_FNK_Y2 HBT_FNK_Y3
Surface Flow Potental (YAP) YAP_TY YAP_Y2 YAP_T3
ERZ_T1 It s necessary to take rapd and hgh level of measures to protect sol from eroson n agrcultural felds.
Tarımsal faalyetlerde erozyon koruma tedbrler alınması gerekldr
ERZ_T2 It s necessary to take measures to protect sol from eroson n agrcultural felds.
SU_GCR_T1 Not usng chemcal substances n agrcultural actvtes/organc agrculture should be mplemented.
SU_GCR_T2 Use of chemcal substances should be mnmzed n agrcultural actvtes by consderng the polluton of
underground water.
ERZ_D1 Exstng plant cover should be mantaned and enhanced n order to prevent sol eroson, also slope breakers
should be nstalled at slopes and regular mantenance should be conducted.
ERZ_D2 Protecton/Improvement actvtes of exstng plant cover to prevent eroson.
SU_GCR-D1
ose landscapes beng underground water recharge areas should be protected, the actvtes that can cause
underground water polluton should be avoded and plantaton should be mplemented to ncrease storm
water percolaton to underlyng sols.
SU_GCR-D2 Measures to ncrease storm water percolaton to underlyng sols and to avod ground water polluton should
be mplemented.
HBT_D2 Landscape protecton and restoraton works should be mplemented to conserve, rehabltate n exstng
habtat and to create opportuntes among the habtat patches
ERZ_Y1 Mtgaton measures for sol protecton should be developed n urban open and green spaces.
SU_GCR_Y1 Stormwater management plan should be prepared and surface should not be covered wth mpermeable
materal.
SU_GCR_Y2 Stormwater management plan should be prepared and water harvest zones should be establshed.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Table 27: Database used for Comprehensve Landscape Protecton Strateges n Kale Aprcot Gardens n Malatya Provnce
CLUSTER
LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS
LANDSCAPE
CHARACTER AREA
(LCA)
LANDSCAPE
CHARACTER TYPE
GENERAL LANDSCAPE
PROTECTION STRATEGIES LANDSCAPE POLICIES COMPREHENSIVE LANDSCAPE PROTECTION
STRATEGIES BASED ON LANDSCAPE FUNCTION
YAP_
AKS
HBT_
FNK ERZ SU_
GCR (LCT LEVEL 2) PYZ_KRM_GLS_DSN POLICY AYR_YAP AYR_HBT_
FNK AYR_ERZ AYR_SU_
GRC
1 1 1 5 3 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape KYNMz-SEK-DA-T1 T-KPK Landscape protecton ERZ-T1 SU_GCR-T2
1 1 1 5 3 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape KYNMz-SEK-DA-T3 T-SPK Landscape protecton ERZ-T1 SU_GCR-T2
1 1 1 5 5 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape KYNMz-SEK-DA-T3 T-SPK Landscape protecton ERZ-T1 SU_GCR-T1
1 1 1 5 3 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape KYNMz-SEK-P-Y1 T-SPK Landscape protecton ERZ-Y1 SU_GCR_
Y2
1 1 1 5 5 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape KYNMz-SEK-P-Y1 T-SPK Landscape protecton ERZ-Y1 SU_GCR-Y1
1 1 1 5 3 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape YKMz-VOL-P-T6 T-SPK Landscape protecton ERZ-Y1 SU_GCR_
Y2
7 1 3 5 1 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape KYNMz-VOL-V-D5 D-SPKrm-3.Derece Landscape protecton/ HBT-D2 ERZ-D1
7 1 3 5 1 Kale Aprcot Gardens
Landscape YKMz-VOL-P-D6 D-SPKrm-3.Derece Landscape protecton/
landscape restoraton HBT-D2 ERZ-D1
Landscape Functons: YAP: Surface Flow Potental; HBT_DGR: Habtat Value; ERZ_RSK: Eroson Rsk; SU_GCR: Water Permeablty
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 31: Comprehensve Landscape Protecton Strateges Map of Kale Aprcot Garden Landscape
First part of the map coding of the comprehensive landscape protection strategies (for example
SU_GCR_D3) expresses the function code ( for example SU_GCR: Water Permeability), second
part expresses the landscape pattern code (i.e. D: Natural Landscape), third part is the level of
importance expressed of the landscape function by numbers (1: high function value, 2: moderate
function value and 3: low function value). Necessary strategies should be produced for a high
level landscape function.
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7.2.1.3 Landscape Policies
General and Comprehensive Landscape Protection Strategies which are produced on the basis
of character-function should be interpreted together with corresponding landscape pattern and
land use demands and/or targets should be considered in order to develop landscape policies.
Two main policies can be introduced in this context.
• Landscape Protection: These are actions that consist of protection and maintenance
of current landscape due to the high risks and/ or potentials that are revealed with the
landscape structure/character, function and change analyses.
• Landscape Reconstitution: This is the eld of actions that cover restoration, rehabilitation
and regeneration of landscapes with changed structural and functional features due to
deterioration or intervention.
Landscape reconstitution can be separated into three different sub-policies given below:
1. Landscape Restoration: These are actions carried out to mitigate risks and to increase
potentials related to landscape character by improving or strengthening landscape
features. It consists of actions to re-create the landscape character (structure and
function) prior to deterioration and/ or intervention as much as possible; in other words,
activities of necessary restoration to reinstate the former landscape character.
2. Landscape Rehabilitation: These are the actions to regain the landscape characteristics
by rehabilitation when there is not possibility for an entire restoration of a landscape
character as it was before the deterioration. There is no need to return the landscape
into the entire set of pre-disturbance conditions. However, the continuity of landscape
structure and function should be ensured.
3. Landscape Regeneration: These are reclamation activities to bring a new character with
natural and cultural elements to a certain landscape. It consists of the deterioration level
and human originated interventions where there is no possibility to return the landscape
structure and function back as they were or to rehabilitate them.
Target should be to protect the landscapes with high function value as a general rule. For example,
an area of high-level function in terms of water cycle can be dened as a landscape that requires
protection and maintenance for sustainability. Moderate level functions should be included in
the restoration scope via associating them with the landscape character type. For instance, in
an area of moderate level function in terms of storm water inltration, if this moderate level can
be raised with improvement (for example, the possibility of improving the underground water
recharge with methods such as storm water management and plantation with the aim of water
harvesting), that area can be dened as landscape restoration area.
Figure 32 is the Landscape Policies Map that is produced for Malatya province Kale Apricot
Gardens Landscape.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 32: Landscape Polcy Map of Kale Aprcot Garden Landcape
7.2.2 Sectoral Landscape Guidances
Sectoral landscape guidances are a product for landscape assessment that will create a threshold
for the national spatial planning processes which aims rational utilization of resources. Landscape
survey, analyses, landscape types and function values with landscape character areas should
be considered in sectoral landscape guidance developments. Tourism and recreation sectors
(Figure 33) with agricultural sector (Figure 34) have been sampled in PEYZAJ-44 Project.
Supplementary Document 2 reveals detailed assessments about both of those sectors.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 33: Toursm and Recreaton Sectoral Landscape Gudance for Malatya provnce, prepared under the scope of PEYZAJ-44
Project.
(a) Spatal analyss and assessment
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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(b) Spatal analyss and assessment together wth landscape elements wth hgh resource value
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 34: Agrcultural Use Sectoral Landscape Gudance for Malatya provnce, prepared under the scope of PEYZAJ-44 Project
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 35: Malatya provnce Ecologc and Cultural Corrdors (Doğan, 2012).
7.2.3 Landscape Corridors
Landscape corridors are linear elements that enable habitat connection in ecological sense,
provide social connection among different cultural places and also offer recreational opportunities
(Doğan, 2012).
The study for Landscape corridor creation should deal with two subcategories stated below.
Landscape corridors map is created by uniting the two.
• Ecological corridors
• Cultural corridors
Figure 35 shows the landscape corridors prepared by PEYZAJ-44 Project’s LIS database within
the method developed by Doğan (2012). Map comprises of following information:
• Ecological corridors created by overlaying landscape protection areas with very high
and high value (determined according to natural landscape function’s very high and high
values) and highways, energy transfer lines and rivers (rivers that include ecologically
vulnerable species and Malatya’s important rivers).
• Cultural corridors created by overlaying the rivers, canyons which establish the images of
Malatya province, and sports and historical/archaeological routes determined according
to accessibility with highways.
National Technical Guideline for Landscape Character Analysis and Assessment at the Regional and Sub-Regional (Provincial) Levels
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Fgure 36: Malatya provnce Landscape Corrdors (Doğan, 2012)
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LCAA GUIDELINE SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS
Technical Guideline Supplementary Document 1: LIS DATABASE STRUCTURE,
CODIFICATION AND SYMBOLOGIES
Technical Guideline Supplementary Document 2: PEYZAJ-44 LCAA REPORT: Provincial
Scale Landscape Character Analysis and
Its Assessment for Tourism and
Recreation- Pilot Malatya Province
Technical Guideline Supplementary Document 3: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SPATIAL
PLANNING LEGISLATION THAT CAN BE
REFERENCED TO LANDSCAPE
CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Technical Guideline Supplementary Document 4: I. AND II. NATIONAL APPLICABILITY AND
COORDINATION WORKSHOPS BOOKLET
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