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Chorological and taxonomic notes on Aquilegia ganboldii Kamelin & Gubanov (Ranunculaceae) previously considered to be a Mongolian endemic
Abstract
The distribution of the enigmatic Mongolian Aquilegia ganboldii is confirmed for Russian South Siberia, North Korea and northeast China. It seems to be closely related to Aquilegia oxysepala var. oxysepala and Aquilegia buergeriana. A diagnostic key to A. ganboldii and related taxa is provided.
... According to the critical revision of endemic vascular plants in Mongolia, 102 taxa were recognized as truly endemic to Mongolia. This is less than on the most recently published list [14], owing to the fact that 24 of the species included by Urgamal and Oyuntsetseg [14] are found to be occurring in the neighboring regions of China and Russia [37,63,64]. In addition, 18 endemic taxa are replaced by synonyms of other taxa [19,58], which are given in Appendix C. For example, Swertia banzragczii Sanchir was listed as endemic to Mongolia by Urgamal and Oyuntsetseg [14], but it was reported to occur in Xinjiang, China, by Chen et al. [65]. ...
The aim of the present study is to update the checklist of vascular plants endemic to Mongolia using previous checklists, publications, herbarium collections, and field observations. The revised checklist includes 102 endemic taxa (95 species, five subspecies, and two nothospecies) from 43 genera and 19 families. The majority of endemic taxa were distributed in western and central Mongolia, and high endemic species richness was identified in four phytogeographical regions, namely Mongolian Altai, Khangai, Dzungarian Gobi, and Gobi Altai, which harbor 49, 27, 20, and 16 endemic taxa, respectively. For each endemic taxon, we compiled information about growth form, conservation status (if already assessed), phytogeographical distribution, and voucher specimens. Data on each taxon’s type specimen were also collected, and the majority of the type specimens were accessioned at the LE (58 taxa), MW (20 taxa), and UBA (7 taxa) herbaria.
We report the first record of Aquilegia grubovii (Ranunculaceae) for Russia, a rare species previously known from five localities in Mongolia. The species belongs to A. sect. Aquilegia subsect. Aquilegia and is characterized by curved or hooked spurs slightly longer than the limb of petals, 2-2.8 mm long, straight only at the top diverging fruits with stylodia 2 times shorter than follicles, smooth or tuberculate seed surface and stems covered with simple and glandular hairs. The new records of Aquilegia grubovii are located in the Azas Nature Reserve, which is situated in the central part of the Todzha basin, Tuva Republic (a large intermountain trough within the Altai-Sayan mountain region) of south-central Asia about 500 km west of Lake Baikal. We provide an assessment of the conservation status, geographical distribution and habitat of Aquilegia grubovii, along with an identification key to all species from Russia.
In the second part of our series of works, we selected 50 native vascular plant taxa from 44 genera and 24 families. The selected 49 species and one subspecies belong to the genera Acanthophyllum C.A.Mey., Aegopodium L., Anabasis L., Anemone L., Antennaria Gaern., Aquilegia L., Armeria (DC.) Willd., Astragalus L., Atriplex L., Camphorosma L., Caragana Lam., Cardamine L., Chamaerhodos Bunge, Chesniella Boriss., Cicerbita Wallr., Crucihimalaya Al-Shehbaz, O'Kane & R.A.Price, Dracocephalum L. Delphinium Tourn., Galium L., Gentiana Tourn., Geum L., Glaucium Mill., Gypsophila L., Halocnemum M.Bieb., Incarvillea Juss., Iris Tourn., Lagochilus Bunge, Leiospora (C.A.Mey) F.Dvorak, Leonurus L., Limonium Mill., Lysimachia Tourn., Micranthes Haw., Pedicularis L., Phlomoides Moench, Phlox L., Rhododendron L., Rosa L., Sajanella Sojak, Saposhnikovia Schischk., Saussurea Salisb., Scirpus Tourn., Stellaria L., Stenosolenium Turcz., Tofieldia Huds., and Typha L. The majority of species is found in Asian countries. Data on endemism, global and regional distribution, natural habitat, and conservation status of each species are provided.
In this study, we critically revised and updated the checklist of native vascular plants of Mongolia. The checklist comprises 3,041 native vascular plant taxa (2,835 species and 206 infraspecific species) from 653 genera and 111 families, including 7 lycophytes, 41 ferns, 21 gymnosperms, and 2,972 angiosperms. In the angiosperms, we identified the 14 families with the greatest species richness, ranging from 50 to 456 taxa. Species endemism is also noted here; 102 taxa are endemic to Mongolia, and 275 taxa are sub-endemic that co-occur in adjacent countries. Since 2014, a total of 14 taxa have been described new to science based on morphological evidences. Moreover, five genera and 74 taxa were newly added to the flora of Mongolia. Based on our critical revisions, names of three families, 21 genera, and 230 species have been changed in comparison to the previous checklist, “Conspectus of the vascular plants of Mongolia” (2014).
The paper presents the annotated checklist and morphological differences of the Aquilegia glandulosa from the nearest related species and provides new data on the distribution of all species from this group. An identification key to the species of Aquilegia glandulosa group from the North Asia is provided and diagnostic characters are discussed.
A new species Aquilegia bashahrica and a new nothospecies Aquilegia × emodi from North-western Himalayas, are described and illustrated. In addition A. lactiflora is recorded for India and Pakistan for the first time and Aquilegia kareliniana is excluded from the flora of India. An identification key to the species of Aquilegia from the North-western Himalayas is provided and diagnostic characters are discussed.
The Atlas of the Endemic Vascular Plants of Mongolia is the first atlas of the Mongolia flora ever. An annotated checklist of endemic vascular plant species for Mongolia is present. The findings of checklist of endemic vascular plant species to the flora of Mongolia, which was on the species level have been made by since of last conspectus of the “Conspectus of the vascular plants of Mongolia (Urgamal et al. 2014)”. The previous endemic 36 species (these species are occurred in territory of China, Kazakhstan, and Russia) are out from the present endemic to Mongolia at this time and place in charge of sub-endemic group to the vascular plants of Mongolia. The six endemic species new recorded in this book.
This book contains taxonomy, distribution, lifeform, habitat, typus and other information of a total of 120 species (included 12 subspecies) are endemic vascular plants (3.83%) belonging to 49 genera and 19 families of Mongolia updated and is presented. The most of families and genera richnest in endemic species are Fabaceae (40 species), Asteraceae (23 species), Rosaceae (16 species) families and Astragalus (22 species), Oxytropis (13 species) and Potentilla (12 species) genera and most of indigenous endemic species are Mongolian Altai mountain range (41 species), Khangai mountain range (26 species), and Gobi regions (15 species). Also included of 25 species paleo-endemics (20.8%) and 95 species of neo-endemics (79.2%) to the vascular flora of Mongolia. The endemic plants includes to 8 species as “very rare (VR)”, 27 species as “rare (R)”, and 3 species as “relict (RL)” in the (into a total 20 species) Mongolian Red Book (2013), and 8 species (CR-1, EN-1, VU-4, DD-2) in the Mongolian Red List (IUCN) to the vascular flora of Mongolia.
In this study, we performed nucleotide sequence analyses of the rpl32-trnL spacer and the ITS1-ITS2 (Internal transcribed spacer) fragment in the rRNA genes of eight species of the genus Aquilegia sampled from North Asia. Our results support the genetic diversity of A. borodinii and A. jucunda and confirm that A. viridiflora and A. atropurpurea are genetically distant from other species studied. Moreover, we report the degrees of relationship among A. aradanica, A. sibirica, and A. synakensis, and prove the hybrid origin of A. jucunda.
Studies of the North American columbines (Aquilegia, Ranunculaceae) have supported the view that adaptive radiations in animal-pollinated plants proceed through pollinator specialisation
and floral differentiation. However, although the diversity of pollinators and floral morphology is much lower in Europe and
Asia than in North America, the number of columbine species is similar in the three continents. This supports the hypothesis
that habitat and pollinator specialisation have contributed differently to the radiation of columbines in different continents.
To establish the basic background to test this hypothesis, we expanded the molecular phylogeny of the genus to include a representative
set of species from each continent. Our results suggest that the diversity of the genus is the result of two independent events
of radiation, one involving Asiatic and North American species and the other involving Asiatic and European species. The ancestors
of both lineages probably occupied the mountains of south-central Siberia. North American and European columbines are monophyletic
within their respective lineages. The genus originated between 6.18 and 6.57 million years (Myr) ago, with the main pulses
of diversification starting around 3Myr ago both in Europe (1.25–3.96Myr ago) and North America (1.42–5.01Myr ago). The
type of habitat occupied shifted more often in the Euroasiatic lineage, while pollination vectors shifted more often in the
Asiatic-North American lineage. Moreover, while allopatric speciation predominated in the European lineage, sympatric speciation
acted in the North American one. In conclusion, the radiation of columbines in Europe and North America involved similar rates
of diversification and took place simultaneously and independently. However, the ecological drivers of radiation were different:
geographic isolation and shifts in habitat use were more important in Europe while reproductive isolation linked to shifts
in pollinator specialisation additionally acted in North America.
Aquilegia is a well‐known model system in the field of evolutionary biology, but obtaining a resolved and well‐supported phylogenetic reconstruction for the genus has been hindered by its recent and rapid diversification.
Here, we applied 454 next‐generation sequencing to PCR amplicons of 21 of the most rapidly evolving regions of the plastome to generate c . 24 kb of sequences from each of 84 individuals from throughout the genus.
The resulting phylogeny has well‐supported resolution of the main lineages of the genus, although recent diversification such as in the European taxa remains unresolved. By producing a chronogram of the whole Ranunculaceae family based on published data, we inferred calibration points for dating the Aquilegia radiation. The genus originated in the upper Miocene c . 6.9 million yr ago (Ma) in Eastern Asia, and diversification occurred c . 4.8 Ma with the split of two main clades, one colonizing North America, and the other Western Eurasia through the mountains of Central Asia. This was followed by a back‐to‐Asia migration, originating from the European stock using a North Asian route.
These results provide the first backbone phylogeny and spatiotemporal reconstruction of the Aquilegia radiation, and constitute a robust framework to address the adaptative nature of speciation within the group.
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