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This book examines the treatment of cultural and religious diversity –
indigenous and immigrant – on both sides of the Irish border in order to
analyse the current state of tolerance and the kinds of policies that may
support integration, while respecting diversity. While it is sometimes argued
that in contemporary societies we need to go ‘beyond tolerance’ to more
positive recognition, new and continuing tensions and conflicts among
groups suggest that there may still be a role for tolerance. The first set of
chapters in the book focus on the spheres of education, civic life and politics,
including chapters on specific groups (e.g. travellers, immigrants), as well
as the communal divisions in Northern Ireland. Later chapters reflect on the
Irish experience of diversity, and assess the extent to which the conceptual
approaches and discourses employed to deal with it are comparable between
the jurisdictions of the Republic and Northern Ireland. Finally the book
considers the implications for what constitutes the most appropriate approach
to diversity – whether this should ideally be in terms of tolerance and mutual
accommodation, of recognition, or transformative reconciliation.
This is the first book to address the issue of tolerance across the broad
sweep of different kinds of religious and cultural diversity in Northern Ireland
and the Republic.
It will appeal to academics and students in sociology, politics, education,
social psychology and Irish studies; it will also be of interest to general readers
interested in society, education and politics in Ireland, north and south.
Iseult Honohan is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International
Relations at University College Dublin
Nathalie Rougier is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the School of Politics and
International Relations at University College Dublin
ISBN 978-0-7190-9720-1
9780719 097201
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
Edited by
Iseult Honohan
Nathalie Rougier
Tolerance and diversity
in Ireland,
North and South
Tolerance and diversity in Ireland, North and South Honohan
Rougier (eds)
Tolerance and diversity in Ireland, North and South
Contents
List of gures and tables page vii
Notes on the contributors ix
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1
Iseult Honohan and Nathalie Rougier
1 ‘When you actually talk to them …’ – recognising and
respecting cultural and religious diversity in Irish schools 17
Merike Darmody and Emer Smyth
2 Recognising difference while promoting cohesion: the role of
collaborative networks in education 35
Tony Gallagher and Gavin Duffy
3 Tolerance, recognition and educational patronage: Ireland’s
constitutional politics of school choice 55
Eoin Daly
4 Traveller education: policy and practice in Northern Ireland 74
Jennifer Hamilton, Fiona Bloomer and Michael Potter
5 Tolerance of religious and cultural diversity in Irish
institutions: comparing hijabs in schools and turbans in the
Garda reserve 94
Nathalie Rougier and Iseult Honohan
6 Minority and majority community integration in Northern
Ireland: a matrix of tolerance 114
Ruth McAreavey
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 5 02/04/2015 13:59
vi Contents
7 Politics, professions and participation: immigrants in the Irish
public sphere 135
Neil O’Boyle
8 Academic ‘truth’ and the perpetuation of negative attitudes
and intolerance towards Irish Travellers in contemporary
Ireland 153
Úna Crowley and Rob Kitchin
9 Two wrongs don’t make a right: (in)tolerance and hate crime
laws in Northern Ireland 171
Chris Gilligan
10 Prejudice and (in)tolerance in Ulster 189
Neil Jarman
11 Acknowledging religious and cultural diversity in an
antagonistic society: the challenge of Northern Ireland 211
Duncan Morrow
12 Taking intolerant liberalism seriously 232
Bryan Fanning
13 Toleration, respect and recognition in Northern Ireland 249
Cillian McBride
Conclusion 266
Iseult Honohan and Nathalie Rougier
Index 280
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 6 02/04/2015 13:59
Figures and tables
Figures
6.1 Census 2011 settlement patterns of EU Post 2004 migrants
to Northern Ireland. Map compiled by Carey Doyle, PhD
researcher, Queen’s University Belfast 119
10.1 Racist, homophobic and sectarian hate incidents 193
10.2 Perceived levels of personal and general racial prejudice 195
10.3 Acceptance of ethnic or religious groups
in various settings 199
10.4 Acceptance of other religious groups, East Europeans,
lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and Irish Travellers 201
10.5 Negative views of homosexual relationships by religion and
gender 204
10.6 Positive attitudes towards equality of rights for lesbians
and gay men 205
10.7 Levels of personal relationships with lesbians or gay men 206
Tables
1.1 Prole of the case-study schools 20
2.1 Matrix of outcomes for recognition and the pursuit of
tolerance in education 49
4.1 Comparative attitudes to Travellers and Eastern Europeans
in Northern Ireland 77
4.2 Enrolments of Traveller children (year 1 to year 12) 84
6.1 Matrix dening outcomes of integration 120
9.1 Attitudes towards enhanced sentence for racist assault 175
9.2 Reasons for disagreeing with enhanced sentencing for racist
assault 176
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 7 02/04/2015 13:59
viii List of figures and tables
9.3 Reasons for agreeing with enhanced sentencing for racist
assault 177
10.1 Catholics’ and Protestants’ acceptance of ethnic or religious
groups 200
10.2 Acceptance of ethnic or religious groups 200
10.3 Frequency of contact with members of ethnic or religious
groups 203
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 8 02/04/2015 13:59
Notes on the contributors
Fiona Bloomer Research Associate with the Institute for Research in
Social Sciences, University of Ulster. Fiona specialises in research in
social policy with a focus on issues related to sectarianism and com-
munity relations in Northern Ireland. More recently she has conducted
research on the activities of pro-choice groups campaigning for reform
of the abortion legislation in Northern Ireland. Her experience draws
from ve years as research director at Trademark and ten years in
Northern Ireland Research and Statistics Agency, where she was sec-
onded to the Ofce of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, and
the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure.
Úna Crowley Director of Teaching and Learning and Head of
AcademicAdvisory in NUI Maynooth. Úna has responsibility for the
day-to-day functioning of both the Academic Advisory Ofce and the
Centre for Teaching and Learning, the development of initiatives in
the University, and for overseeing strategic teaching and learning pro-
jectsfunded under the National Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF1 & 2).
Her teaching and research areas include equality issues in education,
undergraduate retention and completion, inclusion and intercultural-
ism and the social, cultural and political history of twentieth-century
Ireland.
Eoin Daly Lecturer in the School of Law at NUI Galway, where he
teaches Constitutional Law, Legal Theory, and Law and Religion. His
research focuses on the relationship between constitutional law and
political theory, with a particular focus on constitutional secularism and
legal issues surrounding religion in schools. He is author of Religion,
Law and the Irish State: The Constitutional Framework in Context
(Clarus, 2012). He has also published papers in Legal Studies, the
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 9 02/04/2015 13:59
x Notes on the contributors
European Journal of Political Theory, Jurisprudence and the Oxford
Journal of Legal Studies.
Merike Darmody Research Ofcer at the Economic and Social Research
Institute and adjunct Assistant Professor in Sociology at Trinity College
Dublin. Herkey area of interest lies in sociology of education. Recent
work includes studies on ethnic, cultural and religious diversity in Irish
primary and secondary schools. She has co-edited a book on the expe-
riences of migrant children in Ireland, The Changing Faces of Ireland:
Exploring the Lives of Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Children, and
co-authored articles and chapters on this topic. She has recently been
a national expert in a European Commission-funded international
comparative study on the educational needs of newly arrived migrant
children.
Gavin D. Duffy Research Fellow attached to the Sharing Education
Programme in the School of Education at Queen’s University Belfast;
BA (Hons) Sociology and Scholastic Philosophy, MSSc Criminology
and Criminal Justice and PGCE in Secondary Education. His doctoral
research involved an ethnographic study of a custodial education centre
for young people. He has published on themes such as rehabilitation
and educational disengagement. His current research seeks to under-
stand more about the context of effective collaboration within networks
of schools and examines institutional relationships forming between
schools from different sectors, in particular those operating in contested
space settings.
Bryan Fanning Head of the School of Applied Social Science at
University College Dublin. He is the author of Racism and Social
Change in the Republic of Ireland (Manchester University Press, 2001,
2nd edition 2012), Immigration and Social Cohesion in the Republic
of Ireland (Manchester University Press, 2011), The Quest for Modern
Ireland: The Battle of Ideas 1912–1986 (Irish Academic Press, 2008)
and New Guests of the Irish Nation (Irish Academic Press, 2009). Other
recent publications include An Irish Century: Studies 1912–2012 (UCD
Press, 2012).
Tony Gallagher Professor of Education and Pro-Vice-Chancellor at
Queen’s University Belfast. His main research interest lies in the role
of education in societies marked by ethnic conict, although he is also
interested more generally in issues related to equality and social inclu-
sion in education. He has worked in Northern Ireland, South East
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 10 02/04/2015 13:59
Notes on the contributors xi
Europe and the Middle East, with Israeli and Palestinian educators, and
acted as a consultant for government departments, public bodies, volun-
tary and community organisations and international organisations. His
current main work explores effective methods of school collaboration to
raise standards and promote new relationships across denominational
divisions in Northern Ireland (www.schoolsworkingtogether.co.uk).
Chris Gilligan Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of the West
of Scotland. He previously held lecturing posts at Aston University
and the University of Ulster. He is Reviews Editor for the journal
Ethnopolitics. He has eclectic interests but his main eld of research
is in the broad area of nations, ‘race’ and ethnicity. He has edited (or
co-edited) collections on the peace process in Northern Ireland and on
migration. He also has an ongoing interest in the use of visual method-
ologies in social science research.
Jennifer Hamilton Lecturer in Social Policy at the University of Ulster,
specialising in gender, ethnicity and research methods, and associate
member of the Institute for Research in Social Sciences. Her research has
included investigating the level of service provision, mainly in the health
and education sectors, for minority ethnic communities. She has also
conducted research into social cohesion among migrants and existing
residents, and the level and impact of racism in Northern Ireland. More
recently she has been involved in research on the impact of human traf-
cking and forced labour on victims and society.
Iseult Honohan Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International
Relations, University College Dublin. Her research interests lie in repub-
lican political theory, and its application to issues of citizenship, immi-
gration and diversity. Her publications include Civic Republicanism
(Routledge, 2002), ‘Friends, strangers or countrymen? The ties between
citizens as colleagues’, Political Studies (2001), and ‘Toleration and
non-domination’, in Hard to Accept: New Perspectives on Tolerance,
Intolerance and Respect (Palgrave, 2013). She is a partner in EUDO
Citizenship, developing an observatory of citizenship laws in Europe
(http://eudo-citizenship.eu/).
Neil Jarman Director of the Institute for Conict Research (ICR), an
independent organisation based in Belfast since 1996, which has carried
out baseline studies of hate crime between 1999 and 2010. In 2004–5
Neil was a specialist adviser for the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee
for its enquiry into Hate Crime in Northern Ireland. More recently
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 11 02/04/2015 13:59
xii Notes on the contributors
ICR has carried out research on human trafcking for the Equality and
Human Rights Commissions (2009) and on forced labour for the Joseph
Rowntree Foundation (2011). ICR has recently completed a study of
how the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland is responding to
hate crimes.
Rob Kitchin Professor and ERC Advanced Investigator in the National
Institute of Regional and Spatial Analysis at the National University of
Ireland Maynooth. He has published widely across the social sciences,
including twenty-one books and over 130 articles and book chapters.
He is editor of the international journals Progress in Human Geography
and Dialogues in Human Geography, and formerly of Social and
Cultural Geography. He has successfully written or been a principal
investigator grants totalling c. €34 million. He is currently a PI on the
Programmable City project, the Digital Repository of Ireland and the
All-Island Research Observatory.
Ruth McAreavey Lecturer in Environment Planning at Queen’s
University Belfast. Ruth has a breadth of professional experience gained
through various positions in the voluntary and statutory sectors. Since
her time in QUB Ruth has acted as Research Manager in the Gibson
Institute for Land Food and Environment, Research Support Ofcer and
Framework 6 Project Manager, and as a non-executive Board Member
of the Northern Ireland Rural Development Council. She is currently
conducting research for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation on migration,
ethnicity and poverty. Her sole authored volume on migration is forth-
coming with Routledge.
Cillian McBride Lecturer in Political Theory at the School of Politics,
International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University Belfast. His
teaching area is Contemporary Theories of Justice and Modern Political
Thought. His research interests are in contemporary political theory,
particularly the ethics and politics of recognition, deliberative democ-
racy, republicanism (non-domination) and political liberalism. He was
involved in an international research project investigating Processes
Inuencing Democratic Ownership and Participation (PIDOP 2009–12).
In 2009 he co-ordinated, with Professor Shane O’Neill, an ESRC-funded
seminar series on The Politics of Recognition and the Dynamics of Social
Conict. He is the author of Recognition (Polity, 2013).
Duncan Morrow Director of Community Engagement at the University
of Ulster, responsible for developing the University’s partnerships with
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 12 02/04/2015 13:59
Notes on the contributors xiii
groups and organisations across the community, and lecturer in Politics
at Jordanstown. He has been appointed to chair the Ministerial Advisory
Committee on Tackling Sectarianism for the Scottish Government.
Previously he has been research ofcer in the Centre for the Study of
Conict, in the University of Ulster at Coleraine, Director of the Future
Ways, Chief Executive of the Community Relations Council, where he
championed the concept of a shared future, an adviser to the Ashdown
Commissioner on Parading and a Parole Commissioner for Northern
Ireland.
Neil O’Boyle Lecturer in the School of Communications and Cluster
Director of the International Media, Interculturalism and Migration
research cluster in DCU and a member of the Migration and Citizenship
Research Initiative in University College Dublin. He was formerly lead
researcher on the IRCHSS theme-funded project ‘Immigration and
Social Change in the Republic of Ireland’ and is co-author of the report
‘New Irish Politics: Political Parties and Immigrants in 2009’. Neil’s
research interests include migration, communication theory and the
cultural industries. His rst book, titled New Vocabularies, Old Ideas:
Culture, Irishness and the Advertising Industry (Peter Lang) was pub-
lished in 2011.
Michael Potter PhD candidate at the School of Politics, International
Studies and Philosophy at Queen’s University Belfast. Michael has pub-
lished works on issues relating to inclusion for minority ethnic identities
and for women in post-conict societies, specically in Northern Ireland
and the Balkan region.
Nathalie Rougier Researcher for the ACCEPT Pluralism Project in
the School of Politics and International Relations, University College
Dublin. Previously she has been research co-ordinator for the ITENIBA
Project (Intergenerational Transmission and Ethno-National Identity in
the Border Area) at the UCD Geary Institute and has collaborated to
two projects at the Commission for Migration and Integration Research
(KMI) in Vienna, Austria. Her main research interests revolve around
issues of identity construal and (re)denition over time and across socio-
cultural contexts; inter-group and intercultural relations; integration
and belonging; and prejudice and discrimination.
Emer Smyth
Joint programme co-ordinator of Education Research at the Economic
and Social Research Institute and head of Social Research Division. Her
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 13 02/04/2015 13:59
xiv Notes on the contributors
areas of interest include education, school to work transitions, compara-
tive methodology and gender issues. She is currently leading the Post-
Primary Longitudinal Study, following a cohort of young people from
the rst year of second-level education onwards. Emer co-ordinated a
FP7–funded comparative project, Religious Education in a Multicultural
Society (REMC), and is on the management team of the Growing Up in
Ireland study. She is co-editor of the journal Irish Educational Studies.
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 14 02/04/2015 13:59
Acknowledgements
This volume had its beginnings in a conference ‘Tolerance and Diversity
in Ireland, North and South’ that was held in University College Dublin
in February 2013. This in turn originated from an international, inter-
disciplinary project, in which the editors were partners: ACCEPT
Pluralism: Tolerance, Pluralism and Social Cohesion: Responding to
the Challenges of 21st Century in Europe (2010–13) (www.accept-
pluralism.eu/), European Commission, DG Research, 7th Framework
Programme, Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities (call FP7–SSH-
2009–A, grant agreement no. 243837). We are grateful to the co-
ordinator of the project, Anna Triandafyllidou, and the funders who
agreed to support this conference extending the theme of tolerance to
Northern Ireland, a society closely interconnected with the Republic of
Ireland, not least with respect to issues of tolerance of diversity.
We wish to thank Jennifer Todd, Director of the Institute for British–
Irish Studies, under whose auspices the conference was held, and Dara
Gannon, IBIS Administrator, for her support for the organisation of the
event. We would also like to express our thanks to all the conference
participants for contributing to the success of the event and conrming
the interest and need for more cross-border academic scholarship.
We appreciate the contribution of the anonymous reviewers who pro-
vided extensive and useful comments on the work in progress and the
publication team at Manchester University Press who have brought the
book to press.
MAD0147_HONOHAN_v1.indd 15 02/04/2015 13:59
This book examines the treatment of cultural and religious diversity –
indigenous and immigrant – on both sides of the Irish border in order to
analyse the current state of tolerance and the kinds of policies that may
support integration, while respecting diversity. While it is sometimes argued
that in contemporary societies we need to go ‘beyond tolerance’ to more
positive recognition, new and continuing tensions and conflicts among
groups suggest that there may still be a role for tolerance. The first set of
chapters in the book focus on the spheres of education, civic life and politics,
including chapters on specific groups (e.g. travellers, immigrants), as well
as the communal divisions in Northern Ireland. Later chapters reflect on the
Irish experience of diversity, and assess the extent to which the conceptual
approaches and discourses employed to deal with it are comparable between
the jurisdictions of the Republic and Northern Ireland. Finally the book
considers the implications for what constitutes the most appropriate approach
to diversity – whether this should ideally be in terms of tolerance and mutual
accommodation, of recognition, or transformative reconciliation.
This is the first book to address the issue of tolerance across the broad
sweep of different kinds of religious and cultural diversity in Northern Ireland
and the Republic.
It will appeal to academics and students in sociology, politics, education,
social psychology and Irish studies; it will also be of interest to general readers
interested in society, education and politics in Ireland, north and south.
Iseult Honohan is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International
Relations at University College Dublin
Nathalie Rougier is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the School of Politics and
International Relations at University College Dublin
ISBN 978-0-7190-9720-1
9780719 097201
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
Edited by
Iseult Honohan
Nathalie Rougier
Tolerance and diversity
in Ireland,
North and South
Tolerance and diversity in Ireland, North and South Honohan
Rougier (eds)
Tolerance and diversity in Ireland, North and South
