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A new distinctively banded-species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the western Amazon Basin in Peru

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Nathan K. Lujan at Royal Ontario Museum
Nathan K. Lujan
Sarah Elizabeth Steele at Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature
Sarah Elizabeth Steele
Miguel Angel Velasquez Quispe at National University of San Marcos
Miguel Angel Velasquez Quispe
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Abstract and Figures

Panaqolus albivermis is described as a new species based on four specimens from the San Alejandro River, a tributary of the upper Ucayali River in central Peru. Panaqolus albivermis is diagnosed from all other Panaqolus except P. maccus by having head, body, and fins with widely separated small white to yellow spots, vermiculations, and/or thin oblique bands on a black base (vs. exclusively small white to yellow spots on a black base in P. alboinaculatus, generally broad oblique bands of alternating light to dark brown in P. changae, P. gnomus, P purusiensis, and a uniformly dark gray to black body color in P. dentex, P. koko, and P. nocturnus); P. albivernis can be diagnosed from P. maccus by having a black base color (vs. brown), by having parallel dentary tooth cups (vs. acute intermandibular tooth cup angle), and by having a larger known adult body size (95.8 mm SL vs. 84.8).
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192 Accepted by M.R. de Carvalho: 17 Jan. 2013; published: 18 Jul. 2013
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3691 (1): 192–198
www.mapress.com
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zootaxa
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Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.8
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A3C253A5-AD10-4FCB-A053-26B6A956EC4D
A new distinctively banded species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
from the western Amazon Basin in Peru
NATHAN K. LUJAN1, SARAH STEELE1 & MIQUEL VELASQUEZ2
1Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.
E-mail: nklujan@gmail.com; sarah.steele@mail.utoronto.ca
2Departamento de Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado, 14-0434, Lima 14,
Peru. E-mail: mianvq@gmail.com
Abstract
Panaqolus albivermis is described as a new species based on four specimens from the San Alejandro River, a tributary of
the upper Ucayali River in central Peru. Panaqolus albivermis is diagnosed from all other Panaqolus except P. maccus by
having head, body, and fins with widely separated small white to yellow spots, vermiculations, and/or thin oblique bands
on a black base (vs. exclusively small white to yellow spots on a black base in P. albomaculatus, generally broad oblique
bands of alternating light to dark brown in P. changae, P. gnomus, P. purusiensis, and a uniformly dark gray to black body
color in P. dentex, P. koko, and P. nocturnus); P. albivermis can be diagnosed from P. maccus by having a black base color
(vs. brown), by having parallel dentary tooth cups (vs. acute intermandibular tooth cup angle), and by having a larger
known adult body size (95.8 mm SL vs. 84.8).
Key words: Neotropics, Taxonomy, Ancistrini, Andean piedmont, Aguaytia, Ucayali
Resumen
Se describe la especie nueva Panaqolus albivermis basada en cuatro especímenes del rio San Alejandro, tributario del rio
Alto Ucayali en el centro de Perú. Panaqolus albivermis se diferencia de los otros Panaqolus excepto P. maccus por pre-
sentar pequeños puntos dispersos blancos o amarillos en la cabeza, el cuerpo y las aletas, vermiculaciones y/o bandas del-
gadas oblicuas sobre un fondo negro (vs. pequeños puntos blancos o amarillos sobre fondo negro exclusivos en P.
albomaculatus, generalmente bandas anchas oblicuas alternadas en claras y marrón oscuro en P. changae, P. gnomus, P.
purusiensis, y color del cuerpo uniforme gris oscuro o negro en P. dentex, P. koko, y P. nocturnus); P. albivermis puede
diferenciarse de P. maccus por presentar un fondo negro (vs. marrón), filas de dientes del dentario paralelos (vs. filas con
angulo agudo) y un tamaño de cuerpo mas grande en adultos (95.8 mm SL vs. 84.8).
Palabras clave: Neotrópico, Taxonomía, Ancistrini, piedemonte andino, Aguaytia, Ucayali
Introduction
Historically, suckermouth armored catfishes having evertible cheek odontodes, acutely angled mandibular and
premaxillary tooth rows, relatively few spoon-shaped teeth, and diets consisting predominantly of wood have been
either combined in the genus Panaque, or separated into the genera or subgenera Panaque and Panaqolus based on
adult body size and up to seven different internal and external morphological characteristics. Eigenmann and
Eigenmann (1889) erected Panaque and designated Chaetostomus nigrolineatus Peters 1877 as the type species,
with Chaetostomus cochliodon Steindachner 1879 and Chaetostomus dentex Günther 1868 as congeners. Schaefer
and Stewart (1993) hypothesized the existence of two clades within Panaque: a smaller bodied P. dentex clade
(now composed of P. albomaculatus, P. changae, P. dentex, P. gnomus, P. koko, P. maccus, P. nocturnus, and P.
purusiensis) and a larger bodied P. nigrolineatus clade (P. armbrusteri, P. cochliodon, P. bathyphilus, P.
Zootaxa 3691 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 193
NEW SPECIES OF PANAQOLUS CATFISH
nigrolineatus, P. schaeferi, P. suttonorum, and P. titan). Characteristics used to distinguish the P. dent ex clade from
the P. nigrolineatus clade include: 1) dorsal margin of the fifth ceratobranchial with posterior elongate indentation
(vs. lacking elongate indentation in members of the P. nigrolineatus clade and other ancistrins; Schaefer and
Stewart, 1993), 2) symplectic foramen of the preopercle greatly enlarged (vs. symplectic foramen relatively small
in the P. nigrolineatus clade and other ancistrins; Schaefer and Stewart, 1993), 3) anterior preopercle–quadrate
suture positioned well posterior relative to distance between the symplectic foramen and quadrate–anguloarticular
condyle (vs. suture positioned well anterior toward the articular condyle in the P. nigrolineatus clade and other
ancistrins; Schaefer and Stewart, 1993), 4) preopercle with deep lateral groove located near the reflected lateral
margin of the bone (vs. groove absent in the P. nigrolineatus clade and other ancistrins; Schaefer and Stewart,
1993), 5) elongate lateral projections born distally from ventral processes of the Weberian complex centrum (vs.
lateral projections absent in the P. nigrolineatus clade; Chockley and Armbruster, 2002), 6) absence of the posterior
orbital notch (vs. notch present in members of the P. nigrolineatus clade; Schaefer and Stewart, 1993), and 7)
absence of a keel on the caudal peduncle (vs. present in members of the P. nigrolineatus clade; Schaefer and
Stewart, 1993).
Isbrücker et al. (2001) assigned members of the smaller bodied P. dentex clade to the new genus Panaqolus,
designating Panaque gnomus Schaefer and Stewart 1993 as the type species. Although Chockley and Armbruster
(2002) placed Panaqolus in synonymy with Panaque, Armbruster (2004) recommended recognition of Panaqolus
as a subgenus within Panaque, and Armbruster (2008) provided further morphology-based phylogenetic support
for monophyly of genus Panaque and subgenus Panaqolus. In contrast, the molecular phylogenetic studies of
Hardman (2005) and Cramer et al. (2011) recovered Panaque sensu lato as paraphyletic. Cramer et al. (2011)
examined two Panaque sensu stricto species and two Panaqolus species among a host of other Ancistrini taxa and
recovered each genus as a clade distantly separated from the other.
Recent taxonomic studies have differed in their treatment of Panaqolus as a genus or subgenus. Lujan et al.
(2010) revised the Panaque nigrolineatus clade and followed Armbruster (2004) in treating this as one of three
subgenera within Panaque – the others being Panaqolus and Scobinancistrus. Conversely, Eschmeyer (2013)
recognized Panaqolus as a genus and Fisch-Muller et al. (2012) did likewise in their description of Panaqolus
koko. Given the conflicting evidence for monophyly of Panaque sensu lato, the consistent support for monophyly
of Panaqolus, and the recent trend toward recognizing Panaqolus as a genus, we treat Panaqolus as a genus herein.
Panaqolus species appear to be locally uncommon throughout much of their range. Specimens for many
species are scarce in collections and type series for most species are small. Despite this, available material suggests
that the genus is widespread in the Amazon and Orinoco basins and in Atlantic Coastal drainages of the Guianas.
During recent field work in the San Alejandro River in central Peru, the third author collected four specimens of a
distinctive, undescribed species assignable to genus Panaqolus. We describe the species herein as Panaqolus
albivermis.
Methods
Counts and measurements follow Armbruster (2003). Standard length (SL) is expressed in mm and other
measurements are expressed as either percentages of standard length or, for subunits of the head, percentages of
head length. Measurements and counts were taken on the left side of specimens when possible. Meristic counts
listed in the text are followed by the total number of individuals having each count (in parentheses) and/or an
asterisk indicating the value of the holotype. Dorsal-fin spinelet is counted as a spine. Lateral trunk plate row
terminology follows Schaefer (1997). Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj Pérez (2010).
Panaqolus albivermis, new species
Figure 1. Table 1.
Holotype. MUSM 35879, 95.8 mm SL, Peru, Padre Abad Province, Irazola District, San Alejandro River, Ucayali
River drainage, 195 masl, 8°55'02''N, 75°12'26''W, M. Velasquez, 13 June 2009.
LUJAN ET AL.
194 · Zootaxa 3691 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press
Paratypes. Three specimens, collected with holotype. ANSP 182815, 1: 78.7 mm SL; AUM 58781, 1: 70.9
mm SL; ROM 93945, 1: 45.5 mm SL.
Diagnosis. Panaqolus albivermis can be diagnosed from all other Panaqolus except P. maccus by having head,
body, and fins with widely separated small white to yellow spots, vermiculations, and/or thin oblique bands on a
black base (vs. exclusively small white to yellow spots on a black base in P. albomaculatus, generally broad
oblique bands of alternating light to dark brown in P. changae, P. gnomus, P. purusiensis, and a uniformly dark gray
to black body color in P. d entex , P. ko ko, and P. nocturnus); P. albivermis can be diagnosed from P. maccus by
having a black base color (vs. brown), by having parallel dentary tooth rows (vs. acute intermandibular tooth row
angle), and by having a larger known adult body size (95.8 mm SL vs. 84.8; Schaefer & Stewart, 1993).
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panaqolus albivermis n. sp., 95.8 mm SL, Peru, Padre Abad Province, Irazola District, San Alejandro
River, Ucayali River drainage, 195 masl, 8°55'02''N, 75°12'26''W, M. Velasquez, 13 June 2009 (photo by NKL).
Zootaxa 3691 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 195
NEW SPECIES OF PANAQOLUS CATFISH
Description. Morphometrics in Table 1. Largest specimen 95.8 mm SL. Body depth increasing from tip of
snout to greatest body depth at origin of dorsal fin, decreasing to posterior margin of adipose fin with slight
increase at base of caudal fin. Dorsal profile slightly convex between snout and dorsal-fin origin. Ventral profile
flat from snout to anus, slightly concave between anus and caudal fin. Ossified dermal plates with small odontodes
covering snout and body flanks. Abdomen naked, lacking plates except for area between opercular openings.
Cheek plates bearing hypertrophied, distally-hooked odontodes (mean 21, range 15-38, holotype 38) evertible to
approximately 90o from sagittal plane in dorsal view; longest odontodes extending to posterior exposed margin of
opercle. Orbit positioned dorsolaterally on head with opening sloped ventrolaterally at approximately 45o from
sagittal plane in anterior view. Snout rounded. Slight ridge from anterolateral corner of naris to dorsal margin of
orbit.
Oral disk occupying majority of ventral surface of head anterior of cleithrum. Premaxillary teeth 4-5 on left
ramus (holotype = 5); dentary teeth 4-6 on left ramus (holotype = 4). All teeth with thick, strong shafts, and spoon-
shaped, paired cusps bent inward slightly; teeth slightly larger on dentary, teeth in middle of each row slightly
larger than marginal teeth. Maxillary barbel short and attached to lower lip along most of length; ventral surface of
labial disk with hemispherical papillae decreasing in size distally.
FIGURE 2. Map of northern Peru showing the type locality (open circle) of Panaqolus albivermis.
LUJAN ET AL.
196 · Zootaxa 3691 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press
TABLE 1. Selected morphometric characters for Panaqolus albivermis n. sp. Interlandmarks (ILM) are the two points
between which measurements were taken (from Armbruster, 2003; * = too small to be measured precisely).
Holotype Paratypes
ILM Measurement MUSM 35879 ANSP 182815 AUM 58781 ROM 93945
1–20 Standard length 95.8 78.7 69.9 45.5
% of SL:
1–10 Predorsal length 45.2 42.8 46.2 44.0
1–7 Head length 36.1 35.3 37.9 36.4
7–10 Head-dorsal length 9.0 8.6 8.9 8.1
8–9 Cleithral width 30.8 32.4 31.4 29.7
1–12 Head-pectoral length 23.1 24.1 25.2 23.7
12–13 Thorax length 21.5 27.3 23.9 25.5
12–29 Pectoral-spine length 35.2 33.9 32.1 33.4
13–14 Abdominal length 24.3 24.9 23.4 21.6
13–30 Pelvic-spine length 30.7 30.7 26.8 30.4
13-13' Pelvic girdle width 19.9 20.5 18.5 21.0
14–15 Postanal length 30.9 31.9 29.0 30.1
14–31 Anal-fin spine length 13.8 14.2 14.9 11.0
10–12 Dorsal-pectoral depth 29.5 28.5 30.9 30.0
10–11 Dorsal spine length 33.0 34.3 33.6 36.0
10–13 Dorsal-pelvic depth 23.6 22.0 22.3 20.4
10–16 Dorsal-fin base length 28.3 28.3 26.9 24.5
16–17 Dorsal-adipose distance 14.7 13.9 14.1 11.8
17–18 Adipose-spine length 11.3 12.0 10.9 11.4
17–19 Adipose-upper caudal distance 17.6 11.6 17.4 18.9
17-18' Adipose height 10.7 9.7 11.2 9.9
15–19 Caudal peduncle depth 14.9 13.3 14.4 12.2
20-32 Caudal peduncle-middle caudal ray 16.4 12.0 16.0 17.5
20-33 Caudal peduncle-dorsal caudal spine 31.4 33.7 28.4 20.4
15–17 Adipose-lower caudal depth 22.8 25.2 23.1 22.6
14–17 Adipose-anal depth 17.3 16.4 17.9 15.8
14–16 Dorsal-anal depth 16.6 15.7 17.2 12.9
13–16 Pelvic-dorsal depth 27.7 25.0 28.4 24.4
% of HL:
5–7 Head-eye length 29.3 34.1 32.1 53.3
4–5 Orbit diameter 17.1 18.1 17.6 20.5
1–4 Snout length 66.1 62.1 60.3 59.0
2–3 Internares width 13.5 13.8 13.8 15.8
5–6 Interorbital width 40.8 39.4 38.7 41.0
7–12 Head depth 68.3 70.4 63.3 68.3
1–24 Mouth length 47.5 45.6 40.5 44.2
21–22 Mouth width 40.5 36.0 40.7 37.7
22–23 Barbel length 9.6 10.1 11.7 8.1
25–26 Dentary tooth cup length 18.9 16.6 10.5 *
27–28 Premaxillary tooth cup length 11.9 11.4 9.4 *
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NEW SPECIES OF PANAQOLUS CATFISH
Dorsal fin II,7(3)*, I,8(1); dorsal-fin spinelet small, V-shaped; (dorsal-fin lock present and functional);
posteriormost dorsal-fin ray free from body. Pectoral fin I,5(2)*, I,6(2); adpressed pectoral-fin spine reaching
approximately to anus, spine having hypertrophied odontodes increasing in length distally. Pelvic fin I,5; pelvic-fin
spine extending to or past insertion of anal fin when adpressed. Anal fin I,4; second unbranched ray longest.
Adipose-fin spine slightly curved distally, adnate to caudal peduncle via fleshy membrane with concave or convex
posterior margin. Caudal fin I,14,I; caudal fin asymmetrically emarginate with ventral lobe longer than dorsal lobe.
Body broadest at cleithrum; posterior margin of exposed posterior process of cleithrum tapering to a point.
Lateral median plates 24 or 25*, middorsal plates 23 or 24*, midventral plates 22–25*; anteriormost midventral
plates strongly bent forming slight lateral ridge between verticals through pectoral- and dorsal-fin origins. Caudal
peduncle plate rows five. One azygous preadipose plate; two predorsal plate rows not including nuchal plate; five
interdorsal plate rows.
Color. Head, body, and fins with widely separated small white to yellow spots, vermiculations, and/or thin
oblique bands on a black base. Several specimens have only thin widely-spaced, white to yellow oblique bands and
lack spots entirely. Numbers of bands increase, and width of bands decrease, with body size, with juveniles having
relatively few broad bands and adults having more numerous, thin bands and bands that are broken into
vermiculations or spots.
Distribution and habitat. Known only from the San Alejandro River, a tributary of Aguaytia River in the
upper Ucayali watershed in central Peru.
Etymology. The specific epithet albivermis is a combination of the Latin albus, meaning white, and vermis,
meaning worm, and is in reference to this species’ variable but distinctive white to yellow markings.
Discussion
Live specimens of Panaqolus albivermis have been exported from Iquitos, Peru, for several years and distributed
globally for sale as ornamental aquarium fishes under the common names ‘L204’, ‘flash pleco’, or ‘pinstripe pleco’
(Planet Catfish, 2013). As far as we are aware, the specimens on which our description is based are the only
specimens with precise locality data currently present in any institutional scientific collection. In general,
knowledge of the fish fauna of the San Alejandro River appears to be relatively poor, although it has provided type
material for at least one other fish species: the characid Creagrutus changae (Vari and Harold, 2001).
Panaqolus albivermis is externally most similar to P. albomaculatus, which appears to have a much broader
geographic distribution along the Andean piedmont extending to both the north and south of the San Alejandro
River (NKL pers. obs.). The color pattern of P. albivermis differs from that of P. albomaculatus by always have a
large portion of its light-colored markings being elongate as either vermiculations or, most often as oblique bands
encircling the body. In addition to their similar coloration, P. albivermis and P. albomaculatus also both have
dentary tooth rows that are nearly parallel to each other and to the longitudinal body axis. Lujan and Armbruster
(2012) illustrated the dentary of P. albomaculatus, showing that the angle between the distal dentary tooth cup and
the proximal dentary-angul articular shaft is greater than it might appear externally, that dentary tooth shafts are
longer in P. albomaculatus than in any other Panaqolus species, and that the tooth cusps themselves are oriented
obliquely relative to the tooth row. Lujan et al. (2011) present stable isotope data supporting the assertion that such
morphological specializations of the jaw are an important means by which food resources associated with the
surfaces of course woody debris may be partitioned among different loricariid species.
Comparative material examined. Panaqolus albomaculatus, all specimens Peru, Amazonas Region,
Condorcanqui Province, AUM 45502 (5), AUM 45557 (3), AUM 45576 (6), AUM 46691 (1), AUM 45507 (26),
AUM 45511 (2), AUM 45628 (1). Panaqolus gnomus, all specimens Peru, Amazonas Region, Condorcanqui
Province, AUM 45501 (34), AUM 46692 (1), AUM 45603 (1), AUM 45505 (36), AUM 45509 (2). Panaqolus
maccus, all specimens Venezuela, specimens from Apure Province: AUM 35279 (2), AUM 35280 (1), AUM
35281 (1), AUM 35282 (1), AUM 35283 (1), AUM 35294 (2), AUM 37645 (1); specimens from Portuguessa
Province: AUM 17527 (1), AUM 22109 (1), AUM 22665 (4), AUM 22666 (1), AUM 22794 (5), AUM 22812 (1),
AUM 22835 (1), AUM 41079 (2), AUM 53768 (3). Panaqolus nocturnus, all specimens Peru, Amazonas Region,
Condorcanqui Province, AUM 45528 (2), AUM 45532 (1), AUM 45500 (59), AUM 45558 (8), AUM 45563 (5),
AUM 45577 (2), AUM 45591 (13), AUM 45601 (2), AUM 45604 (2), AUM 45506 (25), AUM 45612 (1), AUM
45508 (15), AUM 45629 (1).
LUJAN ET AL.
198 · Zootaxa 3691 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press
Acknowledgements
We thank collection managers Mark Sabaj Pérez (ANSP), Don Stacy (ROM), and David Werneke (AUM) for
facilitating our study of specimens in their care, and Vanessa Meza (MUSM) for translating the abstract. Funding
came from NSF grant OISE-1064578 to NKL.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.613
... Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml 2001 is a genus of small-bodied, xylivorous loricariid catfishes. Panaqolus is widely distributed in the Amazon River, rio Orinoco, and coastal rivers of the Guianas (Lujan et al., 2013). Although previously classified with the large-bodied, wood-eating Panaque (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993;Armbruster, 2004), molecular analyses have shown that these genera are distinct (Cramer et al., 2011;Lujan et al., 2015), and we follow previous taxonomic studies that also recognize Panaqolus (Lujan et al., 2013;Cramer, 2014;Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015). ...
... Panaqolus is widely distributed in the Amazon River, rio Orinoco, and coastal rivers of the Guianas (Lujan et al., 2013). Although previously classified with the large-bodied, wood-eating Panaque (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993;Armbruster, 2004), molecular analyses have shown that these genera are distinct (Cramer et al., 2011;Lujan et al., 2015), and we follow previous taxonomic studies that also recognize Panaqolus (Lujan et al., 2013;Cramer, 2014;Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015). Currently, there are ten valid species of Panaqolus: P. dentex (Günther, 1868), P. purusiensis (LaMonte, 1935), P. albomaculatus (Kanazawa, 1958), P. gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. maccus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. changae (Chockley & Armbruster, 2002), P. koko Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012, P. albivermis Lujan, Steele &Valesquez, 2013, andP. ...
... Although previously classified with the large-bodied, wood-eating Panaque (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993;Armbruster, 2004), molecular analyses have shown that these genera are distinct (Cramer et al., 2011;Lujan et al., 2015), and we follow previous taxonomic studies that also recognize Panaqolus (Lujan et al., 2013;Cramer, 2014;Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015). Currently, there are ten valid species of Panaqolus: P. dentex (Günther, 1868), P. purusiensis (LaMonte, 1935), P. albomaculatus (Kanazawa, 1958), P. gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. maccus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. changae (Chockley & Armbruster, 2002), P. koko Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012, P. albivermis Lujan, Steele &Valesquez, 2013, andP. nix Cramer &Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015. ...
A new species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Branco
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2016
A new species of Panaqolus is described from material from the Takutu River and the mainstem rio Branco. The new species is diagnosed from congeners by its color pattern consisting of dark and light bars on the body, bands on the fins, and with dots and vermiculations absent (vs. no bars in P. albomaculatus, P. nix, P. nocturnus, and P. koko, vs. fins unbanded in P. albomaculatus, P. dentex, P. koko, and P. nix, and vs. dots and vermiculations present in P. albivermis and P. maccus). The new species is diagnosed from barred species of Panaqolus by its specific bar number and orientation and color pattern on its head, with bars oriented in a anteroventral-posterodorsal direction (vs. anterodorsal-posteroventral bars in P. gnomus), having consistently 5 bars (n = 4) on the trunk that do not increase with size (vs. number increasing with size in P. purusiensis and vs. 6-12 in P. changae), and the color pattern on the head of straight lines extending from posterior to the eye to the snout margin, splitting in the middle portion of the line in larger specimens (vs. small, dense reticulate lines in P. changae). Biogeographically, we infer that the new species ancestrally originated in the Amazon river, dispersing to the Takutu River after the Amazon captured part of the Proto-Berbice. © 2016, Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia. All rights reserved.
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... ) described the new genus Panaqolus based on species included in the Panaque dentex group identified by Schaefer & Stewart (1993), with P. gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993) as type species. Subsequent works using morphological and molecular analyses, incorporated additional characters to develop a more robust definition of Panaqolus, although the genus was rejected in some papers (Chockley & Armbruster 2002;Armbruster 2004;Lujan et al. 2010Lujan et al. , 2013Lujan et al. , 2015Lujan et al. , 2017Cramer et al. 2011;Fisch-Muller et al. 2012;Cramer 2014;Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015;Cramer & de Souza 2016;Tan et al. 2016). Panaqolus includes 12 currently valid species (Fricke et al. 2024). ...
... Panaqolus includes 12 currently valid species (Fricke et al. 2024). External characters that diagnose Panaqolus include: 1) evertible cheek odontodes straight, 2) relatively few spoon-shaped teeth, 3) absence of posterior orbital notch, 4) caudal peduncle without ventrolateral keel, and 5) posterodorsal margin of supraoccipital pointed; five internal osteological characters also contribute to the generic diagnosis (Schaefer & Stewart 1993;Chockley & Armbruster 2002;Lujan et al. 2013;Cramer & de Souza 2016). Lujan et al. (2017) offered a hypothesis of relationships among wood-eating loricariids, including species currently in Panaqolus, based on a multi-locus molecular dataset which suggested that species of Panaqolus can be divided among three well-defined monophyletic groups that they described as new subgenera (Panafilus, Panaqoco and Panaqolus). ...
Two new species of the armored catfish genus Panaqolus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Ecuadorian Amazon
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2024
  • ZOOTAXA
Currently four described species of genus Panaqolus have been reported from the Amazon River basin in Ecuador: P. albomaculatus (Kanazawa 1958), P. dentex (Günther 1868), P. gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993) and P. nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993). Revision of specimens deposited at the fish collection of Museo de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (MEPN), Quito, indicated the presence of two additional species, both new to science: P. orcesi n. sp. and P. pantostiktos n. sp. The new species are similar to each other, and to P. albomaculatus and P. nix Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015 in having the head, body, and fins covered with light dots. Diagnostic characters comprise differences in color pattern, including size and density of light dots on head, body, and fins; as well as various morphometric characters. Apparently, both new species reach larger sizes than previously described species of Panaqolus. The two new species can be included in the subgenus Panafilus (Lujan et al. 2017); they come from the Tigre and Napo River basins, two isolated tributaries in the western Amazon. Resumen Hasta los momentos, cuatro especies descritas del género Panaqolus han sido citadas para la cuenca del rio Amazonas, en Ecuador: P. albomaculatus (Kanazawa 1958), P. dentex (Günther 1868), P. gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993) y P. nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart 1993). La revisión de ejemplares depositados en la colección de peces del Museo de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (MEPN) en Quito, determinó la presencia de dos especies adicionales, ambas nuevas para la ciencia: P. orcesi n. sp. and P. pantostiktos n. sp. Estas nuevas especies son similares entre sí y a P. albomaculatus y P. nix Cramer & Rapp Py-Daniel 2015, todas ellas poseen la cabeza, el cuerpo y las aletas cubiertas con puntos redondeados claros. Los caracteres diagnósticos incluyen diferencias en el patrón de coloración, entre ellos el tamaño y la densidad de puntos claros en la cabeza, el cuerpo y las aletas; así como varios caracteres morfométricos. Al parecer, ambas especies nuevas alcanzan tamaños mayores que las especies de Panaqolus descritas anteriormente. Las dos nuevas especies pueden incluirse en el subgénero Panafilus (Lujan et al. 2017); y ambas provienen de las cuencas de los ríos Tigre y Napo, dos afluentes aislados del Amazonas occidental.
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... Adult Panaque can reach almost one meter in total length (60 cm SL) and are widely distributed in large river channel habitats (Lujan et al., 2010). In contrast, the genus Panaqolus rarely exceeds 15 cm SL and is most commonly encountered in medium-sized piedmont rivers of the Andes and the Brazilian and Guiana shields (Lujan et al., , 2013aCramer and Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015;Cramer and de Sousa, 2016;Tan et al., 2016). Biogeographical patterns within these genera may therefore be highly complementary and informative of the hydrogeographic history of South America -particularly the vast expansion of piedmont habitats that likely occurred during Late Miocene tectonic uplifts of the Andes Mountains (Wesselingh and Hoorn, 2011). ...
Multilocus molecular phylogeny of the ornamental wood-eating catfishes (Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Panaqolus and Panaque) reveals undescribed diversity and parapatric clades
Article
  • Jan 2017
  • MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL
Approximately two-dozen species in three genera of the Neotropical suckermouth armored catfish family Loricariidae are the only described fishes known to specialize on diets consisting largely of wood. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 10 described species and 14 undescribed species or morphotypes assigned to the wood-eating catfish genus Panaqolus, and four described species and three undescribed species or morphotypes assigned to the distantly related wood-eating catfish genus Panaque. Our analyses included individuals and species from both genera that are broadly distributed throughout tropical South America east of the Andes Mountains and 13 additional genera hypothesized to have also descended from the most recent common ancestor of Panaqolus and Panaque. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of two mitochondrial and three nuclear loci totaling 4293 bp confirmed respective monophyly of Panaqolus, exclusive of the putative congener 'Panaqolus' koko, and Panaque. Members of Panaqolus sensu stricto were distributed across three strongly monophyletic clades: a clade of 10 generally darkly colored, lyretail species distributed across western headwaters of the Amazon Basin, a clade of three irregularly and narrowly banded species from the western Orinoco Basin, and a clade of 11 generally brown, broadly banded species that are widely distributed throughout the Amazon Basin. We erect new subgenera for each of these clades and a new genus for the morphologically, biogeographically and ecologically distinct species 'Panaqolus' koko. Our finding that perhaps half of the species-level diversity in the widespread genus Panaqolus remains undescribed illustrates the extent to which total taxonomic diversity of small and philopatric, yet apparently widely distributed, Amazonian fishes may remain underestimated. Ranges for two Panaqolus subgenera and the genus Panaque overlap with the wood-eating genus Cochliodon in central Andean tributaries of the upper Amazon Basin, which appear to be a global epicenter of wood-eating catfish diversity.
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... After some debate [1,2,3,4,5,6], Panaqolus Isbrücker & Schraml (2001) is now a well-accepted genus easily separated from Panaque, the former genus of the Panaqolus-species (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), and P. purusiensis (Lamonte, 1935). The diversity of the genus is, however, nowhere near fully described. ...
A New Species of Tiger Pleco Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Xingu Basin, Brazil
Article
Full-text available
Panaqolus tankei is described from the Xingu River, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed from P. albomaculatus, P. dentex, P. nix, P. nocturnus, and P. koko by its color pattern consisting of dark and light diagonal bars on the body and bands on the fins (vs. body and fins without bars or bands); from P. albivermis, P. maccus, and P. purusiensis by the width of the dark bars being more or less the same of the light bars (vs. dark bars at least two or three times wider than light bars) and from P. changae by the absence of vermiculation on the head (vs. vermiculation present on head). The new species differs from P. gnomus by the orientation of the bars from posterodorsal to anteroventral direction (vs. anterodorsal to posteroventral direction), and from P. claustellifer by the orientation of the bands in the dor-sal fin that are not parallel to the margin (vs. parallel to the margin). The barcoding region (COI) was sequenced for the new species, sequences were deposited in GenBank and were compared with congeners from other drainages. With regard to the current construction of a hydroelectric power plant (a so-called mega dam) in the Xingu River, herewith we increase knowledge of the river Xingu's ichthyofauna and, thus improve the assessment of the impacts of that construction on the river.
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... Therefore, Panaqolus comprises the following valid species: P. dentex (Günther, 1868), P. purusiensis (La Monte, 1935), P. albomaculatus (Kanazawa, 1958), P. gnomus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. maccus (Schaefer 462 & Stewart, 1993), P. nocturnus (Schaefer & Stewart, 1993), P. changae (Chockley & Armbruster, 2002), P. koko Fisch-Muller &Covain, 2012 andP. albivermis Lujan, Steele andVelasquez, 2013. We note there are doubts about the correct generic assignment of P. koko as its body shape and dentition differ from those of other Panaqolus (Fisch-Muller et al., 2012). ...
A new species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Madeira basin with remarkable intraspecific color variation
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2015
  • NEOTROP ICHTHYOL
The rio Madeira is the largest white-water tributary of the Amazon, and is currently the river drainage with the highest fish species diversity in the world. A new species of Panaqolus was recognized from the middle Madeira and Mamoré rivers (Brazil) and from the Madre de Dios drainage (Peru) and it is described herein. This new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the large number of white dots distributed all over the body and by its remarkable amplitude of color pattern variation, ranging from a pale, light brown, to dark brown and almost black background coloration. The new species closely resembles P. albomaculatus but has more and smaller dots on the body, a smaller orbital diameter (12.5-16.8% head length vs. 16.0-20.0%) and longer maxillary barbels (9.7-19.6% head length vs. 1.6-8.9%). The new species is the second of the genus Panaqolus described for a Brazilian location after nearly 80 years of the description of P. purusiensis.
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A new species of Peckoltia from the Upper Orinoco (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2016
A new species of the suckermouth armored catfish genus Peckoltia is described from the lower Ventuari River, a tributary of the upper Orinoco River in Amazonas State, Venezuela. Specimens of this species were formerly included in the wide-ranging Amazonian species Peckoltia vittata, but a recent molecular phylogeny found Orinoco individuals to be distantly related to Amazon Basin individuals spanning the range of Peckoltia vittata syntypes. Detailed morphological examination confirmed distinctiveness of Orinoco specimens, and found them to be diagnosable from true Peckoltia vittata by having generally greater than 25 teeth (vs. less), spots on the nape (vs. nape lacking spots), the upper lip with two to three black bar-shaped markings in a line like a moustache (vs. lips generally with a hyaline wash), and by the snout having a medial black line disconnected from the moustache markings (vs. medial snout stripe connected to a bar just above the lip). Peckoltia wernekei displays remarkable genetic similarity to its sister species, Peckoltia lujani, but differs morphologically by having dentary tooth rows meet at an angle less than 90° (vs. >90°), by having large faint blotches on the abdomen (vs. abdomen with no blotches), by a smaller internares width (21.2-26.6% vs. 28.5-46.5% of interorbital width), and a larger dorsal spine (148.1-178.6% vs. 80.1-134.5% of abdominal length).
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A preliminary inventory of the catfishes of the lower Rio Nhamundá, Brazil (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes)
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2015
The Rio Nhamundá is a poorly-known clearwater river draining the southern Guiana Shield of Brazil. In this study we report the findings of a preliminary ichthyological survey, focusing on catfishes (Siluriformes). We identify a total of 36 species (31 genera, seven families) from the Nhamundá, including 11 species already recorded from the river. Overall, our survey results show that even rapid surveys can provide important information on Amazon fish biodiversity, suggesting potential new species, providing range extensions for nominal species, and additionally highlighting taxa in need of taxonomic revision and genetic study. As well as the traditional forms of data collected on biodiversity surveys (i.e. preserved specimen vouchers), our study also provides "new" types of data in the form of DNA barcodes and images of fishes exhibiting colouration in life, information that will be invaluable in future work addressing difficult groups. O Rio Nhamundá é um rio de água clara, pouco conhecido, que drena parte do Escudo das Guianas em território brasileiro. Nesse estudo, nós reportamos os resultados de um levantamento ictiofaunístico preliminar dessa área, tendo como foco os bagres (Siluriformes). Nós identificamos um total de 36 espécies (31 gêneros, sete famílias) provenientes de nossa coleta, e adicionamos 11 espécies já conhecidas para o rio. De maneira geral, os resultados de nossa pesquisa mostram que mesmo levantamentos rápidos podem gerar informações importantes sobre a biodiversidade de peixes amazônicos, sugerindo potenciais espécies novas, ampliando a área de distribuição de espécies, além de apontar a necessidade de revisões taxonômicas e estudos genéticos para alguns taxa. Para além das formas tradicionais de dados coletados em pesquisas de biodiversidade (i.e. espécimes preservados), nosso estudo fornece "novas" formas de dados, como DNA barcodes e imagens com o padrão de coloração dos espécimes vivos, informações essas que serão de valor inestimável para futuros estudos que abordem grupos taxonômicos difíceis.
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Three new species of saddled loricariid catfishes, and a review of Hemiancistrus, Peckoltia, and allied genera (Siluriformes)
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2015
Three new species of saddled hypostomine loricariids are described. According to a recent phylogenetic analysis, these species are members of the genus Peckoltia. The species differ from all described Peckoltia except Peckoltiafurcata and Peckoltiasabaji by having the dentaries meet at an angle greater than 90°. The species also have similarities to Hemiancistrus, and can be separated from all described species by having dorsal saddles. We discuss the taxonomy of Peckoltia, Hemiancistrus, and allied genera and recognize Ancistomus as valid for Peckoltiafeldbergae, Hemiancistrusmicrommatos, Ancistrussnethlageae, Hemiancistrusspilomma, and Hemiancistrusspinosissimus. We recommend descriptions of genera for several clades of Hemiancistrus and restriction of Hemiancistrus to the type species of the genus, Hemiancistrusmedians. Chaetostomusmacrops is transferred to Pseudancistrus and recognized as a junior synonym of Pseudancistrusmegacephalus. The Hemiancistrusannectens group of species (Hemiancistrusannectens, Hemiancistrusargus, Hypostomusaspidolepis, Hemiancistrusfugleri, Hemiancistrusholostictus, Hemiancistrusmaracaiboensis, Hemiancistruspanamensis, Hemiancistruswilsoni) are recognized in Hypostomus. Multivariate analysis reveals that the newly described species differ from one another in shape space, but overlap broadly with other Peckoltia (Peckoltialujani), narrowly with other Peckoltia (Peckoltiagreedoi), or broadly with Etsaputu (Peckoltiaephippiata).
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Revision of Panaque (Panaque), with Descriptions of Three New Species from the Amazon Basin (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2010
The Panaque nigrolineatus group (subgenus Panaque) is revised; three nominal species—P. cochliodon, P. nigrolineatus, and P. suttonorum—are redescribed and three new species are described. Panaque armbrusteri, new species, is widespread in the Tapajo´s River and its tributaries in Brazil and is distinguished by having a supraoccipital hump, higher numbers of jaw teeth and an ontogenetic increase in interpremaxillary and intermandibular tooth-row angles, relatively short paired-fin spines, and dorsal margin of infraorbital six flared laterally. Panaque schaeferi, new species, is widespread in main-channel habitats of the upper Amazon (Solimo˜es) River basin in Brazil and Peru; it is distinguished by having a coloration consisting of dark or faded black spots evenly distributed on a pale gray to brown base, and by its large adult body size (.570 mm SL). Panaque titan, new species, is distributed in larger, lowland to piedmont rivers of the Napo River basin in Ecuador, and is distinguished by having a postorbital pterotic region bulged beyond the ventral pterotic margin, coloration consisting of irregular and widely spaced dark gray to brown stripes on light brown to tan base, and large adult body size (.390 mm SL). A relatively large pterotic, indicative of an enlarged gas bladder and gas bladder capsule, and allometric increases in tooth number are hypothesized to be synapomorphies uniting members of the subgenus Panaque.
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Systematics of the Panaque dentex species group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), wood-eating armored catfishes from tropical South America
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 1993
  • ICHTHYOL EXPLOR FRES
The genus Panaque is a monophyletic assemblage of species of the loricariid subfamily Ancistrinae, diagnosed among all other loricariids on the basis of three derived specializations of the suspensorium and jaw ligaments. Modifications of the hyobranchial and mandibular arch skeleton diagnose two monophyletic species assemblages within Panaque. We recognize six species as comprising the P. dentex clade, which is diagnosed by four derived specializations of the fifth ceratobranchial, preopercle and quadrate. Panaque dentex, P. albomaculatus, P. nocturnus, new species, and P. gnomus, new species, are distributed in the Rios Napo, Pastaza and Maranon of Ecuador and Peru; P, albomaculatus is also distributed southward to the Rio Ucayali, central Peru. Panaque purusiensis is known only from the type locality in the upper rio Purus, western Brazil. Panaque maccus, new species, is described from the middle reaches of the Rio Orinoco basin, western Venezuela. We provide a key to species of the P. dentex clade and information on wood-eating habits, geographic variation and allometry. Our preliminary hypothesis of relationships among species within this clade suggests two alternative hypotheses for the cladistic biogeography of the group. An ancestral distribution throughout what is now the upper Amazon and western Orinoco basins was apparently followed by divergence of populations at southern and northern extremes of the distribution and speciation within the Amazonian headwaters. Alternatively, the ancestral distribution may have been confined to the upper Amazon with subsequent independent dispersals into the Rios Purus and Orinoco. El genero Panaque es un conjunto monofiletico de especies de loricaridos, subfamilia Ancistrinae, diagnosticado entre todos los otros loricaridos en base a tres especializaciones derivadas del suspensorio y los ligamentos mandibulares. Modificaciones del esqueleto de los arcos hiobranquial y mandibular diagnostican dos grupos monofileticos dentro de Panaque. Reconocemos seis especies comprendiendo el clade P. dentex, el cual es diagnos-ticado por cuatro especializaciones derivadas del quinto ceratobranquial, preoperculo y quadrado. Panaque dentex, P. albomaculatus, P. nocturnus, nuevo especies, y P. gnomus, nuevo especies, estan distribuidos en los Rios Napo, Pastaza y Maranon del Ecuador y Peru; P. albomaculatus tambien esta presente hacia el sur hasta el Rio Ucayali, Peru central. Panaque purusiensis es conocido solo de la localidad tipo en el alto Rio Purus, Brasil occidental. Panaque maccus, nuevo especies, es descrito del curso medio de la cuenca del Rio Orinoco, Venezuela occidental. Proveemos una clave para especies del clade P. dentex e information relacionada con habitos alimenticios de madera, variation geografica y alometrica. Nuestro analisis preliminar de relaciones entre especies de este clade sugiere dos hipothesis alternativas para la biogeografia cladistica del grupo. Una distribution ancestral a traves de lo que es hoy el alto Amazonas y Orinoco occidental fue aparentemente sucedida por divergencia de pobla-ciones a los extremes sureno y norteno de la distribution y especiacion dentro de las cabeceras amazonicas. Alternativamente, la distribution puede haber estado confinada al alto Amazonas con subsequentes dispersiones independientes hacia los Rios Purus y Orinoco.
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The genus Peckoltia with the description of two new species and a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the genera of the Hypostominae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2008
Peckoltia contains 12 described species, eight of which are considered valid. Peckoltia arenaria, P. filicaudata, and P. ucayalensis are recognized as synonyms of P. bachi and P. kuhlmanni is recognized as a synonym of P. vittata. In addition, two new species are described. The type species of Peckoltichthys and Sophiancistrus are synonyms of P. bachi and both genera are recognized as junior synonyms of Peckoltia. The species of Peckoltia range throughout much of the Amazon basin, the upper Orinoco, the upper Essequibo, and perhaps the Maroni, and can be identified from most other ancistrins by having dentaries that form angle of 90° or less and from others with angled dentaries by lacking the synapomorphies of those genera. The species of Peckoltia vary from one another mostly in coloration. Peckoltia braueri, P. caenosa n. sp., P. cavatica and P. vittata lack spots on the head while the other species have them. Peckoltia braueri and P. cavatica have orange bands in the dorsal and caudal fins and have the bones and plates of the head and nape outlined in black (vs. no orange bands and head plates and bones not outlined in black in P. caenosa and P. vittata). Peckoltia caenosa has a color pattern consisting of dark vermiculations on the head and abdomen (vs. saddles or blotches on the head and faint dark spots on the abdomen in P. vittata). Among the species with spots on the head, P. lineola n. sp. and P. vermiculata have some of the spots combining to form vermiculations (vs. spots free in P. bachi, P. brevis, P. furcata, and P. oligospila) with the vermiculations larger than the pupil in P. lineola and narrower in P. vermiculata and the vermiculations radiating from a central point in P. vermiculata vs. no such pattern in P. lineola. Peckoltia bachi can be identified from the other species by having widened pelvic-fin spines that can be pulled ventrally such that they are completely ventral and parallel to the body (vs. pelvic-fin spines narrow and cannot be adducted ventral to body) and by having the eye low on the head (vs. high). Peckoltia brevis can be identified from P. furcata and P. oligospila by having well-developed dorsal saddles (vs. saddles faint), no spots on the body behind the nape (vs. spots generally present behind the nape); from P. oligospila by having bands in the caudal fin (vs. spots); and from P. furcata by having the lower caudal-fin spine longer than the upper (vs. upper spine longer). Peckoltia furcata can be identified from P. oligospila by having the upper caudal-fin spine longer than the lower (vs. lower spine longer) and by having bands in the caudal fin (vs. spots). Ancistrus yaravi had been recognized as a species of Peckoltia. The type of A. yaravi is lost, but the original description suggests that the species is the senior synonym of Neblinichthys roraima. A revised morphological phylogeny demonstrates the lack of support for Peckoltia and Hemiancistrus as monophyletic, and phenetic definitions are provided for the two genera. The phylogeny also demonstrates a lack of support of the genus Watawata.
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Diversity of the Ancistrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Guianas: the Panaque group, a molecular appraisal with descriptions of new species
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2012
  • CYBIUM
DNA barcoding represents a reliable and powerful way to discriminate and identify species using a standardized region of the mt COI gene. However, a correct identification requires two factors: differentiation and assignment. When one component is lacking, the barcode approach usually fails. To circumvent such problem, we developed a dual approach using a nuclear marker as complementary identifier. A first step consisted in characterizing the first intron of the F-RTN 4 gene. This intron was found to be the longest, the most divergent and the most variable of the different introns constituting F-RTN 4, making it a candidate of choice. This dual approach was applied to a group of closely related armoured catfishes constituting the Panaque group within the Guianas. Three groups were found: Pseudacanthicus, Hemiancistrus, and Peckoltia-Panaqolus, and four new species were highlighted. Within the latter group, Panaqolus koko n. sp. Displayed a pattern of mitochondrial introgression with Peckoltia otali n. sp., while Peckoltia capitulata n. sp. and Peckoltia simulate n. sp. revealed cryptic species of Peckoltia oligospila. Hemiancistrus appeared significantly distinct from Peckoltia. Its type species is redescribed and a neotype is designated to clarify its taxonomic status considering the loss of the holotype.
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Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2004
  • ZOOL J LINN SOC-LOND
A phylogenetic analysis of nearly all genera of the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae is provided based on osteology, external anatomy, and digestive tract anatomy. The results suggest that the Hypostominae is a paraphyletic assemblage. Delturus and Upsilodus form a monophyletic group sister to all other loricariids. Hemipsilichthys, Isbrueckerichthys, Kronichthys, and Pareiorhina form a monophyletic group with Neoplecostomus and the Hypoptopomatinae and are transferred to the Neoplecostominae. The remainder of the Hypostominae is made paraphyletic by the continuing recognition of the Ancistrinae. Ancistrinae is returned to the Hypostominae and recognized as a tribe, Ancistrini. In addition, four new tribes (Corymbophanini, Hypostomini, Pterygoplichthini, and Rhinelepini) are described. Hypostomus is also paraphyletic, the bulk of it forming a monophyletic clade with Aphanotorulus, Cochliodon, and Isorineloricaria. All of the potential monophyletic groups within Hypostomus grade into one another; therefore, Aphanotorulus, Cochliodon, and Isorineloricaria are placed in the synonymy of Hypostomus. Pterygoplichthys and Glyptoperichthys are also polyphyletic, and Liposarcus and Glyptoperichthys are recognized as synonyms of Pterygoplichthys. Sister to Pterygoplichthys is the Hemiancistrus annectens group (including Hypostomus panamensis) which represents an undescribed genus. The phylogeny presented is compared with previous hypotheses. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 141, 1−80.
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Peckoltia sabaji, a new species from the Guyana Shield (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2003
  • ZOOTAXA
Peckoltia sabaji is described based on specimens from the Guyana Shield regions of the Essequibo, Negro, and Orinoco River drainages of Guyana and Venezuela. Peckoltia sabaji is a member of the loricariid subfamily Hypostominae, tribe Ancistrini. The species differs from nearly all other mem-bers of the Hypostominae based on coloration — small spots on the head with spots becoming very large on the posterior part of the body. Those species with a similar coloration either do not have elongated bodies (vs. body very elongate) or have odontodes on the opercle as adults (vs. odontodes on opercle absent, rarely with one or two odontodes in adults).
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Do wood-grazing fishes partition their niche?: Morphological and isotopic evidence for trophic segregation in Neotropical Loricariidae
Article
1. Morphic detritus, including coarse particulate organic matter such as terrestrial tree leaves and wood, is consumed by few fishes in temperate stream systems but is ingested by abundant and diverse groups of specialized fishes in tropical rivers; physiological assimilation and partitioning of morphic detritus by fishes remain poorly understood. 2. This study examines seven species of Neotropical suckermouth-armored catfishes (Loricariidae) that live among and feed on coarse woody debris. Five species represent two unrelated evolutionary lineages showing convergent morphological specializations for gouging into and eating wood, small particles of which fill their guts. Two morphologically distinct species unrelated to wood-eaters and to each other forage along the surface of wood. 3. We examined six jaw functional morphological characteristics of each loricariid species as well as C and N stable isotope ratios of blood plasma, red blood cells and fin tissue of three wood-eating species and muscle tissues of all seven species. Consumer isotopic signatures were compared among species and with isotopic signatures of potential food resources, including biofilm, seston and both bulk wood and holocellulose extracted from bulk wood. 4. Wood-eating species had robust jaws specialized for gouging wood, δ13C signatures consistent with assimilation of cellulosic wood carbon (not bulk wood carbon or lignin) and elevated δ15N values (>5·8‰) relative to wood that were consistent with assimilation of N from intermediate microbial decomposers in the environment rather than direct assimilation of N from wood or from endosymbiotic N-fixers. Two non-wood-eating species occupied divergent regions of jaw functional morphospace, and isotopic signatures were consistent with assimilation of C from biofilm and seston, respectively, and N from enriched sources such as microbes, macroinvertebrates or seston. 5. Food resources associated with the surfaces of coarse woody debris in Neotropical rivers are partitioned among at least three guilds of loricariid consumers with divergent jaw morphologies specialized for wood gouging, surface grazing and macroinvertebrate probing. Direct consumption of morphic detritus by specialized Neotropical fishes constitutes a potentially important but poorly understood component of detritus processing and nutrient cycling in tropical rivers.
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