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Antioxidant effect of aronia versus sambucus on murine model with or without arterial hypertension
Abstract
The data provided in literature reveal the complex biologically-active properties of polyphenols: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, platelet antiaggregant, hypocholesterolemic, vasorelaxant. Due to their anthocyanins content, both Aronia melanocarpa and Sambucus nigra may have beneficial effects on the evolution and complications of arterial hypertenison. The experiment was conducted on five groups of white Wistar rats that enjoyed Aronia and Sambucus extract protection without suffering from drug-induced high blood pressure versus those that suffered from L-NAME induced high blood pressure. Their blood pressure as well as their SOD and GSH-Px expressed antioxidant status were measured on a weekly basis throughout the experiment, and their kidneys were sampled for a histological examination performed at the end of the experiment. The antioxidant capacity was either highly statistically significant for Aronia versus the purely high blood pressure group, or just statistically significant for Sambucus; moreover, the high blood pressure group treated with Aronia proved more protected (p<0.001) than the unprotected group and more highly statistically significant than the group that received Sambucus. The anatomic-pathological examination of the kidney sample revealed alterations such as chronic lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate, hydropic degeneration injuries, perivascular fibrosis. These alterations were considerable in the high blood pressure group, whereas in the polyphenol protected groups they were much diminished. The considerable oxidative stress revealed in the high blood pressure rats was favorably modulated by vegetable polyphenols delivery. The histological examination conducted on the kidney samples supported the vessel protection effect of the two extracts.
... Uric acid has the ability to scavenge ROS and chelate transition metal such as Cu and Fe, which makes it an important compound for living organisms (Li, 2011). The results of Moroşanu et al. (2011) indicate higher total antioxidant activity (TAA) values and a more favourable lipid profile in the serum of hypertensive rats fed with food containing polyphenols from elderberry. A decrease in total cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents as well as LDL lipoproteins and malonic dialdehyde content was confirmed (Ogino & Wang, 2007). ...
... The addition of elderberry extract caused a delay in the oxidation of LDL, although depending on the reaction time, in which the extract was added, in some cases the prooxidative effect was observed. Histological examination of kidneys and heart muscle of rats administered black elderberry specimen proved its protective effect Moroşanu et al., 2011). ...
Elderberry plant (Sambucus nigra) is a good source of protein, free and conjugated forms of amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fibre fractions, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals. Analysis of elderberry showed that it contains high biological activity components, primarily polyphenols, mostly anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins, as well as terpenes and lectins. In folk medicine, elderberry has been used in the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Elderberry has medicinal properties associated with the presence of polyphenols, which are compounds with potential antioxidant properties. They can greatly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress, exerting beneficial effects on blood pressure, glycaemia reduction, immune system stimulation, antitumour potential, increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma, including also glutathione, and the reduction of uric acid levels.
... Apart from that, the cell structure of organs exposed to pathological changes under the influence of arterial hypertension was identified. The black chokeberry extract was found to inhibit histopathological changes and normalise cardiac and renal tissue structures (Ciocoiu, Bădescu, Miron, & Bădescu, 2013;Moroşanu, Ciocoiu, Bădescu, & Bădescu, 2011). Hypertension leads not only to pathological changes in internal organs but also to the development of atherosclerosis. ...
Background: Black chokeberry fruits (Aronia melnocarpa)are used in the food industry for the production of juices, preserves, tinctures, fruit teas and dietary supplements. Fresh, unprocessed black chokeberry fruits however are rarely consumed due to their bitter taste, resulting from the presence of a significant amount of polyphenols. Polyphenols are biofactors that determine the high activity of black chokeberries, including proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavanols. Black chokeberry fruit and products have great health-promoting potential as they reduce the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Many studies showed the beneficial effects of black chokeberries in frequent co-morbidities such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, glucose metabolism disorders, proinflammatory conditions and thrombosis risk. Black chokeberry has the probable potential to inhibit the development of various types of cancers, including leukaemia, breast and intestinal cancer as well as cancer stem cells. Scope and approach: This publication reviewed the scientific research regarding the health benefits of black chokeberry fruits and isolated compounds. These findings may be essential in future research with regard to black chokeberry based functional food products. Key findings and conclusions: Black chokeberry can be considered as promising component of novel food with increased biological potential. However, like other highly bioactive plants and products of natural origin, black chokeberry requires wide-ranging studies on humans to determine its safety, efficacy, as well as mechanisms of action.
... Due to the high content of antocyans, fruit of black chokeberry may contribute to prevention of occurrence and development of various complications of arterial hypertension [8]. Constant consumption of black chokeberry improves digestion, normalizes activity of cardiovascular system, digestive system, and provides a disinfectant and antisclerotic effect on the human body [9]. ...
The feasibility of using black chokeberry fruit in processing the products from shortcake dough was theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. The influence of black chokeberry additive on the basic formulation component of shortcake dough - wheat flour - was investigated. It was found that the black chokeberry additive not only contributes to enhancing the nutritive value of shortcake dough, but also makes it possible to improve the quality of shortcake dough. The influence of physiologically active compounds of BCA on the quality of wheat flour gluten was explored. BCA in the form of powder and its water extract weakens flour gluten, which is a positive factor for the formation of shortcake dough. The gluten capability to stretch increases by 9...23 %, and dough becomes more plastic and does not require any addition of starch, which is often added to formulations with the aim of enhancing plasticity of the formulation mixture. Polyphenol substances of BCA were found to prevent gluten proteins of wheat flour from swelling due to a decrease in its waterretaining capacity, which provides the possibility of its storing for a long time before baking. We established a higher degree of inhibition of amylases in wheat flour by the extract of black chokeberry fruit or its juice compared to the powder from dry fruit. Water-soluble phenolic compounds of black chokeberry in reaction mixture interact with metal cations, existing there, and bind them in strong complexes. The obtained experimental data allow us not only to control hydrolytic processes in the dough semi-finished product, but also to extend the possibility of using wheat flour of lower grades after neutralizing the harmful action of enzymes in it. © Yu. Korenets, Iu. Goriainova, R. Nykyforov, I. Nazarenko, O. Simakova, 2017.
... Due to the high content of antocyans, fruit of black chokeberry may contribute to prevention of occurrence and development of various complications of arterial hypertension [8]. Constant consumption of black chokeberry improves digestion, normalizes activity of cardiovascular system, digestive system, and provides a disinfectant and antisclerotic effect on the human body [9]. ...
... Its natural polyphenols are characterized by physical and chemical properties, with an effective protection against oxidation of some important biomolecules (e.g., lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) (Murugesan, 2010). Moroşanu et al. (2011) have found, that chokeberry and elderberry extracts have due to the high content of anthocyanins a positive effect on the development and formation of various complications of arterial hypertension. Polyphenol extract of elderberry fruits has significant cardioprotective effects and could be used as a nutritional supplement for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. ...
An increased accumulation of free radicals is involved in the pathogenesis of many civilization diseases (e.g., oncological diseases) and oxidative stress is caused by the increased production of free radicals exceeding the antioxidant defenses. Antioxidants are substances naturally found in almost all microorganisms, fungi, plants and in animal tissues. Among the effective natural antioxidants present in foods is a large group of polyphenols. Plant polyphenols have various helpful biological properties, which play an important role in the protection of health. Regular intake of antioxidants can provide protection against the harmful effects of free radicals and can protect biomolecules against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cancer diseases. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the antioxidant acxtivity of the purified (deprived of ballast substances) and unpurified lyophilised fruit ethanol extracts of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (2,2-difenyl-1-pikrylhydrazyl) method and the calculated TEC50 values were compared. The highest antioxidant activity according to the measured TEC50 values was in purified extract of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) (0.10 min).
The results of studies of medicinal plants are given. The peculiarity their biology, physiology and phytochemistry, reproduction and cultivation, use in medicine and industry was considered.
The article summarizes current data concerning distribution, major regions of cultivation, and new perspective pharmacological effects (anti-Alzheimer’s, neuroprotective, antitumour, antiviral, immunostimulant, hypolipidemic) of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis).
The Aronia genus (Rosaceae family, Maloideae subfamily) includes two species of native North American shrubs: Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. (black chokeberry) and Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. (red chokeberry). The fruits of A. melanocarpa have been traditionally used by Potawatomi Native Americans to cure colds. In the first half of the 20(th) century, cultivars of black chokeberry were introduced to the Soviet Union and other European countries, providing fruits used by food industry. At present, it is used mainly for juice, jam, and wine production, as well as an ornamental plant. Among other substances, the berries of A. melanocarpa contain anthocyanins and procyanidins, possessing strong antioxidative potential. Numerous health-promoting activities-namely, antioxidative, antimutagenic, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, radioprotective, and immunomodulatory-have been demonstrated for black chokeberry extracts by both in vitro and in in vivo studies. The presented review summarizes the information concerning botany, cultivation, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of Aronia plants.
A radical is any molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons. Radicals are normally generated in many metabolic pathways. Some of these radicals can exist in a free form and subsequently interact with various tissue components resulting in dysfunction. The potential role of oxygen- or xenobiotic-derived free radicals in the pathology of several human diseases has stimulated extensive research linking the toxicity of numerous xenobiotics and disease processes to a free radical mechanism. However, because free radical-mediated changes are pervasive and often poorly understood, the question of whether such species are a major cause of tissue injury and human disease remains equivocal. This review discusses cellular sources of various radical species and their reactions with vital cellular constituents. Examples of purported free radical-mediated disorders are discussed in detail to provide insights into the controversy over whether free radicals are important mediators of tissue injury.
Polyphenols are wide variety of compounds that occur in fruits and vegetables, wine, tea, extra virgin olive oil, chocolate and other cocoa products. Several polyphenols have been demonstrated to have clear antioxidant properties in vitro, and many of their biological actions have been attributed to their intrinsic reducing capabilities. However, this concept appears now to be a simplistic way to conceive their activity. Evidence is indeed accumulating that polyphenols might exert several other specific biological effects that are as yet poorly understood. In this article we review the most recent data on the subject and describe the additional functions that polyphenols can have in biological systems, focusing on their effects on glutathione and its related enzymes. Experimental data indicate that polyhenols may offer an indirect protection by activating endogenous defense systems. Several lines of evidence suggest a tight connection between exogenous and endogenous antioxidants that appear to act in a coordinated fashion. It is reasonable to hypothesize that this is achieved, at least in part, through antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) present in the promoter regions of many of the genes inducible by oxidative and chemical stress. The latest studies strongly suggest that dietary polyphenols can stimulate antioxidant transcription and detoxification defense systems through ARE.
Spray-dried elderberry juice, containing high amounts of anthocyanin glucosides, was investigated for its antioxidant and prooxidant potentials and mechanisms. A strong, concentration-dependent prolongation of the lag phase of copper-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was found, but the maximum oxidation rate was unchanged. Peroxyl-radical-driven LDL oxidation showed both prolongation of lag time and reduction of maximum oxidation rate. In the case of copper-mediated oxidation, the anthocyanins were able to reduce α-tocopheroxyl radical to α-tocopherol. Clear prooxidant activity in copper-mediated oxidation was observed, depending on the time of addition of extract: whenever the extract was present from the beginning or added within the first 10 min, the antioxidant effect prevailed. Addition at later times led to a considerable reduction of lag phase and increase of maximum oxidation rate. No such effect was found in peroxyl-radical-mediated LDL oxidation; on the contrary, the extract was even able to reduce the propagation rate considerably. Keywords: Antioxidants; anthocyanins; lipid peroxidation; low-density lipoprotein; Sambucus nigra
The superoxide scavenging activities of 12 flavonoids were measured. The superoxide anions were generated by a hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system and measured by the nitrite method. The results showed that the scavenging ability enhanced with an increasing number of hydroxyl groups in ring B. Substitution at C3 position with a hydroxyl group increased the activity. Compared to a methoxyl group or a glycoside in this position, a free hydroxyl group showed the highest activity. A saturated C2-C3 bond showed a higher activity than a unsaturated bond. The absence of a carbonyl group at C4 position increased the activity.
An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants, potentially leading to damage, is termed 'oxidative stress'. Oxidants are formed as a normal product of aerobic metabolism but can be produced at elevated rates under pathophysiological conditions. Antioxidant defense involves several strategies, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. In the lipid phase, tocopherols and carotenes as well as oxy-carotenoids are of interest, as are vitamin A and ubiquinols. In the aqueous phase, there are ascorbate, glutathione and other compounds. In addition to the cytosol, the nuclear and mitochondrial matrices and extracellular fluids are protected. Overall, these low molecular mass antioxidant molecules add significantly to the defense provided by the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidases.
Reactive oxygen species contribute decisively to a great variety of diseases. Flavonoids are benzo-gamma-pyrone derivatives of plant origin found in various fruits and vegetables but also in tea and in red wine. Some of the flavonoids, such as quercetin and silibinin, can effectively protect cells and tissues against the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species. Their antioxidant activity results from scavenging of free radicals and other oxidizing intermediates, from the chelation of iron or copper ions and from inhibition of oxidases. For their free radical scavenging properties, scavenging of lipid- and protein-derived radicals is presumably of special importance. A non-radical reactive oxygen species effectively trapped by flavonoids is hypochlorous acid. In general, the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are favoured by a high degree of OH substitution. On the other hand, inhibition of enzymatic functions other than oxidases, e.g., inhibition of lipoxygenase and thus prevention of the formation of leukotrienes, may also participate in the cell and tissue protective properties of flavonoids.
The role of polyphenols in human nutrition is discussed on the basis of their redox chemistry, which accounts for the observed antioxidant effect and in turn for their protective effect against atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic data, together with experimental pathology and cell biology, support the recommendation that optimal nutrition should contain polyphenols in amounts that may be better described as a "Recommended Optimal Intake" (ROI) than as a "Recommended Dietary Allowance" (RDA). Because a valid procedure to identify polyphenols in plasma is not available, analysis of plasma antioxidant capacity is instead suggested as a suitable index to define the optimal nutritional intake.
Experiments were designed to investigate whether or not oxygen-derived free radicals mediate endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).
Isometric tension was measured in aortic rings taken from adult male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine.
Endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine were significantly greater in rings from SHR compared to WKY. Oxygen-derived free radicals, generated from xanthine plus xanthine oxidase, induced contractions that were larger in aortas from SHR than from WKY. Contractions to acetylcholine and free radicals were abolished by a selective TP-receptor antagonist, S 18886, and a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-1, valeryl salicylate, but not by a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-2, NS-398.
Allopurinol, deferoxamine and the combination of superoxide dismutase plus catalase inhibited the contractions to oxygen-derived free radicals but did not significantly affect those to acetylcholine. In contrast, diethyldithiocarbamic acid, an inhibitor of superoxide dismutase, or Tiron, a scavenger of superoxide anion, reduced endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in aortas from SHR. The effect of these two drugs was additive.
In SHR chronically treated with dimethylthiourea endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine were decreased, and reduced further by acute in vitro exposure to deferoxamine or the combination of superoxide dismutase plus catalase.
These results suggest that in the SHR aorta acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent contractions involve endothelial superoxide anion production and the subsequent dismutation into hydroxyl radicals and/or hydrogen peroxide. The free radicals activate cyclo-oxygenase-1, most likely to produce endoperoxides. Activation of TP-receptors is required to observe endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine or endothelium-independent contractions in response to free radical generation.
British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 104–110; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704669
Considerable epidemiological evidence suggests a link between the consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables and a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancers. Anthocyanins have received attention as important dietary constituents that may provide health benefits and contribute antioxidant capacity beyond that provided by essential micronutrients such as ascorbate, tocopherols, and selenium. The emergence of renewed interest by industrial countries in traditional herbal medicines and the development of 'functional foods' are stimulating the need for more information regarding the bioavailability and efficacy of plant polyphenols. Flavonoids represent a numerous group of secondary plant metabolites based on the structure of a pyran ring flanked by two or more phenyl rings and varying subtly in the degree of unsaturation and the pattern of hydroxylation or methylation. Flavonoids also vary in the type of sugar attached or the degree of polymerization. Anthocyanins, potent flavonoid antioxidants widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and red wines, normally occur in nature as glycosides, a form not usually considered as bioavailable. We have examined the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins in humans. Anthocyanins were detected as glycosides in both plasma and urine samples. The elimination of plasma anthocyanins appeared to follow first-order kinetics and most anthocyanin compounds were excreted in urine within 4 h after feeding. The current findings appear to refute assumptions that anthocyanins are not absorbed in their unchanged glycosylated forms in humans.
Anthocyanins, which are natural plant pigments from the flavonoid family, represent substantial constituents of the human diet. Several fruits (blackcurrant, blue berries, red grape and elderberry) are rich sources of these efficient antioxidant compounds. The present study was designed to determine the potential bioavailability in humans of the anthocyanins of elderberry, mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and the influence of the simultaneous ingestion of sucrose on the absorption of anthocyanins. Urinary samples from 16 healthy volunteers--8 women and 8 men--were collected before and over a period of 6 h with intervals of 1 h after the ingestion of 11 g elderberry concentrate (containing 1.9 g of anthocyanins equivalent to 235 ml of fresh juice) 1 day diluted with water, the other day with 30 g sucrose. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, it was possible to quantify the two main anthocyanins of elderberry excreted unchanged in the urine (0.003-0.012% of the oral dose). The ingestion of sucrose led to a reduced excretion of anthocyanins.
Pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability of several dietary anthocyanins following consumption of blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract were compared exploratorily in 6 healthy volunteers. They were given a single oral dose of either 137 ml of blackcurrant juice (144.8 mg total anthocyanins) or 30 ml of elderberry extract (147.3 mg total anthocyanins). Within 7 hours, the urinary excretion of total anthocyanins (i.e. the sum of all assayed anthocyanidin glycosides) was 0.04% and 0.37% of the administered dose following blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract ingestion, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters based on non-compartmental methods for plasma and urine concentrations exhibited higher variability in urinary excretion after ingestion of elderberry extract. Anthocyanin absorption was significantly greater following the intake of elderberry extract than after the intake of blackcurrant juice as shown by the 5.3- and 6.2-fold higher estimates of dose-normalized Cmax and AUC(0-tZ) of total anthocyanins, respectively. The geometric means of t(1/2) were not significantly different following elderberry extract (1.74 h) and blackcurrant juice ingestion (1.73 h, p > 0.05). The urinary excretion rate of intact anthocyanins was fast, appeared to be monoexponential for both blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract. However, in order to evaluate the contribution of anthocyanins to the health-protecting effects of blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract it will be necessary to perform further studies on the unchanged glycosides and their in vivo metabolites in human plasma and urine.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the impairment of nitric oxide-mediated vascular functions and overall pathogenesis associated with cardiovascular disease. Plant pigment anthocyanins are exceptionally potent oxygen radical scavengers that produce beneficial effects in diseases outside the cardiovascular system. We examined for the first time the potential coronary vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of three anthocyanin enhanced extracts prepared from chokeberry (Ck), bilberry (B), or elderberry (E). Coronary arterial rings were isolated from 64 pigs and incubated in sterile tissue culture media overnight for use in one of four separate in vitro isometric force recording studies. Ck and B, but not E, produced dose- and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. (%maximal relaxation at 5 mg total anthocyanins per liter: Ck = 68 +/- 11, B = 59 +/- 10). Coronary vascular tone, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to A23187, and vasorelaxation to DEA NONOate were not affected by exposure of rings to any extract at 0.05 mg total anthocyanins per liter for 5 or 30 min. Ck extract at 0.05 mg total anthocyanins per liter showed the greatest protection against loss of A23187 relaxation following exposure to ROS from pyrogallol (Ck, % maximal relaxation and -logED50 to A23187, respectively, means +/- SE: Ck alone, 93 +/- 5%, 7.91 +/- 0.1; pyrogallol alone, 76 +/- 7%, 7.46 +/- 0.06; pyrogallol + Ck, 98 +/- 1%, 7.82 +/- 0.06; control: 99 +/- 1%, 7.86 +/- 0.07; P < 0.05 control vs. pyrogallol alone). Neither the extracts nor pyrogallol affected responses to DEA NONOate. Thus anthocyanin-enhanced extracts produce endothelium-dependent relaxation in porcine coronary arteries. Extract concentrations too low to directly alter coronary vascular tone protect coronary arteries from ROS without altering vasorelaxation to endogenous or exogenous NO. These results suggest that such extracts could have significant beneficial effects in vascular disease.
Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic
- K A Youdin
- A Martin
- J A Joseph
Youdin K.A., Martin A., Joseph J.A.
Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by
endothelial cells increases protection against
oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med.
2000;29:51-60.